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Teil M, Dovero S, Bourdenx M, Arotcarena ML, Camus S, Porras G, Thiolat ML, Trigo-Damas I, Perier C, Estrada C, Garcia-Carrillo N, Morari M, Meissner WG, Herrero MT, Vila M, Obeso JA, Bezard E, Dehay B. Brain injections of glial cytoplasmic inclusions induce a multiple system atrophy-like pathology. Brain 2022; 145:1001-1017. [PMID: 35285474 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies encompass several neurodegenerative diseases, which include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and multiple system atrophy. These diseases are characterized by the deposit of α-synuclein aggregates in intracellular inclusions in neurons and glial cells. Unlike Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, where aggregates are predominantly neuronal, multiple system atrophy is associated with α-synuclein cytoplasmic inclusions in oligodendrocytes. Glial cytoplasmic inclusions are the pathological hallmark of multiple system atrophy and are associated with neuroinflammation, modest demyelination and, ultimately, neurodegeneration. To evaluate the possible pathogenic role of glial cytoplasmic inclusions, we inoculated glial cytoplasmic inclusion-containing brain fractions obtained from multiple system atrophy patients into the striatum of non-human primates. After a 2-year in vivo phase, extensive histochemical and biochemical analyses were performed on the whole brain. We found loss of both nigral dopamine neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons, as well as loss of oligodendrocytes in the same regions, which are characteristics of multiple system atrophy. Furthermore, demyelination, neuroinflammation and α-synuclein pathology were also observed. These results show that the α-synuclein species in multiple system atrophy-derived glial cytoplasmic inclusions can induce a pathological process in non-human primates, including nigrostriatal and striatofugal neurodegeneration, oligodendroglial cell loss, synucleinopathy and gliosis. The present data pave the way for using this experimental model for MSA research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Teil
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Sandrine Camus
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Gregory Porras
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Ines Trigo-Damas
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur and CIBERNED and CEU-San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,CEU, San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain
| | - Celine Perier
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Estrada
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Research on Aging (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria Garcia-Carrillo
- Centro Experimental en Investigaciones Biomédica (CEIB), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.,Service de Neurologie-Maladies Neurodégénératives, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - María Trinidad Herrero
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience Unit, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), University of Murcia, Campus Mare Nostrum, 30100 Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Research on Aging (IUIE), School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Obeso
- HM CINAC, HM Puerta del Sur and CIBERNED and CEU-San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain.,Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,CEU, San Pablo University Madrid, E-28938 Mostoles, Spain
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Carving the senescent phenotype by the chemical reactivity of catecholamines: An integrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101570. [PMID: 35051644 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules damaged by covalent modifications produced by chemically reactive metabolites accumulate in the slowly renewable components of living bodies and compromise their functions. Among such metabolites, catecholamines (CA) are unique, compared with the ubiquitous oxygen, ROS, glucose and methylglyoxal, in that their high chemical reactivity is confined to a limited set of cell types, including the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons and their direct targets, which suffer from CA propensities for autoxidation yielding toxic quinones, and for Pictet-Spengler reactions with carbonyl-containing compounds, which yield mitochondrial toxins. The functions progressively compromised because of that include motor performance, cognition, reward-driven behaviors, emotional tuning, and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The phenotypic manifestations of the resulting disorders culminate in such conditions as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, hypertension, sarcopenia, and menopause. The reasons to suspect that CA play some special role in aging accumulated since early 1970-ies. Published reviews address the role of CA hazardousness in the development of specific aging-associated diseases. The present integrative review explores how the bizarre discrepancy between CA hazardousness and biological importance could have emerged in evolution, how much does the chemical reactivity of CA contribute to the senescent phenotype in mammals, and what can be done with it.
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3
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Teil M, Arotcarena ML, Dehay B. A New Rise of Non-Human Primate Models of Synucleinopathies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030272. [PMID: 33803341 PMCID: PMC7999604 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of α-synuclein-positive intracytoplasmic inclusions in the central nervous system. Multiple experimental models have been extensively used to understand better the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of synucleinopathy. Non-human primate (NHP) models are of interest in neurodegenerative diseases as they constitute the highest relevant preclinical model in translational research. They also contribute to bringing new insights into synucleinopathy’s pathogenicity and help in the quest and validation of therapeutical strategies. Here, we reviewed the different NHP models that have recapitulated key characteristics of synucleinopathy, and we aimed to highlight the contribution of NHP in mechanistic and translational approaches for synucleinopathies.
