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Küster A, Croyal M, Moyon T, Darmaun D, Ouguerram K, Ferchaud-Roucher V. Characterization of lipoproteins and associated lipidome in very preterm infants: a pilot study. Pediatr Res 2023; 93:938-947. [PMID: 35739258 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth is associated with higher risks of suboptimal neurodevelopment and cardiometabolic disease later in life. Altered maternal-fetal lipid supply could play a role in such risks. Our hypothesis was that very preterm infants born with very low birth weight (VLBW) have altered lipidome and apolipoprotein profiles, compared with term infants. METHODS Seven mothers of VLBW infants born at <32 GA and 8 full-term mother-infant dyads were included. Cholesterol and triglycerides in lipoproteins were determined in maternal plasma and in the two blood vessels of the umbilical cord (vein (UV) and artery (UA)) following FPLC isolation. Apolipoprotein concentrations in lipoproteins and plasma lipidomic analysis were performed by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS We found higher cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol in UV and UA and lower apolipoprotein A-I in HDL2 in UV in preterm neonates. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and specific sphingomyelin species were increased in UV and UA, whereas PC containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was reduced in UV of VLBW neonates. CONCLUSIONS Lower DHA-PC suggests a lower DHA bioavailability and may contribute to the impaired neurodevelopment. Altered HDL-2, VLDL, and sphingomyelin profile reflect an atherogenic risk and increased metabolic risk at adulthood in infants born prematurely. IMPACT Lower ApoA-I in HDL2, and increased specific sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine containing saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid could explain the accumulation of cholesterol in umbilical vein in VLBW preterm neonates. Decreased phosphatidylcholine containing DHA suggest a reduced DHA availability for brain development in VLBW preterm infants. Characterization of alterations in fetal lipid plasma and lipoprotein profiles may help to explain at least in part the causes of the elevated cardiovascular risk known in people born prematurely and may suggest that a targeted nutritional strategy based on the composition of fatty acids carried by phosphatidylcholine may be promising in infants born very early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Küster
- Nantes University INRAe, UMR 1280 PhAN, CHU Nantes, CRNH Ouest, IMAD, 44000, Nantes, France
- Division of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Neurometabolism, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Mikael Croyal
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l'institut du Thorax, 44000, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, CNRS, SFR Santé, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS UMS 3556, 44000, Nantes, France
- CRNH-Ouest Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Moyon
- Nantes University INRAe, UMR 1280 PhAN, CHU Nantes, CRNH Ouest, IMAD, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Darmaun
- Nantes University INRAe, UMR 1280 PhAN, CHU Nantes, CRNH Ouest, IMAD, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- Nantes University INRAe, UMR 1280 PhAN, CHU Nantes, CRNH Ouest, IMAD, 44000, Nantes, France
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Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally. Despite its important risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is still largely underdiagnosed worldwide. It is one of the most frequently inherited diseases due to mutations, for autosomal dominant forms, in either of the LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 genes or possibly a few mutations in the APOE gene and, for the rare autosomal forms, in the LDLRAP1 gene. The discovery of the genes implicated in the disease has largely helped to improve the diagnosis and treatment of FH from the LDLR by Brown and Goldstein, as well as the introduction of statins, to PCSK9 discovery in FH by Abifadel et al., and the very rapid availability of PCSK9 inhibitors. In the last two decades, major progress has been made in clinical and genetic diagnostic tools and the therapeutic arsenal against FH. Improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and making them more accessible to all patients will help reduce the lifelong burden of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Abifadel
- UMR1148, Inserm, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics (LBTM), Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie-Santé, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Catherine Boileau
- UMR1148, Inserm, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, 46 rue Henri Huchard, F-75018 Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
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3
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New Trends and Therapies for Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11226638. [PMID: 36431115 PMCID: PMC9696955 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11226638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with an elevated risk of atherosclerosis. The finding of monogenic defects indicates higher atherosclerotic risk in comparison with hypercholesterolemia of other etiologies. However, in heterozygous FH, cardiovascular risk is heterogeneous and depends not only on high cholesterol levels but also on the presence of other biomarkers and genes. The development of atherosclerosis risk scores specific for heterozygous FH and the use of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis imaging help with identifying higher-risk individuals who may benefit from further cholesterol lowering with PCSK9 inhibitors. There is no question about the extreme high risk in homozygous FH, and intensive LDL-cholesterol-lowering therapy must be started as soon as possible. These patients have gained life free of events in comparison with the past, but a high atherosclerosis residual risk persists. Furthermore, there is also the issue of aortic and supra-aortic valve disease development. Newer therapies such as inhibitors of microsomal transfer protein and angiopoietin-like protein 3 have opened the possibility of LDL-cholesterol normalization in homozygous FH and may provide an alternative to lipoprotein apheresis for these patients. Gene-based therapies may provide more definite solutions for lowering high LDL cholesterol and consequent atherosclerosis risk for people with FH.
