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Kidder E, Gangopadhyay S, Francis S, Alfaidi M. "How to Release or Not Release, That Is the Question." A Review of Interleukin-1 Cellular Release Mechanisms in Vascular Inflammation. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032987. [PMID: 38390810 PMCID: PMC10944040 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, characterized by atherosclerotic activity within large and medium-sized arteries. Inflammation has been shown to be a primary driver of atherosclerotic plaque formation, with interleukin-1 (IL-1) having a principal role. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge of molecular mechanisms of IL-1 release from cells in atherosclerotic plaques. A more in-depth understanding of the process of IL-1's release into the vascular environment is necessary for the treatment of inflammatory disease processes, as the current selection of medicines being used primarily target IL-1 after it has been released. IL-1 is secreted by several heterogenous mechanisms, some of which are cell type-specific and could provide further specialized targets for therapeutic intervention. A major unmet challenge is to understand the mechanism before and leading to IL-1 release, especially by cells in atherosclerotic plaques, including endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. Data so far indicate a heterogeneity of IL-1 release mechanisms that vary according to cell type and are stimulus-dependent. Unraveling this complexity may reveal new targets to block excess vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Kidder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLouisiana State University Health Sciences CentreShreveportLAUSA
| | - Siddhartha Gangopadhyay
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLouisiana State University Health Sciences CentreShreveportLAUSA
| | - Sheila Francis
- School of Medicine and Population HealthUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Mabruka Alfaidi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal MedicineLouisiana State University Health Sciences CentreShreveportLAUSA
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2
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Sukhanov S, Higashi Y, Yoshida T, Mummidi S, Aroor AR, Jeffrey Russell J, Bender SB, DeMarco VG, Chandrasekar B. The SGLT2 inhibitor Empagliflozin attenuates interleukin-17A-induced human aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration by targeting TRAF3IP2/ROS/NLRP3/Caspase-1-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Cell Signal 2021; 77:109825. [PMID: 33160017 PMCID: PMC8118186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and persistent oxidative stress contribute to the development and progression of vascular proliferative diseases. We hypothesized that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17A induces oxidative stress and amplifies inflammatory signaling in human aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) via TRAF3IP2-mediated NLRP3/caspase-1-dependent mitogenic and migratory proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Further, we hypothesized that these maladaptive changes are prevented by empagliflozin (EMPA), an SGLT2 (Sodium/Glucose Cotransporter 2) inhibitor. Supporting our hypotheses, exposure of cultured SMC to IL-17A promoted proliferation and migration via TRAF3IP2, TRAF3IP2-dependent superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production, NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, and IL-1β and IL-18 secretion. Furthermore, NLRP3 knockdown, caspase-1 inhibition, and pretreatment with IL-1β and IL-18 neutralizing antibodies and IL-18BP, each attenuated IL-17A-induced SMC migration and proliferation. Importantly, SMC express SGLT2, and pre-treatment with EMPA attenuated IL-17A/TRAF3IP2-dependent oxidative stress, NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, and SMC proliferation and migration. Importantly, silencing SGLT2 attenuated EMPA-mediated inhibition of IL-17A-induced cytokine secretion and SMC proliferation and migration. EMPA exerted these beneficial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mitogenic and anti-migratory effects under normal glucose conditions and without inducing cell death. These results suggest the therapeutic potential of EMPA in vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Sukhanov
- Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Srinivas Mummidi
- Department of Human Genetics, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, TX, USA.
| | - Annayya R Aroor
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Jacob Jeffrey Russell
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Vincent G DeMarco
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Dalton Cardiovascular Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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3
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Mediating the invasion of smooth muscle cells into a cell-responsive hydrogel under the existence of immune cells. Biomaterials 2018; 180:193-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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4
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Chen L, DeWispelaere A, Dastvan F, Osborne WRA, Blechner C, Windhorst S, Daum G. Smooth Muscle-Alpha Actin Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Migration by Inhibiting Rac1 Activity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155726. [PMID: 27176050 PMCID: PMC4866761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) is a marker for the contractile, non-proliferative phenotype of adult smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Upon arterial injury, expression of SMA and other structural proteins decreases and SMCs acquire a pro-migratory and proliferative phenotype. To what extent SMA regulates migration and proliferation of SMCs is unclear and putative signaling pathways involved remain to be elucidated. Here, we used lentiviral-mediated gene transfer and siRNA technology to manipulate expression of SMA in carotid mouse SMCs and studied effects of SMA. Overexpression of SMA results in decreased proliferation and migration and blunts serum-induced activation of the small GTPase Rac, but not RhoA. All inhibitory effects of SMA are rescued by expression of a constitutively active Rac1 mutant (V12rac1). Moreover, reduction of SMA expression by siRNA technology results in an increased activation of Rac. Taken together, this study identifies Rac1 as a downstream target for SMA to inhibit SMC proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Allison DeWispelaere
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Frank Dastvan
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William R. A. Osborne
- Department of Pediatrics and Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Christine Blechner
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Guenter Daum
- Department of Surgery and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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p21WAF1 Is Required for Interleukin-16-Induced Migration and Invasion of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via the p38MAPK/Sp-1/MMP-9 Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142153. [PMID: 26544695 PMCID: PMC4636239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a lymphocyte chemoattractant factor well known for its role in immune responses, but its role in vascular disease is unknown. Here, we explored the novel physiological function of IL-16 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The expression of IL-16 and its receptor CD4 was observed in VSMCs. Treatment with IL-16 enhanced the migration and invasion by VSMCs without altering the proliferative potential. IL-16 induced MMP-9 expression via the binding activity of transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and Sp-1 motifs in VSMCs. Among the relevant signaling pathways examined, only p38MAPK phosphorylation was significantly stimulated in IL-16-treated VSMCs. Treatment with p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 prevented the IL-16-induced migration and invasion of VSMCs. SB203580 treatment inhibited the MMP-9 expression and activation of Sp-1 binding in IL-16-treated VSMCs, and siRNA knockdown of CD4 expression blocked the induction of migration, invasion, p38MAPK phosphorylation, MMP-9 expression, and Sp-1 binding activation stimulated by IL-16. The IL-16 induced cell-cycle-inhibitor p21WAF1 expression in VSMCs, but had no effect on the expression levels of other cell-cycle negative regulators. Finally, blockage of p21WAF1 function with specific siRNA abolished the IL-16-induced elevation of migration, invasion, p38MAPK phosphorylation, MMP-9 expression, and Sp-1 binding activation in VSMCs. Taken together, p21WAF1 was required for the induction of p38MAPK-mediated MMP-9 expression via activation of the Sp-1 binding motif, which led to migration and invasion of VSMCs interacting with IL-16/CD4. These results could provide that IL-16 is a new target in the treatment of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and re-stenosis.
