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Roychowdhury T, Klarin D, Levin MG, Spin JM, Rhee YH, Deng A, Headley CA, Tsao NL, Gellatly C, Zuber V, Shen F, Hornsby WE, Laursen IH, Verma SS, Locke AE, Einarsson G, Thorleifsson G, Graham SE, Dikilitas O, Pattee JW, Judy RL, Pauls-Verges F, Nielsen JB, Wolford BN, Brumpton BM, Dilmé J, Peypoch O, Juscafresa LC, Edwards TL, Li D, Banasik K, Brunak S, Jacobsen RL, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Rasmussen LM, Lee R, Handa A, Wanhainen A, Mani K, Lindholt JS, Obel LM, Strauss E, Oszkinis G, Nelson CP, Saxby KL, van Herwaarden JA, van der Laan SW, van Setten J, Camacho M, Davis FM, Wasikowski R, Tsoi LC, Gudjonsson JE, Eliason JL, Coleman DM, Henke PK, Ganesh SK, Chen YE, Guan W, Pankow JS, Pankratz N, Pedersen OB, Erikstrup C, Tang W, Hveem K, Gudbjartsson D, Gretarsdottir S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Holm H, Stefansson K, Ferreira MA, Baras A, Kullo IJ, Ritchie MD, Christensen AH, Iversen KK, Eldrup N, Sillesen H, Ostrowski SR, Bundgaard H, Ullum H, Burgess S, Gill D, Gallagher K, Sabater-Lleal M, Surakka I, Jones GT, Bown MJ, Tsao PS, Willer CJ, Damrauer SM. Genome-wide association meta-analysis identifies risk loci for abdominal aortic aneurysm and highlights PCSK9 as a therapeutic target. Nat Genet 2023; 55:1831-1842. [PMID: 37845353 PMCID: PMC10632148 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01510-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease with substantial heritability. In this study, we performed a genome-wide association meta-analysis from 14 discovery cohorts and uncovered 141 independent associations, including 97 previously unreported loci. A polygenic risk score derived from meta-analysis explained AAA risk beyond clinical risk factors. Genes at AAA risk loci indicate involvement of lipid metabolism, vascular development and remodeling, extracellular matrix dysregulation and inflammation as key mechanisms in AAA pathogenesis. These genes also indicate overlap between the development of AAA and other monogenic aortopathies, particularly via transforming growth factor β signaling. Motivated by the strong evidence for the role of lipid metabolism in AAA, we used Mendelian randomization to establish the central role of nonhigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol in AAA and identified the opportunity for repurposing of proprotein convertase, subtilisin/kexin-type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. This was supported by a study demonstrating that PCSK9 loss of function prevented the development of AAA in a preclinical mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Roychowdhury
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Derek Klarin
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Levin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joshua M Spin
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yae Hyun Rhee
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Deng
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Colwyn A Headley
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Noah L Tsao
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corry Gellatly
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Verena Zuber
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Fred Shen
- University of Michigan Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Whitney E Hornsby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ina Holst Laursen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shefali S Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam E Locke
- Regeneron Genetics Center, LLC, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah E Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ozan Dikilitas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinician Investigator Training Program, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Renae L Judy
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ferran Pauls-Verges
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonas B Nielsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Brooke N Wolford
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ben M Brumpton
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jaume Dilmé
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Peypoch
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dadong Li
- Regeneron Genetics Center, LLC, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke L Jacobsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, Elite Research Centre of Individualized Medicine in Arterial Disease (CIMA), Odense, Denmark
| | - Regent Lee
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ashok Handa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anders Wanhainen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kevin Mani
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Elite Research Centre of Individualized Medicine in Arterial Disease (CIMA), Odense, Denmark
| | - Lasse M Obel
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Elite Research Centre of Individualized Medicine in Arterial Disease (CIMA), Odense, Denmark
| | - Ewa Strauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Oszkinis
- Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Vascular and General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Christopher P Nelson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Katie L Saxby
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Joost A van Herwaarden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Central Diagnostics Laboratory, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy, and Biomedical genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mercedes Camacho
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank M Davis
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan L Eliason
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dawn M Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter K Henke
- Department of Surgery, Section of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Santhi K Ganesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ole B Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital-Køge, Køge, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Erikstrup
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kristian Hveem
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Levanger Hospital, Nord-Trøndelag Hospital Trust, Levanger, Norway
| | - Daniel Gudbjartsson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Hilma Holm
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, LLC, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Marylyn D Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alex H Christensen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Iversen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Eldrup
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Sillesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Chief Scientific Advisor Office, Research and Early Development, Novo Nordisk, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katherine Gallagher
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria Sabater-Lleal
- Unit of Genomics of Complex Diseases, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory T Jones
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J Bown
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristen J Willer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhao G, Lu H, Liu Y, Xue C, Chang Z, Liu H, Deng Y, Liang W, Wang H, Rom O, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhu T, Guo Y, Chang L, Lin J, Chen YE, Zhang J. Myeloid BAF60a deficiency alters metabolic homeostasis and exacerbates atherosclerosis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113171. [PMID: 37768825 PMCID: PMC10842557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a leading health concern, stems from the dynamic involvement of immune cells in vascular plaques. Despite its significance, the interplay between chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation in plaque macrophages is understudied. We discovered the reduced expression of Baf60a, a component of the switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, in macrophages from advanced plaques. Myeloid-specific Baf60a deletion compromised mitochondrial integrity and heightened adhesion, apoptosis, and plaque development. BAF60a preserves mitochondrial energy homeostasis under pro-atherogenic stimuli by retaining nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) accessibility at critical genes. Overexpression of BAF60a rescued mitochondrial dysfunction in an NRF1-dependent manner. This study illuminates the BAF60a-NRF1 axis as a mitochondrial function modulator in atherosclerosis, proposing the rejuvenation of perturbed chromatin remodeling machinery as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongjie Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jiandie Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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3
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Zhao G, Zhao Y, Lu H, Chang Z, Liu H, Wang H, Liang W, Liu Y, Zhu T, Rom O, Guo Y, Chang L, Yang B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Lin JD, Chen YE, Zhang J. BAF60c prevents abdominal aortic aneurysm formation through epigenetic control of vascular smooth muscle cell homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158309. [PMID: 36066968 PMCID: PMC9621131 DOI: 10.1172/jci158309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening vascular disease. BAF60c, a unique subunit of the SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex, is critical for cardiac and skeletal myogenesis, yet little is known about its function in the vasculature and, specifically, in AAA pathogenesis. Here, we found that BAF60c was downregulated in human and mouse AAA tissues, with primary staining to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), confirmed by single-cell RNA-sequencing. In vivo studies revealed that VSMC-specific knockout of Baf60c significantly aggravated both angiotensin II- (Ang II-) and elastase-induced AAA formation in mice, with a significant increase in elastin degradation, inflammatory cell infiltration, VSMC phenotypic switch, and apoptosis. In vitro studies showed that BAF60c knockdown in VSMCs resulted in loss of contractile phenotype, increased VSMC inflammation, and apoptosis. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that BAF60c preserved VSMC contractile phenotype by strengthening serum response factor (SRF) association with its coactivator P300 and the SWI/SNF complex and suppressing VSMC inflammation by promoting a repressive chromatin state of NF-κB target genes as well as preventing VSMC apoptosis through transcriptional activation of KLF5-dependent B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) expression. Our identification of the essential role of BAF60c in preserving VSMC homeostasis expands its therapeutic potential in preventing and treating AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center–Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Minerva T. Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jiandie D. Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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4
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Rom O, Liu Y, Finney AC, Ghrayeb A, Zhao Y, Shukha Y, Wang L, Rajanayake KK, Das S, Rashdan NA, Weissman N, Delgadillo L, Wen B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Aviram M, Kevil CG, Yurdagul A, Pattillo CB, Zhang J, Sun D, Hayek T, Gottlieb E, Mor I, Chen YE. Induction of glutathione biosynthesis by glycine-based treatment mitigates atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2022; 52:102313. [PMID: 35447412 PMCID: PMC9044008 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower circulating levels of glycine are consistently reported in association with cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the causative role and therapeutic potential of glycine in atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of most CVDs, remain to be established. Here, following the identification of reduced circulating glycine in patients with significant coronary artery disease (sCAD), we investigated a causative role of glycine in atherosclerosis by modulating glycine availability in atheroprone mice. We further evaluated the atheroprotective potential of DT-109, a recently identified glycine-based compound with dual lipid/glucose-lowering properties. Glycine deficiency enhanced, while glycine supplementation attenuated, atherosclerosis development in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe−/−) mice. DT-109 treatment showed the most significant atheroprotective effects and lowered atherosclerosis in the whole aortic tree and aortic sinus concomitant with reduced superoxide. In Apoe−/− mice with established atherosclerosis, DT-109 treatment significantly reduced atherosclerosis and aortic superoxide independent of lipid-lowering effects. Targeted metabolomics and kinetics studies revealed that DT-109 induces glutathione formation in mononuclear cells. In bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), glycine and DT-109 attenuated superoxide formation induced by glycine deficiency. This was abolished in BMDMs from glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit-deficient (Gclm−/-) mice in which glutathione biosynthesis is impaired. Metabolic flux and carbon tracing experiments revealed that glycine deficiency inhibits glutathione formation in BMDMs while glycine-based treatment induces de novo glutathione biosynthesis. Through a combination of studies in patients with CAD, in vivo studies using atherosclerotic mice and in vitro studies using macrophages, we demonstrated a causative role of glycine in atherosclerosis and identified glycine-based treatment as an approach to mitigate atherosclerosis through antioxidant effects mediated by induction of glutathione biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Alexandra C Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Alia Ghrayeb
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yousef Shukha
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Krishani K Rajanayake
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sandeep Das
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Nabil A Rashdan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Natan Weissman
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Luisa Delgadillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tony Hayek
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3525433, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Inbal Mor
