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Fagnani R, Dos Santos Bueno B, Mikio Itida R, Arena Galhardo J, Vanot RL. A novel approach in public health surveillance: searching the illegal dairy trade in Facebook. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:518-528. [PMID: 35220843 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2039594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper uses the internet-based biosurveillance to describe the Brazilian e-commerce of non-inspected dairy products and maps its traditional sale in a medium-sized city (Londrina). We searched the sales of illegal dairy products on Facebook Marketplace and conducted a census of street markets and a random sample of formal markets. Although prohibited in Brazil, consumers can easily find informal dairy products on internet and retail sale. In addition, 7% of the food products hold a false label to mimic food inspection. The e-commerce was linked with regions with higher access to technology and Human Development Index (HDI). We believe that our approach shows a step forward in the public health interventions and could be replicated stimulating debates about policies required to improve the public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fagnani
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Dos Santos Bueno
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mikio Itida
- Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Arena Galhardo
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Rogério Luiz Vanot
- Programa de Pós Graduação Stricto Sensu em Saúde e Produção Animal, Universidade Pitágoras-Unopar, Arapongas, Brazil
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2
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Pogurschi EN, Petcu CD, Mizeranschi AE, Zugravu CA, Cirnatu D, Pet I, Ghimpețeanu OM. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance: A Latent Class Analysis of a Romanian Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127263. [PMID: 35742513 PMCID: PMC9224212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering the major limitations of the latest studies conducted in Romania on the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, we conducted this study to assess this major public health threat. A cross-sectional survey based on a validated questionnaire was conducted among the general population of Romania for a period of 5 months, i.e., September 2021-January 2022. The questionnaire was distributed using Google Form and it covered demographic characteristics and KAP assessments consisting of 12 items on knowledge, 10 items on attitudes and 3 items on practices. Latent class analyses (LCAs) were conducted to group respondents based on their responses. The response rate was 77%, of which females responded in a greater number (n = 1251) compared to males (n = 674). For most of the respondents (67.32%, n = 1296), the education level was high school, while 23.58% (n = 454) of respondents were college graduates. One in three Romanians (33.3%) know the WHO predictions related to this topic. Overall, the Romanian population is less disciplined when it comes to completing antibiotic treatments, as 29.19% of the respondents stop the course of antibiotic administration if their symptoms improve. The key findings from the present study may help policy makers in designing targeted interventions to decrease confusion, ambiguity or misconceptions about antibiotic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Narcisa Pogurschi
- Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Department Formative Science in Animal Breeding and Food Industry, Faculty of Animal Productions Engineering and Management, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 011464 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Carmen Daniela Petcu
- Department Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 050097 Bucharest, Romania;
| | | | - Corina Aurelia Zugravu
- Department-Fundamental Disciplines, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Daniela Cirnatu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Vasile Goldis” Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania;
| | - Ioan Pet
- Department of Biotechnologies, Bioengineering, Faculty of Animal Resources, Banat University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine “Regele Mihai I al Romaniei”, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
| | - Oana-Mărgărita Ghimpețeanu
- Department Animal Production and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 050097 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-724529434
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Duguma B. Milk composition, traditional processing, marketing, and consumption among smallholder dairy farmers in selected towns of Jimma Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:2879-2895. [PMID: 36171770 PMCID: PMC9469845 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ethiopia, dairy products remain the most important animal source of foods including in the current study area. However, poor milk quality is frequently told constraint, and this affects smallholder dairy development. This study aimed to assess raw cow milk composition, processing, consumption, and marketing among smallholder dairy producers in selected towns of Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Primary data were collected by surveying 52 randomly selected dairy cattle keeping households using a structured questionnaire and analysis of raw