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Lin S, Mequanint K. Activation of Transcription Factor GAX and Concomitant Downregulation of IL-1β and ERK1/2 Modulate Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype in 3D Fibrous Scaffolds. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:2356-65. [PMID: 26041434 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) display phenotypic plasticity in response to changing environmental cues, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic modulation mediated by a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is important to engineer functional vasculature. Following cell seeding into 3D scaffolds, the synthetic phenotype is desired to enable cells to expand rapidly and produce and assemble extracellular matrix components, but must revert to a quiescent contractile phenotype after tissue fabrication to impart the contractile properties found in native blood vessels. This study shows that 3D electrospun fibrous scaffolds regulate human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) toward a more synthetic phenotype characterized by reduced contractile markers, such as smooth muscle alpha-actin and calponin. The reduction in contractile markers expression was mediated by endogenously expressed proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). 3D topography transiently induces concomitant upregulation of IL-1β and MAPK ERK1/2 through nuclear factor-κB-dependent signaling pathway. An early burst of expression of IL-1β is essential for suppression of the homeobox transcription factor Gax and related cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Cip1), which are key regulators for cells exiting from cell cycle. Our findings provide new insights for understanding signaling mechanisms of HCASMCs in electrospun 3D fibrous scaffolds, which have considerable value for application in vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigang Lin
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- 1 Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada .,2 Graduate Program of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
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7
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IL-1Ra selectively protects intestinal crypt epithelial cells, but not tumor cells, from chemotoxicity via p53-mediated upregulation of p21WAF1 and p27KIP1. Pharmacol Res 2014; 82:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Lei J, Vodovotz Y, Tzeng E, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide, a protective molecule in the cardiovascular system. Nitric Oxide 2013; 35:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Ma KL, Liu J, Wang CX, Ni J, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Lv LL, Ruan XZ, Liu BC. Activation of mTOR modulates SREBP-2 to induce foam cell formation through increased retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 100:450-60. [PMID: 24068000 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Our previous studies demonstrated that inflammation contributes to atherosclerosis through disruption of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) pathway. However, this effect is overridden by rapamycin, which is an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). This study investigated the role of the mTOR pathway in atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS To induce inflammation, we used subcutaneous injection of 10% casein in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice and lipopolysaccharide stimulation in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Results showed that inflammation increased lipid accumulation in aortas of ApoE KO mice and in VSMCs, which were correlated with increased expressions of LDLr, sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and SREBP-2 as well as with enhanced translocation of SCAP/SREBP-2 complex from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Furthermore, inflammation increased both the percentage of cells in the S phase of cell cycle and protein expressions of the phosphorylated forms of retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein (Rb), mTOR, eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), and P70 S6 kinase. After treatment with rapamycin or mTOR siRNA, the activity of the mTOR pathway was blocked. Interestingly, the expression levels of LDLr, SCAP, and SREBP-2 and the translocation of SCAP/SREBP-2 complex from the ER to the Golgi in treated VSMCs were decreased even in the presence of inflammatory stress. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate for the first time that inflammation disrupts LDLr feedback regulation through the activation of the mTOR pathway. Increased mTORC1 activity was found to up-regulate SREBP-2-mediated cholesterol uptake through Rb phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, NO.87, Ding Jia Qiao Road, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province 210009, P.R. China
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10
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Yun SJ, Moon SK, Kim WJ. Investigational cell cycle inhibitors in clinical trials for bladder cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:369-77. [PMID: 23256895 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.751097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer-related cell cycle defects are often mediated by alterations in activity of diverse cell cycle regulators. The development of cell cycle inhibitors has undergone a gradual evolution, and new investigational drugs have been extensively tested as a single agent or combination with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. AREAS COVERED This review covers a broad perspective of how the cell cycle is deregulated in bladder cancer and discusses the clinical trials of cell cycle inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Although diverse cell cycle inhibitors have been considered as relevant drug candidates for cancer therapy owing to their potential role in restoring control of the cell cycle, these inhibitors have not been yet widely tested in human bladder cancer. Numerous studies already reported that deregulation of cell cycle controls has been commonly observed in bladder cancer cells, thus warranting clinical trials of these inhibitors in advanced bladder cancer patients. In addition, nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) show different clinical and molecular biological characteristics, although ∼ 10 - 20% of NMIBC will progress to MIBC. Therefore, adequate cell cycle inhibitors have to be chosen for bladder cancer treatment based on the different genetic features between NMIBC and MIBC related to cell cycle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Joong Yun
- Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Department of Urology, 62, Kaeshin-dong, Heungduk-ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-711, South Korea
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11
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Yang Q, Lu Z, Ramchandran R, Longo LD, Raj JU. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in fetal lambs acclimatized to high-altitude long-term hypoxia: role of histone acetylation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 303:L1001-10. [PMID: 23043075 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00092.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