- The Laboratory for Metabolism in Health and Disease, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 31096, Israel
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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5
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Zhao M, Wei H, Li C, Zhan R, Liu C, Gao J, Yi Y, Cui X, Shan W, Ji L, Pan B, Cheng S, Song M, Sun H, Jiang H, Cai J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Meng X, Dong E, Wang DW, Zheng L. Gut microbiota production of trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid reduces fatty acid oxidation and accelerates cardiac hypertrophy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1757. [PMID: 35365608 PMCID: PMC8976029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies found intestinal microbiota alterations which are thought to affect the development of various diseases through the production of gut-derived metabolites. However, the specific metabolites and their pathophysiological contribution to cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure progression still remain unclear. N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA), derived from trimethyllysine through the gut microbiota, was elevated with gradually increased risk of cardiac mortality and transplantation in a prospective heart failure cohort (n = 1647). TMAVA treatment aggravated cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in high-fat diet-fed mice. Decreased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is a hallmark of metabolic reprogramming in the diseased heart and contributes to impaired myocardial energetics and contractile dysfunction. Proteomics uncovered that TMAVA disturbed cardiac energy metabolism, leading to inhibition of FAO and myocardial lipid accumulation. TMAVA treatment altered mitochondrial ultrastructure, respiration and FAO and inhibited carnitine metabolism. Mice with γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) deficiency displayed a similar cardiac hypertrophy phenotype, indicating that TMAVA functions through BBOX. Finally, exogenous carnitine supplementation reversed TMAVA induced cardiac hypertrophy. These data suggest that the gut microbiota-derived TMAVA is a key determinant for the development of cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of carnitine synthesis and subsequent FAO. Intestinal microbiota alterations may affect heart function through the production of gut-derived metabolites. Here the authors found that gut microbiota-derived TMAVA is a key determinant for the development of cardiac hypertrophy through inhibition of carnitine synthesis and subsequent fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Haoran Wei
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Chenze Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Rui Zhan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Changjie Liu
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jianing Gao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yaodong Yi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Shan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liang Ji
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bing Pan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Si Cheng
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Moshi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Fuwai Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Erdan Dong
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Beijing Tiantan Hospital, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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6
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Wang H, Guo Y, Lu H, Luo Y, Hu W, Liang W, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chang L, Schwendeman A, Zhang J, Chen YE. Krüppel-like factor 14 deletion in myeloid cells accelerates atherosclerotic lesion development. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:475-488. [PMID: 33538785 PMCID: PMC8803076 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerosis is the dominant pathologic basis of many cardiovascular diseases. Large genome-wide association studies have identified that single-nucleotide polymorphisms proximal to Krüppel-like factor 14 (KLF14), a member of the zinc finger family of transcription factors, are associated with higher cardiovascular risks. Macrophage dysfunction contributes to atherosclerosis development and has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target for treating many cardiovascular diseases. Herein, we address the biologic function of KLF14 in macrophages and its role during the development of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS KLF14 expression was markedly decreased in cholesterol loaded foam cells, and overexpression of KLF14 significantly increased cholesterol efflux and inhibited the inflammatory response in macrophages. We generated myeloid cell-selective Klf14 knockout (Klf14LysM) mice in the ApoE-/- background for the atherosclerosis study. Klf14LysMApoE-/- and litter-mate control mice (Klf14fl/flApoE-/-) were placed on the Western Diet for 12 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. Macrophage Klf14 deficiency resulted in increased atherosclerosis development without affecting the plasma lipid profiles. Klf14-deficient peritoneal macrophages showed significantly reduced cholesterol efflux resulting in increased lipid accumulation and exacerbated inflammatory response. Mechanistically, KLF14 upregulates the expression of a key cholesterol efflux transporter, ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1), while it suppresses the expression of several critical components of the inflammatory cascade. In macrophages, activation of KLF14 by its activator, perhexiline, a drug clinically used to treat angina, significantly inhibited the inflammatory response and increased cholesterol efflux in a KLF14-dependent manner in macrophages without triggering hepatic lipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the anti-atherosclerotic effects of myeloid KLF14 through promoting cholesterol efflux and suppressing the inflammatory response. Activation of KLF14 may represent a potential new therapeutic approach to prevent or treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilun Wang
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yonghong Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Wenting Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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7
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Liu Y, Zhao Y, Shukha Y, Lu H, Wang L, Liu Z, Liu C, Zhao Y, Wang H, Zhao G, Liang W, Fan Y, Chang L, Yurdagul A, Pattillo CB, Orr AW, Aviram M, Wen B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Liu W, Sun D, Hayek T, Chen YE, Rom O. Dysregulated oxalate metabolism is a driver and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109420. [PMID: 34320345 PMCID: PMC8363062 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated glycine metabolism is emerging as a common denominator in cardiometabolic diseases, but its contribution to atherosclerosis remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate impaired glycine-oxalate metabolism through alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGXT) in atherosclerosis. As found in patients with atherosclerosis, the glycine/oxalate ratio is decreased in atherosclerotic mice concomitant with suppression of AGXT. Agxt deletion in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice decreases the glycine/oxalate ratio and increases atherosclerosis with induction of hepatic pro-atherogenic pathways, predominantly cytokine/chemokine signaling and dysregulated redox homeostasis. Consistently, circulating and aortic C-C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) and superoxide in lesional macrophages are increased. Similar findings are observed following dietary oxalate overload in Apoe-/- mice. In macrophages, oxalate induces mitochondrial dysfunction and superoxide accumulation, leading to increased CCL5. Conversely, AGXT overexpression in Apoe-/- mice increases the glycine/oxalate ratio and decreases aortic superoxide, CCL5, and atherosclerosis. Our findings uncover dysregulated oxalate metabolism via suppressed AGXT as a driver and therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yousef Shukha
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cai Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Christopher B Pattillo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - A Wayne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tony Hayek
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 3109601, Israel; The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525433, Israel
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA.
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8
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Zhao G, Lu H, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhu T, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Zhang J. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Endothelial Plasticity During Diabetic Atherogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689469. [PMID: 34095155 PMCID: PMC8170046 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, which is also the primary cause of mortality among diabetic patients. Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a critical early step in the development of atherosclerosis and aggravated in the presence of concurrent diabetes. Although the heterogeneity of the organ-specific ECs has been systematically analyzed at the single-cell level in healthy conditions, their transcriptomic changes in diabetic atherosclerosis remain largely unexplored. Here, we carried out a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) study using EC-enriched single cells from mouse heart and aorta after 12 weeks feeding of a standard chow or a diabetogenic high-fat diet with cholesterol. We identified eight EC clusters, three of which expressed mesenchymal markers, indicative of an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Analyses of the marker genes, pathways, and biological functions revealed that ECs are highly heterogeneous and plastic both in normal and atherosclerotic conditions. The metabolic transcriptomic analysis further confirmed that EndMT-derived fibroblast-like cells are prominent in atherosclerosis, with diminished fatty acid oxidation and enhanced biological functions, including regulation of extracellular-matrix organization and apoptosis. In summary, our data characterized the phenotypic and metabolic heterogeneity of ECs in diabetes-associated atherogenesis at the single-cell level and paves the way for a deeper understanding of endothelial cell biology and EC-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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9
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Zhao G, Lu H, Chang Z, Zhao Y, Zhu T, Chang L, Guo Y, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Zhang J. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the cellular heterogeneity of aneurysmal infrarenal abdominal aorta. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1402-1416. [PMID: 32678909 PMCID: PMC8064434 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The artery contains numerous cell types which contribute to multiple vascular diseases. However, the heterogeneity and cellular responses of these vascular cells during abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression have not been well characterized. METHODS AND RESULTS Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on the infrarenal abdominal aortas (IAAs) from C57BL/6J mice at Days 7 and 14 post-sham or peri-adventitial elastase-induced AAA. Unbiased clustering analysis of the transcriptional profiles from >4500 aortic cells identified 17 clusters representing nine-cell lineages, encompassing vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells (macrophages, T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells), and two types of rare cells, including neural cells and erythrocyte cells. Seurat clustering analysis identified four smooth muscle cell (SMC) subpopulations and five monocyte/macrophage subpopulations, with distinct transcriptional profiles. During AAA progression, three major SMC subpopulations were proportionally decreased, whereas the small subpopulation was increased, accompanied with down-regulation of SMC contractile markers and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes. Another AAA-associated cellular response is immune cell expansion, particularly monocytes/macrophages. Elastase exposure induced significant expansion and activation of aortic resident macrophages, blood-derived monocytes and inflammatory macrophages. We also identified increased blood-derived reparative macrophages expressing anti-inflammatory cytokines suggesting that resolution of inflammation and vascular repair also persist during AAA progression. CONCLUSION Our data identify AAA disease-relevant transcriptional signatures of vascular cells in the IAA. Furthermore, we characterize the heterogeneity and cellular responses of VSMCs and monocytes/macrophages during AAA progression, which provide insights into their function and the regulation of AAA onset and progression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/chemically induced
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/genetics
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Cell Lineage
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Pancreatic Elastase
- Phenotype
- RNA-Seq
- Single-Cell Analysis
- Transcriptome
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, NCRC Bldg26, Room 357S. 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Lu H, Zhang J, Chen YE, Garcia-Barrio MT. Integration of Transformative Platforms for the Discovery of Causative Genes in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 35:637-654. [PMID: 33856594 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are powerful epidemiological tools to find genes and variants associated with cardiovascular diseases while follow-up biological studies allow to better understand the etiology and mechanisms of disease and assign causality. Improved methodologies and reduced costs have allowed wider use of bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing, human-induced pluripotent stem cells, organoids, metabolomics, epigenomics, and novel animal models in conjunction with GWAS. In this review, we feature recent advancements relevant to cardiovascular diseases arising from the integration of genetic findings with multiple enabling technologies within multidisciplinary teams to highlight the solidifying transformative potential of this approach. Well-designed workflows integrating different platforms are greatly improving and accelerating the unraveling and understanding of complex disease processes while promoting an effective way to find better drug targets, improve drug design and repurposing, and provide insight towards a more personalized clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.,Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA. .,Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
