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Galbiati V, Papale A, Kummer E, Corsini E. In vitro Models to Evaluate Drug-Induced Hypersensitivity: Potential Test Based on Activation of Dendritic Cells. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 27462271 PMCID: PMC4940371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity drug reactions (HDRs) are the adverse effect of pharmaceuticals that clinically resemble allergy. HDRs account for approximately 1/6 of drug-induced adverse effects, and include immune-mediated ("allergic") and non-immune-mediated ("pseudo allergic") reactions. In recent years, the severe and unpredicted drug adverse events clearly indicate that the immune system can be a critical target of drugs. Enhanced prediction in preclinical safety evaluation is, therefore, crucial. Nowadays, there are no validated in vitro or in vivo methods to screen the sensitizing potential of drugs in the pre-clinical phase. The problem of non-predictability of immunologically-based hypersensitivity reactions is related to the lack of appropriate experimental models rather than to the lack of -understanding of the adverse phenomenon. We recently established experimental conditions and markers to correctly identify drug associated with in vivo hypersensitivity reactions using THP-1 cells and IL-8 production, CD86 and CD54 expression. The proposed in vitro method benefits from a rationalistic approach with the idea that allergenic drugs share with chemical allergens common mechanisms of cell activation. This assay can be easily incorporated into drug development for hazard identification of drugs, which may have the potential to cause in vivo hypersensitivity reactions. The purpose of this review is to assess the state of the art of in vitro models to assess the allergenic potential of drugs based on the activation of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Galbiati
- Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Papale
- Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Kummer
- Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Angioedema is the end result of deep dermal, subcutaneous and/or mucosal swelling, and is potentially a life-threatening condition in cases where the pharynx or larynx is involved. Drug-induced angioedema has been reported to occur in response to a wide range of drugs and vaccines. Drug-induced angioedema, like other cutaneous drug reactions, has been reported to be most frequently elicited by beta-lactam antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, although reliable data from epidemiologic studies are scarce. Recent reports suggested an increasing role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) in the causation of life-threatening angioedema. ACEI-related angioedema is never accompanied by urticaria and occurs via a kinin-dependent mechanism. ACEI-related angioedema not only can start years after beginning the treatment, but it can then recur irregularly while under that treatment. Furthermore, allergy tests are unreliable for the diagnosis of ACEI-related angioedema, and so the relationship between angioedema and ACEIs is often missed and consequently quite underestimated. Accordingly, better understanding of the kinin-dependent mechanism, which is particular to angioedema, is necessary for the appropriate management of drug-induced angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Inomata
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. −cu.ac.jp
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De Amici M, Villani M, Milanesi E, Rossini B, Barco S, Gerletti M, Ciprandi G. Adverse Reactions to Anaesthetics Prevented by the Use of Specific Laboratory Tests. EUR J INFLAMM 2011; 9:79-81. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1100900112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse reactions to general anaesthetics are quite rare, but may be very severe and even lethal. Unfortunately, the diagnosis is frequently based on medical history and few laboratory tests are reliable. A clinical case is presented: a patient, 75 years of age, was a candidate for urgent coronary artery bypass graft surgery due to the results of the coronary angiogram (severe stenosis of the main stem). The patient reported cardiac arrest in both operations with general anaesthesia, but there was a lack of clinical documentation. Thus, sulfidoleukotriene assay (CAST-ELISA, Bühlmann Laboratories) was used to determine the tolerability of general anesthetics in a single patient. The results of this in vitro test was useful in discriminating and excluding the administration of some widely-used standard anaesthetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. De Amici
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, S.C. di Pediatria, Pavia
| | - M.A. Villani
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Rianimazione III, Pavia
| | - E. Milanesi
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Rianimazione III, Pavia
| | - B. Rossini
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Rianimazione III, Pavia
| | - S. Barco
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, S. C. Angiologia, Malattie Tromboemboliche, Pavia
| | - M. Gerletti
- Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Rianimazione III, Pavia
| | - G. Ciprandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino, University of Genoa, Genoa
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Abstract
Correct management of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia requires a multidisciplinary approach with prompt recognition and treatment of the acute event by the attending anaesthesiologist, and subsequent determination of the responsible agent(s) with strict avoidance of subsequent administration of all incriminated and/or cross-reacting compounds. However, correct identification of the causative compound(s) and safe alternatives is not always straightforward and, too often, not done. This review is not intended to discuss acute management of anaesthesia-related anaphylaxis but summarizes the major causes of anaphylaxis during anaesthesia and the diagnostic approach of this rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Apart from general principles about the diagnostic approach, history taking and importance of tryptase quantification, more specific confirmatory diagnostic procedures are organized on the basis of the major causes of perioperative anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Ebo
- Department of Immunology, Allergology and Rheumatology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