High-altitude long-term hypoxia (LTH) is known to induce pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation in the fetus, leading to pulmonary arterial remodeling and pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. The mechanisms underlying these conditions remain enigmatic however. We hypothesized that epigenetic alterations in fetal PASMC induced by high-altitude LTH may play an important role in modulating their proliferation during pulmonary arterial remodeling. To test this hypothesis, we have analyzed epigenetic alterations in the pulmonary vasculature of fetal lambs exposed to high-altitude LTH [pregnant ewes were kept at 3,801 m altitude from ~40 to 145 days gestation] or to sea level atmosphere. Intrapulmonary arteries were isolated, and fetal PASMC were cultured from both control and LTH fetuses. Compared with controls, in LTH fetus pulmonary arteries measurements of histone acetylation and global DNA methylation demonstrated reduced levels of global histone 4 acetylation and DNA methylation, accompanied by the loss of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. Treatment of LTH fetal PASMCs with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor trichostatin A decreased their proliferation rate, in part because of altered expression of p21 at both RNA and protein level. In PASMC of LTH fetuses, HDAC inhibition also decreased PDGF-induced cell migration and ERK1/2 activation and modulated global DNA methylation. On the basis of these observations, we propose that epigenetic alterations (reduced histone acetylation and DNA methylation) caused by chronic hypoxia leads to fetal PASMC proliferation and vessel remodeling associated with vascular proliferative disease and that this process is regulated by p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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12
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Wang Z, Kong L, Kang J, Vaughn DM, Bush GD, Walding AL, Grigorian AA, Robinson JS, Nakayama DK. Interleukin-lβ induces migration of rat arterial smooth muscle cells through a mechanism involving increased matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. J Surg Res 2010; 169:328-36. [PMID: 20371087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-lβ (IL-lβ) is associated with vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration during neointimal formation following arterial injury, of which matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) may have an important role. We investigated whether IL-lβ stimulated migration and MMP-2 production in VSMC, and, if so, whether migration correlated with MMP-2 activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Modified Boyden chamber assay quantified cultured rat aorta VSMC migration. Methyl-thiazolyl-tetrazolium assay assessed cell growth. Gelatin zymography and Western blotting determined MMP-2 activity and protein levels, respectively. RESULTS IL-lβ (0.1 - 10 ng/mL) induced migration of VSMC in a concentration-dependent manner without cell proliferation. VSMC released increasing levels of active MMP-2 in a dose-response fashion at IL-1β 1-10 ng/mL (P < 0.05) while significantly increased levels of latent MMP-2 (pro-MMP-2) were attained more gradually (10 ng/mL, P < 0.05). There was a dose-dependent increase in the ratio of active MMP-2 to pro-MMP-2 in response to IL-1β (1-10 ng/mL, P < 0.05), suggesting extracellular activation of pro-MMP-2. Protein levels on Western blot paralleled enzyme activity, with the synthesis of more active MMP-2 than pro-MMP-2 in response to IL-1β. IL-lβ-stimulated VSMC migration was significantly attenuated by both the pan-selective MMP inhibitor GM6001 and cis-9-octadecenoyl-N-hydroxylamide, a MMP-2-selective inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS IL-lβ increases MMP-2 activity in VSMC through increased protein synthesis and activation of pro-MMP-2. VSMC migration induced by IL-lβ requires active MMP-2. IL-lβ may play a role in arterial remodeling following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Mercer University School of Medicine and Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon, Georgia 31207, USA.
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13
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Khanna AK. Enhanced susceptibility of cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 knockout mice to high fat diet induced atherosclerosis. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:66. [PMID: 19604372 PMCID: PMC2720941 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin kinase inhibitor p21 is one of the most potent inhibitors of aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation, a key mediator of atherosclerosis. This study tests if p2l deficiency will result in severe atherosclerosis in a mouse model. p21-/- and strain matched wild type mice were fed with high fat diet for 21 weeks. Analysis for biochemical parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides) in serum and mRNA expression of CD36, HO-1, TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, PPAR-gamma and NADPH oxidase components (p22phox, NOX-1 and Rac-1) was performed in aortic tissues by Real Time PCR. p21-/- mice gained significantly (p < 0.01) more weight than wild type mice, triglycerides (p < 0.05) and cholesterol levels (p < 0.01) were more pronounced in the sera of p21-/- compared to wild type mice fed with high fat diet. High fat diet resulted in significantly decreased TGF-beta (p < 0.02), HO-l (p < 0.02) and increased CD36 (p < 0.03) mRNA expression in aortic tissues of p21-/- mice compared to animal fed with regular diet. IFN-gamma mRNA expression (235 +/- 11 folds) increased significantly in high fat diet fed p21-/- mice and a multifold modulation of PPAR-gamma(136 +/- 7), p22phox, NOX-1 and Rac-1 (15-35-folds) mRNA in aortic tissues from p21-/- mice compared to the wild type mice. Severity of atherosclerotic lesions was significantly higher in p21-/- compared to wild type mice. The results demonstrate that the deficiency of p21 leads to altered expression of pro-atherogenic genes, and severe atherosclerosis in mice fed with high fat diet. This opens the possibility of p21 protein as a therapeutic tool to control progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani K Khanna
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA.
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Hou Y, Okada K, Okamoto C, Ueshima S, Matsuo O. Alpha2-Antiplasmin Is a Critical Regulator of Angiotensin II–Mediated Vascular Remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:1257-62. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.165688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Alpha2-antiplasmin (α2-AP) is the major circulating inhibitor of plasmin, which plays a determining role in the regulation of intravascular fibrinolysis. We investigated the role of α
2
-AP on vascular remodeling in response to angiotensin II (Ang II).
Methods and Results—
α2-AP–deficient mice were performed. Ang II and
N
ω
-nitro- L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)–induced perivascular fibrosis was significantly decreased in α2-AP
−/−
mice compared with wild-type mice. In situ gelatinolytic activity analysis shows that perivascular gelatinolytic activity was increased in α2-AP
−/−
mice, which was responsible for decreased perivascular fibrosis in response to Ang II and L-NAME. Ang II–induced arterial wall thickening, vascular cell proliferation, apoptosis, c-Myc, and collagen Ι expression were significantly decreased in α2-AP
−/−
mice compared with wild-type mice. Further analysis shows that increased p53 and p21 expression were responsible for inhibition of Ang II–induced vascular remodeling in α2-AP
−/−
mice.