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11
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Zhao G, Chang Z, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Lu H, Liang W, Rom O, Wang H, Sun J, Zhu T, Fan Y, Chang L, Yang B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Zhang J. KLF11 protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm through inhibition of endothelial cell dysfunction. JCI Insight 2021; 6:141673. [PMID: 33507881 PMCID: PMC8021107 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening degenerative vascular disease. Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is implicated in AAA. Our group recently demonstrated that Krüppel-like factor 11 (KLF11) plays an essential role in maintaining vascular homeostasis, at least partially through inhibition of EC inflammatory activation. However, the functions of endothelial KLF11 in AAA remain unknown. Here we found that endothelial KLF11 expression was reduced in the ECs from human aneurysms and was time dependently decreased in the aneurysmal endothelium from both elastase- and Pcsk9/AngII-induced AAA mouse models. KLF11 deficiency in ECs markedly aggravated AAA formation, whereas EC-selective KLF11 overexpression markedly inhibited AAA formation. Mechanistically, KLF11 not only inhibited the EC inflammatory response but also diminished MMP9 expression and activity and reduced NADPH oxidase 2-mediated production of reactive oxygen species in ECs. In addition, KLF11-deficient ECs induced smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation and apoptosis. Overall, we established endothelial KLF11 as a potentially novel factor protecting against AAA and a potential target for intervention in aortic aneurysms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jinjian Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Minerva T. Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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12
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Sun J, Lu H, Liang W, Zhao G, Ren L, Hu D, Chang Z, Liu Y, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Chen YE, Fan Y. Endothelial TFEB (Transcription Factor EB) Improves Glucose Tolerance via Upregulation of IRS (Insulin Receptor Substrate) 1 and IRS2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:783-795. [PMID: 33297755 PMCID: PMC8105265 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Aberrant EC metabolism leads to vascular dysfunction and metabolic diseases. TFEB (transcription factor EB), a master regulator of lysosome biogenesis and autophagy, has protective effects on vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, the role of endothelial TFEB in metabolism remains to be explored. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of endothelial TFEB in glucose metabolism and underlying molecular mechanisms. Approach and Results: To determine whether endothelial TFEB is critical for glucose metabolism in vivo, we utilized EC-selective TFEB knockout and EC-selective TFEB transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet. EC-selective TFEB knockout mice exhibited significantly impaired glucose tolerance compared with control mice. Consistently, EC-selective TFEB transgenic mice showed improved glucose tolerance. In primary human ECs, small interfering RNA-mediated TFEB knockdown blunts Akt (AKT serine/threonine kinase) signaling. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of TFEB consistently activates Akt and significantly increases glucose uptake in ECs. Mechanistically, TFEB upregulates IRS1 and IRS2 (insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2). TFEB increases IRS2 transcription measured by reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Furthermore, we found that TFEB increases IRS1 protein via downregulation of microRNAs (miR-335, miR-495, and miR-548o). In vivo, Akt signaling in the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue was significantly impaired in EC-selective TFEB knockout mice and consistently improved in EC-selective TFEB transgenic mice on high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed a critical role of TFEB in endothelial metabolism and suggest that TFEB constitutes a potential molecular target for the treatment of vascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Sun
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Ren
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Die Hu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Minerva T. Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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13
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Koike T, Koike Y, Yang D, Guo Y, Rom O, Song J, Xu J, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhu T, Garcia-Barrio MT, Fan J, Chen YE, Zhang J. Human apolipoprotein A-II reduces atherosclerosis in knock-in rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2021; 316:32-40. [PMID: 33296791 PMCID: PMC7770079 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apolipoprotein A-II (apoAII) is the second major apolipoprotein of the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particle, after apoAI. Unlike apoAI, the biological and physiological functions of apoAII are unclear. We aimed to gain insight into the specific roles of apoAII in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis using a novel rabbit model. METHODS Wild-type (WT) rabbits are naturally deficient in apoAII, thus their HDL contains only apoAI. Using TALEN technology, we replaced the endogenous apoAI in rabbits through knock-in (KI) of human apoAII. The newly generated apoAII KI rabbits were used to study the specific function of apoAII, independent of apoAI. RESULTS ApoAII KI rabbits expressed exclusively apoAII without apoAI, as confirmed by RT-PCR and Western blotting. On a standard diet, the KI rabbits exhibited lower plasma triglycerides (TG, 52%, p < 0.01) due to accelerated clearance of TG-rich particles and higher lipoprotein lipase activity than the WT littermates. ApoAII KI rabbits also had higher plasma HDL-C (28%, p < 0.05) and their HDL was rich in apoE, apoAIV, and apoAV. When fed a cholesterol-rich diet for 16 weeks, apoAII KI rabbits were resistant to diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia and developed significantly less aortic atherosclerosis compared to WT rabbits. HDL isolated from rabbits with apoAII KI had similar cholesterol efflux capacity and anti-inflammatory effects as HDL isolated from the WT rabbits. CONCLUSIONS ApoAII KI rabbits developed less atherosclerosis than WT rabbits, possibly through increased plasma HDL-C, reduced TG and atherogenic lipoproteins. These results suggest that apoAII may serve as a potential target for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonari Koike
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yui Koike
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Oren Rom
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jianglin Fan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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14
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Rom O, Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Wu J, Ghrayeb A, Villacorta L, Fan Y, Chang L, Wang L, Liu C, Yang D, Song J, Rech JC, Guo Y, Wang H, Zhao G, Liang W, Koike Y, Lu H, Koike T, Hayek T, Pennathur S, Xi C, Wen B, Sun D, Garcia-Barrio MT, Aviram M, Gottlieb E, Mor I, Liu W, Zhang J, Chen YE. Glycine-based treatment ameliorates NAFLD by modulating fatty acid oxidation, glutathione synthesis, and the gut microbiome. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaz2841. [PMID: 33268508 PMCID: PMC7982985 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has reached epidemic proportions with no pharmacological therapy approved. Lower circulating glycine is consistently reported in patients with NAFLD, but the causes for reduced glycine, its role as a causative factor, and its therapeutic potential remain unclear. We performed transcriptomics in livers from humans and mice with NAFLD and found suppression of glycine biosynthetic genes, primarily alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGXT1). Genetic (Agxt1 -/- mice) and dietary approaches to limit glycine availability resulted in exacerbated diet-induced hyperlipidemia and steatohepatitis, with suppressed mitochondrial/peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) and enhanced inflammation as the underlying pathways. We explored glycine-based compounds with dual lipid/glucose-lowering properties as potential therapies for NAFLD and identified a tripeptide (Gly-Gly-L-Leu, DT-109) that improved body composition and lowered circulating glucose, lipids, transaminases, proinflammatory cytokines, and steatohepatitis in mice with established NASH induced by a high-fat, cholesterol, and fructose diet. We applied metagenomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics to explore the underlying mechanisms. The bacterial genus Clostridium sensu stricto was markedly increased in mice with NASH and decreased after DT-109 treatment. DT-109 induced hepatic FAO pathways, lowered lipotoxicity, and stimulated de novo glutathione synthesis. In turn, inflammatory infiltration and hepatic fibrosis were attenuated via suppression of NF-κB target genes and TGFβ/SMAD signaling. Unlike its effects on the gut microbiome, DT-109 stimulated FAO and glutathione synthesis independent of NASH. In conclusion, impaired glycine metabolism may play a causative role in NAFLD. Glycine-based treatment attenuates experimental NAFLD by stimulating hepatic FAO and glutathione synthesis, thus warranting clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yuhao Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alia Ghrayeb
- The Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cai Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason C Rech
- Michigan Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, MI, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yui Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tomonari Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tony Hayek
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
- Department of Internal Medicine E, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | | | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bo Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Duxin Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Michael Aviram
- The Lipid Research Laboratory, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- The Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Inbal Mor
- The Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Wanqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Chang Z, Zhao G, Zhao Y, Lu H, Xiong W, Liang W, Sun J, Wang H, Zhu T, Rom O, Guo Y, Fan Y, Chang L, Yang B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Lin JD, Chen YE, Zhang J. BAF60a Deficiency in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Prevents Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm by Reducing Inflammation and Extracellular Matrix Degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:2494-2507. [PMID: 32787523 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.314955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently, there are no approved drugs for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) treatment, likely due to limited understanding of the primary molecular mechanisms underlying AAA development and progression. BAF60a-a unique subunit of the SWI/SNF (switch/sucrose nonfermentable) chromatin remodeling complex-is a novel regulator of metabolic homeostasis, yet little is known about its function in the vasculature and pathogenesis of AAA. In this study, we sought to investigate the role and underlying mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-specific BAF60a in AAA formation. Approach and Results: BAF60a is upregulated in human and experimental murine AAA lesions. In vivo studies revealed that VSMC-specific knockout of BAF60a protected mice from both Ang II (angiotensin II)-induced and elastase-induced AAA formation with significant suppression of vascular inflammation, monocyte infiltration, and elastin fragmentation. Through RNA sequencing and pathway analysis, we found that the expression of inflammatory response genes in cultured human aortic smooth muscle cells was significantly downregulated by small interfering RNA-mediated BAF60a knockdown while upregulated upon adenovirus-mediated BAF60a overexpression. BAF60a regulates VSMC inflammation by recruiting BRG1 (Brahma-related gene-1)-a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex-to the promoter region of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) target genes. Furthermore, loss of BAF60a in VSMCs prevented the upregulation of the proteolytic enzyme cysteine protease CTSS (cathepsin S), thus ameliorating ECM (extracellular matrix) degradation within the vascular wall in AAA. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that BAF60a is required to recruit the SWI/SNF complex to facilitate the epigenetic regulation of VSMC inflammation, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target in preventing and treating AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology (Z.C.), The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Wenhao Xiong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Jinjian Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.S.), The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery (B.Y.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Jiandie D Lin
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (J.D.L.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (Z.C., G.Z., Y.Z., H.L., W.X., W.L., J.S., H.W., T.Z., O.R., Y.G., Y.F., L.C., M.T.G.-B., Y.E.C., J.Z.), University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
