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Veronese-Paniagua DA, Hernandez-Rincon DC, Taylor JP, Tse HM, Millman JR. Coxsackievirus B infection invokes unique cell-type specific responses in primary human pancreatic islets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.23.604861. [PMID: 39211206 PMCID: PMC11361082 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.23.604861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection has long been considered an environmental factor precipitating Type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune disease marked by loss of insulin-producing β cells within pancreatic islets. Previous studies have shown CVB infection negatively impacts islet function and viability but do not report on how virus infection individually affects the multiple cell types present in human primary islets. Therefore, we hypothesized that the various islet cell populations have unique transcriptional responses to CVB infection. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on human cadaveric islets treated with either CVB or poly(I:C), a viral mimic, for 24 and 48 hours. Our global analysis reveals CVB differentially induces dynamic transcriptional changes associated with multiple cell processes and functions over time whereas poly(I:C) promotes an immune response that progressively increases with treatment duration. At the single-cell resolution, we find CVB infects all islet cell types at similar rates yet induces unique cell-type specific transcriptional responses with β, α, and ductal cells having the strongest response. Sequencing and functional data suggest that CVB negatively impacts mitochondrial respiration and morphology in distinct ways in β and α cells, while also promoting the generation of reactive oxygen species. We also observe an increase in the expression of the long-noncoding RNA MIR7-3HG in β cells with high viral titers and reveal its knockdown reduces gene expression of viral proteins as well as apoptosis in stem cell-derived islets. Together, these findings demonstrate a cell-specific transcriptional, temporal, and functional response to CVB infection and provide new insights into the relationship between CVB infection and T1D.
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Corne A, Adolphe F, Estaquier J, Gaumer S, Corsi JM. ATF4 Signaling in HIV-1 Infection: Viral Subversion of a Stress Response Transcription Factor. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:146. [PMID: 38534416 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Cellular integrated stress response (ISR), the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), and IFN signaling are associated with viral infections. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) plays a pivotal role in these pathways and controls the expression of many genes involved in redox processes, amino acid metabolism, protein misfolding, autophagy, and apoptosis. The precise role of ATF4 during viral infection is unclear and depends on cell hosts, viral agents, and models. Furthermore, ATF4 signaling can be hijacked by pathogens to favor viral infection and replication. In this review, we summarize the ATF4-mediated signaling pathways in response to viral infections, focusing on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1). We examine the consequences of ATF4 activation for HIV-1 replication and reactivation. The role of ATF4 in autophagy and apoptosis is explored as in the context of HIV-1 infection programmed cell deaths contribute to the depletion of CD4 T cells. Furthermore, ATF4 can also participate in the establishment of innate and adaptive immunity that is essential for the host to control viral infections. We finally discuss the putative role of the ATF4 paralogue, named ATF5, in HIV-1 infection. This review underlines the role of ATF4 at the crossroads of multiple processes reflecting host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Corne
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Florine Adolphe
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- INSERM U1124, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Gaumer
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marc Corsi
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biologie Cellulaire, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
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González‐Moro I, Garcia‐Etxebarria K, Mendoza LM, Fernández‐Jiménez N, Mentxaka J, Olazagoitia‐Garmendia A, Arroyo MN, Sawatani T, Moreno‐Castro C, Vinci C, Op de Beek A, Cnop M, Igoillo‐Esteve M, Santin I. LncRNA ARGI Contributes to Virus-Induced Pancreatic β Cell Inflammation Through Transcriptional Activation of IFN-Stimulated Genes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300063. [PMID: 37382191 PMCID: PMC10477904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disease that develops in genetically susceptible individuals. Most T1D-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are located in non-coding regions of the human genome. Interestingly, SNPs in long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) may result in the disruption of their secondary structure, affecting their function, and in turn, the expression of potentially pathogenic pathways. In the present work, the function of a virus-induced T1D-associated lncRNA named ARGI (Antiviral Response Gene Inducer) is characterized. Upon a viral insult, ARGI is upregulated in the nuclei of pancreatic β cells and binds to CTCF to interact with the promoter and enhancer regions of IFNβ and interferon-stimulated genes, promoting their transcriptional activation in an allele-specific manner. The presence of the T1D risk allele in ARGI induces a change in its secondary structure. Interestingly, the T1D risk genotype induces hyperactivation of type I IFN response in pancreatic β cells, an expression signature that is present in the pancreas of T1D patients. These data shed light on the molecular mechanisms by which T1D-related SNPs in lncRNAs influence pathogenesis at the pancreatic β cell level and opens the door for the development of therapeutic strategies based on lncRNA modulation to delay or avoid pancreatic β cell inflammation in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar González‐Moro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioa48940Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldo48903Spain