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Functional Mammalian Amyloids and Amyloid-Like Proteins. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10090156. [PMID: 32825636 PMCID: PMC7555005 DOI: 10.3390/life10090156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are highly ordered fibrous cross-β protein aggregates that are notorious primarily because of association with a variety of incurable human and animal diseases (termed amyloidoses), including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and prion diseases. Some amyloid-associated diseases, in particular T2D and AD, are widespread and affect hundreds of millions of people all over the world. However, recently it has become evident that many amyloids, termed “functional amyloids,” are involved in various activities that are beneficial to organisms. Functional amyloids were discovered in diverse taxa, ranging from bacteria to mammals. These amyloids are involved in vital biological functions such as long-term memory, storage of peptide hormones and scaffolding melanin polymerization in animals, substrate attachment, and biofilm formation in bacteria and fungi, etc. Thus, amyloids undoubtedly are playing important roles in biological and pathological processes. This review is focused on functional amyloids in mammals and summarizes approaches used for identifying new potentially amyloidogenic proteins and domains.
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Vila M. Neuromelanin, aging, and neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1440-1451. [PMID: 31251435 PMCID: PMC7079126 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromelanin, a dark brown intracellular pigment, has long been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD, neuromelanin-containing neurons preferentially degenerate, tell-tale neuropathological inclusions form in close association with this pigment, and neuroinflammation is restricted to neuromelanin-containing areas. In humans, neuromelanin accumulates with age, which in turn is the main risk factor for PD. The potential contribution of neuromelanin to PD pathogenesis remains unknown because, in contrast to humans, common laboratory animals lack neuromelanin. The recent introduction of a rodent model exhibiting an age-dependent production of human-like neuromelanin has allowed, for the first time, for the consequences of progressive neuromelanin accumulation-up to levels reached in elderly human brains-to be assessed in vivo. In these animals, intracellular neuromelanin accumulation above a specific threshold compromises neuronal function and triggers a PD-like pathology. As neuromelanin levels reach this threshold in PD patients and presymptomatic PD patients, the modulation of neuromelanin accumulation could provide a therapeutic benefit for PD patients and delay brain aging. © 2019 The Author. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research GroupVall d'Hebron Research Institute–Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative DiseasesBarcelonaSpain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyAutonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced StudiesBarcelonaSpain
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6
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Hernández LF, Redgrave P, Obeso JA. Habitual behavior and dopamine cell vulnerability in Parkinson disease. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:99. [PMID: 26300740 PMCID: PMC4526812 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ledia F Hernández
- Fundacion HM, Hospital HM Puerta del Sur, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience A.C., Mostoles and CEU San Pablo University Madrid, Spain ; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Redgrave
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - José A Obeso
- Fundacion HM, Hospital HM Puerta del Sur, Centre for Integrative Neuroscience A.C., Mostoles and CEU San Pablo University Madrid, Spain ; Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute Carlos III Madrid, Spain
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7
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da Luz MHM, Peres IT, Santos TG, Martins VR, Icimoto MY, Lee KS. Dopamine induces the accumulation of insoluble prion protein and affects autophagic flux. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:12. [PMID: 25698927 PMCID: PMC4313710 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of protein aggregates is a histopathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, but in most cases the aggregation occurs without defined mutations or clinical histories, suggesting that certain endogenous metabolites can promote aggregation of specific proteins. One example that supports this hypothesis is dopamine and its metabolites. Dopamine metabolism generates several oxidative metabolites that induce aggregation of α-synuclein, and represents the main etiology of Parkinson's diseases. Because dopamine and its metabolites are unstable and can be highly reactive, we investigated whether these molecules can also affect other proteins that are prone to aggregate, such as cellular prion protein (PrPC). In this study, we showed that dopamine treatment of neuronal cells reduced the number of viable cells and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as demonstrated in previous studies. Overall PrPC expression level was not altered by dopamine treatment, but