milk chemical composition. The results revealed that the average milk production was 5.98 ± 1.01 liters/household/day, of which the majority (62.9%) was marketed. About 22.7% of households reported processing milk into butter, cottage cheese, ghee, and fermented milk at household level mainly for domestic use. A combination of fresh whole milk, fermented milk, butter, cottage cheese, and ghee (51.7%) were the main dairy products consumed by respondents. About 72.2% and 6.1% of households consumed boiled and raw milk, respectively, while 100% respondents reported consuming raw fermented whole milk. Milk was channeled to consumers and retailers through informal marketing system (100%). The awareness of respondents about zoonotic diseases was found to be very low. The mean fat, lactose, and protein content of raw cow milk were significantly (p < .05) affected by breed. It is recommended that consumption of raw milk and fermented milk could pose a public health risk to consumers, implying the need for urgent farmers’ awareness creation to boil milk before consumption for prevention and control of zoonotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belay Duguma
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine Department of Animal Science Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia
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Atta AH, Atta SA, Nasr SM, Mouneir SM. Current perspective on veterinary drug and chemical residues in food of animal origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:15282-15302. [PMID: 34981398 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The marked increase in the demand for animal protein of high quality necessitates protecting animals from infectious diseases. This requires increasing the use of veterinary therapeutics. The overuse and misuse of veterinary products can cause a risk to human health either as short-term or long-term health problems. However, the biggest problem is the emergence of resistant strains of bacteria or parasites. This is in addition to economic losses due to the discarding of polluted milk or condemnation of affected carcasses. This paper discusses three key points: possible sources of drug and chemical residues, human health problems, and the possible method of control and prevention of veterinary drug residues in animal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia H Atta
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa A Atta
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 12411, Egypt
| | - Soad M Nasr
- Department of Parasitology & Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Samar M Mouneir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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5
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Kiambi S, Fèvre EM, Alarcon P, Gitahi N, Masinde J, Kang'ethe E, Aboge G, Rushton J, Onono JO. Assessment of Milk Quality and Food Safety Challenges in the Complex Nairobi Dairy Value Chain. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:892739. [PMID: 35754542 PMCID: PMC9215719 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food networks present varying food safety concerns because of the complexity of interactions, production, and handling practices. We investigated total bacteria counts (TBCs) and total coliform counts (TCCs) in various nodes of a Nairobi dairy value chain and identified practices that influence food safety. A value chain analysis framework facilitated qualitative data collection through 23 key informant interviews and 20 focus group discussions. Content thematic analysis identified food safety challenges. Cow milk products (N = 290) were collected from farms (N = 63), collection centers (N = 5), shops/kiosks (N = 37), milk bars (N = 17), roadside vendors (N = 14), restaurants (N = 3), milk vending machines (N = 2), mobile traders (N = 2) and a supermarket (N = 1). Mean values of colony-forming units for TBC and TCC were referenced to East African Standards (EAS). Logistic regression analysis assessed differences in milk acceptability based on EAS. The raw milk from farms and collection centers was relatively within acceptable EAS limits in terms of TBC (3.5 × 105 and 1.4 × 106 respectively) but TCC in the milk from farms was 3 times higher than EAS limits (1.5 × 105). Compared to farms, the odds ratio of milk acceptability based on TBC was lower on milk bars (0.02), restaurants (0.02), roadside vendors (0.03), shops/kiosks (0.07), and supermarkets (0.17). For TCC, the odds that milk samples from collection centers, milk bars, restaurants, roadside vendors, and shops/kiosks were acceptable was less than the odds of samples collected from farms (0.18, 0.03, 0.06, 0.02, and 0.12, respectively). Comparison of raw milk across the nodes showed that the odds of milk samples from restaurants, roadside vendors, and shops/kiosks being acceptable were less than the odds of samples collected the farm for TBC (0.03, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively). For TCC, the odds of raw milk from collection centers, restaurants, roadside vendors, milk bars, and shops/kiosks being acceptable were lower than the odds of acceptability for the farm samples (0.18, 0.12, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.05, respectively). Practices with possible influence on milk bacterial quality included muddy cowsheds, unconventional animal feed sources, re-use of spoilt raw milk, milk adulteration, acceptance of low-quality milk for processing, and lack of cold chain. Therefore, milk contamination occurs at various points, and the designing of interventions should focus on every node.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kiambi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Stella Kiambi