| | - Koldo Garcia‐Etxebarria
- Biodonostia Health Research InstituteGastrointestinal Genetics GroupSan Sebastián20014Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd)Barcelona08036Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioa48940Spain
| | - Nora Fernández‐Jiménez
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldo48903Spain
- Department of GeneticsPhysical Anthropology and Animal PhysiologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioa48940Spain
| | - Jon Mentxaka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioa48940Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldo48903Spain
| | - Ane Olazagoitia‐Garmendia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioa48940Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldo48903Spain
| | - María Nicol Arroyo
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels1070Belgium
| | - Toshiaki Sawatani
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels1070Belgium
| | | | - Chiara Vinci
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels1070Belgium
| | - Anne Op de Beek
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels1070Belgium
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes ResearchUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels1070Belgium
- Division of EndocrinologyErasmus HospitalUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrussels1070Belgium
| | | | - Izortze Santin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of the Basque CountryLeioa48940Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research InstituteBarakaldo48903Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid28029Spain
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Rajsfus BF, Mohana-Borges R, Allonso D. Diabetogenic viruses: linking viruses to diabetes mellitus. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15021. [PMID: 37064445 PMCID: PMC10102442 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a group of chronic metabolic diseases distinguished by elevated glycemia due to the alterations in insulin metabolism. DM is one of the most relevant diseases of the modern world, with high incidence and prevalence worldwide, associated with severe systemic complications and increased morbidity and mortality rates. Although genetic factors and lifestyle habits are two of the main factors involved in DM onset, viral infections, such as enteroviruses, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, among others, have been linked as triggers of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) diabetes. Over the years, various groups identified different mechanisms as to how viruses can promote these metabolic syndromes. However, this field is still poorly explored and needs further research, as millions of people live with these pathologies. Thus, this review aims to ex-plore the different processes of how viruses can induce DM and their contribution to the prevalence and incidence of DM worldwide.
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Raber J, Rhea EM, Banks WA. The Effects of Viruses on Insulin Sensitivity and Blood-Brain Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2377. [PMID: 36768699 PMCID: PMC9917142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review manuscript, we discuss the effects of select common viruses on insulin sensitivity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and the potential overlapping and distinct mechanisms involved in these effects. More specifically, we discuss the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes, hepatitis, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2 viruses on insulin sensitivity and BBB function and the proposed underlying mechanisms. These viruses differ in their ability to be transported across the BBB, disrupt the BBB, and/or alter the function of the BBB. For RSV and SARS-CoV-2, diabetes increases the risk of infection with the virus, in addition to viral infection increasing the risk for development of diabetes. For HIV and hepatitis C and E, enhanced TNF-a levels play a role in the detrimental effects. The winter of 2022-2023 has been labeled as a tridemic as influenza, RSV, and COVID-19 are all of concern during this flu season. There is an ongoing discussion about whether combined viral exposures of influenza, RSV, and COVID-19 have additive, synergistic, or interference effects. Therefore, increased efforts are warranted to determine how combined viral exposures affect insulin sensitivity and BBB function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurology and Radiation Medicine; Affiliate Scientist, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Setting the Stage for Insulin Granule Dysfunction during Type-1-Diabetes: Is ER Stress the Culprit? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112695. [DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-1-diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial disorder with a global incidence of about 8.4 million individuals in 2021. It is primarily classified as an autoimmune disorder, where the pancreatic β-cells are unable to secrete sufficient insulin. This leads to elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). The development of T1D is an intricate interplay between various risk factors, such as genetic, environmental, and cellular elements. In this review, we focus on the cellular elements, such as ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress and its consequences for T1D pathogenesis. One of the major repercussions of ER stress is defective protein processing. A well-studied example is that of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), which is known to form cytotoxic amyloid plaques when misfolded. This review discusses the possible association between ER stress, IAPP, and amyloid formation in β-cells and its consequences in T1D. Additionally, ER stress also leads to autoantigen generation. This is driven by the loss of Ca++ ion homeostasis. Imbalanced Ca++ levels lead to abnormal activation of enzymes, causing post-translational modification of β-cell proteins. These modified proteins act as autoantigens and trigger the autoimmune response seen in T1D islets. Several of these autoantigens are also crucial for insulin granule biogenesis, processing, and release. Here, we explore the possible associations between ER stress leading to defects in insulin secretion and ultimately β-cell destruction.