Conclusion—
The results show that α2-AP is a critical regulator for vascular remodeling by inhibiting p53/p21 pathway, suggesting that α2-AP is proposed to be a potential therapeutic target for vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- YongZhong Hou
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Kiyotaka Okada
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chikako Okamoto
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shigeru Ueshima
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Osamu Matsuo
- From the Department of Physiology (Y.Z.H., K.O., C.O., O.M.), Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; and the Department of Food Science and Nutrition (S.U.), Kinki University School of Agriculture, Nara, Japan; and the Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) modulates endothelial cell proliferation. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:886-90. [PMID: 18282478 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) lifespan controlled by the IL-1 family of cytokines is an important determinant of susceptibility to artery wall disease. Here we show that EC lacking intracellular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) have a reduced lifespan compared to controls. Over expression of IL-1ra enhanced proliferation via cyclin dependent kinase 2 activity and retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. This was not seen in EC lacking IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1 signalling ability), nor apparent using other stimuli e.g. TNF alpha. These data suggest that IL-1ra has a specific and receptor-dependent function to control the growth and lifespan of EC.
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16
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Zhu X, Lin Y, Bacanamwo M, Chang L, Chai R, Massud I, Zhang J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Thompson WE, Chen YE. Interleukin-1 beta-induced Id2 gene expression is mediated by Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 76:141-8. [PMID: 17631285 PMCID: PMC2094110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Id2 (inhibitor of DNA-binding 2), a member of the helix-loop-helix family of transcription regulators, plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent reports have documented that Id2 is up-regulated during vascular lesion formation and overexpression of Id2 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. However, the transcriptional regulation of Id2 gene expression in VSMC remains unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Northern- and Western-blot analyses, we documented that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induced Id2 gene expression in VSMC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in VSMC induced Id2 expression while IL-1beta-induced Id2 expression was abrogated in VSMC by the Egr-1 repressor, NGFI-A binding protein 2 (NAB2), expressed from an adenovirus. Overexpression of Egr-1 transactivated the Id2 promoter in reporter assays dependent on the presence of intact putative Egr-1 binding sites as determined by mutagenesis. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that the Egr-1 protein can bind the Egr-1 sites derived from the human Id2 promoter in vitro and chromatin immunoprecipitation identified the putative Egr-1 site between -723 to -712 as the functional Egr-1 binding site in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IL-1beta-induced Id2 expression in VSMC is mediated by the transcription factor Egr-1 in VSMC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Analysis of Variance
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, No. 5 Yi He Yuan Road, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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17
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Yoshida J, Ishibashi T, Nishio M. G1 cell cycle arrest by amlodipine, a dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker, in human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 73:943-53. [PMID: 17217918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated previously that amlodipine, a dihydropyridine Ca(2+) channel blocker, exhibits antitumor effects on human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells both in vitro and in vivo, in part through inhibition of capacitative Ca(2+) entry. In this study, we examined the effects of amlodipine on cell cycle distribution and cell cycle regulatory molecules in A431 cells, since a rise in intracellular Ca(2+) is required at several points during cell cycle progression. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that treatment with amlodipine (20-30muM, for 24h) induced G1 phase cell accumulation. The amlodipine-induced G1 arrest was associated with a decrease in phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB), a regulator of G1 to S phase transition, reduction of protein levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), G1 specific cell cycle proteins, and increased expression of p21(Waf1/Cip1), an inhibitory protein of CDK/cyclin complexes. In vitro kinase assay revealed that amlodipine significantly decreased CDK2-, CDK4-, and their partners cyclin E- and cyclin D1-associated kinase activities. The amlodipine-induced reductions in cyclin D1 protein expression and in CDK2 kinase activity were reproduced by a dihydropyridine derivative, nicardipine, having an inhibitory effect on A431 cell growth, but not by nifedipine, lacking the antiproliferative activity. Our results demonstrate that amlodipine caused G1 cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in A431 cells through induction of p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression, inhibition of CDK/cyclin-associated kinase activities, and reduced phosphorylation of pRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacology, Kanazawa Medical University, Daigaku 1-1, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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18
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Nestor AL, Cicila GT, Karol SE, Langenderfer KM, Hollopeter SL, Allison DC. Linkage analysis of neointimal hyperplasia and vascular wall transformation after balloon angioplasty. Physiol Genomics 2006; 25:286-93. [PMID: 16434542 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00135.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH), a result of vascular injury, is due to the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells through the media and internal elastic lamina leading to vascular occlusion. We used a rat model to find the genetic regions controlling NIH after endothelial denudation in two divergent inbred strains of rats. The Brown Norway (BN) and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strains have a 2.5-fold difference in injury-induced NIH. A population of 301 F2(SHR × BN) rats underwent a standard vascular injury followed by phenotyping 8 wk after injury to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) responsible for this strain difference. Interval mapping identified two %NIH QTL on rat chromosomes 3 and 6 [logarithm of odds (LOD) scores 2.5, 2.2] and QTL for other injured vascular wall changes on rat chromosomes 3, 4, and 15 (LOD scores 2.0–4.6). Also, QTL for control vessel media width (MW) and media area (MA) were found on chromosome 6 with LOD scores of 2.3 and 2.5, suggesting that linkage exists between these control vessel parameters and NIH production. These results represent the first genetic analysis for the identification of NIH QTL and QTL associated with the vascular injury response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Nestor
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio 43614-5804, USA.
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19
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Mukhopadhyay P, Ali MA, Nandi A, Carreon P, Choy H, Saha D. The cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor down-regulates interleukin-1beta-mediated induction of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1758-66. [PMID: 16452236 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is frequently observed in several human cancers, including lung, colon, and head and neck. Malignancies are also associated with the dysregulation of cell cycle events and concomitant elevated activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK). CDK2 is a key cell cycle regulatory protein that controls the transition of cells from G(1) to S phase. In this study, we furnish several lines of evidence that show a functional role for the CDK2 in interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta)-induced COX-2 expression in H358 human non-small cell lung carcinoma cell line by blocking CDK2 activity. First, we show that BMS-387032, a potent CDK2 inhibitor, blocks IL-1beta-induced expression as well as steady-state mRNA levels of COX-2. Second, we show that small interfering RNA that abrogates CDK2 expression also blocks IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression. Third, results from in vitro kinase assays clearly show that IL-1beta induces CDK2 activity in H358 cells and this activity is significantly inhibited by BMS-387032. Moreover, CDK2 inhibition blocks IL-1beta-induced binding to the NF-IL6 element of the COX-2 promoter and inhibits transcription of the COX-2 gene. We also observed that BMS-387032 does not inhibit endogenous expression of COX-2 or prostaglandin synthesis in lung carcinoma cells. Finally, we provide evidence showing that IL-1beta-induced signaling events, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, phosphorylated AKT, and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, are not inhibited by CDK2 inhibitor. Taken together, the data suggest that CDK2 activity may play an important event in the IL-1beta-induced COX-2 expression and prostaglandin E(2) synthesis and might represent a novel target for BMS-387032.