its unglycosylated form was consistently reduced at 100 μM of dopamine. At the same concentration, the level of phosphorylated mTOR and 4EBP1 was also reduced. Moreover, dopamine treatment decreased the solubility of PrPC, and increased its accumulation in autophagosomal compartments with concomitant induction of LC3-II and p62/SQSTM1 levels. In vitro oxidation of dopamine promoted formation of high-order oligomers of recombinant prion protein. These results suggest that dopamine metabolites alter the conformation of PrPC, which in turn is sorted to degradation pathway, causing autophagosome overload and attenuation of protein synthesis. Accumulation of PrPC aggregates is an important feature of prion diseases. Thus, this study brings new insight into the dopamine metabolism as a source of endogenous metabolites capable of altering PrPC solubility and its subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio H M da Luz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil ; Biomedicina, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Italo T Peres
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago G Santos
- International Research Center, A C Camargo Cancer Center Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vilma R Martins
- International Research Center, A C Camargo Cancer Center Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Y Icimoto
- Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kil S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
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Bensaid M, Tandé D, Fabre V, Michel PP, Hirsch EC, François C. Sparing of orexin-A and orexin-B neurons in the hypothalamus and of orexin fibers in the substantia nigra of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated macaques. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 41:129-36. [PMID: 25328140 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies conducted in patients with Parkinson's disease have reported that the degeneration of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons, which are essential for motor control, is associated with the loss of hypothalamic orexin neurons, which are involved in sleep regulation. In order to better explore the mutual interactions between these two systems, we wished to determine in macaques: (i) if the two orexin peptides, orexin-A and orexin-B, are distributed in the same hypothalamic cells and if they are localized in nerve terminals that project onto nigral dopaminergic neurons, and (ii) if there is a loss of orexin neurons in the hypothalamus and of orexin fibers innervating nigral dopaminergic neurons in macaques rendered parkinsonian by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) intoxication. We showed that virtually all cells stained for orexin-A in the hypothalamus co-expressed orexin-B. Numerous terminals stained for both orexin-A and orexin-B immunoreactivity that innervated the whole extent of the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta were found in close proximity to tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive dendrites. These data indicate that orexin-A and orexin-B peptides are in a position to play a role in controlling the activity of nigral dopaminergic neurons. However, no loss of orexin-A or orexin-B neurons in the hypothalamus and no loss of orexin fibers in the substantia nigra pars compacta was found in MPTP-treated macaques when compared with control macaques. We conclude that a relatively selective dopaminergic lesion, such as that performed in MPTP-treated macaques, is not sufficient to induce a loss of hypothalamic orexin neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manale Bensaid
- INSERM, CNRS, UM75, U1127, UMR 7225, ICM, UPMC Univ. Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75013, Paris, France
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Barcia C, Bautista V, Sánchez-Bahillo A, Fernández-Villalba E, Faucheux B, Poza y Poza M, Fernandez Barreiro A, Hirsch EC, Herrero MT. Changes in vascularization in substantia nigra pars compacta of monkeys rendered parkinsonian. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2005; 112:1237-48. [PMID: 15666038 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-004-0256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/01/2004] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease is believed to be associated with a glial reaction and inflammatory changes. In turn, local factors may induce changes in vascularization and contribute to neuronal vulnerability. Among these factors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is released in adults under pathological conditions and is thought to induce angiogenesis. In order to determine whether changes in brain vasculature are observed in the affected brain regions in parkinsonism, we quantitatively analysed the VEGF-expressing cells and blood vessels in the substantia nigra of monkeys rendered parkinsonian by MPTP injection and compared the results with those obtained in control monkeys. Using stereological methods, we observed an increase in the number of VEGF-expressing neurons and an increase of the number of blood vessels and their volume occupying the substantia nigra pars compacta of monkeys rendered parkinsonian by chronic MPTP intoxication. These changes in vascularization may therefore modify the neuronal availability of blood nutrients, blood cells or toxic substances and neuronal susceptibility to parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Barcia