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Muratore L, Ventura M, Calogiuri G, Calcagnile F, Quarta E, Muratore M, Ferrannini A. Tolerance to etoricoxib in 37 patients with urticaria and angioedema induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 98:168-71. [PMID: 17304885 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, a new class of analgesic drugs, is suggested in patients with hypersensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). OBJECTIVE To evaluate tolerance to etoricoxib, a new cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in NSAID-sensitive patients with urticaria-type adverse reactions. PATIENTS Thirty-seven patients with adverse reactions to NSAIDs. METHODS Single-blind, placebo-controlled oral challenge with increasing doses of etoricoxib. RESULTS Thirty-four patients tolerated etoricoxib treatment without adverse reactions, but a generalized urticarial rash developed in 3 patients (8%). CONCLUSIONS Etoricoxib, like other cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, is a well-tolerated drug in most NSAID-sensitive patients. However, according to our experience, a previous challenge test in a safe environment may be necessary before prescribing the drug to such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionello Muratore
- Allergology and Clinical Immunology Service, Vito Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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6
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Burastero SE, Paolucci C, Breda D, Monasterolo G, Rossi RE, Vangelista L. Unreliable measurement of basophil maximum leukotriene release with the Bühlmann CAST 2000 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2006; 13:420-2. [PMID: 16522787 PMCID: PMC1391964 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.13.3.420-422.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Bühlmann CAST 2000 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a potentially useful assay for measuring sulfidoleukotrienes released in vitro by allergen-challenged basophils. However, we observed that the positive-control reagent yielded positive signals in cell-free systems. These false-positive results depended on using a mouse anti-FcepsilonRI monoclonal antibody and were prevented by degranulation-inducing reagents other than mouse monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Burastero
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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Kvedariene V, Kamey S, Ryckwaert Y, Rongier M, Bousquet J, Demoly P, Arnoux B. Diagnosis of neuromuscular blocking agent hypersensitivity reactions using cytofluorimetric analysis of basophils. Allergy 2006; 61:311-5. [PMID: 16436139 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) are common and life threatening. Basophil activation based upon the expression of CD63 in the presence of specific allergens was found to be of importance for the diagnosis of IgE-mediated hypersensibility. METHODS The Basotest was evaluated for the diagnosis of NMBA in 47 patients with proven NMBA anaphylaxis, 40 atopic subjects nonallergic to NMBA and five healthy volunteers. Diagnosis of NMBA was made according to international standards on clinical history, skin tests and provocation tests when needed. RESULTS In the NMBA allergic patients, sensitivity of Basotest was 36.1%, but it increased to 85.7% for reactions which occurred within the last 3 years. The specificity was 93.3%. CONCLUSION Basotest may be useful for the diagnosis of NMBA allergy in patients with a suspicion of recent IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to NMBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kvedariene
- INSERM U454-IFR3, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier Cedex, France
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Ebo DG, Hagendorens MM, Bridts CH, Stevens WJ. Immediate-type allergy to drugs and related compounds: evaluation and management. Acta Clin Belg 2005; 60:350-61. [PMID: 16502596 DOI: 10.1179/acb.2005.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADR) constitute a major health issue in outpatient and inpatient clinical settings. An allergic drug reaction is an immunologically mediated adverse drug reaction that exhibits specificity and recurrence on re-exposure to the offending and/or cross-reactive compound(s). Diagnosis of drug allergy is difficult, as a broad spectrum of different drugs can elicit various immune-mediated diseases with distinct (sometimes unclear) pathomechanism, the exact structure (epitope) that causes the reaction is frequently unknown, the presence of an in vitro or in vivo test results might not be predictive of a clinical situation, and the gold standard or reference test for diagnosis, the drug challenge, is a complicated and sometimes dangerous endeavour. Nevertheless, during the past few years serious attempts have been made to standardise and validate in vitro and in vivo techniques for the diagnosis of drug allergy. New techniques, e.g. flow-assisted analysis of in vitro basophil activation, are replacing older ones like histamine release for immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. However, additional comprehensive studies are required to further validate the technique and allow its entrance in mainstream diagnostic use, particularly for non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. This review attempts to summarize the major causes of immediate hypersensitivity reactions to drugs and related compounds. Special attention is paid to the diagnostic and therapeutic management of this common iatrogenic complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Ebo
- Dept Immunology, Allergology, Rheumatology, University Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Urticaria is characterised by transient swellings of the skin, which fluctuate over hours. Deeper swellings of the subcutaneous and submucosal tissue are known as angio-oedema. Drug-induced urticaria has been reported with a wide range of drugs and vaccines. NSAIDs and antibiotics are the drugs most commonly associated with urticaria, although reliable data from prospectively controlled studies is scarce. Spontaneous reports of drug-induced urticaria to the Committee on Safety of Medicines, UK, over a 40-year period also implicate bupropion, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor antidepressants, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), H2 and H1 antihistamines, and systemic antifungals. New evidence suggests that selective COX-2 inhibitors may be tolerated in patients with aspirin-sensitive urticaria. The safety of angiotensin II receptor antagonists in patients with angio-oedema induced by ACEI has not yet been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice K H Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Colney Lane, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UY, UK.