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Hu A, Zou H, Chen B, Zhong J. Posttranslational modifications in diabetes: Mechanisms and functions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:1011-1033. [PMID: 35697961 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most widespread chronic diseases, diabetes and its accompanying complications affect approximately one tenth of individuals worldwide and represent a growing cause of morbidity and mortality. Accumulating evidence has proven that the process of diabetes is complex and interactive, involving various cellular responses and signaling cascades by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Therefore, understanding the mechanisms and functions of PTMs in regulatory networks has fundamental importance for understanding the prediction, onset, diagnosis, progression, and treatment of diabetes. In this review, we offer a holistic summary and illustration of the crosstalk between PTMs and diabetes, including both types 1 and 2. Meanwhile, we discuss the potential use of PTMs in diabetes treatment and provide a prospective direction for deeply understanding the metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haohong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianing Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, 323 National Road, Ganzhou, 341000, Jiangxi, China.
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Zhang M, Xu D, Feng C, Guo W, Fei C, Sun H, Yang Z, Ma S. Isolation and characterization of a novel clade of coxsackievirus B2 associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Southwest China. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2598-2606. [PMID: 35149996 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2) is an enterovirus B (EV-B) species and can cause aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). We characterized a novel CVB2 (YN31V3) associated with HFMD in Yunnan, Southwest China in 2019. Although YN31V3 and other Mainland China epidemic strains mainly belonged to genotype C, YN31V3 formed an independent branch. The genome sequence of the strain YN31V3 from this study showed 12.91% nucleotide difference to its closest strain RW41-2/YN/CHN/2012. Recombination analyses showed that the newly isolated YN31V3 was probably a recombinant, which was closely related to CVB2 strains in the genomic P1 region and other EV-B strains in the P2 and P3 regions, respectively. YN31V3 strain had a temperature-sensitive phenotype. Challenge of suckling BALB/c mice with YN31V3 could cause symptoms of disease and severe pathological lesions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Danhan Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Changzeng Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Chengrui Fei
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
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9
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Sahin GS, Lee H, Engin F. An accomplice more than a mere victim: The impact of β-cell ER stress on type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101365. [PMID: 34728341 PMCID: PMC8606542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β-cells are the insulin factory of an organism with a mission to regulate glucose homeostasis in the body. Due to their high secretory activity, β-cells rely on a functional and intact endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbations to ER homeostasis and unmitigated stress lead to β-cell dysfunction and death. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of β-cells. Although autoimmunity is an essential component of T1D pathogenesis, accumulating evidence suggests an important role of β-cell ER stress and aberrant unfolded protein response (UPR) in disease initiation and progression. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this article, we introduce ER stress and the UPR, review β-cell ER stress in various mouse models, evaluate its involvement in inflammation, and discuss the effects of ER stress on β-cell plasticity and demise, and islet autoimmunity in T1D. We also highlight the relationship of ER stress with other stress response pathways and provide insight into ongoing clinical studies targeting ER stress and the UPR for the prevention or treatment of T1D. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Evidence from ex vivo studies, in vivo mouse models, and tissue samples from patients suggest that β-cell ER stress and a defective UPR contribute to T1D pathogenesis. Thus, restoration of β-cell ER homeostasis at various stages of disease presents a plausible therapeutic strategy for T1D. Identifying the specific functions and regulation of each UPR sensor in β-cells and uncovering the crosstalk between stressed β-cells and immune cells during T1D progression would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease process, and may reveal novel targets for development of effective therapies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Semra Sahin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hugo Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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10
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Ajmal M, Ajmal A, Huang L, Zeng L. The Potential Therapeutic Role of Celastrol in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:725602. [PMID: 34490381 PMCID: PMC8418197 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.725602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of left ventricular systolic dysfunction remained at the centre of heart failure research for many years (also known as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFrEF). Although more than 50% of all heart failure patients experience a form of heart failure characterised by preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to this form of heart failure remain not well-understood. Several evidence-based treatments for HFrEF are in routine use, but there are limited evidence-based therapies for HFpEF. The effects of these remain controversial, with current treatment options being limited to managing the associated symptoms and conditions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways play key roles in the development and progression of HFpEF, such as the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Celastrol, derived from medicinal plants, is a bioactive compound with strong anti-inflammatory properties, which could deem it as fruitful in overcoming the effects of such dysregulated UPR. This literature review therefore focuses on Celastrol's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, alongside its other potential therapeutic activities, and its ability to impede the pathways that are thought to be involved in the development of HFpEF, such as the JAK2/STAT pathway, to elucidate the potential therapeutic role of this bioactive compound, in the treatment of HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ajmal