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4
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Banach M, Ruscica M, Sahebkar A. The role of PCSK9 in NAFLD/NASH and therapeutic implications of PCSK9 inhibition. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1199-1208. [PMID: 36193738 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2132229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are inconsistent findings regarding the effect of lipid-lowering agents on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is an important player in cholesterol homeostasis and intracellular lipogenesis, and PCSK9 inhibitors (PCSK9-i) have been found to be efficient for pharmacological management of hyperlipidemia. AREAS COVERED Whether PCSK9 (itself) or PCSK9-i affects NAFLD is still disputed. To address this question, we review published preclinical and clinical studies providing evidence for the role of PCSK9 in and the effect of PCSK9-I on the development and pathogenesis of NAFLD. EXPERT OPINION The current evidence from a landscape of preclinical and clinical studies examining the role of PCSK9 in NAFLD shows controversial results. Preclinical studies indicate that PCSK9 associates with NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression in opposite directions. In humans, it has been concluded that the severity of hepatic steatosis affects the correlation between circulating PCSK9 and liver fat content in humans, with a possible impact of circulating PCSK9 in the early stages of NAFLD, but not in the late stages. However, data from clinical trials with PCSK9-i reassure to the safety of these agents, although real-life long-term evidence is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz (MUL), Lodz, Poland.,Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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5
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Sarkar SK, Matyas A, Asikhia I, Hu Z, Golder M, Beehler K, Kosenko T, Lagace TA. Pathogenic gain-of-function mutations in the prodomain and C-terminal domain of PCSK9 inhibit LDL binding. Front Physiol 2022; 13:960272. [PMID: 36187800 PMCID: PMC9515655 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.960272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protein that binds and mediates endo-lysosomal degradation of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), limiting plasma clearance of cholesterol-rich LDL particles in liver. Gain-of-function (GOF) point mutations in PCSK9 are associated with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Approximately 30%–40% of PCSK9 in normolipidemic human plasma is bound to LDL particles. We previously reported that an R496W GOF mutation in a region of PCSK9 known as cysteine-histidine–rich domain module 1 (CM1) prevents LDL binding in vitro [Sarkar et al., J. Biol. Chem. 295 (8), 2285–2298 (2020)]. Herein, we identify additional GOF mutations that inhibit LDL association, localized either within CM1 or a surface-exposed region in the PCSK9 prodomain. Notably, LDL binding was nearly abolished by a prodomain S127R GOF mutation, one of the first PCSK9 mutations identified in FH patients. PCSK9 containing alanine or proline substitutions at amino acid position 127 were also defective for LDL binding. LDL inhibited cell surface LDLR binding and degradation induced by exogenous PCSK9-D374Y but had no effect on an S127R-D374Y double mutant form of PCSK9. These studies reveal that multiple FH-associated GOF mutations in two distinct regions of PCSK9 inhibit LDL binding, and that the Ser-127 residue in PCSK9 plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha K. Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Matyas
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ikhuosho Asikhia
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Zhenkun Hu
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mia Golder
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Tanja Kosenko
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas A. Lagace
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Thomas A. Lagace,
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6
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Cuomo G, Cioffi G, Di Lorenzo A, Iannone FP, Cudemo G, Iannicelli AM, Pacileo M, D’Andrea A, Vigorito C, Iannuzzo G, Giallauria F. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors Use for Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Solid Organ Transplant Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113247. [PMID: 35683632 PMCID: PMC9180971 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a widespread risk factor in solid organ transplant patients, due to many reasons, such as the use of immunosuppressive drugs, with a consequent increase in cardiovascular diseases in this population. PCSK9 is an enzyme mainly known for its role in altering LDL levels, consequently increasing cardiovascular risk. Monoclonal antibody PCSK9 inhibitors demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the general population in reducing LDL cholesterol levels and preventing cardiovascular disease. In transplant patients, these drugs are still poorly used, despite having comparable efficacy to the general population and giving fewer drug interactions with immunosuppressants. Furthermore, there is enough evidence that PCSK9 also plays a role in other pathways, such as inflammation, which is particularly dangerous for graft survival. In this review, the current evidence on the function of PCSK9 and the use of its inhibitors will be discussed, particularly in transplant patients, in which they may provide additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Cuomo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.M.I.); (C.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Cioffi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.M.I.); (C.V.)