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Gamboa P, Sanz ML, Caballero MR, Urrutia I, Antépara I, Esparza R, de Weck AL. The flow-cytometric determination of basophil activation induced by aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is useful for in vitro diagnosis of the NSAID hypersensitivity syndrome. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 34:1448-57. [PMID: 15347380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersensitivity reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), manifested by cutaneous symptoms and/or airway manifestations represent 20-25% of all hypersensitivity reactions to drugs. Today, it is still claimed that no in vitro diagnostic tests exist for that condition and that the only way to confirm the diagnosis is a provocation challenge. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess whether NSAIDs may provoke blood basophil activation in vitro in such patients, as detected by a flowcytometric technique. METHODS Sixty NSAID hypersensitive patients (38 with cutaneous, 20 with airway and two with cutaneous and airway symptoms) and 30 control patients (15 asthmatics) were selected. Their hypersensitivity was confirmed by documented history indicating at least two clinical episodes to two or more different NSAIDs or by positive oral provocation challenge. Isolated buffy coat leukocytes were stimulated in vitro with aspirin, paracetamol, metamizol, diclofenac, and naproxen. The percentage of activated basophils was evaluated by an anti-CD63. RESULTS Aspirin showed a sensitivity of 43.3%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 99.4%. For the other NSAIDs, the sensitivity and specificity values were: for paracetamol 11.7% and 100%, for metamizol 15% and 100%, for diclofenac 43.3% and 93.3% and for naproxen 54.8% and 74.1%. When considering the first four NSAIDs, the global sensitivity raised to 63.3% and specificity to 93.3%. If the number of tests is to be limited for practical reasons, the combination of acetylsalicylic acid and diclofenac at two concentrations yields a sensitivity of 58.3% and a specificity of 93.3%. CONCLUSIONS Flowcytometric determinations of basophil activation following stimulation with NSAIDs show a high sensitivity (60-70%) with specificity above 90%. So this test may help avoiding some cumbersome and dangerous provocation challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gamboa
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Basurto, Bilbao, Spain
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Sanz ML, Gamboa P, de Weck AL. A new combined test with flowcytometric basophil activation and determination of sulfidoleukotrienes is useful for in vitro diagnosis of hypersensitivity to aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2004; 136:58-72. [PMID: 15608437 DOI: 10.1159/000082586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed whether nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may provoke blood basophil activation in vitro in aspirin- and NSAID-hypersensitive patients, as detected by a flowcytometric technique using the CD63 marker--flowcytometric basophil activation test (FAST) assay--in addition to the sulfidoleukotriene (sLT) release--the cellular allergen stimulation test (CAST). METHODS Sixty aspirin- and/or NSAID-hypersensitive patients were studied. Thirty control patients without history and negative provocation challenge were also included. The percentage of activated basophils after in vitro stimulation with NSAIDs at 3 different concentrations was evaluated by an anti-CD63 phycoerythrin conjugate (FAST assay) and the amount of sLTs released in the cell supernatant by ELISA (CAST assay). RESULTS For aspirin, the FAST indicated a sensitivity of 41.7%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 99.4%; for paracetamol 11.7 and 100%, for metamizol 15 and 100%, for diclofenac 43.3 and 93.3%, and for naproxen 54.8 and 74.1%. Many patients showed positive tests to more than 1 NSAID. When considering the first 4 NSAIDs, the global sensitivity increased to 66.7%, while the specificity remained at 93.3%. The addition of the CAST results still increased the sensitivity up to 73.3%, but with a decrease of the specificity to 71.4%. CONCLUSIONS The FAST shows a high percentage of positive reactions, which may reach 60-70% when 4 NSAIDs are tested and even 88% when the test is performed within 1 month of the last clinical drug exposure and reaction. The test has a high specificity above 90%. The addition of sLT determinations yields additional information in a few isolated cases. It is suggested that this test, when properly used, may help avoid some cumbersome and dangerous provocation challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sanz
- Department of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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12
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Abstract
