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Cui L, Li Z, Yang X, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Ren L, Wang Y, Sun R, Ji L, Hua L. Mediating Effect of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Underlying the Link Between Vitamin D and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:1541-1550. [PMID: 38347382 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D was well-known to be associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been linked to vitamin D and GDM, respectively. We hypothesize that changes in IGF-I metabolism induced by 25(OH)D3 might contribute to GDM. Therefore, we investigated the independent and combined relationships of serum 25(OH)D3 and IGF-I concentrations with GDM risk, and the mediation effect of IGF-I on 25(OH)D3. A total of 278 pregnant women (including 125 cases and 153 controls) were recruited in our current study. Maternal serum 25(OH)D3 and IGF-I were measured in the second trimester. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations of 25(OH)D3 and IGF-I concentrations with the risk of GDM. Mediation analyses were used to explore the mediation effect of IGF-I on the association between 25(OH)D3 and the risk of GDM. After adjusted for the confounded factors, both the third and fourth quartile of 25(OH)D3 decreased the risk of GDM (OR = 0.226; 95% CI, 0.103-0.494; OR = 0.109; 95% CI, 0.045-0.265, respectively) compared to the first quartile of 25(OH)D3. However, the third and fourth quartile of serum IGF-I (OR = 5.174; 95% CI, 2.287-11.705; OR = 12.784; 95% CI, 5.292-30.879, respectively) increased the risk of GDM compared to the first quartile of serum IGF-I. Mediation analyses suggested that 19.62% of the associations between 25(OH)D3 and GDM might be mediated by IGF-I. The lower concentration of serum 25(OH)D3 or higher IGF-I in the second trimester was associated with an increased risk of GDM. The serum IGF-I level might be a potential mediator between 25(OH)D3 and GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Cui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhiqian Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Huijun Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhengya Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuting Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lina Ren
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Ruijie Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Linpu Ji
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Linlin Hua
- Department of Advanced Medical Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Antony JS, Birrer P, Bohnert C, Zimmerli S, Hillmann P, Schaffhauser H, Hoeflich C, Hoeflich A, Khairallah R, Satoh AT, Kappeler I, Ferreira I, Zuideveld KP, Metzger F. Local application of engineered insulin-like growth factor I mRNA demonstrates regenerative therapeutic potential in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102055. [PMID: 37928443 PMCID: PMC10622308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a growth-promoting anabolic hormone that fosters cell growth and tissue homeostasis. IGF-I deficiency is associated with several diseases, including growth disorders and neurological and musculoskeletal diseases due to impaired regeneration. Despite the vast regenerative potential of IGF-I, its unfavorable pharmacokinetic profile has prevented it from being used therapeutically. In this study, we resolved these challenges by the local administration of IGF-I mRNA, which ensures desirable homeostatic kinetics and non-systemic, local dose-dependent expression of IGF-I protein. Furthermore, IGF-I mRNA constructs were sequence engineered with heterologous signal peptides, which improved in vitro protein secretion (2- to 6-fold) and accelerated in vivo functional regeneration (16-fold) over endogenous IGF-I mRNA. The regenerative potential of engineered IGF-I mRNA was validated in a mouse myotoxic muscle injury and rabbit spinal disc herniation models. Engineered IGF-I mRNA had a half-life of 17-25 h in muscle tissue and showed dose-dependent expression of IGF-I over 2-3 days. Animal models confirm that locally administered IGF-I mRNA remained at the site of injection, contributing to the safety profile of mRNA-based treatment in regenerative medicine. In summary, we demonstrate that engineered IGF-I mRNA holds therapeutic potential with high clinical translatability in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sina Zimmerli
- Versameb AG, Technology Park, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Rothschadl MJ, Sathyanesan M, Newton SS. Synergism of Carbamoylated Erythropoietin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Immediate Early Gene Expression. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1826. [PMID: 37763230 PMCID: PMC10532867 DOI: 10.3390/life13091826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trophic factors are secreted proteins that can modulate neuronal integrity, structure, and function. Previous preclinical studies have shown synergistic effects on decreasing apoptosis and improving behavioral performance after stroke when combining two such trophic factors, erythropoietin (EPO) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, EPO can elevate the hematocrit level, which can be life-threatening for non-anemic individuals. A chemically engineered derivative of EPO, carbamoylated EPO (CEPO), does not impact hematological parameters but retains neurotrophic effects similar to EPO. To obtain insight into CEPO and IGF-1 combination signaling, we examined immediate early gene (IEG) expression after treatment with CEPO, IGF-1, or CEPO + IGF-1 in rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells and found that combining CEPO and IGF-1 produced a synergistic increase in IEG expression. An in vivo increase in the protein expression of Npas4 and Nptx2 was also observed in the rat hippocampus. We also examined which kinase signaling pathways might be mediating these effects and found that while AKT inhibition did not alter the pattern of IEG expression, both ERK and JAK2 inhibition significantly decreased IEG expression. These results begin to define the molecular effects of combining CEPO and IGF-1 and indicate the potential for these trophic factors to produce positive, synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel S. Newton
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; (M.J.R.); (M.S.)
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4
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Rajoria B, Zhang X, Yee D. IGF-1 Stimulates Glycolytic ATP Production in MCF-7L Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10209. [PMID: 37373357 PMCID: PMC10299323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) system in breast cancer progression has been a matter of interest for decades, but targeting this system did not result in a successful clinical strategy. The system's complexity and homology of its two receptors-insulin receptor (IR) and type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R)-are possible causes. The IGF system maintains cell proliferation and also regulates metabolism, making it a pathway to explore. To understand the metabolic phenotype of breast cancer cells, we quantified their real-time ATP production rate upon acute stimulation with ligands-insulin-like growth factor 1 (1GF-1) and insulin. MCF-7L cells express both IGF-1R and IR, while tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7L (MCF-7L TamR) cells have downregulated IGF-1R with unchanged IR levels. Treating MCF-7L cells with 5 nM IGF-1 increased the glycolytic ATP production rate, while 10 nM insulin did not affect metabolism when compared with the control. Neither treatment altered ATP production in MCF-7L TamR cells. This study provides evidence of the relationship between metabolic dysfunction, cancer, and the IGF axis. In these cells, IGF-1R, and not IR, regulates ATP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Rajoria
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Xihong Zhang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Douglas Yee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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5
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Fessel J. Cure of Alzheimer's Dementia in Many Patients by Using Intranasal Insulin to Augment an Inadequate Counter-Reaction, Edaravone to Scavenge ROS, and 1 or 2 Other Drugs to Address Affected Brain Cells. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093151. [PMID: 37176592 PMCID: PMC10178959 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of treatment for Alzheimer's dementia (AD) is the restoration of normal cognition. No drug regimen has ever achieved this. This article suggests that curing AD may be achieved by combination therapy as follows. First, with intranasal insulin to augment the body's natural counter-reaction to the changes in brain cell-types that produced the dementia. Second, with edaravone to decrease free radicals, which are increased and causal in AD. Third, as described elsewhere, with one or two drugs from among pioglitazone, fluoxetine, and lithium, which address the brain cell-types whose changed functions cause the dementia. Insulin restores cerebral glucose, which is the main nutrient for brain neurons whose depletion is responsible for the dementia; and edaravone decreases ROS, which are intrinsic causes of neuropathology in AD. This combination of drugs is a potential cure for many patients with AD, and should be tested in a clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Fessel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 2069 Filbert Street, San Francisco, CA 94123, USA
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Vikas, Sahu HK, Mehata AK, Viswanadh MK, Priya V, Muthu MS. Dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicines: emerging trends and advances in lung cancer therapeutics. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1375-1395. [PMID: 36317852 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Among all cancer types, lung cancer is recognized as the most lethal and highly metastatic. The application of targeted nanomedicine loaded with anticancer drugs is highly desirable for successful lung cancer treatment. However, due to the heterogenicity and complexity of lung cancer, the therapeutic effectiveness of a single receptor targeting nanomedicine is unfortunately limited. Therefore, the concept of dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicine is an emerging trend for the advancement in lung cancer therapeutics. In this review, the authors discuss various single- and dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicines that have been developed for lung cancer treatment. Furthermore, the authors also discussed all the types of receptors that can be utilized in combination for the development of dual-receptor-targeted nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Hemendra Kumar Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Abhishesh Kumar Mehata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Matte Kasi Viswanadh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Vishnu Priya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Madaswamy S Muthu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
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7
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Disrupting Insulin and IGF Receptor Function in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020555. [PMID: 33429867 PMCID: PMC7827299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays an important role in regulating normal cell proliferation and survival. However, the IGF system is also implicated in many malignancies, including breast cancer. Preclinical studies indicate several IGF blocking approaches, such as monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, have promising therapeutic potential for treating diseases. Uniformly, phase III clinical trials have not shown the benefit of blocking IGF signaling compared to standard of care arms. Clinical and laboratory data argue that targeting Type I IGF receptor (IGF1R) alone may be insufficient to disrupt this pathway as the insulin receptor (IR) may also be a relevant cancer target. Here, we review the well-studied role of the IGF system in regulating malignancies, the limitations on the current strategies of blocking the IGF system in cancer, and the potential future directions for targeting the IGF system.