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MESH Headings
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/biosynthesis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Dinoprostone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dinoprostone/biosynthesis
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Enzyme Induction/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Oxazoles/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 2201 Inwood Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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20
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Hsieh PCH, Kenagy RD, Mulvihill ER, Jeanette JP, Wang X, Chang CMC, Yao Z, Ruzzo WL, Justice S, Hudkins KL, Alpers CE, Berceli S, Clowes AW. Bone morphogenetic protein 4: potential regulator of shear stress-induced graft neointimal atrophy. J Vasc Surg 2006; 43:150-8. [PMID: 16414402 PMCID: PMC1448168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Placement in baboons of a distal femoral arteriovenous fistula increases shear stress through aortoiliac polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts and induces regression of a preformed neointima. Atrophy of the neointima might be controlled by shear stress-induced genes, including the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). We have investigated the expression and function of BMPs 2, 4, and 5 in the graft neointima and in cultured baboon smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS Baboons received bilateral aortoiliac PTFE grafts and 8 weeks later, a unilateral femoral arteriovenous fistula. RESULTS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that high shear stress increased BMP2, 4, and 5 messenger RNA (mRNA) in graft intima between 1 and 7 days, while noggin (a BMP inhibitor) mRNA was decreased. BMP4 most potently (60% inhibition) inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated SMC proliferation compared with BMP2 and BMP5 (31% and 26%, respectively). BMP4 also increased SMC death by 190% +/- 10%. Noggin reversed the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of BMP4. Finally, Western blotting confirmed BMP4 protein upregulation by high shear stress at 4 days. BMP4 expression demonstrated by in situ hybridization was confined to endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased BMPs (particularly BMP4) coupled with decreased noggin may promote high shear stress-mediated graft neointimal atrophy by inhibiting SMC proliferation and increasing SMC death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C H Hsieh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6410, USA
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21
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Qureshi I, Chen H, Brown AT, Fitzgerald R, Zhang X, Breckenridge J, Kazi R, Crocker AJ, Stühlinger MC, Lin K, Cooke JP, Eidt JF, Moursi MM. Homocysteine-induced vascular dysregulation is mediated by the NMDA receptor. Vasc Med 2005; 10:215-23. [PMID: 16235775 DOI: 10.1191/1358863x05vm626oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma homocysteine accelerates myointimal hyperplasia and luminal narrowing after carotid endarterectomy. N-methyl D aspartate receptors (NMDAr) in rat cerebrovascular cells are involved in homocysteine uptake and receptor-mediated stimulation. In the vasculature, NMDAr subunits (NR1, 2A-2D) have been identified by sequence homology in rat aortic endothelial cells. Exposure of these cells to homocysteine increased expression of receptor subunits, an effect that was attenuated by dizocilpine (MK801), a noncompetitive NMDA inhibitor. The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an NMDAr in rat vascular smooth muscle (A7r5) cells, and also the effect of homocysteine on vascular dysregulation as mediated by this receptor. Subunits of the NMDAr (NR1, 2A-2D) were detected in the A7r5 cells by using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Homocysteine induced an increase in A7r5 cell proliferation, which was blocked by MK801. Homocysteine, in a dose and time dependent manner, increased expression of matrix metallinoproteinase-9 and interleukin-1beta, which have been implicated in vascular smooth muscle cell migration and/or proliferation. Homocysteine reduced the vascular elaboration of nitric oxide and increased the elaboration of the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, asymmetric dimethylarginine. All of these homocysteine mediated effects were inhibited by MK801. NMDAr exist in vascular smooth muscle cells and appear to mediate, at least in part, homocysteine-induced dysregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Qureshi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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22
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Lee B, Moon SK. Ras/ERK signaling pathway mediates activation of the p21WAF1 gene promoter in vascular smooth muscle cells by platelet-derived growth factor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 443:113-9. [PMID: 16248979 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induces the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/WAF1 promoter in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) via activation of a Sp1 site in VSMC. In this report, the role and relevance of the signaling pathway in the transcriptional regulation of p21WAF1 in VSMC was examined. PDGF stimulated the expression of p21WAF1 in VSMC, as evidenced by Immunoblot and Northern blot analyses. Treatment with PD98059, a specific MEK inhibitor, and the transient expression of VSMC with DN-MEK1 plasmid effectively down-regulated PDGF-induced p21WAF1 expression and promoter activity, respectively. Furthermore, the transactivation of PDGF-stimulated Sp1 was inhibited by treatment with PD98059 and the transient expression of VSMC with the DN-MEK1 plasmid. Finally, the transient transfection of VSMC with a dominant negative Ras (RasN17) suppressed PDGF-induced ERK activity, p21WAF1 expression, and promoter activity. The overexpression of RasN17 also abolished PDGF-stimulated Sp1 activity. In conclusion, the findings herein presented indicate that the activation of the Ras/ERK pathway contributes to the induction of p21WAF1 expression in VSMC. In addition, the transcription factor Sp1 that is involved in the Ras/ERK-mediated control of p21WAF1 regulation in VSMC in response to PDGF has now been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beobyi Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju City, Chungbuk 380-701, South Korea
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23
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Yu L, Quinn DA, Garg HG, Hales CA. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
Kip1
, But Not p21
WAF1/Cip1
, Is Required for Inhibition of Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension and Remodeling by Heparin in Mice. Circ Res 2005; 97:937-45. [PMID: 16195480 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000188211.83193.1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has growth inhibitory effects on pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism has not been fully defined. In this study, we investigated the role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, p21(WAF1/cip1) (p21) and p27Kip1 (p27), in the inhibitory effect of heparin on PASMC proliferation in vitro and on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in vivo using p21 and p27-null mice. In vitro, loss of the p27 gene negated the inhibitory effect of heparin on PASMC proliferation, but p21 was not critical for this inhibition. In vivo, heparin significantly inhibited the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension and remodeling, as evidenced by decreased right ventricular systolic pressure, ratio of right ventricular weight to left ventricle plus septum weight, and percent wall thickness of pulmonary artery, in p21(+/+), p21(-/-), p27(+/+), and p27(+/-), but not in p27(-/-) mice. We also observed that hypoxia decreased p27 expression significantly in mouse lung, which was restored by heparin. Heparin inhibited Ki67 proliferative index in terminal bronchial vessel walls in p27(+/+) and p27(+/-), but not in p27(-/-) mice exposed to hypoxia. Therefore, we conclude that the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, but not p21, is required for the inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vascular remodeling by heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunyin Yu