The diagnosis of allergic reactions in clinical practice is based on both clinical history and the determination of specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), either in the serum or on skin mast cells. However, for various reasons, identification of the causative factors is not possible in all the cases. Moreover, not all allergies are IgE-dependent. In an attempt to find sensitive, specific and cost-effective methods to investigate hypersensitivity reactions, in vitro tests were developed at a very early stage. Allergen-induced mediator release assays analyze the mediator released from effector cells, mainly peripheral blood cells, when stimulated in vitro with serial dilutions of the putative allergens. Described initially as research tools, they could well become diagnostic tests. However, relatively few high quality reports have been published so far. In this review, we will detail allergen-dependent histamine, tryptase, arachidonic acid metabolite, e.g. cysteinyl leukotrienes and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic mediator release tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Demoly
- Maladies Respiratoires - INSERM U454, CHU de Montpellier, Cedex, France
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Abstract
The relationship of aspirin sensitivity to urticaria is complex. Aspirin sensitivity can cause acute urticaria in some individuals, aggravate pre-existing chronic urticaria in others or, rarely, act as a cofactor with food or exercise to provoke anaphylaxis. Individuals who react with urticaria appear to come from a different population to those who react with asthma, although there is some overlap. Aspirin-sensitive chronic urticaria patients may also react adversely to some food additives. The pharmacological mechanisms of aspirin-sensitive urticaria are not fully understood but probably involve diversion of arachidonic acid metabolism from prostaglandin to cysteinyl leukotriene formation leading to direct effects on blood vessels and delayed mast cell degranulation with release of histamine. Cross-reactivity amongst all nonsteroidal drugs is common in aspirin-aggravated chronic urticaria but appears not to occur with selective cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E H Grattan
- Dermatology Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.
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Abstract
Drug hypersensitivity reactions are a daily worry for clinicians. The tools allowing a definitive diagnosis are few and poorly validated. They include a thorough clinical history, standardized skin tests, reliable biological test, and sometimes drug provocation tests. These tools are currently being evaluated by the European Network of Drug Allergy, under the aegis of the EAACI drug hypersensitivity group of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Demoly
- Maladies Respiratoires, INSERM U454, Hôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve, CHU de Montpellier, F-34295 Montpellier, France
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Sachs B, Erdmann S, Malte Baron J, Neis M, al Masaoudi T, Merk HF. Determination of interleukin-5 secretion from drug-specific activated ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cells as a test system for the in vitro detection of drug sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:736-44. [PMID: 11994099 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro detection of drug sensitization is still limited. The lymphocyte transformation test, which determines drug-specific proliferation, is the only in vitro test for detecting drug sensitization at the cellular level irrespective of the reaction's clinical phenotype. Accumulation of eosinophils following IL-5 secretion from drug-specific stimulated T cells is a characteristic histological feature of drug-induced skin eruptions. OBJECTIVE We determined whether in vitro drug-specific activation of ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 10 patients with drug-induced maculopapular exanthems and three patients with severe skin reactions results in secretion of IL-5, IL-10 or IFN-gamma and assessed the sensitivity and specificity of drug-specific IL-5 secretion as a test system compared with the lymphocyte transformation test and patch tests. Furthermore, the subsets of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells involved in drug-specific proliferation, IL-5 secretion and mRNA expression were examined in three patients. METHODS Drug-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the lymphocyte transformation test was investigated by 3H-thymidine uptake, and culture supernatants taken after 5 days were analysed for IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-gamma concentrations by ELISA technique. IL-5 mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS Drug-specific activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells consistently resulted in IL-5 and to a lesser extent in IL-10 and IFN-gamma secretion. The sensitivities of the patch test, lymphocyte transformation test and assessment of drug-specific IL-5 secretion for the detection of drug sensitization were 55%, 75% and 92%, respectively. CONCLUSION These data suggest a role for the determination of drug-specific IL-5 secretion by ex vivo peripheral blood mononuclear cells for the in vitro detection of drug-sensitization in drug-induced maculopapular exanthems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sachs
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany.