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8
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Zinc in the Brain: Friend or Foe? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238941. [PMID: 33255662 PMCID: PMC7728061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a trace metal ion in the central nervous system that plays important biological roles, such as in catalysis, structure, and regulation. It contributes to antioxidant function and the proper functioning of the immune system. In view of these characteristics of zinc, it plays an important role in neurophysiology, which leads to cell growth and cell proliferation. However, after brain disease, excessively released and accumulated zinc ions cause neurotoxic damage to postsynaptic neurons. On the other hand, zinc deficiency induces degeneration and cognitive decline disorders, such as increased neuronal death and decreased learning and memory. Given the importance of balance in this context, zinc is a biological component that plays an important physiological role in the central nervous system, but a pathophysiological role in major neurological disorders. In this review, we focus on the multiple roles of zinc in the brain.
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9
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Abstract
The insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family of proteins are part of a complex network that regulates cell proliferation and survival. While this system is undoubtedly important in prenatal development and postnatal cell growth, members of this family have been implicated in several different cancer types. Increased circulating insulin and IGF ligands have been linked to increased risk of cancer incidence. This observation has led to targeting the IGF system as a therapeutic strategy in a number of cancers. This chapter aims to describe the well-characterized biology of the IGF1R system, outline the rationale for targeting this system in cancer, summarize the clinical data as it stands, and discuss where we can go from here.
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10
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Rachdaoui N. Insulin: The Friend and the Foe in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051770. [PMID: 32150819 PMCID: PMC7084909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin, a hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, has a primary function of maintaining glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies in β-cell insulin secretion result in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by the presence of peripheral insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver and develops when β-cells fail to compensate for the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance triggers a rise in insulin demand and leads to β-cell compensation by increasing both β-cell mass and insulin secretion and leads to the development of hyperinsulinemia. In a vicious cycle, hyperinsulinemia exacerbates the metabolic dysregulations that lead to β-cell failure and the development of T2DM. Insulin and IGF-1 signaling pathways play critical roles in maintaining the differentiated phenotype of β-cells. The autocrine actions of secreted insulin on β-cells is still controversial; work by us and others has shown positive and negative actions by insulin on β-cells. We discuss findings that support the concept of an autocrine action of secreted insulin on β-cells. The hypothesis of whether, during the development of T2DM, secreted insulin initially acts as a friend and contributes to β-cell compensation and then, at a later stage, becomes a foe and contributes to β-cell decompensation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rachdaoui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Room 108, Foran Hall, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Yang Y, Kim J, Park H, Lee E, Yoon K. Pancreatic stellate cells in the islets as a novel target to preserve the pancreatic β-cell mass and function. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:268-280. [PMID: 31872946 PMCID: PMC7078117 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous lines of clinical evidence that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) can prevent and delay the development of diabetes. Also, the role of RAS in the pathogenesis of diabetes, including insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction, has been extensively investigated. Nevertheless, this role had not yet been fully shown. A variety of possible protective mechanisms for RAS blockers in the regulation of glucose homeostasis have been suggested. However, the direct effect on pancreatic islet fibrosis has only recently been spotlighted. Various degrees of islet fibrosis are often observed in the islets of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can be associated with a decrease in β-cell mass and function in these patients. Pancreatic stellate cells are thought to be deeply involved in this islet fibrosis. In this process, the activation of RAS in islets is shown to transform quiescent pancreatic stellate cells into the activated form, stimulates their proliferation and consequently leads to islet fibrotic destruction. In this article, we introduce existing clinical and experimental evidence for diabetes prevention through inhibition of RAS, and review the responsible local RAS signaling pathways in pancreatic stellate cells. Finally, we propose possible targets for the prevention of islet fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoree Yang
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul St. Mary’s HospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Ji‐Won Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul St. Mary’s HospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Heon‐Seok Park
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul St. Mary’s HospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Eun‐Young Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul St. Mary’s HospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
| | - Kun‐Ho Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal MedicineCollege of MedicineSeoul St. Mary’s HospitalThe Catholic University of KoreaSeoulKorea
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12
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Smith TJ, Janssen JAMJL. Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor and Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:236-267. [PMID: 30215690 PMCID: PMC6338478 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a complex disease process presumed to emerge from autoimmunity occurring in the thyroid gland, most frequently in Graves disease (GD). It is disfiguring and potentially blinding, culminating in orbital tissue remodeling and disruption of function of structures adjacent to the eye. There are currently no medical therapies proven capable of altering the clinical outcome of TAO in randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trials. The orbital fibroblast represents the central target for immune reactivity. Recent identification of fibroblasts that putatively originate in the bone marrow as monocyte progenitors provides a plausible explanation for why antigens, the expressions of which were once considered restricted to the thyroid, are detected in the TAO orbit. These cells, known as fibrocytes, express relatively high levels of functional TSH receptor (TSHR) through which they can be activated by TSH and the GD-specific pathogenic antibodies that underpin thyroid overactivity. Fibrocytes also express insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) with which TSHR forms a physical and functional signaling complex. Notably, inhibition of IGF-IR activity results in the attenuation of signaling initiated at either receptor. Some studies suggest that IGF-IR-activating antibodies are generated in GD, whereas others refute this concept. These observations served as the rationale for implementing a recently completed therapeutic trial of teprotumumab, a monoclonal inhibitory antibody targeting IGF-IR in TAO. Results of that trial in active, moderate to severe disease revealed dramatic and rapid reductions in disease activity and severity. The targeting of IGF-IR with specific biologic agents may represent a paradigm shift in the therapy of TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Zhou XM, Wang GL, Wang XB, Liu L, Zhang Q, Yin Y, Wang QY, Kang J, Hou G. GHK Peptide Inhibits Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice by Suppressing TGFβ1/Smad-Mediated Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:904. [PMID: 29311918 PMCID: PMC5733019 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is an irreversible and progressive fibrotic lung disease that leads to declines in pulmonary function and, eventually, respiratory failure and has no effective treatment. Gly-His-Lys (GHK) is a tripeptide involved in the processes of tissue regeneration and wound healing and has significant inhibitory effects on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 secretion. The effect of GHK on fibrogenesis in pulmonary fibrosis and the exact underlying mechanism have not been studied previously. Thus, this study investigated the effects of GHK on bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrosis and identified the pathway that is potentially responsible for these effects. Methods: Intratracheal injections of 3 mg/kg BLM were administered to induce pulmonary fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice. GHK was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 2.6, 26, and 260 μg/ml/day every other day from the 4th to the 21st day after BLM instillation. Three weeks after BLM instillation, pulmonary injury and pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated by the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson’s trichrome (MT) staining. Chronic inflammation index was used for the histological assessments by two pathologists blindly to each other. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 levels in BALF and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung extracts were measured. For the pulmonary fibrosis evaluation, the fibrosis index calculated based on MT staining, collagen deposition and active TGF-β1 expression detected by ELISA, and the expression of TGF-β1, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), fibronectin, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 by western blotting. The epithelial mesenchymal transition index, E-cadherin, and vimentin was also detected by western blot. The statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and the comparison between different groups were performed. Results: Treatment with GHK at all three doses reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial thickness and attenuated BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. GHK treatment significantly improved collagen deposition, and MMP-9/TIMP-1 imbalances in lung tissue and also reduced TNF-α, IL-6 expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and MPO in lung extracts. Furthermore, GHK reversed BLM-induced increases in TGF-β1, p-Smad2, p-Smad-3 and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) expression. Conclusion: GHK inhibits BLM-induced fibrosis progression, the inflammatory response and EMT via the TGF-β1/Smad 2/3 and IGF-1 pathway. Thus, GHK may be a potential treatment for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ming Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gui-Liang Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiu-Yue Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gang Hou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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14
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Glidden MD, Aldabbagh K, Phillips NB, Carr K, Chen YS, Whittaker J, Phillips M, Wickramasinghe NP, Rege N, Swain M, Peng Y, Yang Y, Lawrence MC, Yee VC, Ismail-Beigi F, Weiss MA. An ultra-stable single-chain insulin analog resists thermal inactivation and exhibits biological signaling duration equivalent to the native protein. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:47-68. [PMID: 29114035 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.808626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal degradation of insulin complicates its delivery and use. Previous efforts to engineer ultra-stable analogs were confounded by prolonged cellular signaling in vivo, of unclear safety and complicating mealtime therapy. We therefore sought an ultra-stable analog whose potency and duration of action on intravenous bolus injection in diabetic rats are indistinguishable from wild-type (WT) insulin. Here, we describe the structure, function, and stability of such an analog, a 57-residue single-chain insulin (SCI) with multiple acidic substitutions. Cell-based studies revealed native-like signaling properties with negligible mitogenic activity. Its crystal structure, determined as a novel zinc-free hexamer at 2.8 Å, revealed a native insulin fold with incomplete or absent electron density in the C domain; complementary NMR studies are described in the accompanying article. The stability of the analog (ΔGU 5.0(±0.1) kcal/mol at 25 °C) was greater than that of WT insulin (3.3(±0.1) kcal/mol). On gentle agitation, the SCI retained full activity for >140 days at 45 °C and >48 h at 75 °C. These findings indicate that marked resistance to thermal inactivation in vitro is compatible with native duration of activity in vivo Further, whereas WT insulin forms large and heterogeneous aggregates above the standard 0.6 mm pharmaceutical strength, perturbing the pharmacokinetic properties of concentrated formulations, dynamic light scattering, and size-exclusion chromatography revealed only limited SCI self-assembly and aggregation in the concentration range 1-7 mm Such a combination of favorable biophysical and biological properties suggests that SCIs could provide a global therapeutic platform without a cold chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Glidden
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Khadijah Aldabbagh
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Nelson B Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Kelley Carr
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Yen-Shan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Jonathan Whittaker
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Manijeh Phillips
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | | | - Nischay Rege
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Mamuni Swain
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Yanwu Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Michael C Lawrence
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Vivien C Yee
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Faramarz Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Michael A Weiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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15
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Hojyo S, Fukada T. Zinc transporters and signaling in physiology and pathogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Benni JM, Patil PA. Non-diabetic clinical applications of insulin. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 27:445-456. [PMID: 27235672 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introducing a new drug to the market is a time-consuming process, is complex, and involves consumption of a lot of resources. Therefore, discovering new uses for the old drugs (i.e. drug repurposing) benefits the patients by providing them time-tested drugs. With developments in insulin therapy still happening, it is worth keeping up to date on trends in the use of this powerful glucose-lowering agent. The aim of this article is to explore the potential non-diabetic clinical applications of insulin. METHODS Literature survey was carried out through the various scientific journals publishing experimental and clinical research papers regarding the diverse applications of insulin other than in diabetes mellitus. These applications include both therapeutic as well as diagnostic uses of insulin. The relevant information collected from these publications was paraphrased in the present paper. RESULTS On studying the literature, the non-diabetic uses of insulin include the following: wound healing, parenteral nutrition, antiaging, body building, cardioprotection in acute coronary syndromes, insulin tolerance test to test the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning, cell culture, cancer treatment, organ preservation, and management of septic shock, calcium channel, β-blocker overdose and other critical illnesses in intensive care units. CONCLUSIONS This review attempts to survey some interesting new applications of insulin other than in diabetes mellitus.
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17
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Delaney CL, Feldman EL. Review ■ : Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and Apoptosis in Glial Cell Biology. Neuroscientist 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107385840000600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent trophic factor capable of promoting both survival and differentiation of neurons and glia. This review examines the role of IGF-I and apoptosis in oligodendrocyte and Schwann cell biology in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis is an essential element of development, homeostasis, and disease. IGF-I protects oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells from apoptosis during development and after apoptotic stimuli. Transgenic mouse models, which ablate or increase expression of IGF-I, have abnormal oligodendrocytes and myelin formation. A more thorough understanding of the protective mechanism of IGF-I in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells will aid in its precise application in treating a variety of neurologic disorders. NEUROSCIENTIST 6:39-47, 2000
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva L. Feldman
- Department of Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer, but one that carries a poor prognosis due to its aggressive nature and unresponsiveness to conventional chemotherapeutic strategies. Over the past 12 years, there has been renewed interest in developing new therapies for this cancer, including identifying key signaling nodes responsible for cell proliferation. RECENT FINDINGS Clinical trials of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as monotherapy have generally been disappointing, although the identification of exceptional responders may lead to the identification of targeted therapies that may produce responses in subsets of patients. Agents targeted to the Wnt signaling pathway, a known player in adrenal carcinogenesis, have been developed, although they have not yet been used specifically for adrenal cancer. There is current excitement about inhibitors of acetyl-coA cholesterol acetyl transferase 1, an enzyme required for intracellular cholesterol handling, although trials are still underway. Tools to target other proteins such as Steroidogenic Factor 1 and mechanistic target of rapamycin have been developed and are moving towards clinical application. SUMMARY Progress is being made in the fight against adrenocortical carcinoma with the identification of new therapeutic targets and new means by which to attack them. Continued improvement in the prognosis for patients with adrenal cancer is expected as this research continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Konda
- aDivision of OncologybDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center and James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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19