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA
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24
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Dardik A, Yamashita A, Aziz F, Asada H, Sumpio BE. Shear stress-stimulated endothelial cells induce smooth muscle cell chemotaxis via platelet-derived growth factor-BB and interleukin-1alpha. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41:321-31. [PMID: 15768016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration is critical to the development of atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia. Hemodynamic forces such as shear stress and cyclic strain stimulate endothelial cell signal-transduction pathways, resulting in the secretion of several factors, including SMC chemoattractants such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). We hypothesized that mechanical forces stimulate endothelial cells to secrete SMC chemoattractants to induce migration via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. METHODS Bovine aortic endothelial cells were exposed to shear stress, cyclic strain, or static conditions for 16 hours. The resulting conditioned medium was used as a SMC chemoattractant in a Boyden chamber. Activation of SMC extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was assessed by Western blot analysis. Pathways were inhibited with anti-PDGF-BB or anti-interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) antibodies, or the ERK1/2 upstream pathway inhibitor PD98059. RESULTS Conditioned medium from endothelial cells exposed to shear stress corresponding to arterial levels of shear stress stimulated SMC migration but lower levels of shear stress or cyclic strain did not. Both PDGF-BB and IL-1alpha were secreted into the conditioned medium by endothelial cells stimulated with shear stress. Both PDGF-BB and IL-1alpha stimulated SMC chemotaxis but were not synergistic, and both stimulated SMC ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of PDGF-BB or IL-1alpha inhibited SMC chemotaxis and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Shear stress stimulates endothelial cells to secrete several SMC chemoattractants, including PDGF-BB and IL-1alpha; both PDGF-BB and IL-1alpha stimulate SMC chemotaxis via the ERK1/2 signal-transduction pathway. These results suggest that the response to vascular injury may have a common pathway amenable to pharmacologic manipulation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE One difficulty in the pharmacologic treatment of atherosclerosis or neointimal hyperplasia leading to restenosis is the multiplicity of activated pathways and thus potential treatment targets. This study demonstrates that shear stress, a hemodynamic force that may be a biologically relevant stimulus to induce vascular pathology, stimulates endothelial cells to secrete PDGF-BB and IL-1alpha. Both of these mediators stimulate the SMC ERK1/2 pathway to induce migration, a critical event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia. Therefore, this study suggests a relevant common target pathway in SMC that is amenable to manipulation for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Dardik
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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25
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Ziesche R, Petkov V, Lambers C, Erne P, Block LH. The calcium channel blocker amlodipine exerts its anti¬proliferative action via p21
(Waf1/Cip1)
gene activation. FASEB J 2004; 18:1516-23. [PMID: 15466360 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1662com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) contributes to the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. Calcium channel blockers have been shown to reduce VSMC proliferation, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. p21(Waf1/Cip1) is a potent inhibitor of cell cycle progression. Here, we demonstrate that amlodipine (10(-6) to 10(-8) M) activates de novo synthesis of p21(Waf1/Cip1) in vitro. We show that amlodipine-dependent activation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) involves the action of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and C/EBP-alpha. The underlying pathway apparently involves the action of mitogen-activated protein kinase or protein kinase C, but not of extracellular signal-related kinase or changes of intracellular calcium. Amlodipine-induced p21(Waf1/Cip1) promoter activity and expression were abrogated by C/EBP-alpha antisense oligonucleotide or by the GR antagonist RU486. Amlodipine-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation was partially reversed by RU486 at 10(-8) M (58%+/-29%), antisense oligonucleotides targeting C/EBP-alpha (91%+/-26%), or antisense mRNAs targeting p21(Waf1/Cip1) (96%+/-32%, n=6); scrambled antisense oligonucleotides or those directed against C/EBP-beta were ineffective. The data suggest that the anti-proliferative action of amlodipine is achieved by induction of the p21 (Waf1/Cip1) gene, which may explain beneficial covert effects of this widely used cardiovascular therapeutic drug beyond a more limited role as a vascular relaxant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Ziesche
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Vienna, Austria
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26
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Jiang Z, Berceli SA, Pfahnl CL, Wu L, Goldman D, Tao M, Kagayama M, Matsukawa A, Ozaki CK. Wall shear modulation of cytokines in early vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 2004; 40:345-50. [PMID: 15297832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pro-inflammatory cytokine-driven mechanisms have been implicated in vein graft failure, though little is known about the effect of hemodynamic factors and anti-inflammatory counter-regulatory mechanisms. We hypothesized that early temporal expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 proceeds by way of wall shear stress-dependent pathways in the arterializing vein graft. METHODS Rabbits (n = 27) underwent bilateral jugular vein carotid interposition grafts, and simultaneous unilateral distal carotid branch ligation, to produce both low-flow and high-flow grafts in the same animal. Vein grafts were harvested at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days and were assessed for architecture, wall shear stress, and cytokine messenger RNA levels (quantitative real-time two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction). RESULTS The model resulted in an immediate 90% flow reduction (P <.001, paired t test) in the vein graft on the ligated side, and a 36% increase (P =.01) in contralateral graft flow. This persisted as approximately 15-fold flow differential throughout the 28-day period. The construction yielded a 15-fold differential in wall shear stress between low-flow and high-flow vein grafts (P <.001, two-way repeated measures analysis of variance). Intimal hyperplasia began by day 3, and was 6-fold more in low wall shear grafts by 28 days (230.6 +/- 35.4 microm intimal thickness vs 36.1 +/- 17.6 microm for low shear versus high shear grafts; P =.001). For both cytokines time independently affected mRNA expression (P <.001, global analysis of variance). Exposure