- Experimental Neurology and Neurosurgery Group, Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Medical School, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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McCormack AL, Di Monte DA, Delfani K, Irwin I, DeLanney LE, Langston WJ, Janson AM. Aging of the nigrostriatal system in the squirrel monkey. J Comp Neurol 2004; 471:387-95. [PMID: 15022260 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasing incidence of Parkinson's disease with advancing age suggests that age-related processes predispose the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system to neurodegeneration. Several hypotheses concerning the effects of aging on nigrostriatal neurons were assessed in this study using a non-human primate model. First, we examined the possibility that the total number of dopaminergic neurons decline in the substantia nigra as a function of age. Stereological counting based on both tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-ir) and neuromelanin (NM) content revealed no difference in cell number between young, middle-aged and old squirrel monkeys. We then determined whether advancing age changed the relative proportion of neurons characterized by 1) TH-ir in the absence of NM, 2) the presence of both TH-ir and NM, or 3) NM without TH-ir. Indeed, a progressive age-related depletion of TH only cells was paralleled by an increase in NM only neurons. The possibility that these changes could underlie a functional impairment of the nigrostriatal system was supported by striatal dopamine measurements showing a decrease in older monkeys. Finally, we tested the hypotheses that aging may enhance cell vulnerability to injury and that different dopaminergic subpopulations display varying degrees of susceptibility. When monkeys were exposed to the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, cell loss was markedly more pronounced in older animals, and the ranking of vulnerability was TH only < TH/NM < NM only cells. The data indicate that, even in the absence of an overall neuronal loss, changes in the characteristics of dopaminergic cells reflect functional deficits and increased vulnerability to injury with age. NM content appears to be an important marker of these age-related effects.
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Aguilar Hernández R, Sánchez De Las Matas MJ, Arriagada C, Barcia C, Caviedes P, Herrero MT, Segura-Aguilar J. MPP+-induced degeneration is potentiated by dicoumarol in cultures of the RCSN-3 dopaminergic cell line. Implications of neuromelanin in oxidative metabolism of dopamine neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2003; 5:407-10. [PMID: 14715443 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have tested the idea that oxidative metabolism of dopamine may be involved in MPTP toxicity using the RCSN-3 cell line derived from the substantia nigra of an adult rat. Treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) (10 microM), MPTP combined with 40 microM dicoumarol (an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase) and dicoumarol alone, did not induce toxicity in RCSN-3 cells after 72 h incubation. The lack of toxicity in MPTP-treated RCSN-3 cells may be explained by the fact that they are unable to metabolize MPTP to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinium ion (MPP+ as determined by HPLC. Incubation for 72 h with 100 microM MPP+ induced a 6.6 +/- 1.4% cell death of RCSN-3 cells compared to 3.5 +/- 0.4 observed in control cells. However, when the cells were treated with 100 microM MPP+ and 40 microM dicoumarol, cell death increased 4-fold compared to that of cells treated solely with MPP+ (27 +/- 2%; P<0.001). Under these conditions, a significant increase in DNA fragmentation (3-fold compared to MPP+ alone; P<0.01) and in calpain activation (P<0.05 compared to control) was evident. The inhibition of DT-diaphorase by dicoumarol supports the idea that oxidative metabolism of dopamine is involved in MPP+ toxicity in RCSN-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Aguilar Hernández
- Experimental Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
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12
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Usunoff KG, Itzev DE, Ovtscharoff WA, Marani E. Neuromelanin in the human brain: a review and atlas of pigmented cells in the substantia nigra. Arch Physiol Biochem 2002; 110:257-369. [PMID: 12516659 DOI: 10.1076/apab.110.4.257.11827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K G Usunoff
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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13
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14