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Nijim Y, Awni Y, Adawi A, Bowirrat A. Classic Case Report of Donohue Syndrome (Leprechaunism; OMIM *246200): The Impact of Consanguineous Mating. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2710. [PMID: 26871809 PMCID: PMC4753905 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Donohue syndrome ([DS]; leprechaunism) describes a genetic autosomal recessive disorder that results from the presence of homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the insulin receptor gene (INSR; 19p13.3-p13.2).Donohue syndrome is associated with a fatal congenital form of dwarfism with features of intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation, exaggerated hyperglycemia with hyperinsulinism and dysmorphic abnormalities.We present a case of DS owing to the rarity of this syndrome (1 case in every million births). We discuss how the disease presents, its genetic underpinning, and its prevention.The case was encountered in an Arab male born on 1 September, 2014, for consanguineous parents. The delivery was via cesarean section at 37 weeks gestation due to severe intrauterine growth restriction and nonprogress labor term. The patient was admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit due to infection, and jaundice. Dysmorphic features, abnormalities of the craniofacial region, low birth weight, skin abnormalities, abdominal distension and hypertrichosis were observed. Laboratory examinations showed, hyperinsulinism, increased C-peptide, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, and anemia.The diagnosis of DS was done based on the combinations of typical dysmorphic characteristics, clinical evaluation, supported by genetic analysis and exaggerated biochemical results. Genetic diagnosis of DS was performed through analysis of DNA via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A qualitative real-time PCR was used, to monitor the amplification of a targeted DNA molecule during the PCR. Other technique using sequencing of the INSR gene, which permits genetic diagnosis, counseling, and antenatal diagnoses in subsequent pregnancies, were also performed.Treatment of DS is supportive and requires the combined efforts of a multidisciplinary team, which include pediatricians, endocrinologists, dermatologists, and other health care professionals. Currently, treatment with recombinant insulin-like growth factor 1 demonstrates effectiveness, and a combination treatment with insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 resulted in an increased lifespan.There is a scarcity of genetic information on DS among the Arab population. Consanguinity is one of underlying reasons for the appearance of rare genetic disorders. Inbreeding has long been considered a controversial phenomenon. Genetic counseling and overwhelming the alertness of the negative consequences of consanguinity on public health are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousif Nijim
- From the Pediatric and Neonatal Department, EMMS Nazareth-The Nazareth Hospital, Galilee Medical School-Bar-Ilan University (YN); Orthopedic Medicine, Medical Consulting Center, Nazareth Towers, General Medical Services "Sheruti Briut Clalit," Galilee Medical School-Bar-Ilan University (YA); Pediatric and Neonatal Department, EMMS Nazareth-The Nazareth Hospital, Galilee Medical School, Galilee Medical School-Bar-Ilan University (AA); and Clinical Neuroscience, Neuropsychopharmacology & Population Genetics, Research Center, EMMS Hospital, Nazareth-The Nazareth Hospital (AB), Israel
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20
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Nóbrega RH, Morais RDVDS, Crespo D, de Waal PP, de França LR, Schulz RW, Bogerd J. Fsh Stimulates Spermatogonial Proliferation and Differentiation in Zebrafish via Igf3. Endocrinology 2015. [PMID: 26207345 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors modulate germ line stem cell self-renewal and differentiation behavior. We investigate the effects of Igf3, a fish-specific member of the igf family. Fsh increased in a steroid-independent manner the number and mitotic index of single type A undifferentiated spermatogonia and of clones of type A differentiating spermatogonia in adult zebrafish testis. All 4 igf gene family members in zebrafish are expressed in the testis but in tissue culture only igf3 transcript levels increased in response to recombinant zebrafish Fsh. This occurred in a cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent manner, in line with the results of studies on the igf3 gene promoter. Igf3 protein was detected in Sertoli cells. Recombinant zebrafish Igf3 increased the mitotic index of type A undifferentiated and type A differentiating spermatogonia and up-regulated the expression of genes related to spermatogonial differentiation and entry into meiosis, but Igf3 did not modulate testicular androgen release. An Igf receptor inhibitor blocked these effects of Igf3. Importantly, the Igf receptor inhibitor also blocked Fsh-induced spermatogonial proliferation. We conclude that Fsh stimulated Sertoli cell production of Igf3, which promoted via Igf receptor signaling spermatogonial proliferation and differentiation and their entry into meiosis. Because previous work showed that Fsh also released spermatogonia from an inhibitory signal by down-regulating anti-Müllerian hormone and by stimulating androgen production, we can now present a model, in which Fsh orchestrates the activity of stimulatory (Igf3, androgens) and inhibitory (anti-Müllerian hormone) signals to promote spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Henrique Nóbrega
- Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil; Reproductive Biology Group (R.H.N., R.D.V.d.S.M., D.C., P.P.d.W., R.W.S., J.B.), Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.d.F.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Roberto Daltro Vidal de Souza Morais
- Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil; Reproductive Biology Group (R.H.N., R.D.V.d.S.M., D.C., P.P.d.W., R.W.S., J.B.), Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.d.F.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diego Crespo
- Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil; Reproductive Biology Group (R.H.N., R.D.V.d.S.M., D.C., P.P.d.W., R.W.S., J.B.), Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.d.F.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Paul P de Waal
- Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil; Reproductive Biology Group (R.H.N., R.D.V.d.S.M., D.C., P.P.d.W., R.W.S., J.B.), Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.d.F.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato de França
- Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil; Reproductive Biology Group (R.H.N., R.D.V.d.S.M., D.C., P.P.d.W., R.W.S., J.B.), Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.d.F.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rüdiger W Schulz
- Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil; Reproductive Biology Group (R.H.N., R.D.V.d.S.M., D.C., P.P.d.W., R.W.S., J.B.), Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.d.F.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jan Bogerd
- Department of Morphology (R.H.N.), Institute of Bioscience, São Paulo State University, 18618-970 Botucatu, Brazil; Reproductive Biology Group (R.H.N., R.D.V.d.S.M., D.C., P.P.d.W., R.W.S., J.B.), Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands; and Laboratory of Cellular Biology (L.R.d.F.), Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Yacila G, Sari Y. Potential therapeutic drugs and methods for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Med Chem 2015; 21:3583-93. [PMID: 24934355 DOI: 10.2174/0929867321666140601162710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by damage of motoneurons leading to paralysis state and long term disability. Riluzole is currently the only FDA-approved drug for the treatment of ALS. The proposed mechanisms of ALS include glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, SOD1 accumulations, and neuronal death. In this review, we discuss potential biomarkers for the identification of patients with ALS. We further emphasize potential therapy involving the uses of neurotrophic factors such as IGFI, GDNF, VEGF, ADNF-9, colivelin and angiogenin in the treatment of ALS. Moreover, we described several existing drugs such as talampanel, ceftriaxone, pramipexole, dexpramipexole and arimoclomol potential compounds for the treatment of ALS. Interestingly, the uses of stem cell therapy and immunotherapy are promising for the treatment of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Y Sari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614. USA.
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22
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Christopoulos PF, Msaouel P, Koutsilieris M. The role of the insulin-like growth factor-1 system in breast cancer. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:43. [PMID: 25743390 PMCID: PMC4335664 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0291-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IGF-1 is a potent mitogen of major importance in the mammary gland. IGF-1 binding to the cognate receptor, IGF-1R, triggers a signaling cascade leading to proliferative and anti-apoptotic events. Although many of the relevant molecular pathways and intracellular cascades remain to be elucidated, a growing body of evidence points to the important role of the IGF-1 system in breast cancer development, progression and metastasis. IGF-1 is a point of convergence for major signaling pathways implicated in breast cancer growth. In this review, we provide an overview and concise update on the function and regulation of IGF-1 as well as the role it plays in breast malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis F Christopoulos
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
| | - Pavlos Msaouel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece.