- GKT School of Medical Education, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha Ajmal
- St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Heart Center, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Rodriguez-Calvo T, Chen YC, Verchere CB, Haataja L, Arvan P, Leete P, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG, Qian WJ, Pugliese A, Atkinson M, Evans-Molina C, Sims EK. Altered β-Cell Prohormone Processing and Secretion in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:1038-1050. [PMID: 33947721 PMCID: PMC8173804 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of data from clinical cohorts, and more recently from human pancreatic tissue, indicates that reduced prohormone processing is an early and persistent finding in type 1 diabetes. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge regarding alterations in islet prohormone expression and processing in type 1 diabetes and consider the clinical impact of these findings. Lingering questions, including pathologic etiologies and consequences of altered prohormone expression and secretion in type 1 diabetes, and the natural history of circulating prohormone production in health and disease, are considered. Finally, key next steps required to move forward in this area are outlined, including longitudinal testing of relevant clinical populations, studies that probe the genetics of altered prohormone processing, the need for combined functional and histologic testing of human pancreatic tissues, continued interrogation of the intersection between prohormone processing and autoimmunity, and optimal approaches for analysis. Successful resolution of these questions may offer the potential to use altered prohormone processing as a biomarker to inform therapeutic strategies aimed at personalized intervention during the natural history of type 1 diabetes and as a pathogenic anchor for identification of potential disease-specific endotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C Bruce Verchere
- Departments of Surgery and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, and BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Leena Haataja
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pia Leete
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Exeter Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, U.K
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Mark Atkinson
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Departments of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Medicine, and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Emily K Sims
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Coomans de Brachène A, Castela A, Musuaya AE, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Eizirik DL. Endogenous mitochondrial double-stranded RNA is not an activator of the type I interferon response in human pancreatic beta cells. AUTOIMMUNITY HIGHLIGHTS 2021; 12:6. [PMID: 33773604 PMCID: PMC8005246 DOI: 10.1186/s13317-021-00148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Interferon-α (IFNα), an antiviral cytokine, is expressed in the pancreatic islets in early T1D, which may be secondary to viral infections. However, not all patients harboring a type I IFN signature present signals of viral infection, suggesting that this response might be initiated by other “danger signals”. Accumulation of mitochondrial double-stranded RNA (mtdsRNA; a danger signal), secondary to silencing of members of the mitochondrial degradosome, PNPT1 and SUV3, has been described to activate the innate immune response. Methods To evaluate whether mtdsRNA represents a “danger signal” for pancreatic beta cells in the context of T1D, we silenced PNPT1 and/or SUV3 in slowly proliferating human insulin-secreting EndoC-βH1 cells and in non-proliferating primary human beta cells and evaluated dsRNA accumulation by immunofluorescence and the type I IFN response by western blotting and RT-qPCR. Results Only the simultaneous silencing of PNPT1/SUV3 induced dsRNA accumulation in EndoC-βH1 cells but not in dispersed human islets, and there was no induction of a type I IFN response. By contrast, silencing of these two genes individually was enough to induce dsRNA accumulation in fibroblasts present in the human islet preparations. Conclusions These data suggest that accumulation of endogenous mtdsRNA following degradosome knockdown depends on the proliferative capacity of the cells and is not a mediator of the type I IFN response in human pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Coomans de Brachène
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Angela Castela
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anyïshai E Musuaya
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Campus Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik, 808-CP618, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.,Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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13