| | - Anna Di Lorenzo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.M.I.); (C.V.)
| | - Francesca Paola Iannone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.P.I.); (G.I.)
| | - Giuseppe Cudemo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.M.I.); (C.V.)
| | - Anna Maria Iannicelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.M.I.); (C.V.)
| | - Mario Pacileo
- Unit of Cardiology and Intensive Care, Umberto I Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonello D’Andrea
- Unit of Cardiology and Intensive Care, Umberto I Hospital, 84014 Nocera Inferiore, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Carlo Vigorito
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.M.I.); (C.V.)
| | - Gabriella Iannuzzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (F.P.I.); (G.I.)
| | - Francesco Giallauria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, “Federico II” University of Naples, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.C.); (A.D.L.); (G.C.); (A.M.I.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Ying Q, Chan DC, Barrett PHR, Watts GF. Unravelling lipoprotein metabolism with stable isotopes: tracing the flow. Metabolism 2021; 124:154887. [PMID: 34508741 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated lipoprotein metabolism is a major cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Use of stable isotope tracers and compartmental modelling have provided deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying lipid disorders in patients at high risk of ASCVD, including familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), elevated lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and metabolic syndrome (MetS). In patients with FH, deficiency in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor activity not only impairs the catabolism of LDL, but also induces hepatic overproduction and decreases catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Patients with elevated Lp(a) are characterized by increased hepatic secretion of Lp(a) particles. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in MetS patients relates to a combination of overproduction of very-low density lipoprotein-apolipoprotein (apo) B-100, decreased catabolism of apoB-100-containing particles, and increased catabolism of high-density lipoprotein-apoA-I particles, as well as to impaired clearance of TRLs in the postprandial state. Kinetic studies show that weight loss, fish oils, statins and fibrates have complementary modes of action that correct atherogenic dyslipidemia. Defining the kinetic mechanisms of action of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 and angiopoietin-like 3 inhibitors on lipid and lipoprotein mechanism in dyslipidemic subjects will further our understanding of these therapies in decreasing the development of ASCVD. "Everything changes but change itself. Everything flows and nothing remains the same... You cannot step twice into the same river, for other waters and yet others go flowing ever on." Heraclitus (c.535- c. 475 BCE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Ying
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Lipid Disorders Clinic, Departments of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia.
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8
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Hamasaki M, Sakane N, Hara K, Kotani K. LDL-cholesterol and PCSK9 in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: influence of PCSK9 variants under lipid-lowering therapy. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24056. [PMID: 34652028 PMCID: PMC8605117 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), an autosomal dominant genetic disease with the elevated levels of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL‐C), increases the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene is associated with FH. There is a positive relationship between circulating LDL‐C and PCSK9 levels, a potential CAD condition, without lipid‐lowering therapy (LLT); however, we do not know whether their correlation exists in FH patients under LLT. Methods This study compared the correlation of PCSK9 variants among patients with FH under LLT (n = 70; mean age, 53 years; male, 63%). LDLR, PCSK9 and APOB variants were analyzed using next‐generation sequencing. Results The LDL‐C and PCSK9 levels in patients with gain‐of‐function (GOF) variants of PCSK9 (n = 7) were mostly similar to those in patients with LDLR variants (n = 17) or variant‐negative patients (n = 46). A significant positive correlation was observed between LDL‐C and PCSK9 levels in patients with GOF variants of PCSK9 (r = 0.79, p = 0.04), but not in patients with LDLR variants or variant‐negative patients. Conclusion The LDL‐C‐PCSK9 correlation is suggested to be retained in FH patients with GOF variants of PCSK9 even under LLT, and these variants can be used as molecular markers for additional treatment with statins in FH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hamasaki
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-City, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto-City, Japan
| | - Kazuo Hara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Omiya-City, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke-City, Japan
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9
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Seidah NG. The PCSK9 discovery, an inactive protease with varied functions in hypercholesterolemia, viral infections, and cancer. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100130. [PMID: 34606887 PMCID: PMC8551645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2003, the sequences of mammalian proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) were reported. Radiolabeling pulse-chase analyses demonstrated that PCSK9 was synthesized as a precursor (proPCSK9) that undergoes autocatalytic cleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum into PCSK9, which is then secreted as an inactive enzyme in complex with its inhibitory prodomain. Its high mRNA expression in liver hepatocytes and its gene localization on chromosome 1p32, a third locus associated with familial hypercholesterolemia, other than LDLR or APOB, led us to identify three patient families expressing the PCSK9 variants S127R or F216L. Although Pcsk9 and Ldlr were downregulated in mice that were fed a cholesterol-rich diet, PCSK9 overexpression led to the degradation of the LDLR. This led to the demonstration that gain-of-function and loss-of-function variations in PCSK9 modulate its bioactivity, whereby PCSK9 binds the LDLR in a nonenzymatic fashion to induce its degradation in endosomes/lysosomes. PCSK9 was also shown to play major roles in targeting other receptors for degradation, thereby regulating various processes, including hypercholesterolemia and associated atherosclerosis, vascular inflammation, viral infections, and immune checkpoint regulation in cancer. Injectable PCSK9 monoclonal antibody or siRNA is currently used in clinics worldwide to treat hypercholesterolemia and could be combined with current therapies in cancer/metastasis. In this review, we present the critical information that led to the discovery of PCSK9 and its implication in LDL-C metabolism. We further analyze the underlying functional mechanism(s) in the regulation of LDL-C, as well as the evolving novel roles of PCSK9 in both health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil G Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM, affiliated to the University of Montreal), 110 Pine Ave West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
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10
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Gago-Dominguez M, Sobrino T, Torres-Español M, Calaza M, Rodríguez-Castro E, Campos F, Redondo CM, Castillo J, Carracedo Á. Obesity-related genetic determinants of stroke. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab069. [PMID: 34550115 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As obesity, circulating lipids and other vascular/metabolic factors influence the risk of stroke, we examined if genetic variants associated with these conditions are related to risk of stroke using a case-control study in Galicia, Spain. A selection of 200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms previously found to be related to obesity, body mass index, circulating lipids, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, obesity-related cancer and cerebral infarction were genotyped in 465 patients diagnosed with stroke and 480 population-based controls. An unsupervised Lasso regression procedure was carried out for single-nucleotide polymorphism selection based on their potential effect on stroke according to obesity. Selected genotypes were further analysed through multivariate logistic regression to study their association with risk of stroke. Using unsupervised selection procedures, nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found to be related to risk of stroke overall and after stratification by obesity. From these, rs10761731, rs2479409 and rs6511720 in obese subjects [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.61 (0.39-0.95) (P = 0.027); 0.54 (0.35-0.84) (P = 0.006) and 0.42 (0.22-0.80) (P = 0.0075), respectively], and rs865686 in non-obese subjects [odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.67 (0.48-0.94) (P = 0.019)], were independently associated with risk of stroke after multivariate logistic regression procedures. The associations between the three single-nucleotide polymorphisms found to be associated with stroke risk in obese subjects were more pronounced among females; for rs10761731, odds ratios among obese males and females were 1.07 (0.58-1.97) (P = 0.84), and 0.31 (0.14-0.69) (P = 0.0018), respectively; for rs2479409, odd ratios were 0.66 (0.34-1.27) (P = 0.21), and 0.49 (0.24-0.99) (P = 0.04), for obese males and females, respectively; the stroke-rs6511720 association was also slightly more pronounced among obese females, odds ratios were 0.33 (0.13-0.87) (P = 0.022), and 0.28 (0.09-0.85) (P = 0.02) for obese males and females, respectively. The rs865686-stroke association was more pronounced among non-obese males [odds ratios = 0.61 (0.39-0.96) (P = 0.029) and 0.72 (0.42-1.22) (P = 0.21), for non-obese males and females, respectively]. A combined genetic score of variants rs10761731, rs2479409 and rs6511720 was highly predictive of stroke risk among obese subjects (P = 2.04 × 10-5), particularly among females (P = 4.28 × 10-6). In summary, single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs1076173, rs2479409 and rs6511720 were found to independently increase the risk of stroke in obese subjects after adjustment for established risk factors. A combined score with the three genomic variants was an independent predictor of risk of stroke among obese subjects in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Gago-Dominguez
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,International Cancer Genetics and Epidemiology Group, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Torres-Español
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Calaza
- Conselleria de Educación, Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emilio Rodríguez-Castro
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen M Redondo
- Oncology and Genetics Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX), Servicio Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Centro en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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PCSK9: A Multi-Faceted Protein That Is Involved in Cardiovascular Biology. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070793. [PMID: 34356856 PMCID: PMC8301306 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-protein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is secreted mostly by hepatocytes and to a lesser extent by the intestine, pancreas, kidney, adipose tissue, and vascular cells. PCSK9 has been known to interact with the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and chaperones the receptor to its degradation. In this manner, targeting PCSK9 is a novel attractive approach to reduce hyperlipidaemia and the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Recently, it has been recognised that the effects of PCSK9 in relation to cardiovascular complications are not only LDLR related, but that various LDLR-independent pathways and processes are also influenced. In this review, the various LDLR dependent and especially independent effects of PCSK9 on the cardiovascular system are discussed, followed by an overview of related PCSK9-polymorphisms and currently available and future therapeutic approaches to manipulate PCSK9 expression.