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23
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Ziegler AN, Chidambaram S, Forbes BE, Wood TL, Levison SW. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) and IGF-II analogs with enhanced insulin receptor-a binding affinity promote neural stem cell expansion. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4626-33. [PMID: 24398690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.537597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to employ genetically engineered IGF-II analogs to establish which receptor(s) mediate the stemness promoting actions of IGF-II on mouse subventricular zone neural precursors. Neural precursors from the subventricular zone were propagated in vitro in culture medium supplemented with IGF-II analogs. Cell growth and identity were analyzed using sphere generation and further analyzed by flow cytometry. F19A, an analog of IGF-II that does not bind the IGF-2R, stimulated an increase in the proportion of neural stem cells (NSCs) while decreasing the proportion of the later stage progenitors at a lower concentration than IGF-II. V43M, which binds to the IGF-2R with high affinity but which has low binding affinity to the IGF-1R and to the A isoform of the insulin receptor (IR-A) failed to promote NSC growth. The positive effects of F19A on NSC growth were unaltered by the addition of a functional blocking antibody to the IGF-1R. Altogether, these data lead to the conclusion that IGF-II promotes stemness of NSCs via the IR-A and not through activation of either the IGF-1R or the IGF-2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N Ziegler
- From the Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey 07103-1709 and
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24
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Pitetti JL, Calvel P, Zimmermann C, Conne B, Papaioannou MD, Aubry F, Cederroth CR, Urner F, Fumel B, Crausaz M, Docquier M, Herrera PL, Pralong F, Germond M, Guillou F, Jégou B, Nef S. An essential role for insulin and IGF1 receptors in regulating sertoli cell proliferation, testis size, and FSH action in mice. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:814-27. [PMID: 23518924 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Testis size and sperm production are directly correlated to the total number of adult Sertoli cells (SCs). Although the establishment of an adequate number of SCs is crucial for future male fertility, the identification and characterization of the factors regulating SC survival, proliferation, and maturation remain incomplete. To investigate whether the IGF system is required for germ cell (GC) and SC development and function, we inactivated the insulin receptor (Insr), the IGF1 receptor (Igf1r), or both receptors specifically in the GC lineage or in SCs. Whereas ablation of insulin/IGF signaling appears dispensable for GCs and spermatogenesis, adult testes of mice lacking both Insr and Igf1r in SCs (SC-Insr;Igf1r) displayed a 75% reduction in testis size and daily sperm production as a result of a reduced proliferation rate of immature SCs during the late fetal and early neonatal testicular period. In addition, in vivo analyses revealed that FSH requires the insulin/IGF signaling pathway to mediate its proliferative effects on immature SCs. Collectively, these results emphasize the essential role played by growth factors of the insulin family in regulating the final number of SCs, testis size, and daily sperm output. They also indicate that the insulin/IGF signaling pathway is required for FSH-mediated SC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Pitetti
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, National Center of Competence in Research, Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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25
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Versteyhe S, Klaproth B, Borup R, Palsgaard J, Jensen M, Gray SG, De Meyts P. IGF-I, IGF-II, and Insulin Stimulate Different Gene Expression Responses through Binding to the IGF-I Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:98. [PMID: 23950756 PMCID: PMC3738877 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors (IGF)-I and -II are closely related peptides important for regulation of metabolism, growth, differentiation, and development. The IGFs exert their main effects through the IGF-I receptor. Although the insulin receptor is the main physiological receptor for insulin, this peptide hormone can also bind at higher concentrations to the IGF-I receptor and exert effects through it. We used microarray gene expression profiling to investigate the gene expression regulated by IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin after stimulation of the IGF-I receptor. Fibroblasts from mice, knockout for IGF-II and the IGF-II/cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, and expressing functional IGF-I but no insulin receptors, were stimulated for 4 h with equipotent saturating concentrations of insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II. Each ligand specifically regulated a group of transcripts that was not regulated by the other two ligands. Many of the functions and pathways these regulated genes were involved in, were consistent with the known biological effects of these ligands. The differences in gene expression might therefore account for some of the different biological effects of insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II. This work adds to the evidence that not only the affinity of a ligand determines its biological response, but also its nature, even through the same receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soetkin Versteyhe
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Soetkin Versteyhe, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Integrative Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 København N, Denmark e-mail:
| | - Birgit Klaproth
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Rehannah Borup
- Genomic Medicine, Microarray Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Palsgaard
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Maja Jensen
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Steven G. Gray
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pierre De Meyts
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, Novo Nordisk A/S, Gentofte, Denmark
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Lu J, Zhao H, Xu J, Zhang L, Yan L, Shen Z. Elevated cyclin D1 expression is governed by plasma IGF-1 through Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in rumen epithelium of goats supplying a high metabolizable energy diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:1170-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Lu
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Animal Husbandry & Veterinary College; Nanjing China
| | - H. Zhao
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - J. Xu
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - L. Zhang
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - L. Yan
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
| | - Z. Shen
- Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry; College of Veterinary Medicine; Nanjing Agricultural University; Nanjing China
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Atanasova M, Whitty A. Understanding cytokine and growth factor receptor activation mechanisms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 47:502-30. [PMID: 23046381 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.729561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the detailed mechanism of action of cytokine and growth factor receptors - and particularly our quantitative understanding of the link between structure, mechanism and function - lags significantly behind our knowledge of comparable functional protein classes such as enzymes, G protein-coupled receptors, and ion channels. In particular, it remains controversial whether such receptors are activated by a mechanism of ligand-induced oligomerization, versus a mechanism in which the ligand binds to a pre-associated receptor dimer or oligomer that becomes activated through subsequent conformational rearrangement. A major limitation to progress has been the relative paucity of methods for performing quantitative mechanistic experiments on unmodified receptors expressed at endogenous levels on live cells. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge on the activation mechanisms of cytokine and growth factor receptors, critically evaluate the evidence for and against the different proposed mechanisms, and highlight other key questions that remain unanswered. New approaches and techniques have led to rapid recent progress in this area, and the field is poised for major advances in the coming years which promise to revolutionize our understanding of this large and biologically and medically important class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Atanasova
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Striatal dopamine receptors modulate the expression of insulin receptor, IGF-1 and GLUT-3 in diabetic rats: effect of pyridoxine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 696:54-61. [PMID: 23001013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is rising at alarming proportions. Central nervous system plays an important part in orchestrating glucose metabolism, with accumulating evidence linking dysregulated central nervous system circuits to the failure of normal glucoregulatory mechanisms. Pyridoxine is a water soluble vitamin and it has important role in brain function. This study aims to evaluate the role of pyridoxine in striatal glucose regulation through dopaminergic receptor expressions in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Radio receptor binding assays for dopamine D(1), D(2) receptors were done using [(3)H] 7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol and [(3)H] 5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methylamino-N-[-2-methyl-1-(phenylmethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]benzamide. Gene expressions were done using fluorescently labeled Taqman probes of dopamine D(1), D(2) receptor, Insulin receptor, Insulin like growth factor-1(IGF-1) and Glucose transporter-3 (GLUT-3). Bmax of dopamine D(1) receptor is decreased and B(max) of dopamine D(2) was increased in diabetic rats compared to control. Gene expression of dopamine D(1) receptor was down regulated and dopamine D(2) receptor was up regulated in diabetic rats. Our results showed decreased gene expression of Insulin receptor, IGF-1 and increased gene expression of GLUT-3 in diabetic rats compared to control. Pyridoxine treatment restored diabetes induced alterations in dopamine D(1), D(2) receptors, Insulin receptor, IGF-1, GLUT-3 gene expressions in striatum compared to diabetic rats. Insulin treatment reversed dopamine D(1), D(2) receptor, GLUT-3 mRNA expression, D(2) receptor binding parameters in the striatum compared to diabetic group. Our results suggest the potential role of pyridoxine supplementation in ameliorating diabetes mediated dysfunctions in striatal dopaminergic receptor expressions and insulin signaling. Thus pyridoxine has therapeutic significance in diabetes management.
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Tseng HH, Chuah QY, Yang PM, Chen CT, Chao JC, Lin MD, Chiu SJ. Securin enhances the anti-cancer effects of 6-methoxy-3-(3',4',5'-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-1H-indole (BPR0L075) in human colorectal cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36006. [PMID: 22563433 PMCID: PMC3338557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BPR0L075 [6-methoxy-3-(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy-benzoyl)-1H-indole] is a novel anti-microtubule drug with anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities in vitro and in vivo. Securin is required for genome stability, and is expressed abundantly in most cancer cells, promoting cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that BPR0L075 efficiently induced cell death of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells that have higher expression levels of securin. The cytotoxicity of BPR0L075 was attenuated in isogenic securin-null HCT116 cells. BPR0L075 induced DNA damage response, G2/M arrest, and activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint in HCT116 cells. Interestingly, BPR0L075 induced phosphorylation of securin. BPR0L075 withdrawal resulted in degradation of securin, mitotic exit, and mitotic catastrophe, which were attenuated in securin-null cells. Inhibition of cdc2 decreased securin phosphorylation, G2/M arrest and cell death induced by BPR0L075. Moreover, BPR0L075 caused cell death through a caspase-independent mechanism and activation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. These findings provided evidence for the first time that BPR0L075 treatment is beneficial for the treatment of human colorectal tumors with higher levels of securin. Thus, we suggest that the expression levels of securin may be a predictive factor for application in anti-cancer therapy with BPR0L075 in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Hsing Tseng
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Qiu-Yu Chuah
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Pei-Ming Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Jung-Chi Chao
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetic, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.
| | - Shu-Jun Chiu
- Department of Life Science, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan R.O.C.