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Type I interferons as key players in pancreatic β-cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 359:1-80. [PMID: 33832648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by pancreatic islet inflammation (insulitis) and specific pancreatic β-cell destruction by an immune attack. Although the precise underlying mechanisms leading to the autoimmune assault remain poorly understood, it is well accepted that insulitis takes place in the context of a conflicting dialogue between pancreatic β-cells and the immune cells. Moreover, both host genetic background (i.e., candidate genes) and environmental factors (e.g., viral infections) contribute to this inadequate dialogue. Accumulating evidence indicates that type I interferons (IFNs), cytokines that are crucial for both innate and adaptive immune responses, act as key links between environmental and genetic risk factors in the development of T1D. This chapter summarizes some relevant pathways involved in β-cell dysfunction and death, and briefly reviews how enteroviral infections and genetic susceptibility can impact insulitis. Moreover, we present the current evidence showing that, in β-cells, type I IFN signaling pathway activation leads to several outcomes, such as long-lasting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I hyperexpression, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, epigenetic changes, and induction of posttranscriptional as well as posttranslational modifications. MHC class I overexpression, when combined with ER stress and posttranscriptional/posttranslational modifications, might lead to sustained neoantigen presentation to immune system and β-cell apoptosis. This knowledge supports the concept that type I IFNs are implicated in the early stages of T1D pathogenesis. Finally, we highlight the promising therapeutic avenues for T1D treatment directed at type I IFN signaling pathway.
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Cosentino C, Regazzi R. Crosstalk between Macrophages and Pancreatic β-Cells in Islet Development, Homeostasis and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041765. [PMID: 33578952 PMCID: PMC7916718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are highly heterogeneous and plastic immune cells with peculiar characteristics dependent on their origin and microenvironment. Following pathogen infection or damage, circulating monocytes can be recruited in different tissues where they differentiate into macrophages. Stimuli present in the surrounding milieu induce the polarisation of macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory profile, mediating inflammatory or homeostatic responses, respectively. However, macrophages can also derive from embryonic hematopoietic precursors and reside in specific tissues, actively participating in the development and the homeostasis in physiological conditions. Pancreatic islet resident macrophages are present from the prenatal stages onwards and show specific surface markers and functions. They localise in close proximity to β-cells, being exquisite sensors of their secretory ability and viability. Over the years, the crucial role of macrophages in β-cell differentiation and homeostasis has been highlighted. In addition, macrophages are emerging as central players in the initiation of autoimmune insulitis in type 1 diabetes and in the low-grade chronic inflammation characteristic of obesity and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. The present work reviews the current knowledge in the field, with a particular focus on the mechanisms of communication between β-cells and macrophages that have been described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cosentino
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Romano Regazzi
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 7, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-21-692-52-80; Fax: +41-21-692-52-55
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15
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New-Aaron M, Ganesan M, Dagur RS, Kharbanda KK, Poluektova LY, Osna NA. Pancreatogenic Diabetes: Triggering Effects of Alcohol and HIV. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:108. [PMID: 33546230 PMCID: PMC7913335 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiorgan failure may not be completely resolved among people living with HIV despite HAART use. Although the chances of organ dysfunction may be relatively low, alcohol may potentiate HIV-induced toxic effects in the organs of alcohol-abusing, HIV-infected individuals. The pancreas is one of the most implicated organs, which is manifested as diabetes mellitus or pancreatic cancer. Both alcohol and HIV may trigger pancreatitis, but the combined effects have not been explored. The aim of this review is to explore the literature for understanding the mechanisms of HIV and alcohol-induced pancreatotoxicity. We found that while premature alcohol-inducing zymogen activation is a known trigger of alcoholic pancreatitis, HIV entry through C-C chemokine receptor type 5(CCR5)into pancreatic acinar cells may also contribute to pancreatitis in people living with HIV (PLWH). HIV proteins induce oxidative and ER stresses, causing necrosis. Furthermore, infiltrative immune cells induce necrosis on HIV-containing acinar cells. When necrotic products interact with pancreatic stellate cells, they become activated, leading to the release of both inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines and resulting in pancreatitis. Effective therapeutic strategies should block CCR5 and ameliorate alcohol's effects on acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses New-Aaron
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Toxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Raghubendra Singh Dagur
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health and Toxicology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Veteran Affairs Nebraska—Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; (M.G.); (R.S.D.); (K.K.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