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12
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Tam J, Thankam F, Agrawal DK, Radwan MM. Critical Role of LOX-1-PCSK9 Axis in the Pathogenesis of Atheroma Formation and Its Instability. Heart Lung Circ 2021; 30:1456-1466. [PMID: 34092505 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.05.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major contributor to annual deaths globally. Atherosclerosis is a prominent risk factor for CVD. Although significant developments have been recently made in the prevention and treatment, the molecular pathology of atherosclerosis remains unknown. Interestingly, the recent discovery of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) introduced a new avenue to explore the molecular pathogenesis and novel management strategies for atherosclerosis. Initial research focussed on the PCSK9-mediated degradation of low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and subsequent activation of pro-inflammatory pathways by oxidised low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL). Recently, PCSK9 and lectin-like oxidised low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) were shown to positively amplify each other pro-inflammatory activity and gene expression in endothelial cells, macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells. In this literature review, we provide insight into the reciprocal relationship between PCSK9 and LOX-1 in the pathogenesis of atheroma formation and plaque instability in atherosclerosis. Further understanding of the LOX-1-PCSK9 axis possesses tremendous translational potential to design novel management approaches for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Tam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Finosh Thankam
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Devendra K Agrawal
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- Department of Translational Research, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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13
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Macchi C, Ferri N, Sirtori CR, Corsini A, Banach M, Ruscica M. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9: A View beyond the Canonical Cholesterol-Lowering Impact. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1385-1397. [PMID: 34019847 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), mainly synthetized and released by the liver, represents one of the key regulators of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although genetic and interventional studies have demonstrated that lowering PCSK9 levels corresponds to a cardiovascular benefit, identification of non-cholesterol-related processes has emerged since its discovery. Besides liver, PCSK9 is also expressed in many tissues (eg, intestine, endocrine pancreas, and brain). The aim of the present review is to describe and discuss PCSK9 pathophysiology and possible non-lipid-lowering effects whether already extensively characterized (eg, inflammatory burden of atherosclerosis, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism, and platelet activation), or to be unraveled (eg, in adipose tissue). The identification of novel transcriptional factors in the promoter region of human PCSK9 (eg, ChREBP) characterizes new mechanisms explaining how controlling intrahepatic glucose may be a therapeutic strategy to reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Finally, the evidence describing PCSK9 as involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis raises the possibility of this protein being involved in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Macchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy; Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico MultiMedica, Sesto San Giovanni/Milan, Italy
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland; Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Italy.
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14
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Inclisiran: A Novel Agent for Lowering Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:e157-e174. [PMID: 33990512 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hypercholesterolemia is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accordingly, efforts to lower apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in plasma are the centerpiece of strategies for cardiovascular prevention and treatment in primary and secondary management. Despite the importance of this endeavor, many patients do not achieve appropriate low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) goals, even among those who have experienced atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). The development of new LDL-C-lowering medications with alternative mechanisms of action will facilitate improved goal achievement in high risk patients. Inclisiran is a novel small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-based drug that is experimental in the US and approved for clinical use in the EU. It lowers LDL-C and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins by reducing production of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9), a protein that normally contributes to LDL-receptor (LDLR) degradation, thereby increasing LDLR density and recycling in hepatocytes. Although the lipid-lowering efficacy of inclisiran is comparable to results achieved with PCSK9-blocking monoclonal antibodies (PCSK9i) (alirocumab and evolocumab), there are several important differences between the two drug classes. First, inclisiran reduces levels of PCSK9 both intracellularly and extracellularly by blocking translation of and degrading PCSK9 messenger RNA. Second, the long biological half-life of inclisiran produces sustained LDL-C-lowering with twice yearly dosing. Third, although PCSK9i drugs are proven to reduce ASCVD events, clinical outcomes trials with inclisiran are still in progress. In this manuscript, we review the clinical development of inclisiran, its mechanism of action, lipid-lowering efficacy, safety and tolerability, and potential clinical role of this promising new agent.