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which has effects similar to insulin, reduces blood glucose level, improves insulin sensitivity and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes (GDM). OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to estimate the concentration of IGF-1 in pregnant women with GDM and 3 months after delivery and find relationships between IGF-1 and clinical and biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS 67 women between 24th - 28th week of pregnancy were enrolled in the study (46 with GDM and 21 as a control group). All women underwent clinical and biochemical examinations. Concentrations of IGF-1, adiponectin, fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, CRP, fibrinogen were measured during pregnancy, additionally IGF-1 concentration was determined 3 months after delivery. RESULTS IGF-1, glucose, insulin, CRP, fibrinogen, lipids concentrations and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in women with GDM than in the control group (p<0.05). A significant decrease in IGF-1 concentration was observed in both groups after delivery. In the GDM group significant correlations between IGF-1 and BMI (r=0.370, p<0.05), insulin (r=0.469, p<0.01) and HOMA-IR (r=0.439, p<0.01) were observed. Regression analysis with IGF-1 as a dependent parameter showed that only BMI and insulin remained as predictors, explaining 32% of plasma IGF-1 variation. Re-evaluation after delivery revealed impaired glucose tolerance in 9% of the population studied. CONCLUSIONS Increased IGF-1 concentrations in pregnancy complicated with GDM may partly reflect metabolic disturbances, especially insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and may be one of possible compensatory reactions of the organism in response to these disturbances.
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Alvino CL, Ong SC, McNeil KA, Delaine C, Booker GW, Wallace JC, Forbes BE. Understanding the mechanism of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor activation by IGF-II. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27488. [PMID: 22140443 PMCID: PMC3227035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) promotes cell proliferation and survival and plays an important role in normal fetal development and placental function. IGF-II binds both the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor isoform A (IR-A) with high affinity. Interestingly both IGF-II and the IR-A are often upregulated in cancer and IGF-II acts via both receptors to promote cancer proliferation. There is relatively little known about the mechanism of ligand induced activation of the insulin (IR) and IGF-1R. The recently solved IR structure reveals a folded over dimer with two potential ligand binding pockets arising from residues on each receptor half. Site-directed mutagenesis has mapped receptor residues important for ligand binding to two separate sites within the ligand binding pocket and we have recently shown that the IGFs have two separate binding surfaces which interact with the receptor sites 1 and 2. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we describe a series of partial IGF-1R and IR agonists generated by mutating Glu12 of IGF-II. By comparing receptor binding affinities, abilities to induce negative cooperativity and potencies in receptor activation, we provide evidence that residue Glu12 bridges the two receptor halves leading to receptor activation. Conclusions/Significance This study provides novel insight into the mechanism of receptor binding and activation by IGF-II, which may be important for the future development of inhibitors of its action for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clair L. Alvino
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shee Chee Ong
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kerrie A. McNeil
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Carlie Delaine
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grant W. Booker
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John C. Wallace
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Briony E. Forbes
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The scientific study of obesity has been dominated throughout the twentieth century by the concept of energy balance. This conceptual approach, based on fundamental thermodynamic principles, states that energy cannot be destroyed, and can only be gained, lost or stored by an organism. Its application in obesity research has emphasised excessive appetite (gluttony), or insufficient physical activity (sloth), as the primary determinants of excess weight gain, reflected in current guidelines for obesity prevention and treatment. This model cannot explain why weight accumulates persistently rather than reaching a plateau, and underplays the effect of variability in dietary constituents on energy and intermediary metabolism. An alternative model emphasises the capacity of fructose and fructose-derived sweeteners (sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup) to perturb cellular metabolism via modification of the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio, activation of AMP kinase and compensatory mechanisms, which favour adipose tissue accretion and increased appetite while depressing physical activity. This conceptual model implicates chronic hyperinsulinaemia in the presence of a paradoxical state of 'cellular starvation' as a key driver of the metabolic modifications inducing chronic weight gain. We combine evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments to formulate a perspective on obesity aetiology that emphasises metabolic flexibility and dietary composition rather than energy balance. Using this model, we question the direction of causation of reported associations between obesity and sleep duration or childhood growth. Our perspective generates new hypotheses, which can be tested to improve our understanding of the current obesity epidemic, and to identify novel strategies for prevention or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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Sanchez-Alavez M, Osborn O, Tabarean IV, Holmberg KH, Eberwine J, Kahn CR, Bartfai T. Insulin-like growth factor 1-mediated hyperthermia involves anterior hypothalamic insulin receptors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14983-90. [PMID: 21330367 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.188540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective is to investigate the role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the regulation of core body temperature. Sequencing cDNA libraries from individual warm-sensitive neurons from the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus, a region involved in the central control of thermoregulation, identified neurons that express both IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and insulin receptor transcripts. The effects of administration of IGF-1 into the POA was measured by radiotelemetry monitoring of core temperature, brown adipose tissue (BAT) temperature, metabolic assessment, and imaging of BAT by positron emission tomography of 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose uptake combined with computed tomography. IGF-1 injection into the POA caused dose-dependent hyperthermia that could be blocked by pretreatment with the IGF-1R tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PQ401. The IGF-1-evoked hyperthermia involved activation of brown adipose tissue and was accompanied by a switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation as a source of energy as shown by lowered respiratory exchange ratio. Transgenic mice that lack neuronal insulin receptor expression in the brain (NIRKO mice) were unable to mount the full hyperthermic response to IGF-1, suggesting that the IGF-1 mediated hyperthermia is partly dependent on expression of functional neuronal insulin receptors. These data indicate a novel thermoregulatory role for both IGF-1R and neuronal insulin receptors in IGF-1 activation of BAT and hyperthermia. These central effects of IGF-1 signaling may play a role in regulation of metabolic rate, aging, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Sanchez-Alavez
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Lemaire M, Deleu S, De Bruyne E, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, Vanderkerken K. The microenvironment and molecular biology of the multiple myeloma tumor. Adv Cancer Res 2011; 110:19-42. [PMID: 21704227 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386469-7.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a deadly plasma cell cancer that resides in the bone marrow (BM). Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of the BM microenvironment supporting tumor growth, angiogenesis, bone disease and drug resistance. Reciprocal interactions between the different components of the BM microenvironment and the MM cells are necessary to regulate migration, differentiation, proliferation and survival of the malignant plasma cells. In this review we focus on the interactions and molecular mechanisms by which the BM microenvironment exert these effects. Better understanding of these interactions and the study of the epigenetic changes that tumor cells undergo are necessary in order to improve current treatments and for the discovery of new therapies that may eventually lead to a potential cure.
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35
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Abstract
AbstractInsulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins play an essential role in regulating animal growth and metabolism. The initial portion of the current review focuses on the physiological effects of the IGFs and delineates their role as regulators of animal growth and metabolism. The role of IGFs as mediators of growth hormone effects, as insulin-like metabolic regulators and as foetal growth regulators is discussed. The remainder of the review is devoted to the IGF binding proteins, their modulation of IGF action and their role in foetal and postnatal regulation of growth.