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Mallone R, Eizirik DL. Presumption of innocence for beta cells: why are they vulnerable autoimmune targets in type 1 diabetes? Diabetologia 2020; 63:1999-2006. [PMID: 32894310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that the pathogenic mechanisms of type 1 diabetes involve both the autoimmune aggressors and their beta cell targets, which engage in a conflicting dialogue within and possibly outside the pancreas. Indeed, autoimmune CD8+ T cells, which are the final mediators of beta cell destruction, circulate at similar frequencies in type 1 diabetic and healthy individuals. Hence a universal state of 'benign' islet autoimmunity exists, and we hypothesise that its progression to type 1 diabetes may at least partially rely on a higher vulnerability of beta cells, which play a key, active role in disease development and/or amplification. We posit that this autoimmune vulnerability is rooted in some features of beta cell biology: the stress imposed by the high rate of production of insulin and other granule proteins, their dense vascularisation and the secretion of their products directly into the bloodstream. Gene variants that may predispose individuals to this vulnerability have been identified, e.g. MDA5, TYK2, PTPN2. They interact with environmental cues, such as viral infections, that may drive this genetic potential towards exacerbated local inflammation and progressive beta cell loss. On top of this, beta cells set up compensatory responses, such as the unfolded protein response, that become deleterious in the long term. The relative contribution of immune and beta cell drivers may vary and phenotypic subtypes (endotypes) are likely to exist. This dual view argues for the use of circulating biomarkers of both autoimmunity and beta cell stress for disease staging, and for the implementation of both immunomodulatory and beta cell-protective therapeutic strategies. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, G.H. Cochin-Port Royal, Cassini building, 123 boulevard de Port Royal, 75014, Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and WELBIO, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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17
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Coomans de Brachène A, Castela A, Op de Beeck A, Mirmira RG, Marselli L, Marchetti P, Masse C, Miao W, Leit S, Evans-Molina C, Eizirik DL. Preclinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitors for human beta-cell protection in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020; 22:1827-1836. [PMID: 32476252 PMCID: PMC8080968 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease leading to progressive loss of pancreatic beta cells. Interferon (IFN)-α plays a critical role in the crosstalk between pancreatic beta cells and the immune system in early insulitis. In human beta cells IFNα signals through JAK1 and TYK2, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and HLA class I overexpression. IFNα, acting synergistically with IL-1β, induces apoptosis. Polymorphisms in TYK2 that decrease its activity are associated with protection against T1D, and we hypothesized that pharmacological inhibitors that specifically target TYK2 could protect human beta cells against the deleterious effects of IFNα. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two TYK2 inhibitors provided by Nimbus Lakshmi were tested in human insulin-producing EndoC-βH1 cells and human islets to evaluate their effect on IFNα signalling, beta-cell function and susceptibility to viral infection using RT-qPCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, ELISA and nuclear dyes. RESULTS The two TYK2 inhibitors tested prevented IFNα-induced human beta-cell gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. They also protected human islets against IFNα + IL-1β-induced apoptosis. Importantly, these inhibitors did not modify beta-cell function or their survival following infection with the potential diabetogenic coxsackieviruses CVB1 and CVB5. CONCLUSIONS The two TYK2 inhibitors tested inhibit the IFNα signalling pathway in human beta cells, decreasing its pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects without sensitizing the cells to viral infection. The preclinical findings could pave the way for future clinical trials with TYK2 inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Castela
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Op de Beeck
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Craig Masse
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wenyan Miao
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Silvana Leit
- Nimbus Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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18
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Akhbari P, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG. Type 1 Diabetes: Interferons and the Aftermath of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Enteroviral Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091419. [PMID: 32942706 PMCID: PMC7565444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and accumulating evidence has associated virus-induced autoimmunity with the loss of pancreatic beta cells in T1D. Inflammatory cytokines including interferons (IFN) form a primary line of defence against viral infections, and their chronic elevation is a hallmark feature of many autoimmune diseases. IFNs play a key role in activating and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, and to do so they modulate the expression of networks of genes and transcription factors known generically as IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs in turn modulate critical cellular processes ranging from cellular metabolism and growth regulation to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. More recent studies have revealed that IFNs also modulate gene expression at an epigenetic as well as post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. As such, IFNs form a key link connecting the various genetic, environmental and immunological factors involved in the initiation and progression of T1D. Therefore, gaining an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which IFNs modulate beta cell function and survival is crucial in explaining the pathogenesis of virally-induced T1D. This should provide the means to prevent, decelerate or even reverse beta cell impairment.