of vein grafts to the arterial circulation markedly up-regulated IL-1 beta at 1 day, with significantly more induction in the low shear setting (P =.002). IL-1 beta protein localized to the developing neointima at days 1 and 3. Conversely, IL-10 slowly increased until day 14, with significantly more expression in the high shear grafts (P <.001). CONCLUSIONS Vein graft adaptation induces early pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta expression and delayed protective IL-10 expression (most notable under high shear conditions), both of which are modulated by wall shear. These differential temporal windows offer strategies for appropriately timed pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory therapies to interrupt pathologic vein graft adaptations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Neointimal hyperplasia continues to limit the durability of vein bypass grafts. Emerging evidence suggests that inflammatory mechanisms drive the neointimal hyperplasic response. This study demonstrates that specific hemodynamic forces (altered wall shear stress) differentially affect early pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-1 beta and delayed anti-inflammatory IL-10 signaling. These distinct temporal windows for IL-1 beta and IL-10 cytokine expression offer strategies for appropriately timed pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory therapies to interrupt pathologic vein graft adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Jiang
- University of Florida College of Medicine and the Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, 32610, USA
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27
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Englesbe MJ, Deou J, Bourns BD, Clowes AW, Daum G. Interleukin-1beta inhibits PDGF-BB-induced migration by cooperating with PDGF-BB to induce cyclooxygenase-2 expression in baboon aortic smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39:1091-6. [PMID: 15111866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration from the media into the intima is pivotal for intimal formation after vascular injury. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB is a potent chemoattractant for SMCs in vitro and in vivo. We investigated whether interleukin (IL)-1beta affects migration in response to PDGF-BB. Our data suggest that IL-1beta is inhibitory and that this effect is mediated by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. We further addressed the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38, which is activated by PDGF-BB and by IL-1beta. METHODS Baboon aortic SMCs were prepared with the explant method. Migration was measured in a Boyden chamber assay through filters coated with monomeric collagen. COX2 expression and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS PDGF-BB (10 ng/mL) stimulates migration 3.8-fold, and IL-1beta (0.1 ng/mL) reduces this response by 40%. The inhibitory effect of IL-1beta is abolished by the COX inhibitor, indomethacin (10 micromol/L), the specific COX2 inhibitor, NS398 (10 micromol/L), and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (3 micromol/L). We found that IL-1beta and PDGF-BB synergize to stimulate COX2 expression. We further demonstrated that p38 MAPK is activated by IL-1beta and PDGF with different kinetics and that p38 MAPK is required for maximal COX2 expression in response to IL-1beta plus PDGF-BB. CONCLUSION IL-1beta inhibits PDGF-BB-induced migration by cooperating with PDGF-BB to induce COX2 through activation of p38 MAPK. Whether this effect of IL-1beta modulates intimal growth after vascular injury remains to be elucidated.
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A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human p27kip1 gene (-838C>A) affects basal promoter activity and the risk of myocardial infarction. BMC Biol 2004; 2:5. [PMID: 15061869 PMCID: PMC400507 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 04/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and leukocytes within the artery wall is a major event in the development of atherosclerosis. The growth suppressor p27kip1 associates with several cyclin-dependent kinase/cyclin complexes, thereby abrogating their capacity to induce progression through the cell cycle. Recent studies have implicated p27kip1 in the control of neointimal hyperplasia. For instance, p27kip1 ablation in apolipoprotein-E-null mice enhanced arterial cell proliferation and accelerated atherogenesis induced by dietary cholesterol. Therefore, p27kip1 is a candidate gene to modify the risk of developing atherosclerosis and associated ischaemic events (i.e., myocardial infarction and stroke). RESULTS In this study we found three common single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human p27kip1 gene (+326T>G [V109G], -79C>T, and -838C>A). The frequency of -838A carriers was significantly increased in myocardial infarction patients compared to healthy controls (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.12-2.70). In addition, luciferase reporter constructs driven by the human p27kip1 gene promoter containing A at position -838 had decreased basal transcriptional activity when transiently transfected in Jurkat cells, compared with constructs bearing C in -838 (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that -838A is associated with reduced p27kip1 promoter activity and increased risk of myocardial infarction.
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Englesbe MJ, Hawkins SM, Hsieh PCH, Daum G, Kenagy RD, Clowes AW. Concomitant blockade of platelet-derived growth factor receptors alpha and beta induces intimal atrophy in baboon PTFE grafts. J Vasc Surg 2004; 39:440-6. [PMID: 14743150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2003.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although current treatments for restenosis attempt to prevent the development of intimal hyperplasia, an alternative strategy is to induce intimal atrophy after restenosis has developed. Because platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a smooth muscle cell growth and survival factor, we tested the hypothesis that complete blockade of PDGF by using antibodies against PDGF receptors alpha and beta would cause intimal atrophy in a baboon vascular graft model. METHODS We administered chimeric antibodies against PDGF receptor alpha or PDGF receptor beta, either separately or together, to baboons with bilateral prosthetic aortoiliac grafts, the intimas of which had reached maximal size before treatment was begun. High blood flow, which we have previously shown to cause intimal atrophy, was induced through one graft to serve as a positive control. After 2 weeks, the intima lining the grafts was assessed for cross-sectional area, cell proliferation, and apoptosis by standard morphologic and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS Blocking both PDGF receptors simultaneously reduced the cross-sectional area of the normal-flow graft intima by 44% (P <.05 vs control), whereas treatment with the individual antibodies did not significantly alter intimal area. Blockade of both receptors also inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation by 66% (P <.05 vs control), whereas neither antibody alone altered proliferation. In contrast, all treatments increased smooth muscle cell apoptosis threefold to fivefold. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that simultaneous inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of cell death by the administration of antibodies to both PDGF receptor alpha and receptor beta is required for intimal atrophy in this baboon graft model. In addition, these data provide an in vivo model for the pharmacologic induction of intimal atrophy and introduce a novel clinical approach to treat intimal hyperplasia. Clinical relevance This study introduces the concept of pharmacologic induction of intimal atrophy. Intimal hyperplasia plagues all forms of arterial reconstruction. Currently, the only effective treatment of these restenotic lesions is balloon angioplasty or operative revision. An alternative approach to patients with clinically significant intimal hyperplasia might be to stimulate intimal regression by modulating growth and survival factors required for intimal maintenance. Although PDGF is known to be critical in intimal formation, the results of this study suggest that PDGF is also critical for intimal maintenance. Inhibition of the PDGF system may prove to be a clinically applicable approach for inducing intimal atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Englesbe