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Beauchamp MC, Yasmeen A, Knafo A, Gotlieb WH. Targeting insulin and insulin-like growth factor pathways in epithelial ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2010:257058. [PMID: 20069126 PMCID: PMC2804114 DOI: 10.1155/2010/257058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies, due in part to the diagnosis at an advanced stage caused by the lack of specific signs and symptoms and the absence of reliable tests for screening and early detection. Most patients will respond initially to treatment but about 70% of them will suffer a recurrence. Therefore, new therapeutic modalities are urgently needed to overcome chemoresistance observed in ovarian cancer patients. Evidence accumulates suggesting that the insulin/insulin growth factor (IGF) pathways could act as a good therapeutic target in several cancers, including ovarian cancer. In this paper, we will focus on the role of insulin/IGF in ovarian cancer tumorigenesis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Beauchamp
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Amber Yasmeen
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Ariane Knafo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Walter H. Gotlieb
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute of Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3T 1E2
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c-myb stimulates cell growth by regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and IGF-binding protein-3 in K562 leukemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 385:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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De Meyts P, Gauguin L, Svendsen AM, Sarhan M, Knudsen L, Nøhr J, Kiselyov VV. Structural basis of allosteric ligand-receptor interactions in the insulin/relaxin peptide family: implications for other receptor tyrosine kinases and G-protein-coupled receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:45-53. [PMID: 19416158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The insulin/relaxin superfamily of peptide hormones comprises 10 members in humans. The three members of the insulin-related subgroup bind to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), while four of the seven members of the relaxin-like subgroup are now known to bind to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the so-called relaxin family peptide receptors (RXFPs). Both systems have a long evolutionary history and play a critical role in fundamental biological processes, such as metabolism, growth, survival and longevity, and reproduction. The structural biology and ligand-binding kinetics of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor I receptors have been studied in great detail, culminating in the recent crystal structure of the insulin receptor extracellular domain. Some of the fundamental properties of these receptors, including constitutive dimerization and negative cooperativity, have recently been shown to extend to other RTKs and GPCRs, including RXFPs, confirming kinetic observations made over 30 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Meyts
- Receptor Systems Biology Laboratory, Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
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Sakowski SA, Schuyler AD, Feldman EL. Insulin-like growth factor-I for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 10:63-73. [PMID: 18608100 DOI: 10.1080/17482960802160370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects both upper and lower motorneurons (MN) resulting in weakness, paralysis and subsequent death. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a potent neurotrophic factor that has neuroprotective properties in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Due to the efficacy of IGF-I in the treatment of other diseases and its ability to promote neuronal survival, IGF-I is being extensively studied in ALS therapeutic trials. This review covers in vitro and in vivo studies examining the efficacy of IGF-I in ALS model systems and also addresses the mechanisms by which IGF-I asserts its effects in these models, the status of the IGF-I system in ALS patients, results of clinical trials, and the need for the development of better delivery mechanisms to maximize IGF-I efficacy. The knowledge obtained from these studies suggests that IGF-I has the potential to be a safe and efficacious therapy for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Sakowski
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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40
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Jensen M, De Meyts P. Molecular mechanisms of differential intracellular signaling from the insulin receptor. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 80:51-75. [PMID: 19251034 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of insulin to the insulin receptor (IR) leads to a cascade of intracellular signaling events, which regulate multiple biological processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism, gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell growth, division, and survival. However, the exact mechanism of how the insulin-IR interaction produces its own specific pattern of regulated cellular functions is not yet fully understood. Insulin analogs, anti-IR antibodies as well as synthetic insulin mimetic peptides that target the two insulin-binding regions of the IR, have been used to study the relationship between different aspects of receptor binding and function as well as providing new insights into the structure and function of the IR. This review focuses on the current knowledge of activation of the IR and how activation of the IR by different ligands initiates different cellular responses. Investigation of differential activation of the IR may provide clues to the molecular mechanisms of how the insulin-receptor interaction controls the specificity of the downstream signaling response. Differences in the kinetics of ligand-interaction with the IR, the magnitude of the signal as well as its subcelllar location all play important roles in determining/eliciting the different biological responses. Additional studies are nevertheless required to dissect the precise molecular mechanisms leading to the differential signaling from the IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Jensen
- Hagedorn Research Institute, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
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41
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Sachdev D. Regulation of breast cancer metastasis by IGF signaling. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2008; 13:431-41. [PMID: 19030970 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-008-9105-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) signaling via the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) regulate multiple aspects of malignancy. The importance of IGF-1R in regulating the malignant phenotype is currently being validated in numerous clinical trials for cancer including breast cancer. This review discusses the regulation of breast cancer metastasis by IGF-1R. IGF-1R stimulates invasion and survival in anchorage independent conditions. The regulation of metastasis independently of tumor growth by IGF-1R is also discussed. Finally, the impact of this on clinical trial design and outcomes, and the need for biomarkers, other than reduction in tumor size, are discussed in light of the fact that inhibition of metastasis is not measured in conventional clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Sachdev
- Department of Medicine and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, MMC 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Žáková L, Kazdová L, Hančlová I, Protivínská E, Šanda M, Buděšínský M, Jiráček J. Insulin Analogues with Modifications at Position B26. Divergence of Binding Affinity and Biological Activity. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5858-68. [DOI: 10.1021/bi702086w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Žáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ivona Hančlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Protivínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Miloslav Šanda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jiráček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic, and Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Vídeňská 1958/9, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic
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Maternal Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Promotes Placental Functional Development Via the Type 2 IGF Receptor in the Guinea Pig. Placenta 2008; 29:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Meyer GE, Chesler L, Liu D, Gable K, Maddux BA, Goldenberg DD, Youngren JF, Goldfine ID, Weiss WA, Matthay KK, Rosenthal SM. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid inhibits insulin-like growth factor signaling, growth, and survival in human neuroblastoma cells. J Cell Biochem 2008; 102:1529-41. [PMID: 17486636 PMCID: PMC3001106 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a common pediatric malignancy that metastasizes to the liver, bone, and other organs. Children with metastatic disease have a less than 50% chance of survival with current treatments. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) stimulate neuroblastoma growth, survival, and motility, and are expressed by neuroblastoma cells and the tissues they invade. Thus, therapies that disrupt the effects of IGFs on neuroblastoma tumorigenesis may slow disease progression. We show that NVP-AEW541, a specific inhibitor of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), potently inhibits neuroblastoma growth in vitro. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), a phenolic compound isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea divaricata), has anti-tumor properties against a number of malignancies, has been shown to inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of the IGF-IR in breast cancer cells, and is currently in Phase I trials for prostate cancer. In the present study in neuroblastoma, NDGA inhibits IGF-I-mediated activation of the IGF-IR and disrupts activation of ERK and Akt signaling pathways induced by IGF-I. NDGA inhibits growth of neuroblastoma cells and induces apoptosis at higher doses, causing IGF-I-resistant activation of caspase-3 and a large increase in the fraction of sub-G0 cells. In addition, NDGA inhibits the growth of xenografted human neuroblastoma tumors in nude mice. These results indicate that NDGA may be useful in the treatment of neuroblastoma and may function in part via disruption of IGF-IR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E. Meyer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Louis Chesler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Karissa Gable
- Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of California, San Francisco/Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Betty A. Maddux
- Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of California, San Francisco/Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - David D. Goldenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jack F. Youngren
- Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of California, San Francisco/Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Ira D. Goldfine
- Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of California, San Francisco/Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - William A. Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Stephen M. Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Correspondence to: Stephen M. Rosenthal, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, S672 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA 94143.