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Lebel B, Messaad D, Kvedariene V, Rongier M, Bousquet J, Demoly P. Cysteinyl-leukotriene release test (CAST) in the diagnosis of immediate drug reactions. Allergy 2001; 56:688-92. [PMID: 11421930 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of allergic reactions to drugs is difficult. Most skin tests are not standardized, and in vitro tests are needed to avoid provocation tests. Cross-linking of IgE on basophils is known to cause the release of both cysteinyl leukotriene (Cys-LT) and histamine. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility (sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency) of measurement of sulfidoleukotrienes in drug allergy. METHODS We performed a prospective study in 55 patients with proven immediate adverse reactions to drugs (30 to beta-lactams, six to acetaminophen, and 19 to aspirin) and 64 drug-exposed nonallergic controls. Positive diagnosis was established by history, skin tests, and, if needed, oral provocation tests. Cys-LT release was determined after drug-allergen stimulation by the cellular antigen stimulation test (CAST(R)) technique. Histamine release was also assessed on the same samples by enzyme immunoassay. Spontaneous and anti-FcepsilonRIalpha-induced mediator release was also studied in all subjects. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency were calculated. RESULTS Net Cys-LT release was over the maximal threshold given by the manufacturer in 19/55 patients and in 9/64 controls. Net histamine release was over 5% of total histamine content in 28/55 patients and 34/64 controls. The efficiency of both tests was low. CONCLUSION Thus, in most cases, the in vitro Cys-LT test has little or no diagnostic utility and is not superior to histamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lebel
- Maladies Respiratoires, INSERM U454 - IFR3, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex, France
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19
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Abstract
Due to the potential hazards of drug allergies, an early and reliable diagnosis is crucial. The use of in vivo tests is not recent but, because of the hazards of skin testing in patients with a history of anaphylaxis, they had been abandoned for a while. Recent reevaluations have shown that for some drugs, e.g. antibiotics-reliable skin tests can ensure the diagnosis of drug allergy in up to 70% of cases. Many in vitro tests based on well-defined mechanisms, e.g. the basophil degranulation test have been used for the diagnosis of totally unrelated allergic mechanisms. It is almost impossible to interpret their validity as diagnosis tools. Nevertheless, other tests, e.g. the lymphocyte transformation test which have been evaluated in well-conducted recent studies, seem to have a good predictive value. Their use is still restricted to clinical trials or research studies. A reliable clinical approach as well as a detailed examination of the drug intake remains obligatory to diagnose drug allergy. Available in vivo and in vitro tests are sometimes used to confirm the diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests is evaluated in clinical studies. Research to improve the existing tests and to develop new diagnostic tools is still of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Choquet-Kastylevsky
- Lyon Poison Center and Pharmacovigilance Unit, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69437 Cedex 03, Lyon,
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Demoly P, Lebel B, Messaad D, Sahla H, Rongier M, Daurès JP, Godard P, Bousquet J. Predictive capacity of histamine release for the diagnosis of drug allergy. Allergy 1999; 54:500-6. [PMID: 10380783 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00020.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of immediate allergic reactions to drugs is difficult, requiring in vitro test development. Basophils are likely to be involved in these reactions, and to evaluate the sensitivity, the specificity, and the predictive values of the histamine-release test, we performed a prospective study in 68 patients tested for suspected drug allergy. METHODS Positive diagnosis was established by history, skin tests, and, if needed, oral provocation tests. Histamine release in the presence of the drug was assessed on heparinized whole blood by enzyme immunoassay (Immunotech, France), and the cutoff value was set at 5% of total histamine content. Spontaneous and anti-IgE-induced histamine release was also studied in all subjects. RESULTS All patients presented to our clinic with reactions ranging from maculopapular exanthema to anaphylactic shock. Thirty-five patients had proven drug allergy; 33 were not allergic to drugs and served as a control group together with 40 other subjects with no history of drug allergy. Net histamine release was positive in 18/35 allergics and 27/73 nonallergics, giving poor sensitivity (51.4%), specificity (63.0%), and positive predictive value (29.3%), but valuable negative predictive value (81.1%). CONCLUSIONS The usefulness of the in vitro histamine-release test for the diagnosis of drug allergy appears to be insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Demoly
- Maladies Respiratoires, INSERM U454, CHU de Montpellier et Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, France
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