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Zhao Y, Chang Z, Zhao G, Lu H, Xiong W, Liang W, Wang H, Villacorta L, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhu T, Guo Y, Fan Y, Chang L, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Zhang J, Chen YE. Suppression of Vascular Macrophage Activation by Nitro-Oleic Acid and its Implication for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:939-951. [PMID: 32671602 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-07031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is one of the leading causes of death in the developed world and is currently undertreated due to the complicated nature of the disease. Herein, we aimed to address the therapeutic potential of a novel class of pleiotropic mediators, specifically a new drug candidate, nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA), on AAA, in a well-characterized murine AAA model. METHODS We generated AAA using a mouse model combining AAV.PCSK9-D377Y induced hypercholesterolemia with angiotensin II given by chronic infusion. Vehicle control (PEG-400), oleic acid (OA), or NO2-OA were subcutaneously delivered to mice using an osmotic minipump. We characterized the effects of NO2-OA on pathophysiological responses and dissected the underlying molecular mechanisms through various in vitro and ex vivo strategies. RESULTS Subcutaneous administration of NO2-OA significantly decreased the AAA incidence (8/28 mice) and supra-renal aorta diameters compared to mice infused with either PEG-400 (13/19, p = 0.0117) or OA (16/23, p = 0.0078). In parallel, the infusion of NO2-OA in the AAA model drastically decreased extracellular matrix degradation, inflammatory cytokine levels, and leucocyte/macrophage infiltration in the vasculature. Administration of NO2-OA reduced inflammation, cytokine secretion, and cell migration triggered by various biological stimuli in primary and macrophage cell lines partially through activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Moreover, the protective effect of NO2-OA relies on the inhibition of macrophage prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced PGE2 receptor 4 (EP4) cAMP signaling, known to participate in the development of AAA. CONCLUSION Administration of NO2-OA protects against AAA formation and multifactorial macrophage activation. With NO2-OA currently undergoing FDA approved phase II clinical trials, these findings may expedite the use of this nitro-fatty acid for AAA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Central South University Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wenhao Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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17
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Zhao M, Zhao L, Xiong X, He Y, Huang W, Liu Z, Ji L, Pan B, Guo X, Wang L, Cheng S, Xu M, Yang H, Yin Y, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Meng X, Zheng L. TMAVA, a Metabolite of Intestinal Microbes, Is Increased in Plasma From Patients With Liver Steatosis, Inhibits γ-Butyrobetaine Hydroxylase, and Exacerbates Fatty Liver in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:2266-2281.e27. [PMID: 32105727 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by excessive hepatic accumulation of triglycerides. We aimed to identify metabolites that differ in plasma of patients with liver steatosis vs healthy individuals (controls) and investigate the mechanisms by which these might contribute to fatty liver in mice. METHODS We obtained blood samples from 15 patients with liver steatosis and 15 controls from a single center in China (discovery cohort). We performed untargeted liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis of plasma to identify analytes associated with liver steatosis. We then performed targeted metabolomic analysis of blood samples from 2 independent cohorts of individuals who underwent annual health examinations in China (1157 subjects with or without diabetes and 767 subjects with or without liver steatosis; replication cohorts). We performed mass spectrometry analysis of plasma from C57BL/6J mice, germ-free, and mice given antibiotics. C57BL/6J mice were given 0.325% (m/v) N,N,N-trimethyl-5-aminovaleric acid (TMAVA) in their drinking water and placed on a 45% high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 months. Plasma, liver tissues, and fecal samples were collected; fecal samples were analyzed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. C57BL/6J mice with CRISPR-mediated disruption of the gene encoding γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX-knockout mice) were also placed on a 45% HFD for 2 months. Hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in liver tissues was determined by measuring liberation of 3H2O from [3H] palmitic acid. Liver tissues were analyzed by electron microscopy, to view mitochondria, and proteomic analyses. We used surface plasmon resonance analysis to quantify the affinity of TMAVA for BBOX. RESULTS Levels of TMAVA, believed to be a metabolite of intestinal microbes, were increased in plasma from subjects with liver steatosis compared with controls, in the discovery and replication cohorts. In 1 replication cohort, the odds ratio for fatty liver in subjects with increased liver plasma levels of TMAVA was 1.82 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-2.90; P = .012). Plasma from mice given antibiotics or germ-free mice had significant reductions in TMAVA compared with control mice. We found the intestinal bacteria Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to metabolize trimethyllysine to TMAVA; levels of trimethyllysine were significantly higher in plasma from patients with steatosis than controls. We found TMAVA to bind and inhibit BBOX, reducing synthesis of carnitine. Mice given TMAVA had alterations in their fecal microbiomes and reduced cold tolerance; their plasma and liver tissue had significant reductions in levels of carnitine and acyl-carnitine and their hepatocytes had reduced mitochondrial FAO compared with mice given only an HFD. Mice given TMAVA on an HFD developed liver steatosis, which was reduced by carnitine supplementation. BBOX-knockout mice had carnitine deficiency and decreased FAO, increasing uptake and liver accumulation of free fatty acids and exacerbating HFD-induced fatty liver. CONCLUSIONS Levels of TMAVA are increased in plasma from subjects with liver steatosis. In mice, intestinal microbes metabolize trimethyllysine to TMAVA, which reduces carnitine synthesis and FAO to promote steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhao
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelian Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Fudan Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan He
- National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Gene Therapy Center and the Institute of Hypertension, Internal Medicine Department and Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Ji
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Pan
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Leibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Cheng
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuxin Yin
- The Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiangbao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lemin Zheng
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Institute of Systems Biomedicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Tiantan Hospital, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, The Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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18
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Lu H, Sun J, Liang W, Chang Z, Rom O, Zhao Y, Zhao G, Xiong W, Wang H, Zhu T, Guo Y, Chang L, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Chen YE, Fan Y. Cyclodextrin Prevents Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm via Activation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Transcription Factor EB. Circulation 2020; 142:483-498. [PMID: 32354235 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.044803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a severe aortic disease with a high mortality rate in the event of rupture. Pharmacological therapy is needed to inhibit AAA expansion and prevent aneurysm rupture. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of autophagy and lysosome biogenesis, is critical to maintain cell homeostasis. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) TFEB in the development of AAA and establish TFEB as a novel target to treat AAA. METHODS The expression of TFEB was measured in human and mouse aortic aneurysm samples. We used loss/gain-of-function approaches to understand the role of TFEB in VSMC survival and explored the underlying mechanisms through transcriptome and functional studies. Using VSMC-selective Tfeb knockout mice and different mouse AAA models, we determined the role of VSMC TFEB and a TFEB activator in AAA in vivo. RESULTS We found that TFEB is downregulated in both human and mouse aortic aneurysm lesions. TFEB potently inhibits apoptosis in VSMCs, and transcriptome analysis revealed that TFEB regulates apoptotic signaling pathways, especially apoptosis inhibitor B-cell lymphoma 2. B-cell lymphoma 2 is significantly upregulated by TFEB and is required for TFEB to inhibit VSMC apoptosis. We consistently observed that TFEB deficiency increases VSMC apoptosis and promotes AAA formation in different mouse AAA models. Furthermore, we demonstrated that 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, a clinical agent used to enhance the solubility of drugs, activates TFEB and inhibits AAA formation and progression in mice. Last, we found that 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibits AAA in a VSMC TFEB-dependent manner in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that TFEB protects against VSMC apoptosis and AAA. TFEB activation by 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Lu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Jinjian Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Wenying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Ziyi Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Guizhen Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Wenhao Xiong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Huilun Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
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19
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Chang L, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE. Perivascular Adipose Tissue Regulates Vascular Function by Targeting Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1094-1109. [PMID: 32188271 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.312464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissues are present at multiple locations in the body. Most blood vessels are surrounded with adipose tissue which is referred to as perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT). Similarly to adipose tissues at other locations, PVAT harbors many types of cells which produce and secrete adipokines and other undetermined factors which locally modulate PVAT metabolism and vascular function. Uncoupling protein-1, which is considered as a brown fat marker, is also expressed in PVAT of rodents and humans. Thus, compared with other adipose tissues in the visceral area, PVAT displays brown-like characteristics. PVAT shows a distinct function in the cardiovascular system compared with adipose tissues in other depots which are not adjacent to the vascular tree. Growing and extensive studies have demonstrated that presence of normal PVAT is required to maintain the vasculature in a functional status. However, excessive accumulation of dysfunctional PVAT leads to vascular disorders, partially through alteration of its secretome which, in turn, affects vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In this review, we highlight the cross talk between PVAT and vascular smooth muscle cells and its roles in vascular remodeling and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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20
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Liang W, Fan Y, Lu H, Chang Z, Hu W, Sun J, Wang H, Zhu T, Wang J, Adili R, Garcia-Barrio MT, Holinstat M, Eitzman D, Zhang J, Chen YE. KLF11 (Krüppel-Like Factor 11) Inhibits Arterial Thrombosis via Suppression of Tissue Factor in the Vascular Wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 39:402-412. [PMID: 30602303 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Mutations in Krüppel like factor-11 ( KLF11), a gene also known as maturity-onset diabetes mellitus of the young type 7, contribute to the development of diabetes mellitus. KLF11 has anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells and beneficial effects on stroke. However, the function of KLF11 in the cardiovascular system is not fully unraveled. In this study, we investigated the role of KLF11 in vascular smooth muscle cell biology and arterial thrombosis. Approach and Results- Using a ferric chloride-induced thrombosis model, we found that the occlusion time was significantly reduced in conventional Klf11 knockout mice, whereas bone marrow transplantation could not rescue this phenotype, suggesting that vascular KLF11 is critical for inhibition of arterial thrombosis. We further demonstrated that vascular smooth muscle cell-specific Klf11 knockout mice also exhibited significantly reduced occlusion time. The expression of tissue factor (encoded by the F3 gene), a main initiator of the coagulation cascade, was increased in the artery of Klf11 knockout mice, as determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. Furthermore, vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from Klf11 knockout mouse aortas showed increased tissue factor expression, which was rescued by KLF11 overexpression. In human aortic smooth muscle cells, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KLF11 increased tissue factor expression. Consistent results were observed on adenovirus-mediated overexpression of KLF11. Mechanistically, KLF11 downregulates F3 at the transcriptional level as determined by reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Conclusions- Our data demonstrate that KLF11 is a novel transcriptional suppressor of F3 in vascular smooth muscle cells, constituting a potential molecular target for inhibition of arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Liang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Yanbo Fan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Haocheng Lu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Ziyi Chang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Wenting Hu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Jinjian Sun
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Huilun Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Jintao Wang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Reheman Adili
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.A., M.H.)