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15
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Shi J, Li X, Zhang W, Niu Y, Lin N, Zhang H, Ning G, Fan J, Qin L, Su Q, Yang Z. Circulating Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Levels and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:664583. [PMID: 34041285 PMCID: PMC8141620 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.664583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To evaluate the prospective association of circulating PCSK9 levels with the cardiometabolic risk profiles (high LDL-cholesterol, high triglycerides, low HDL-cholesterol, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome). Methods: A population-based prospective study was conducted among 7,104 Chinese individuals (age 56.2 ± 7.5 years; 32.0% men). Circulating PCSK9 levels were measured using ELISA. Results: Circulating PCSK9 levels were higher in women than men (286.7 ± 90.1 vs. 276.1 ± 86.4 ng/ml, p < 0.001). And circulating PCSK9 was positively correlated with LDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol, and triglycerides both in men and women (all p < 0.001). The positive correlation between PCSK9 and waist circumference, fasting glucose, insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and C-reactive protein (all p < 0.01) was observed in women only. According to Cox regression analysis, circulating PCSK9 was positively associated with incidence of high LDL-cholesterol both in men (HR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09–1.65, p < 0.001) and women (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12–1.69, p < 0.001). Moreover, PCSK9 was significantly associated with incident high triglycerides (HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.13–1.72, p < 0.001), hypertension (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.08–1.53, p = 0.011), type 2 diabetes (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09–1.76, p = 0.005), and metabolic syndrome (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.11–1.65, p = 0.009) per SD change in women only. No statistically significant association was observed between circulating PCSK9 and incidence of low HDL-cholesterol (p > 0.1). Conclusions: Elevated circulating PCSK9 was significantly associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and independently contributed to the prediction of cardiometabolic risks in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixin Niu
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiangao Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Digestion and Nutrition, Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Chemello K, García-Nafría J, Gallo A, Martín C, Lambert G, Blom D. Lipoprotein metabolism in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100062. [PMID: 33675717 PMCID: PMC8050012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most common genetic disorders in humans. It is an extremely atherogenic metabolic disorder characterized by lifelong elevations of circulating LDL-C levels often leading to premature cardiovascular events. In this review, we discuss the clinical phenotypes of heterozygous and homozygous FH, the genetic variants in four genes (LDLR/APOB/PCSK9/LDLRAP1) underpinning the FH phenotype as well as the most recent in vitro experimental approaches used to investigate molecular defects affecting the LDL receptor pathway. In addition, we review perturbations in the metabolism of lipoproteins other than LDL in FH, with a major focus on lipoprotein (a). Finally, we discuss the mode of action and efficacy of many of the currently approved hypocholesterolemic agents used to treat patients with FH, with a special emphasis on the treatment of phenotypically more severe forms of FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Chemello
- Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Saint- Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Javier García-Nafría
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of complex systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Cardiovascular Prevention Unit, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'imagerie Biomédicale, INSERM 1146, CNRS 7371, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Cesar Martín
- Instituto Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Saint- Denis de La Réunion, France.