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nduhiu Gitahi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Masinde
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erastus Kang'ethe
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Orungo Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Almashhadany DA. Screening of antibiotic residues in raw milk of cows and buffalos by diffusion assays. Ital J Food Saf 2021; 10:9034. [PMID: 34733799 PMCID: PMC8513189 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antibiotics are valuable drugs for treatment of certain infections, their presence in foodstuff derived from animals is a potential public health hazard. They pose a serious threat as they are implicated in direct toxicity; allergic reactions; disturbance of the normal gut microbiota, carcinogenesis, and emergence of antibioticresistant bacteria. This study investigated the occurrence of antibiotic residues in raw milk samples derived from cows and buffaloes. Samples were collected randomly from different retail outlets in Erbil city (Iraq) from January 1st to June 30th, 2019. The residues were detected by two diffusion assays against Bacillus subtilis bacteria on agar plates. The total occurrence of residues ranged from 11.9% to 13.4% of screened milk samples. No significant differences were found between milk type or location of animal rearing (urban or suburban). Regarding the seasonal variations, spring was found to be associated with gradual decrease in antibiotic residues levels in milk. Such occurrence rate of residues is alarming and require authorities to observe the quality of raw milk introduced to markets for consumption. Further evaluation of antibiotic stability period in raw milk is also necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhary Alewy Almashhadany
- Knowledge University, College of Science, Department of Medical Lab Science (DMLS), Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Why knowledge is the best way to reduce the risks associated with raw milk and raw milk products. J DAIRY RES 2021; 88:238-243. [PMID: 33985596 DOI: 10.1017/s002202992100039x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In an age of flexible conditions about mandatory milk pasteurisation, this opinion-based research reflection supports the view that the knowledge and the awareness of milk-borne infections are key requirements to decrease the risks associated with raw milk. Providing an analysis of the current potential risks related to consumption of raw milk and raw milk products, we discuss the main reasons to continue to be vigilant about milk-borne pathogens and the current scenario in relation to the formal and clandestine sale of raw milk. Finally, we select some highly effective strategies to reduce the risks associated with raw milk in food services. Regardless of whether a country regulation allows or prohibits the trade of raw milk and its products, this is not the time to be negligent.
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Treiber FM, Beranek-Knauer H. Antimicrobial Residues in Food from Animal Origin-A Review of the Literature Focusing on Products Collected in Stores and Markets Worldwide. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:534. [PMID: 34066335 PMCID: PMC8148204 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic residues in frequently consumed foods. Generally, the main use of antibiotics in animals is to treat and prevent diseases and growth promotion. However, the residues and their breakdown products have several side effects on the human body and, in a broader sense, on the environment. In relation to the human body, the frequency of mutations is increased, the bone marrow is damaged (chloramphenicol), and the reproductive organs of humans are affected. Carcinogenic effects have been found with antibiotics such as sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline, and furazolidone. We summarized data from 73 scientific studies reporting antimicrobial residues in animal products that were freely available for sale. The studies were published in English starting from 1999 till 2021 and identified through the Pubmed search engine. The aims were to find out which antibiotics, legal or illegal, could be found in animal foods worldwide. Which are stable to get into the food chain and exceed the maximum residue limits (MRL) regarding the EU guidelines as a comparison. Reducing antimicrobial residues in food from animal origin and, in addition to this, fighting the tremendous growth and spread of antimicrobial resistance will undoubtedly be one of the most difficult food safety challenges in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Michael Treiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/EG, A-8010 Graz, Austria;
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9