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Moon SK, Jung SY, Choi YH, Lee YC, Kim CH. Platelet-derived growth factor induces p21/WAF1 promoter in vascular smooth muscle cells via activation of an Sp1 site. FEBS Lett 2003; 552:130-4. [PMID: 14527674 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggested that cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21 acts as a universal inhibitor of cyclin/CDK catalytic activity. This protein has also been shown to be a component of active cyclin/CDK complexes. In addition, it has recently been suggested that p21 serves as an assembly factor in platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). However, little is known concerning the molecular mechanisms by which PDGF induces p21 gene expression in VSMC. In this report we demonstrate that PDGF induces the p21 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. This increase in p21 gene expression was due to activation of the p21 promoter by PDGF. Through both deletion and mutation analysis of the p21 promoter, we defined a 10-bp sequence that is required for the activation of the p21 promoter by PDGF. In addition, gel shift and supershift assays demonstrated that this PDGF-responsive element binds specifically to the transcription factor Sp1. These results demonstrate that Sp1 mediates PDGF-induced p21 gene expression in VSMC. Moreover, immunoblot and immunoprecipitation analysis showed that the level of hyperphosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is increased and the protein is physically associated with Sp1 in PDGF-treated cells, indicating that phosphorylated Rb may play a role in regulating Sp1 to activate p21 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kwon Moon
- National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Korean Ministry of Science and Technology, Kyungju, 780-714 Kyungbuk, South Korea
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Bernhard D, Pfister G, Huck CW, Kind M, Salvenmoser W, Bonn GK, Wick G. Disruption of vascular endothelial homeostasis by tobacco smoke: impact on atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2003; 17:2302-4. [PMID: 14525940 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0312fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that by 2020 tobacco will become the largest single health problem worldwide and will cause an estimated 8.4 million deaths annually (http://www5.who.int/tobacco/). Although the impact of smoking on human health is well defined from the medical point of view, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms by which tobacco smoke mediates its disastrous effects. Here, we demonstrate that tobacco smoke dramatically changes vascular endothelial cell and tissue morphology, leading to a loss of endothelial barrier function within minutes. Long-term exposure of endothelial cells to tobacco smoke extracts induces necrosis that may trigger a pro-inflammatory status of the vessel wall. Pre-incubation of the extracts without cells for 6 h at 37 degrees C led to a complete loss of activity. Further, the endothelium could be rescued by changing to fresh medium even at times when the extracts had lost their activity. Finally, we show that N-acetyl cysteine and statins inhibit the adverse tobacco smoke effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bernhard
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Troncone G, Iaccarino A, Caleo A, Bifano D, Pettinato G, Palombini L. p27 Kip1 protein expression in Hashimoto's thyroiditis. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:587-91. [PMID: 12890807 PMCID: PMC1770026 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.8.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease in which both proliferation and apoptosis are enhanced. p27(Kip1) protein protects tissues from disease mechanisms that involve excessive cell proliferation and apoptosis. This study investigated whether there is loss of p27(Kip1) expression in HT and whether p27(Kip1) immunoreactivity has any relation to the proliferative indicator Ki-67. Because p27(Kip1) is regulated through either degradation, mediated by the S phase kinase associated protein 2 (Skp2), or sequestration, via D3 cyclin, the expression of these proteins was also investigated. METHODS Immunohistochemistry was used to assess p27(Kip1), Ki-67, Skp2, and cyclin D3 expression in 19 cases of HT and in 10 normal thyroids. The results were evaluated by image analysis and reported as labelling indices (LIs) in both groups. RESULTS The p27(Kip1) LI was lower in HT than in normal thyroid (28% v 75%; p < 0.001), whereas Ki-67 (1.13% v 0.13%), Skp2 (0.74% v 0.15%), and cyclin D3 (1.56% v 0.00%) LIs were higher in HT than in normal thyroids (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between p27(Kip1) and the expression of Ki-67, Skp2, and cyclin D3. CONCLUSIONS p27(Kip1) downregulation is not exclusive to tumours but occurs also in HT, independently of the proliferative status and of changes in Skp2 and cyclin D3 expression. Further investigation is required to understand the mechanisms leading to p27 deregulation because these observations suggest that the regulation of p27(Kip1) expression in epithelial thyroid cells may play a role in HT pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Troncone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomorfologiche e Funzionali, University "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Kirii H, Niwa T, Yamada Y, Wada H, Saito K, Iwakura Y, Asano M, Moriwaki H, Seishima M. Lack of interleukin-1beta decreases the severity of atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23:656-60. [PMID: 12615675 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000064374.15232.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerosis is considered to be a chronic inflammatory disease and many cytokines participate in the development of atherosclerosis. We focused on the role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), one of the proinflammatory cytokines secreted by monocytes/macrophages, in the progression of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mice lacking both apoE and IL-1beta. The sizes of atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic sinus in apoE-/-/IL-1beta-/-mice at 12 and 24 weeks of age showed a significant decrease of approximately 30% compared with apoE-/-/IL-1beta+/+ mice, and the percentage of the atherosclerotic area to total area of apoE-/-/IL-1beta-/- at 24 weeks of age also showed a significant decrease of about 30% compared with apoE-/-/IL-1beta+/+. The mRNA levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the apoE-/-/IL-1beta-/- aorta were significantly reduced compared with the apoE-/-/IL-1beta+/+. Furthermore, VCAM-1 was also reduced at the protein level in apoE-/-/IL-1beta-/- aorta compared with apoE-/-/IL-1beta+/+. CONCLUSIONS The lack of IL-1beta decreases the severity of atherosclerosis in apoE deficient mice, possibly through increased expressions of VCAM-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kirii
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-machi, Gifu 500-8705, Japan
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