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19
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Kuss-Duerkop SK, Keestra-Gounder AM. NOD1 and NOD2 Activation by Diverse Stimuli: a Possible Role for Sensing Pathogen-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00898-19. [PMID: 32229616 PMCID: PMC7309630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00898-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prompt recognition of microbes by cells is critical to eliminate invading pathogens. Some cell-associated pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and respond to microbial ligands. However, others can respond to cellular perturbations, such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Nucleotide oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1/2) are PRRs that recognize and respond to multiple stimuli of microbial and cellular origin, such as bacterial peptidoglycan, viral infections, parasitic infections, activated Rho GTPases, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. How NOD1/2 are stimulated by such diverse stimuli is not fully understood but may partly rely on cellular changes during infection that result in ER stress. NOD1/2 are ER stress sensors that facilitate proinflammatory responses for pathogen clearance; thus, NOD1/2 may help mount broad antimicrobial responses through detection of ER stress, which is often induced during a variety of infections. Some pathogens may subvert this response to promote infection through manipulation of NOD1/2 responses to ER stress that lead to apoptosis. Here, we review NOD1/2 stimuli and cellular responses. Furthermore, we discuss pathogen-induced ER stress and how it might potentiate NOD1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K Kuss-Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - A Marijke Keestra-Gounder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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20
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Piganelli JD, Mamula MJ, James EA. The Role of β Cell Stress and Neo-Epitopes in the Immunopathology of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:624590. [PMID: 33679609 PMCID: PMC7930070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.624590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their secretory function, β cells are predisposed to higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and greater sensitivity to inflammation than other cell types. These stresses elicit changes in β cells that alter their function and immunogenicity, including defective ribosomal initiation, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of endogenous β cell proteins, and alternative splicing. Multiple published reports confirm the presence of not only CD8+ T cells, but also autoreactive CD4+ T cells within pancreatic islets. Although the specificities of T cells that infiltrate human islets are incompletely characterized, they have been confirmed to include neo-epitopes that are formed through stress-related enzymatic modifications of β cell proteins. This article summarizes emerging knowledge about stress-induced changes in β cells and data supporting a role for neo-antigen formation and cross-talk between immune cells and β cells that provokes autoimmune attack - leading to a breakdown in tissue-specific tolerance in subjects who develop type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eddie A. James,
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Lietzén N, Hirvonen K, Honkimaa A, Buchacher T, Laiho JE, Oikarinen S, Mazur MA, Flodström-Tullberg M, Dufour E, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Lahesmaa R. Coxsackievirus B Persistence Modifies the Proteome and the Secretome of Pancreatic Ductal Cells. iScience 2019; 19:340-357. [PMID: 31404834 PMCID: PMC6699423 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The group B Coxsackieviruses (CVB), belonging to the Enterovirus genus, can establish persistent infections in human cells. These persistent infections have been linked to chronic diseases including type 1 diabetes. Still, the outcomes of persistent CVB infections in human pancreas are largely unknown. We established persistent CVB infections in a human pancreatic ductal-like cell line PANC-1 using two distinct CVB1 strains and profiled infection-induced changes in cellular protein expression and secretion using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Persistent infections, showing characteristics of carrier-state persistence, were associated with a broad spectrum of changes, including changes in mitochondrial network morphology and energy metabolism and in the regulated secretory pathway. Interestingly, the expression of antiviral immune response proteins, and also several other proteins, differed clearly between the two persistent infections. Our results provide extensive information about the protein-level changes induced by persistent CVB infection and the potential virus-associated variability in the outcomes of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Lietzén
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Karoliina Hirvonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tanja Buchacher
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Magdalena A Mazur
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Eric Dufour
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BioMediTech Institute and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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