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45
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Surinya KH, Forbes BE, Occhiodoro F, Booker GW, Francis GL, Siddle K, Wallace JC, Cosgrove LJ. An investigation of the ligand binding properties and negative cooperativity of soluble insulin-like growth factor receptors. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:5355-63. [PMID: 18056713 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707054200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the interaction of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) ligands with the insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R), we have generated two soluble variants of the IGF-1R. We have recombinantly expressed the ectodomain of IGF-1R or fused this domain to the constant domain from the Fc fragment of mouse immunoglobulin. The ligand binding properties of these soluble IGF-1Rs for IGF-I and IGF-II were investigated using conventional ligand competition assays and BIAcore biosensor technology. In ligand competition assays, the soluble IGF-1Rs both bound IGF-I with similar affinities and a 5-fold lower affinity than that seen for the wild type receptor. In addition, both soluble receptors bound IGF-II with similar affinities to the wild type receptor. BIAcore analyses showed that both soluble IGF-1Rs exhibited similar ligand-specific association and dissociation rates for IGF-I and for IGF-II. The soluble IGF-1R proteins both exhibited negative cooperativity for IGF-I, IGF-II, and the 24-60 antibody, which binds to the IGF-1R cysteine-rich domain. We conclude that the addition of the self-associating Fc domain to the IGF-1R ectodomain does not affect ligand binding affinity, which is in contrast to the soluble ectodomain of the IR. This study highlights some significant differences in ligand binding modes between the IGF-1R and the insulin receptor, which may ultimately contribute to the different biological activities conferred by the two receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Helen Surinya
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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46
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Simmons JG, Ling Y, Wilkins H, Fuller CR, D’Ercole AJ, Fagin J, Lund PK. Cell-specific effects of insulin receptor substrate-1 deficiency on normal and IGF-I-mediated colon growth. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 293:G995-1003. [PMID: 17823215 PMCID: PMC2267759 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00537.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) potently stimulates intestinal growth. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) mediates proliferative and antiapoptotic actions of IGF-I in cell lines, but its in vivo relevance in intestine is not defined. This study tested the hypothesis that there is cell type-specific dependence on IRS-1 as a mediator of IGF-I action. Length, mass, crypt cell proliferation, and apoptosis were measured in small intestine and colon of IRS-1-null mice and wild-type (WT) littermates and in colon of IRS-1-null or WT mice expressing IGF-I transgenes. Expression of IGF-I receptor and signaling intermediates was examined in intestine of WT and IRS-1-null mice, cultured intestinal epithelial cells, and myofibroblasts. Absolute IRS-1 deficiency reduced mucosal mass in jejunum and colon, but effects were more pronounced in colon. Muscularis mass was decreased in both segments. In IGF-I transgenics, IRS-1 deficiency significantly attenuated IGF-I-stimulated growth of colonic mucosa and abolished antiapoptotic but not mitogenic effects of IGF-I transgene on crypt cells. IGF-I-induced muscularis growth was unaffected by IRS-1 deficiency. In intestinal epithelial cells, IRS-1 was expressed at higher levels than IRS-2 and was preferentially activated by IGF-I. In contrast, IGF-I activated both IRS-1 and IRS-2 in intestinal myofibroblasts and IRS-2 activation was upregulated in IRS-1-null myofibroblasts. We conclude that the intestinal epithelium but not the muscularis requires IRS-1 for normal trophic actions of IGF-I and that IRS-1 is required for antiapoptotic but not mitogenic effects of IGF-I in the intestinal crypts in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Simmons
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Y. Ling
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - H. Wilkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - C. R. Fuller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - A. J. D’Ercole
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James Fagin
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - P. K. Lund
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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47
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Li JCH, Li R. RAV12 Accelerates the Desensitization of Akt/PKB Pathway of Insulin-like Growth Factor I Receptor Signaling in COLO205. Cancer Res 2007; 67:8856-64. [PMID: 17875727 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RAV12 is a high-affinity immunoglobulin G(1) (IgG(1)) chimeric antibody recognizing an N-linked carbohydrate epitope expressed on a number of human carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. RAV12 is efficacious in treating colon, gastric, and pancreatic tumors in xenograft models in vivo. Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) is a protein widely overexpressed in tumor-derived cell lines that promotes cell survival and prevents apoptosis. We found the RAV12 epitope (RAAG12) decorated the IGF-IR proteins of RAV12-responsive cell lines such as COLO201, COLO205, and SNU-16. Here, we report findings of IGF-IR signaling manipulation by RAV12. We found that RAV12 caused a significantly accelerated IGF-I-mediated IGF-IR phosphorylation and desensitization in COLO205. We also observed significant changes in some of the major downstream signaling components of IGF-IR. Data suggested that RAV12 treatment accelerated the desensitization of Akt/PKB through IRS1, and such activation could be attenuated by Tyrphostin AG538 (IGF-IR inhibitor), LY294002, or Wortmannin (phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor). Furthermore, RAV12-inhibited IGF-I stimulated COLO205 growth, and the inhibition could be significantly augmented by mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor.
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48
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Grünblatt E, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Osmanovic J, Riederer P, Hoyer S. Brain insulin system dysfunction in streptozotocin intracerebroventricularly treated rats generates hyperphosphorylated tau protein. J Neurochem 2007; 101:757-70. [PMID: 17448147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The intracerebroventricular (icv) application of streptozotocin (STZ) in low dosage was used in 3-month-old rats to explore brain insulin system dysfunction. Three months following STZ icv treatment, the expression of insulin-1 and -2 mRNA was significantly reduced to 11% in hippocampus and to 28% in frontoparietal cerebral cortex, respectively. Insulin receptor (IR) mRNA expression decreased significantly in frontoparietal cerebral cortex and hippocampus (16% and 33% of control). At the protein/activity level, different abnormalities of protein tyrosine kinase activity (increase in hippocampus), total IR beta-subunit (decrease in hypothalamus) and phosphorylated IR tyrosine residues (increase) became apparent. The STZ-induced disturbance in learning and memory capacities was not abolished by icv application of glucose transport inhibitors known to prevent STZ-induced diabetes mellitus. The discrepancy between reduced IR gene expression and increase in both phosphorylated IR tyrosine residues/protein tyrosine kinase activity may indicate imbalance between phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of the IR beta-subunit causing its dysfunction. These abnormalities may point to a complex brain insulin system dysfunction after STZ icv application, which may lead to an increase in hyperphosphorylated tau-protein concentration. Brain insulin system dysfunction is discussed as possible pathological core in the generation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein as a morphological marker of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Grünblatt
- Clinical Neurochemistry and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence Laboratory, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bayrische Julius-Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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49
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Engström W, Shokrai A, Otte K, Granérus M, Gessbo A, Bierke P, Madej A, Sjölund M, Ward A. Transcriptional regulation and biological significance of the insulin like growth factor II gene. Cell Prolif 2007; 31:173-89. [PMID: 9925986 PMCID: PMC6647699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1998.tb01196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin like growth factors I and II are the most ubiquitous in the mammalian embryo. Moreover they play a pivotal role in the development and growth of tumours. The bioavailability of these growth factors is regulated on a transcriptional as well as on a posttranslational level. The expression of non-signalling receptors as well as binding proteins does further tune the local concentration of IGFs. This paper aims at reviewing how the transcription of the IGF genes is regulated. The biological significance of these control mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Engström
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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50
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Peters A, Conrad M, Hubold C, Schweiger U, Fischer B, Fehm HL. The principle of homeostasis in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system: new insight from positive feedback. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2007; 293:R83-98. [PMID: 17459911 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00907.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Feedback control, both negative and positive, is a fundamental feature of biological systems. Some of these systems strive to achieve a state of equilibrium or “homeostasis”. The major endocrine systems are regulated by negative feedback, a process believed to maintain hormonal levels within a relatively narrow range. Positive feedback is often thought to have a destabilizing effect. Here, we present a “principle of homeostasis,” which makes use of both positive and negative feedback loops. To test the hypothesis that this homeostatic concept is valid for the regulation of cortisol, we assessed experimental data in humans with different conditions (gender, obesity, endocrine disorders, medication) and analyzed these data by a novel computational approach. We showed that all obtained data sets were in agreement with the presented concept of homeostasis in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. According to this concept, a homeostatic system can stabilize itself with the help of a positive feedback loop. The brain mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors—with their known characteristics—fulfill the key functions in the homeostatic concept: binding cortisol with high and low affinities, acting in opposing manners, and mediating feedback effects on cortisol. This study supports the interaction between positive and negative feedback loops in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system and in this way sheds new light on the function of dual receptor regulation. Current knowledge suggests that this principle of homeostasis could also apply to other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peters
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Endocrinology, University of Luebeck, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.
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