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Hutton GB, Brugulat-Panés A, Bhagtani D, Mba Maadjhou C, Birch JM, Shih H, Okop K, Muti M, Wadende P, Tatah L, Mogo E, Guariguata L, Unwin N. A Systematic Scoping Review of the Impacts of Community Food Production Initiatives in Kenya, Cameroon, and South Africa. JOURNAL OF GLOBAL HEALTH REPORTS 2021; 5:e2021010. [PMID: 33829114 PMCID: PMC7610539 DOI: 10.29392/001c.19468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, one in two people in Africa were food insecure. The burden of malnutrition remains high (e.g. childhood stunting, anaemia in women of reproductive age) or are increasing (e.g. overweight and obesity). A range of coordinated actions are required to improve this situation, including increasing local food production and consumption. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of recently published research into the health, social, economic, and environmental impacts of community food production initiatives (CFPIs) in Kenya, Cameroon and South Africa. METHODS We searched eight electronic databases covering health, social, environmental, economic and agricultural sciences. Primary research studies published from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018 were considered. Data on geographic location, study design, type of CFPI and the impacts assessed were abstracted from eligible articles. FINDINGS We identified 4828 articles, 260 of which required full-text review and 118 met our eligibility criteria. Most research was conducted in Kenya (53.4%) and South Africa (38.1%). The categories of CFPIs studied were (in order of decreasing frequency): crop farming, livestock farming, unspecified farming, fisheries, home / school gardens, urban agriculture, and agroforestry. The largest number of studies were on the economic and environmental impacts of CFPIs, followed by their health and social impacts. The health impacts investigated included food security, nutrition status and dietary intake. One study investigated the potential impact of CFPIs on non-communicable diseases. Over 60% of studies investigated a single category of impact. Not one of the studies explicitly used a theoretical framework to guide its design or interpretation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings on research studies of CFPIs suggest the need for a greater focus on interdisciplinary research in order to improve understanding of the relationships between their health, environmental, economic, and social impacts. Greater use of explicit theoretical frameworks could assist in research design and interpretation, helping to ensure its relevance to informing coordinated intersectoral interventions and policy initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gráinne B Hutton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Divya Bhagtani
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camille Mba Maadjhou
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jack M Birch
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hueyjong Shih
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kufre Okop
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monica Muti
- MRC-Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Pamela Wadende
- School of Education and Human Resource Development (SEDHURED) Kisii University, Kenya
| | - Lambed Tatah
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ebele Mogo
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leonor Guariguata
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Barbados
| | - Nigel Unwin
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter
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Comparison of Tick Control and Antibiotic Use Practices at Farm Level in Regions of High and Low Acaricide Resistance in Uganda. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:4606059. [PMID: 32908661 PMCID: PMC7474386 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4606059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Uganda has experienced tick acaricide resistance in the livestock sector. With increase in incidence of tick-borne diseases (TBDs), use of antibiotics for control of TBDs and other opportunistic diseases has raisedserious concerns. The purpose of this study was to compare the farmers' tick control and antibiotic use practices on farms in regions of low (LARA) and high (HARA) tick acaricide resistance in Uganda, determine the prevalence of antibiotic residues in milk from both regions, and identify factors associated with antibiotic residues in milk. One representative district was selected from each region from which 10 farms were randomly selected. Delvotest SP-NT® test kit was used to detect antibiotic residues in milk. Half-body tick counts and acaricide efficacy tests were performed. Majority (70%) of HARA's respondents reported a corresponding increase in a monthly incidence of TBDs with an average of 3.2 cases of TBDs treated per farm compared to 0.2 cases in LARA. East Coast fever (ECF) was identified as the most common TBD in both regions, though cases of coinfection were more common in HARA. Half of HARA's respondents reported a corresponding increase in the use of antibiotics on their farms due to tick resistance compared to LARA. Antibiotics were the most used drugs on farms in both regions with oxytetracycline being the commonly used antibiotic. Ticks from HARA were resistant to deltamethrin, amitraz, and coformulation (chlorpyriphos and cypermethrin) while resistance against deltamethrin was confirmed in LARA. HARA farms had a significantly higher prevalence of antibiotic residues (21.25%) in raw milk than in LARA (4%) farms (p < 0.05). Acaricide resistance and practice of reading drug use instructions were significantly associated with antibiotic residues in milk at farm level. Overall, the study provides vital information linking acaricide resistance to antibiotic use practices, consequently leading to antibiotic residues in milk.