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Chen EY, Kallwitz E, Leff SE, Cochran EJ, Mufson EJ, Kordower JH, Mandel RJ. Age-related decreases in GTP-cyclohydrolase-I immunoreactive neurons in the monkey and human substantia nigra. J Comp Neurol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20001030)426:4<534::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Fran�ois C, Yelnik J, Tand� D, Agid Y, Hirsch E. Dopaminergic cell group A8 in the monkey: Anatomical organization and projections to the striatum. J Comp Neurol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19991122)414:3<334::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Tsai MJ, Lee EH. Differences in the disposition and toxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium in cultured rat and mouse astrocytes. Glia 1994; 12:329-35. [PMID: 7890335 DOI: 10.1002/glia.440120409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Species difference in the susceptibility to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was investigated in cultured rat and mouse astrocytes, where 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), the toxic mediator of MPTP, is formed. Type A monoamine oxidase (MAO) predominated in both rat and mouse astrocytes, while its activity was slightly higher in mouse cells compared to rat cells; MAO-B activity, on the other hand, was significantly lower in mouse astrocytes than in rat astrocytes. Because both types of MAO have been reported to make similar contributions to MPP+ production in astrocytes, their total activity was examined and results indicated that there was no significant difference between these two species. In addition, MPP+ caused a dose-dependent loss of cell viability as judged by the amount of lactate dehydrogenase released into the incubation medium. The toxicity of MPP+ on astrocytes started to be seen after a 2 day incubation period. Mouse astrocytes were more vulnerable to MPP+ than rat astrocytes. The threshold values for MPP+ toxicity in mouse and rat cultures were 10 microM and 70 microM, respectively. After addition of [3H] MPP+ to the medium, intracellular [3H] MPP+ was found to increase in both cultures. Mouse astrocytes accumulated more MPP+ than rat astrocytes (150 pmol/mg protein vs. 65 pmol/mg protein). When astrocytes were allowed to accumulate [3H] MPP+ and then incubated in fresh medium not containing [3H] MPP+, intracellular levels of [3H] MPP+ in both cells rapidly declined (110 pmol/protein in mouse vs. 40 pmol/mg protein in rat of MPP+ been released).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Gilbert
- Unit on Reactive Oxygen Species, NINDS National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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18
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Herrero MT, Hirsch EC, Kastner A, Ruberg M, Luquin MR, Laguna J, Javoy-Agid F, Obeso JA, Agid Y. Does neuromelanin contribute to the vulnerability of catecholaminergic neurons in monkeys intoxicated with MPTP? Neuroscience 1993; 56:499-511. [PMID: 8247275 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90349-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The question has been raised as to whether neuromelanin, a by-product of catecholamine metabolism which accumulates during aging in primate midbrain neurons, contributes to the selective vulnerability of subgroups of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) a metabolite of 1-methyl, 4-phenyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is toxic to dopaminergic neurons, particularly in primates, producing a motor syndrome similar to that observed in Parkinson's disease. To test whether this neurotoxin preferentially affects melanized neurons, the survival of melanized and non-melanized catecholaminergic neurons was analysed after MPTP intoxication in the midbrain of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Experiments were performed on six animals chronically treated with MPTP (two were severely disabled, four moderately affected) and two age-matched control monkeys. Two populations of neurons were examined on regularly spaced sections throughout the midbrain: catecholaminergic neurons, identified by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and neuromelanin-containing neurons, visualized by Masson's method. The total number of neurons of each type was estimated in the different midbrain catecholaminergic cell groups using computer assisted image analysis. In the midbrains of control animals not all catecholaminergic neurons contained neuromelanin. The percentage of melanized neurons compared to the total population of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons was high in the substantia nigra pars compacta (81.5%) and in the locus coeruleus (98%), intermediate in the substantia nigra pars lateralis (70%), in the catecholaminergic cell group A8 (50%), and in the ventral tegmental area (41.5%) and almost nil in the central gray substance. In MPTP-treated monkeys, the severity of the loss of catecholaminergic neurons was variable within the different midbrain cell groups, though of similar intensity in severely and mildly disabled monkeys. A relationship was found between the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the different mesencephalic cell groups of MPTP-intoxicated animals and the percentage of melanized neurons they normally contain (r = 0.98; P = 0.04). The percentage loss of catecholaminergic neurons in the locus coeruleus, the only noradrenergic cell group studied, was lower than expected from the correlation curve obtained for dopaminergic cell groups. Altogether, these findings indicate: (i) that dopaminergic neurons are more vulnerable to MPTP-toxicity than noradrenergic neurons; and (ii) that among dopaminergic neurons, those containing neuromelanin are more susceptible, indicating a possible role of neuromelanin in MPTP-toxicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Herrero
- INSERM U289, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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