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Michael Holinstat
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (R.A., M.H.)
| | - Daniel Eitzman
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (W.L., Y.F., H.L., Z.C., W.H., J.S., H.W., T.Z., J.W., M.T.G.-B., D.E., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- From the Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Lin Chang
- From the Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From the Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
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22
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Xiong W, Zhao X, Villacorta L, Rom O, Garcia-Barrio MT, Guo Y, Fan Y, Zhu T, Zhang J, Zeng R, Chen YE, Jiang Z, Chang L. Brown Adipocyte-Specific PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ) Deletion Impairs Perivascular Adipose Tissue Development and Enhances Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1738-1747. [PMID: 29954752 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contributes to vascular homeostasis by producing paracrine factors. Previously, we reported that selective deletion of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) in vascular smooth muscle cells resulted in concurrent loss of PVAT and enhanced atherosclerosis in mice. To address the causal relationship between loss of PVAT and atherosclerosis, we used BA-PPARγ-KO (brown adipocyte-specific PPARγ knockout) mice. Approach and Results- Deletion of PPARγ in brown adipocytes did not affect PPARγ in white adipocytes or vascular smooth muscle cells or PPARα and PPARδ expression in brown adipocytes. However, development of PVAT and interscapular brown adipose tissue was remarkably impaired, associated with reduced expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue was significantly impaired with reduced expression of thermogenesis genes in brown adipose tissue and compensatory increase in subcutaneous and gonadal white adipose tissues. Remarkably, basal expression of inflammatory genes and macrophage infiltration in PVAT and brown adipose tissue were significantly increased in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. BA-PPARγ-KO mice were crossbred with ApoE KO (apolipoprotein E knockout) mice to investigate the development of atherosclerosis. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed increased systemic and PVAT inflammation. Consequently, atherosclerotic lesions were significantly increased in mice with impaired PVAT development, thus indicating that the lack of normal PVAT is sufficient to drive increased atherosclerosis. Conclusions- PPARγ is required for functional PVAT development. PPARγ deficiency in PVAT, while still expressed in vascular smooth muscle cell, enhances atherosclerosis and results in vascular and systemic inflammation, providing new insights on the specific roles of PVAT in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xiong
- From the Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang (W.X., Z.J.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Xiangjie Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Rong Zeng
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (R.Z.)
| | | | - Zhisheng Jiang
- From the Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang (W.X., Z.J.)
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
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Hirai H, Yang B, Garcia-Barrio MT, Rom O, Ma PX, Zhang J, Chen YE. Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts Into Smooth Muscle-Like Cells With Defined Transcription Factors-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2191-2197. [PMID: 30026272 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.310870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- To identify the transcription factors that could contribute to direct reprogramming of fibroblasts toward smooth muscle cell fate. Approach and Results- We screened various combinations of transcription factors, including Myocd (myocardin), Mef2C (myocyte enhancer factor 2C), Mef2B (myocyte enhancer factor 2B), Mkl1 (MKL [megakaryoblastic leukemia]/Myocd-like 1), Gata4 (GATA-binding protein 4), Gata5 (GATA-binding protein 5), Gata6 (GATA-binding protein 6), Ets1 (E26 avian leukemia oncogene 1, 5' domain), and their corresponding carboxyterminal fusions to the transactivation domain of MyoD (myogenic differentiation 1)-indicated by *-for their effects on reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human adult dermal fibroblasts to the smooth muscle cell fate as determined by the expression of specific markers. The combination of 3 transcription factors, Myocd (or Myocd*) with Mef2C (or Mef2C*) and Gata6, was the most efficient in enhancing the expression of smooth muscle marker genes and decreasing fibroblast gene expression. Additionally, the derived induced smooth muscle-like cells showed a contractile phenotype in response to carbachol. Conclusions- Combination of Myocd and Gata6 with Mef2C* (MG2*) could sufficiently and efficiently direct differentiation of mouse embryonic and human dermal fibroblasts into induced smooth muscle-like cells, thus opening new opportunities for disease modeling, tissue engineering, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hirai
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (H.H., M.T.G.-B., O.R., J.Z., Y.E.C.).,Department of Cardiac Surgery (H.H., B.Y., Y.E.C.)
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery (H.H., B.Y., Y.E.C.)
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (H.H., M.T.G.-B., O.R., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Oren Rom
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (H.H., M.T.G.-B., O.R., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Peter X Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (P.X.M.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (H.H., M.T.G.-B., O.R., J.Z., Y.E.C.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (H.H., M.T.G.-B., O.R., J.Z., Y.E.C.).,Department of Cardiac Surgery (H.H., B.Y., Y.E.C.)
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (L.C., Y.E.C.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.T.G.-B.).
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (L.C., Y.E.C.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.T.G.-B.)
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor (L.C., Y.E.C.); and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (M.T.G.-B.).
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25
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Lu H, Sun J, Liang W, Zhang J, Rom O, Garcia-Barrio MT, Li S, Villacorta L, Schopfer FJ, Freeman BA, Chen YE, Fan Y. Novel gene regulatory networks identified in response to nitro-conjugated linoleic acid in human endothelial cells. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:224-233. [PMID: 31074702 PMCID: PMC6620647 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is a crucial initiation event in the development of atherosclerosis and is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and heart failure. Both digestive and oxidative inflammatory conditions lead to the endogenous formation of nitrated derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) upon generation of the proximal nitrating species nitrogen dioxide (·NO2) by nitric oxide (·NO) and nitrite-dependent reactions. Nitro-FAs (NO2-FAs) such as nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA) and nitro-linoleic acid (NO2-LA) potently inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress, regulate cellular functions, and maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. Recently, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was identified as the preferential FA substrate of nitration in vivo. However, the functions of nitro-CLA (NO2-CLA) in ECs remain to be explored. In the present study, a distinct transcriptome regulated by NO2-CLA was revealed in primary human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) through RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis identified numerous regulatory networks including those related to the modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, cell cycle, and hypoxic responses by NO2-CLA, suggesting a diverse impact of NO2-CLA and other electrophilic nitrated FAs on cellular processes. These findings extend the understanding of the protective actions of NO2-CLA in cardiovascular diseases and provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms that mediate the pleiotropic cellular responses to NO2-CLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Lu
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jinjian Sun
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Wenying Liang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Oren Rom
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shengdi Li
- Genome Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce A Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Frankel Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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26
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Hu W, Lu H, Zhang J, Fan Y, Chang Z, Liang W, Wang H, Zhu T, Garcia-Barrio MT, Peng D, Chen YE, Guo Y. Krüppel-like factor 14, a coronary artery disease associated transcription factor, inhibits endothelial inflammation via NF-κB signaling pathway. Atherosclerosis 2018; 278:39-48. [PMID: 30248551 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human genetic studies indicated that variations near the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) gene locus are highly associated with coronary artery disease. Activation of endothelial cells (ECs) by pro-inflammatory molecules and pathways is a primary step in atherosclerosis development. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of KLF14 on inflammatory responses in ECs. METHODS Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of human KLF14 and EC specific Klf14 knockout mice were applied to study the role of KLF14 in EC inflammation. Intravital microscopy was used to examine leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo. RESULTS The expression of Klf14 was markedly decreased in mouse aortic ECs in both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. Overexpression of KLF14 inhibited inflammatory activation of human ECs stimulated by interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α. Primary pulmonary ECs from Klf14 knockout mice showed increased expression of adhesion molecules under IL-1β stimuli. Mechanistically, KLF14 inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway by transcriptionally suppressing the expression of p65, resulting in significantly decreased leukocyte adhesion to activated ECs. Using intravital microscopy, an increased leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction was observed in endothelial specific Klf14 knockout mice compared to wild type control mice. Additionally, perhexiline, a KLF14 activator, induces KLF14 expression in ECs and reduced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The data revealed that KLF14 inhibited the inflammatory response in ECs and the protective effects were mediated by transcriptional inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Endothelial KLF14 could be a potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Hu
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Haocheng Lu
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanbo Fan
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ziyi Chang
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Wenying Liang
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Huilun Wang
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daoquan Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Yanhong Guo
- From Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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27
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Fan Y, Lu H, Liang W, Garcia-Barrio MT, Guo Y, Zhang J, Zhu T, Hao Y, Zhang J, Chen YE. Endothelial TFEB (Transcription Factor EB) Positively Regulates Postischemic Angiogenesis. Circ Res 2018; 122:945-957. [PMID: 29467198 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.312672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Postischemic angiogenesis is critical to limit the ischemic tissue damage and improve the blood flow recovery. The regulation and the underlying molecular mechanisms of postischemic angiogenesis are not fully unraveled. TFEB (transcription factor EB) is emerging as a master gene for autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. However, the role of TFEB in vascular disease is less understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the role of endothelial TFEB in postischemic angiogenesis and its underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS In primary human endothelial cells (ECs), serum starvation induced TFEB nuclear translocation. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) increased TFEB expression level and nuclear translocation. Utilizing genetically engineered EC-specific TFEB transgenic and KO (knockout) mice, we investigated the role of TFEB in postischemic angiogenesis in the mouse hindlimb ischemia model. We observed improved blood perfusion and increased capillary density in the EC-specific TFEB transgenic mice compared with the wild-type littermates. Furthermore, blood flow recovery was attenuated in EC-TFEB KO mice compared with control mice. In aortic ring cultures, the TFEB transgene significantly increased vessel sprouting, whereas TFEB deficiency impaired the vessel sprouting. In vitro, adenovirus-mediated TFEB overexpression promoted EC tube formation, migration, and survival, whereas siRNA-mediated TFEB knockdown had the opposite effect. Mechanistically, TFEB activated AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase)-α signaling and upregulated autophagy. Through inactivation of AMPKα or inhibition of autophagy, we demonstrated that the AMPKα and autophagy are necessary for TFEB to regulate angiogenesis in ECs. Finally, the positive effect of TFEB on AMPKα activation and EC tube formation was mediated by TFEB-dependent transcriptional upregulation of MCOLN1 (mucolipin-1). CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data demonstrate that TFEB is a positive regulator of angiogenesis through activation of AMPKα and autophagy, suggesting that TFEB constitutes a novel molecular target for ischemic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Fan
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.
| | - Haocheng Lu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Wenying Liang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Yanhong Guo
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Ji Zhang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Yibai Hao
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.