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Kiambi S, Onono JO, Kang'ethe E, Aboge GO, Murungi MK, Muinde P, Akoko J, Momanyi K, Rushton J, Fèvre EM, Alarcon P. Investigation of the governance structure of the Nairobi dairy value chain and its influence on food safety. Prev Vet Med 2020; 179:105009. [PMID: 32438204 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The dairy value chain of Nairobi is comprised, in its majority, of small-scale independent enterprises that operate within a complex interlinked system. In this complexity, the coordination and power structures of the system may have major influences on the management of dairy food safety. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the governance structure and challenges faced by stakeholders throughout the Nairobi dairy value chain and assess their potential implications on food safety. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews based on a dairy value chain mapping framework previously developed. Thematic analysis enabled identification of governance themes, key challenges and analysis of their implications on food safety. Themes were organized depending on their association with farmers (informal settlement or peri-urban), dairy cooperatives, dairy traders, processing companies, retailers or government officers. The identified governance themes included: i) weak linkage between government and farmers, ii) inadequate compliance with government regulations by traders and retailers, iii) emphasis on business licenses and permits for revenue rather than for food safety, iv) multiple licensing resulting in high business cost and lack of compliance, v) fragmented regulation, vi) unfair competition and vii) sanctions that do not always result in compliance. The key challenges identified included, among others: i) inadequate farmer support, ii) harassment of traders and retailers and iii) high business costs for traders, retailers, dairy cooperatives and large processors. The implication of governance and challenges of food safety were, among others: i) inadequate extension services, ii) insufficient cold chain, iii) delivery of adulterated and low milk quality to bulking centers, iv) inadequate food safety training and v) lack of policies for management of waste milk. The range of issues highlighted are based on stakeholders' perceptions and reflects the complexity of the relationships between them. Many of the governance themes demonstrate the linkages that are both beneficial or confrontational between the formal and informal sectors, and between industry and regulatory authorities, with possible direct food safety consequences. Findings obtained provide indications to decision-makers of potential governance areas that could help improve efficiency and food safety along the dairy value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Kiambi
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Directorate of Veterinary Services, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Joshua Orungo Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Erastus Kang'ethe
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel O Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Patrick Muinde
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kelvin Momanyi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute for Infection, Ecology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya; Institute for Infection, Ecology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Alarcon
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Majalija S, Tumwine G, Kiguli J, Bugeza J, Ssemadaali MA, Kazoora HB, Namukose Muwanguzi E, Nantima N, Tuyiragize R. Pastoral community practices, microbial quality and associated health risks of raw milk in the milk value chain of Nakasongola District, Uganda. PASTORALISM 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s13570-020-0158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe informal milk value chain in Uganda controls most of the raw marketed milk, albeit of poor quality. A study was conducted to assess the milk handling practices, the bacterial quality and the associated health concerns of raw milk along the informal milk value in Nakasongola District. The cross-sectional study used both qualitative and quantitative methods to obtain information from key players. The qualitative data was categorized and presented into emerging themes. Bacterial contamination of 200 milk samples was determined by morphological and biochemical tests. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done by the disc diffusion method.Hand milking was carried out mainly by men (92.5%), and most never or rarely practised hand washing (67.5%) during milking. Milk was mainly delivered to mobile milk-collecting centres located under tree shades (50%). The quality of raw milk was affected by poor hygienic, handling and transportation practices. Most participants (75%) were aware of the dangers of drinking raw milk and the requirements to transport milk in metallic cans. Viable bacterial counts above the recommended limit were recorded in 76 samples (38%) that included Staphylococcus aureus (46%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (29%), Escherichia coli (12%), Streptococcus agalactiae (8%) and Salmonella spp. (5%). The overall antibiotic resistance was 45% (34/76), which included resistant isolates of S. aureus (17/34), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (11/22), S. agalactiae (3/6), Salmonella spp. (2/4) and E. coli (2/9).The raw milk contaminated with antibiotic drug-resistant bacterial pathogens is of public health concern. Thus, measures to improve the quality of milk need to be designed for the pastoral community in Nakasongola district.
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Fagnani R, Ito Eleodoro J, Osti Zanon E. Milk-borne infections awareness and the health status of consumers: An on-line survey. Int Dairy J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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