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28
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Guo Y, Yuan W, Yu B, Kuai R, Hu W, Morin EE, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Moon JJ, Schwendeman A, Eugene Chen Y. Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Liver X Receptors Agonist Promotes Atherosclerosis Regression. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:225-233. [PMID: 29361501 PMCID: PMC5835545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting at enhancing reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is apromising strategy for treating atherosclerosis via infusion of reconstitute high density lipoprotein (HDL) as cholesterol acceptors or increase of cholesterol efflux by activation of macrophage liver X receptors (LXRs). However, systemic activation of LXRs triggers excessive lipogenesis in the liver and infusion of HDL downregulates cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Here we describe an enlightened strategy using phospholipid reconstituted apoA-I peptide (22A)-derived synthetic HDL (sHDL) to deliver LXR agonists to the atheroma and examine their effect on atherosclerosis regression in vivo. A synthetic LXR agonist, T0901317 (T1317) was encapsulated in sHDL nanoparticles (sHDL-T1317). Similar to the T1317 compound, the sHDL-T1317 nanoparticles upregulated the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters and increased cholesterol efflux in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. The sHDL nanoparticles accumulated in the atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE-deficient mice. Moreover, a 6-week low-dose LXR agonist-sHDL treatment induced atherosclerosis regression while avoiding lipid accumulation in the liver. These findings identify LXR agonist loaded sHDL nanoparticles as a promising therapeutic approach to treat atherosclerosis by targeting RCT in a multifaceted manner: sHDL itself serving as both a drug carrier and cholesterol acceptor and the LXR agonist mediating upregulation of ABC transporters in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Rui Kuai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Wenting Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Emily E Morin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | | | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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29
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Xiong W, Zhao X, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Lin J, Chen YE, Jiang Z, Chang L. MitoNEET in Perivascular Adipose Tissue Blunts Atherosclerosis under Mild Cold Condition in Mice. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1032. [PMID: 29311966 PMCID: PMC5742148 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which surrounds most vessels, is de facto a distinct functional vascular layer actively contributing to vascular function and dysfunction. PVAT contributes to aortic remodeling by producing and releasing a large number of undetermined or less characterized factors that could target endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, and herein contribute to the maintenance of vessel homeostasis. Loss of PVAT in mice enhances atherosclerosis, but a causal relationship between PVAT and atherosclerosis and the possible underlying mechanisms remain to be addressed. The CDGSH iron sulfur domain 1 protein (referred to as mitoNEET), a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, regulates oxidative capacity and adipose tissue browning. The roles of mitoNEET in PVAT, especially in the development of atherosclerosis, are unknown. Methods: The brown adipocyte-specific mitoNEET transgenic mice were subjected to cold environmental stimulus. The metabolic rates and PVAT-dependent thermogenesis were investigated. Additionally, the brown adipocyte-specific mitoNEET transgenic mice were cross-bred with ApoE knockout mice. The ensuing mice were subsequently subjected to cold environmental stimulus and high cholesterol diet challenge for 3 months. The development of atherosclerosis was investigated. Results: Our data show that mitoNEET mRNA was downregulated in PVAT of both peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (Pgc1α)- and beta (Pgc1β)-knockout mice which are sensitive to cold. MitoNEET expression was higher in PVAT of wild type mice and increased upon cold stimulus. Transgenic mice with overexpression of mitoNEET in PVAT were cold resistant, and showed increased expression of thermogenic genes. ApoE knockout mice with mitoNEET overexpression in PVAT showed significant downregulation of inflammatory genes and showed reduced atherosclerosis development upon high fat diet feeding when kept in a 16°C environment. Conclusion: mitoNEET in PVAT is associated with PVAT-dependent thermogenesis and prevents atherosclerosis development. The results of this study provide new insights on PVAT and mitoNEET biology and atherosclerosis in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Xiangjie Zhao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jiandie Lin
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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30
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Fan Y, Lu H, Liang W, Guo Y, Zhang J, Zhu T, Hao Y, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Chen YE. Abstract 8: Endothelial TFEB Regulates Postischemic Angiogenesis via AMPKalpha Activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.37.suppl_1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Postischemic angiogenesis is critical to limit the ischemic tissue damage and improve the blood flow recovery. The regulation and the underlying molecular mechanisms of angiogenesis are not fully unraveled. Transcription factor-EB (TFEB) is emerging as a master gene for autophagy and lysosome biogenesis. However, the role of TFEB in the vascular disease is less understood.
Objective:
We aim to determine the role of endothelial TFEB in postischemic angiogenesis and underlying molecular mechanism.
Methods and Results:
In a murine hindlimb ischemic model, we demonstrated that TFEB was upregulated in the ischemic skeletal muscle tissue. Utilizing genetically-engineered endothelial cell (EC) specific TFEB transgenic mice, we investigated the function of TFEB in postischemic angiogenesis. We observed improved blood perfusion and increased capillary density in the EC-specific TFEB transgenic mice compared with the wild-type littermates (n = 8-9 for each group, p < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that blood flow recovery was attenuated in EC-selective TFEB deficient mice compared with control mice (n =8-9 for each group, p< 0.01). In aortic ring cultures, we found that TFEB transgene significantly increased the vessel sprouting. Adenovirus-mediated TFEB overexpression promoted EC tube formation whereas small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated TFEB knockdown suppressed tube formation in ECs. Mechanistically, TFEB activated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α signaling pathway. Through pharmacological inactivation and siRNA-mediated knockdown of AMPKα, we demonstrated that AMPKα is necessary for TFEB to regulate tube formation in ECs.
Conclusions:
In summary, our data demonstrate that TFEB is a positive regulator of angiogenesis through activation of AMPKα signaling, suggesting that TFEB constitutes a novel molecular target for ischemic vascular disease.
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Fan Y, Lu H, Guo Y, Zhu T, Garcia-Barrio MT, Jiang Z, Willer CJ, Zhang J, Chen YE. Hepatic Transmembrane 6 Superfamily Member 2 Regulates Cholesterol Metabolism in Mice. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:1208-1218. [PMID: 26774178 PMCID: PMC4842105 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The rs58542926 C>T variant of the transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 gene (TM6SF2), encoding an E167K amino acid substitution, has been correlated with reduced total cholesterol (TC) and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the role of TM6SF2 in metabolism. We investigated the long-term effects of altered TM6SF2 levels in cholesterol metabolism. METHODS C57BL/6 mice (controls), mice that expressed TM6SF2 specifically in the liver, and mice with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Tm6sf2 were fed chow or high-fat diets. Blood samples were collected from all mice and plasma levels of TC, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. Liver tissues were collected and analyzed by histology, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblot assays. Adenovirus vectors were used to express transgenes in cultured Hep3B hepatocytes. RESULTS Liver-specific expression of TM6SF2 increased plasma levels of TC and LDL-c, compared with controls, and altered liver expression of genes that regulate cholesterol metabolism. Tm6sf2-knockout mice had decreased plasma levels of TC and LDL-c, compared with controls, and consistent changes in expression of genes that regulate cholesterol metabolism. Expression of TM6SF2 promoted cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS TM6SF2 regulates cholesterol metabolism in mice and might be a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Fan
- From the Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Haocheng Lu
- From the Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Yanhong Guo
- From the Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- From the Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Minerva T. Garcia-Barrio
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- From the Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- From the Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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32
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Abstract
More than 60 genomic loci have been implicated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and exome-wide association studies as conferring an increased risk of myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the causal gene and variant is often unclear. Using the functional analysis of genetic variants in experimental animal models, we anticipate understanding which candidate gene at a specific locus is associated with atherosclerosis and revealing the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms, ultimately leading to the identification of causal pathways in atherosclerosis and may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Laiyuan Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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33
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Guo Y, Fan Y, Zhang J, Lomberk GA, Zhou Z, Sun L, Mathison AJ, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Zeng L, Li L, Pennathur S, Willer CJ, Rader DJ, Urrutia R, Chen YE. Perhexiline activates KLF14 and reduces atherosclerosis by modulating ApoA-I production. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3819-30. [PMID: 26368306 DOI: 10.1172/jci79048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have revealed that variations near the gene locus encoding the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) are strongly associated with HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease. However, the precise mechanisms by which KLF14 regulates lipid metabolism and affects atherosclerosis remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that KLF14 is dysregulated in the liver of 2 dyslipidemia mouse models. We evaluated the effects of both KLF14 overexpression and genetic inactivation and determined that KLF14 regulates plasma HDL-C levels and cholesterol efflux capacity by modulating hepatic ApoA-I production. Hepatic-specific Klf14 deletion in mice resulted in decreased circulating HDL-C levels. In an attempt to pharmacologically target KLF14 as an experimental therapeutic approach, we identified perhexiline, an approved therapeutic small molecule presently in clinical use to treat angina and heart failure, as a KLF14 activator. Indeed, in WT mice, treatment with perhexiline increased HDL-C levels and cholesterol efflux capacity via KLF14-mediated upregulation of ApoA-I expression. Moreover, perhexiline administration reduced atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Together, these results provide comprehensive insight into the KLF14-dependent regulation of HDL-C and subsequent atherosclerosis and indicate that interventions that target the KLF14 pathway should be further explored for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Biswas SK, Hernandez L, Xiao Y, Ahmad M, Garcia-Barrio MT. Abstract 462: Ascl3 Protects Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Against Oxidative Stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1161/atvb.33.suppl_1.a462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis initiation and progression depends on multiple risk factors and is sustained by self-perpetuating inflammatory cellular and molecular events that ultimately translate into increased oxidative stress inducing endothelial dysfunction, macrophage activation and altering vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) homeostasis. Our initial work identified the under-characterized bHLH achaete-scute like 3, ASCL3, as a pro-proliferative anti-apoptotic factor in VSMC and prompted the hypothesis that ASCL3 plays a protective role against oxidative stress in VSMC. We determined that ASCL3 expression is up-regulated in the media and lesions of the atherosclerotic aorta in ApoE-mice fed a high fat diet.
In vitro
, ASCL3 expression is consistent with an adaptive role in oxidative stress. In primary RASMC, time- and dose-response to H
2
O
2
(0.5-2mM, 4-24h) result in marked ASCL3 mRNA increase (~10-fold) at low concentrations or shorter times and is reduced as oxidative stress increases. siRNA knockdown of ASCL3 increases susceptibility of RASMC to 0.25mM H
2
O
2
(low dose) as determined by caspase-3 activation. Stable over-expression of ASCL3 in A7r5 cells results in enhanced protection at higher doses of H
2
O
2
, and is associated with higher AKT and ERK1/2 phosporylation. This protective effect involves the mitochondrial pathway since ASCL3 up-regulates Bcl-2/Bax ratio in basal and induced conditions (0.4mM, 4h), inhibits mitochondrial depolarization, prevents mitochondrial fragmentation and preserves mitochondrial DNA. ROS levels are significantly reduced in ASCL3 over-expressing cells (0.2mM, 2h). ASCL3 over-expression appears to increase mitochondrial density and results in altered mitochondrial and cristae morphology as determined by TEM. Surprisingly, subcellular localization studies indicate that ASCL3 localizes primarily to the mitochondria. In summary, low oxidative stress in VSMC promotes survival, with enhanced proliferation, and as it increases, induces adaptation associated with an antioxidant gene expression profile. Eventually high oxidative stress leads to cell death. Altogether, our data indicate that ASCL3 plays a protective role in the survival and adaptation of vascular smooth muscle cells to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarajit K Biswas
- Cardiovascular Rsch Institute, Morehouse Sch of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Liliana Hernandez
- Cardiovascular Rsch Institute, Morehouse Sch of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yan Xiao
- Cardiovascular Rsch Institute, Morehouse Sch of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Cardiovascular Rsch Institute, Morehouse Sch of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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35
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Sun Z, Zhang J, Zhang J, Chen C, Du Q, Chang L, Cao C, Zheng M, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen YE, Xiao RP, Mao J, Zhu X. Rad GTPase induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:52-7. [PMID: 21549102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rad is a member of a subclass of small GTP-binding proteins, the RGK family. In the present study we investigated the role of Rad protein in regulating cardiomyocyte viability. DNA fragmentation and TUNEL assays demonstrated that Rad promoted rat neonatal cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Rad silencing fully blocked serum deprivation induced apoptosis, indicating Rad is necessary for trigger cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Rad overexpression caused a dramatic decrease of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-x(L), whereas Bcl-x(L) overexpression protected cardiomyocytes against Rad-induced apoptosis. Rad-triggered apoptosis was mediated by the activation of p38 MAPK. The p38 blocker SB203580 effectively protected cardiomyocytes against Rad-evoked apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongcui Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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36
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Xie C, Huang H, Sun X, Guo Y, Hamblin M, Ritchie RP, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Chen YE. MicroRNA-1 regulates smooth muscle cell differentiation by repressing Kruppel-like factor 4. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 20:205-10. [PMID: 20799856 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of microRNA-1 (miR-1) has been studied in cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation. However, it remains unexplored in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) differentiation. The aim of this study was to uncover novel targets of and shed light on the function of miR-1 in the context of embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation of SMCs in vitro. miR-1 expression is steadily increased during differentiation of mouse ESC to SMCs. Loss-of-function approaches using miR-1 inhibitors uncovered that miR-1 is required for SMC lineage differentiation in ESC-derived SMC cultures, as evidenced by downregulation of SMC-specific markers and decrease of derived SMC population. In addition, bioinformatics analysis unveiled a miR-1 binding site on the Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) 3' untranslated region (3'UTR), in a region that is highly conserved across species. Consistently, miR-1 mimic reduced KLF4 3'UTR luciferase activity, which can be rescued by mutating the miR-1 binding site on the KLF4 3'UTR in the reporter construct. Additionally, repression of the miR-1 expression by miR-1 inhibitor can reverse KLF4 downregulation during ESC-SMC differentiation, which subsequently inhibits SMC differentiation. We conclude that miR-1 plays a critical role in the determination of SMC fate during retinoid acid-induced ESC/SMC differentiation, which may indicate that miR-1 has a role to promote SMC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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37
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Zhang J, Villacorta L, Chang L, Fan Z, Hamblin M, Zhu T, Chen CS, Cole MP, Schopfer FJ, Deng CX, Garcia-Barrio MT, Feng YH, Freeman BA, Chen YE. Nitro-oleic acid inhibits angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Circ Res 2010; 107:540-8. [PMID: 20558825 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.218404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO(2)) is a bioactive, nitric-oxide derived fatty acid with physiologically relevant vasculoprotective properties in vivo. OA-NO(2) exerts cell signaling actions as a result of its strong electrophilic nature and mediates pleiotropic cell responses in the vasculature. OBJECTIVE The present study sought to investigate the protective role of OA-NO(2) in angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that systemic administration of OA-NO(2) results in a sustained reduction of Ang II-induced hypertension in mice and exerts a significant blood pressure lowering effect on preexisting hypertension established by Ang II infusion. OA-NO(2) significantly inhibits Ang II contractile response as compared to oleic acid (OA) in mesenteric vessels. The improved vasoconstriction is specific for the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R)-mediated signaling because vascular contraction by other G-protein-coupled receptors is not altered in response to OA-NO(2) treatment. From the mechanistic viewpoint, OA-NO(2) lowers Ang II-induced hypertension independently of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma activation. Rather, OA-NO(2), but not OA, specifically binds to the AT(1)R, reduces heterotrimeric G-protein coupling, and inhibits IP(3) (inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate) and calcium mobilization, without inhibiting Ang II binding to the receptor. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that OA-NO(2) diminishes the pressor response to Ang II and inhibits AT(1)R-dependent vasoconstriction, revealing OA-NO(2) as a novel antagonist of Ang II-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, USA
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38
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Schopfer FJ, Cole MP, Groeger AL, Chen CS, Khoo NKH, Woodcock SR, Golin-Bisello F, Motanya UN, Li Y, Zhang J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Rudolph TK, Rudolph V, Bonacci G, Baker PRS, Xu HE, Batthyany CI, Chen YE, Hallis TM, Freeman BA. Covalent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma adduction by nitro-fatty acids: selective ligand activity and anti-diabetic signaling actions. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12321-33. [PMID: 20097754 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.091512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) binds diverse ligands to transcriptionally regulate metabolism and inflammation. Activators of PPARgamma include lipids and anti-hyperglycemic drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Recently, TZDs have raised concern after being linked with increased risk of peripheral edema, weight gain, and adverse cardiovascular events. Most reported endogenous PPARgamma ligands are intermediates of lipid metabolism and oxidation that bind PPARgamma with very low affinity. In contrast, nitro derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (NO(2)-FA) are endogenous products of nitric oxide ((*)NO) and nitrite (NO(2)(-))-mediated redox reactions that activate PPARgamma at nanomolar concentrations. We report that NO(2)-FA act as partial agonists of PPARgamma and covalently bind PPARgamma at Cys-285 via Michael addition. NO(2)-FA show selective PPARgamma modulator characteristics by inducing coregulator protein interactions, PPARgamma-dependent expression of key target genes, and lipid accumulation is distinctively different from responses induced by the TZD rosiglitazone. Administration of this class of signaling mediators to ob/ob mice revealed that NO(2)-FA lower insulin and glucose levels without inducing adverse side effects such as the increased weight gain induced by TZDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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39
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Chang L, Villacorta L, Zhang J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Yang K, Hamblin M, Whitesall SE, D'Alecy LG, Chen YE. Vascular smooth muscle cell-selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma deletion leads to hypotension. Circulation 2009; 119:2161-9. [PMID: 19364979 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.815803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists are commonly used to treat diabetes, although their PPARgamma-dependent effects transcend their role as insulin sensitizers. Thiazolidinediones lower blood pressure (BP) in diabetic patients, whereas results from conventional/tissue-specific PPARgamma experimental models suggest an important pleiotropic role for PPARgamma in BP control. Little evidence is available on the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of vascular smooth muscle cell-specific PPARgamma in basal vascular tone. METHODS AND RESULTS We show that vascular smooth muscle cell-selective deletion of PPARgamma impairs vasoactivity with an overall reduction in BP. Aortic contraction in response to norepinephrine is reduced and vasorelaxation is enhanced in response to beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AdR) agonists in vitro. Similarly, vascular smooth muscle cell-selective PPARgamma knockout mice display a biphasic response to norepinephrine in BP, reversible on administration of beta-AdR blocker, and enhanced BP reduction on treatment with beta-AdR agonists. Consistent with enhanced beta2-AdR responsiveness, we found that the absence of PPARgamma in vascular smooth muscle cells increased beta2-AdR expression, possibly leading to the hypotensive phenotype during the rest phase. CONCLUSIONS These data uncovered the beta2-AdR as a novel target of PPARgamma transcriptional repression in vascular smooth muscle cells and indicate that PPARgamma regulation of beta2-adrenergic signaling is important in the modulation of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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40
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Xie CQ, Jeong Y, Fu M, Bookout AL, Garcia-Barrio MT, Sun T, Kim BH, Xie Y, Root S, Zhang J, Xu RH, Chen YE, Mangelsdorf DJ. Expression profiling of nuclear receptors in human and mouse embryonic stem cells. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:724-33. [PMID: 19196830 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate gene expression in essential biological processes including differentiation and development. Here we report the systematic profiling of NRs in human and mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines and during their early differentiation into embryoid bodies. Expression of the 48 human and mouse NRs was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. In general, expression of NRs between the two human cell lines was highly concordant, whereas in contrast, expression of NRs between human and mouse ESCs differed significantly. In particular, a number of NRs that have been implicated previously as crucial regulators of mouse ESC biology, including ERRbeta, DAX-1, and LRH-1, exhibited diametric patterns of expression, suggesting they may have distinct species-specific functions. Taken together, these results highlight the complexity of the transcriptional hierarchy that exists between species and governs early development. These data should provide a unique resource for further exploration of the species-specific roles of NRs in ESC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Xie
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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41
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR) regulate a plethora of biologic processes and key metabolic and physiologic events. Deregulation of their transcription and activity is commonly associated with dyslipidemic disorders, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. This review addresses recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating transcription of these nuclear receptors. The heterogeneity of factors regulating their transcription and activity suggests intricate regulatory networks that determine their tissue expression pattern and their responses to pharmacologic agents. Understanding such mechanisms will facilitate unraveling their protective effects in disease as well as the design of effective targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Villacorta
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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42
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Zhu X, Lin Y, Bacanamwo M, Chang L, Chai R, Massud I, Zhang J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Thompson WE, Chen YE. Interleukin-1 beta-induced Id2 gene expression is mediated by Egr-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 76:141-8. [PMID: 17631285 PMCID: PMC2094110 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Id2 (inhibitor of DNA-binding 2), a member of the helix-loop-helix family of transcription regulators, plays important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation. Recent reports have documented that Id2 is up-regulated during vascular lesion formation and overexpression of Id2 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. However, the transcriptional regulation of Id2 gene expression in VSMC remains unexplored. METHODS AND RESULTS Using Northern- and Western-blot analyses, we documented that interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induced Id2 gene expression in VSMC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in VSMC induced Id2 expression while IL-1beta-induced Id2 expression was abrogated in VSMC by the Egr-1 repressor, NGFI-A binding protein 2 (NAB2), expressed from an adenovirus. Overexpression of Egr-1 transactivated the Id2 promoter in reporter assays dependent on the presence of intact putative Egr-1 binding sites as determined by mutagenesis. Finally, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) demonstrated that the Egr-1 protein can bind the Egr-1 sites derived from the human Id2 promoter in vitro and chromatin immunoprecipitation identified the putative Egr-1 site between -723 to -712 as the functional Egr-1 binding site in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IL-1beta-induced Id2 expression in VSMC is mediated by the transcription factor Egr-1 in VSMC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Analysis of Variance
- Binding Sites
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, No. 5 Yi He Yuan Road, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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43
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Villacorta L, Zhang J, Garcia-Barrio MT, Chen XL, Freeman BA, Chen YE, Cui T. Nitro-linoleic acid inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H770-6. [PMID: 17468336 PMCID: PMC2170893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00261.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitroalkenes, the nitration products of unsaturated fatty acids formed via NO-dependent oxidative reactions, have been demonstrated to exert strong biological actions in endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages; however, little is known about their effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The present study examined the role of nitro-linoleic acid (LNO(2)) in the regulation of VSMC proliferation. We observed that LNO(2) inhibited VSMC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, LNO(2) induced growth arrest of VSMCs in the G(1)/S phase of the cell cycle with an upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1). Furthermore, LNO(2) triggered nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation and activation of the antioxidant-responsive element-driven transcriptional activity via impairing Kelch-like ECH-associating protein 1 (Keap1)-mediated negative control of Nrf2 activity in VSMCs. LNO(2) upregulated the expression of Nrf2 protein levels, but not mRNA levels, in VSMCs. A forced activation of Nrf2 led to an upregulation of p27(kip1) and growth inhibition of VSMCs. In contrast, knock down of Nrf2 using an Nrf2 siRNA approach reversed the LNO(2)-induced upregulation of p27(kip1) and inhibition of cellular proliferation in VSMCs. These studies provide the first evidence that nitroalkene LNO(2) inhibits VSMC proliferation through activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway, suggesting an important role of nitroalkenes in vascular biology.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1
- Linoleic Acids/administration & dosage
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- Nitro Compounds/administration & dosage
- Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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44
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Romano PR, Zhang F, Tan SL, Garcia-Barrio MT, Katze MG, Dever TE, Hinnebusch AG. Inhibition of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase PKR by vaccinia virus E3: role of complex formation and the E3 N-terminal domain. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:7304-16. [PMID: 9819417 PMCID: PMC109312 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.12.7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/1998] [Accepted: 08/18/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase PKR inhibits protein synthesis by phosphorylating translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha). Vaccinia virus E3L encodes a dsRNA binding protein that inhibits PKR in virus-infected cells, presumably by sequestering dsRNA activators. Expression of PKR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibits protein synthesis by phosphorylation of eIF2alpha, dependent on its two dsRNA binding motifs (DRBMs). We found that expression of E3 in yeast overcomes the lethal effect of PKR in a manner requiring key residues (Lys-167 and Arg-168) needed for dsRNA binding by E3 in vitro. Unexpectedly, the N-terminal half of E3, and residue Trp-66 in particular, also is required for anti-PKR function. Because the E3 N-terminal region does not contribute to dsRNA binding in vitro, it appears that sequestering dsRNA is not the sole function of E3 needed for inhibition of PKR. This conclusion was supported by the fact that E3 activity was antagonized, not augmented, by overexpressing the catalytically defective PKR-K296R protein containing functional DRBMs. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that a majority of PKR in yeast extracts was in a complex with E3, whose formation was completely dependent on the dsRNA binding activity of E3 and enhanced by the N-terminal half of E3. In yeast two-hybrid assays and in vitro protein binding experiments, segments of E3 and PKR containing their respective DRBMs interacted in a manner requiring E3 residues Lys-167 and Arg-168. We also detected interactions between PKR and the N-terminal half of E3 in the yeast two-hybrid and lambda repressor dimerization assays. In the latter case, the N-terminal half of E3 interacted with the kinase domain of PKR, dependent on E3 residue Trp-66. We propose that effective inhibition of PKR in yeast requires formation of an E3-PKR-dsRNA complex, in which the N-terminal half of E3 physically interacts with the protein kinase domain of PKR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Romano
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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45
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Qiu H, Garcia-Barrio MT, Hinnebusch AG. Dimerization by translation initiation factor 2 kinase GCN2 is mediated by interactions in the C-terminal ribosome-binding region and the protein kinase domain. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:2697-711. [PMID: 9566889 PMCID: PMC110649 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.5.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase GCN2 stimulates translation of the transcriptional activator GCN4 in yeast cells starved for amino acids by phosphorylating translation initiation factor 2. Several regulatory domains, including a pseudokinase domain, a histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS)-related region, and a C-terminal (C-term) segment required for ribosome association, have been identified in GCN2. We used the yeast two-hybrid assay, coimmunoprecipitation analysis, and in vitro binding assays to investigate physical interactions between the different functional domains of GCN2. A segment containing about two thirds of the protein kinase (PK) catalytic domain and another containing the C-term region of GCN2 interacted with themselves in the two-hybrid assay, and both the PK and the C-term domains could be coimmunoprecipitated with wild-type GCN2 from yeast cell extracts. In addition, in vitro-translated PK and C-term segments showed specific binding in vitro to recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-PK and GST-C-term fusion proteins, respectively. Wild-type GCN2 could be coimmunoprecipitated with a full-length LexA-GCN2 fusion protein from cell extracts, providing direct evidence for dimerization by full-length GCN2 molecules. Deleting the C-term or PK segments abolished or reduced, respectively, the yield of GCN2-LexA-GCN2 complexes. These results provide in vivo and in vitro evidence that GCN2 dimerizes through self-interactions involving the C-term and PK domains. The PK domain showed pairwise in vitro binding interactions with the pseudokinase, HisRS, and C-term domains; additionally, the HisRS domain interacted with the C-term region. We propose that physical interactions between the PK domain and its flanking regulatory regions and dimerization through the PK and C-term domains both play important roles in restricting GCN2 kinase activity to amino acid-starved cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Qiu
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2716, USA
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Romano PR, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang X, Wang Q, Taylor DR, Zhang F, Herring C, Mathews MB, Qin J, Hinnebusch AG. Autophosphorylation in the activation loop is required for full kinase activity in vivo of human and yeast eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinases PKR and GCN2. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:2282-97. [PMID: 9528799 PMCID: PMC121479 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.4.2282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/1997] [Accepted: 12/22/1997] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is an important component of the interferon response to virus infection. The activation of PKR is accompanied by autophosphorylation at multiple sites, including one in the N-terminal regulatory region (Thr-258) that is required for full kinase activity. Several protein kinases are activated by phosphorylation in the region between kinase subdomains VII and VIII, referred to as the activation loop. We show that Thr-446 and Thr-451 in the PKR activation loop are required in vivo and in vitro for high-level kinase activity. Mutation of either residue to Ala impaired translational control by PKR in yeast cells and COS1 cells and led to tumor formation in mice. These mutations also impaired autophosphorylation and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha) phosphorylation by PKR in vitro. Whereas the Ala-446 substitution substantially reduced PKR function, the mutant kinase containing Ala-451 was completely inactive. PKR specifically phosphorylated Thr-446 and Thr-451 in synthetic peptides in vitro, and mass spectrometry analysis of PKR phosphopeptides confirmed that Thr-446 is an autophosphorylation site in vivo. Substitution of Glu-490 in subdomain X of PKR partially restored kinase activity when combined with the Ala-451 mutation. This finding suggests that the interaction between subdomain X and the activation loop, described previously for MAP kinase, is a regulatory feature conserved in PKR. We found that the yeast eIF2alpha kinase GCN2 autophosphorylates at Thr-882 and Thr-887, located in the activation loop at exactly the same positions as Thr-446 and Thr-451 in PKR. Thr-887 was more critically required than was Thr-882 for GCN2 kinase activity, paralleling the relative importance of Thr-446 and Thr-451 in PKR. These results indicate striking similarities between GCN2 and PKR in the importance of autophosphorylation and the conserved Thr residues in the activation loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Romano
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Garcia-Barrio MT, Naranda T, Vazquez de Aldana CR, Cuesta R, Hinnebusch AG, Hershey JW, Tamame M. GCD10, a translational repressor of GCN4, is the RNA-binding subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-3. Genes Dev 1995; 9:1781-96. [PMID: 7542616 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.14.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
GCN4 mRNA is translated by a reinitiation mechanism involving four short upstream open reading frames (uORFs) in its leader sequence. Decreasing the activity of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) by phosphorylation inhibits general translation in yeast but stimulates GCN4 expression by allowing ribosomes to scan past the uORFs and reinitiate at GCN4 instead. GCD10 was first identified genetically as a translational repressor of GCN4. We show here that GCD10 is an essential protein of 54.6 kD that is required in vivo for the initiation of total protein synthesis. GCD10 binds RNA in vitro and we present strong biochemical evidence that it is identical to the RNA-binding subunit of yeast initiation factor-3 (eIF-3). eIF-3 is a multisubunit complex that stimulates translation initiation in vitro at several different steps. We suggest that gcd10 mutations decrease the ability of eIF-3 to stimulate binding of eIF-2/GTP/Met-tRNA(iMet) ternary complexes to small ribosomal subunits in vivo. This would explain why mutations in eIF-3 mimic eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation in allowing ribosomes to bypass the uORFs and reinitiate at GCN4. Our results indicate that GCN4 expression provides a sensitive in vivo assay for the function of eIF-3 in initiation complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Garcia-Barrio
- Instituto de Microbiologia-Bioquimica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas/Universidad de Salamanca, Facultad de Biologia, Spain
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