| | - Dirk Blom
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and Division of Lipidology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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17
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Heart-gut axis: Targeting proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) to prevent cardiovascular disease through gut microbiota. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2021.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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18
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Ying Q, Chan DC, Watts GF. New Insights Into the Regulation of Lipoprotein Metabolism by PCSK9: Lessons From Stable Isotope Tracer Studies in Human Subjects. Front Physiol 2021; 12:603910. [PMID: 33643062 PMCID: PMC7902499 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.603910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a convertase enzyme mostly produced by the liver. It is a key regulator of LDL metabolism because of its ability to enhance degradation of the LDL receptor. PCSK9 also regulates the metabolism of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Its key role in modulating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is supported by genetic studies and clinical outcome trials. Kinetic studies provide mechanistic insight into the role of PCSK9 in regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Kinetic data have demonstrated that plasma PCSK9 concentration is inversely associated with the clearance of LDL in men. Gain-of-function mutations of PCSK9 markedly increase plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations due to impaired LDL-apoB catabolism. Conversely, PCSK9 deficiency results in low LDL-cholesterol associated with enhanced LDL-apoB clearance. Inhibition of PCSK9 with monoclonal antibodies (such as evolocumab or alirocumab) lowers plasma LDL-cholesterol and apoB levels chiefly by upregulating the catabolism of LDL particles in healthy individuals. As monotherapy, PCSK9 inhibitor reduced Lp(a) concentrations by decreasing the production rate. However, as combination therapy, it reduced the plasma concentration of Lp(a) by increasing the fractional catabolism of Lp(a) particles. In statin-treated patients with high Lp(a), PCSK9 inhibition lowers plasma Lp(a) concentrations by accelerating the catabolism of Lp(a) particles. The effect of PCSK9 inhibition on TRL metabolism has been studied in healthy individuals and in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings suggest that PCSK9 appears to play a less important role in TRL than LDL metabolism. Kinetic studies of PCSK9 inhibition therapy on lipoprotein metabolism in diverse high risk patient populations (such as familial hypercholesterolemia) and new therapeutic combination also merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qidi Ying
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dick C Chan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gerald F Watts
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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19
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Pandith AA, Bhat IA, Niyaz I, Qasim I, Bhat IA, Manzoor U, Koul AM. Association of APOA1-75G/A and +83C/T polymorphic variation with acute coronary syndrome patients in Kashmir (India). J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2021; 13:109-115. [PMID: 34326964 PMCID: PMC8302891 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2021.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comes under the ambit of cardiovascular disease.APOA-1 gene plays a vital role in lipid metabolism and has been observed to have plausible role in ACS. This cross sectional case-control study was conducted to evaluate association between APOA 1-75G/A(rs1799837), +83C/T (rs5069) genotypes and risk for ACS. Methods: The current case-control study that included confirmed 90 ACS cases and 150 healthy controls were genotyped for APOA 1-75 G/A and +83 C/T by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLF) method. Results: APOA 1-75G/A distribution of genotypes/alleles among cases and controls was seen proportionally same with no association to ACS (P = 0.5). APOA 1+83 C/T variants showed protective effect with ACS where variant TT genotype presented more in controls (12%) than cases (1.6%) (P = 0.004) and likewise variant 'T' allele was found more in controls than ACS cases (9.4% vs.28.5% respectively: P < 0.05). Further, significantly high difference of CT genotype was seen among cases and controls 15% vs. 33% respectively (P = 0.002). The overall distribution of different haplotypes showed a marked difference in GT when compared with GC between cases and controls (P = 0.0001). Conclusion: The study shows that TT genotype and variant T allele of APOA 1 +83 C/T depicted a protective role with respect to ACS whereas APOA 1-75G>A showed no relation. Haplotype GT was observed to significantly over-represent in controls with its protective effect in ACS as against wild type haplotype GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad A Pandith
- Advanced Center for Human Genetics, SK Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K 190011, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad Bhat
- Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, 190010, Srinagar, J & K, India
| | - Iqra Niyaz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, J & K-190011, India
| | - Iqbal Qasim
- Advanced Center for Human Genetics, SK Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K 190011, India
| | - Ina A Bhat
- Advanced Center for Human Genetics, SK Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K 190011, India
| | - Usma Manzoor
- Advanced Center for Human Genetics, SK Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K 190011, India
| | - Aabid M Koul
- Advanced Center for Human Genetics, SK Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, J & K 190011, India
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20
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Zenti MG, Lupo MG, De Martin S, Altomari A, Galvan S, Aventaggiato M, Maneschi C, Sandri D, Paiola E, Battistoni M, Eccher A, Targher G, Bonora E, Ruscica M, Ferri N. Impact of bariatric surgery-induced weight loss on circulating PCSK9 levels in obese patients. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:2372-2378. [PMID: 33028503 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To investigate the effect of obesity and bariatric-induced weight loss on circulating levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) in severely obese patients. METHODS AND RESULTS In this non-randomized interventional study, we enrolled 36 severely obese patients (BMI 43.7 ± 5.6 kg/m2), of which 20 underwent bariatric surgery, and 12 nonobese healthy controls. An oral glucose tolerance test (75-g OGTT) was performed in 31 of these obese patients at baseline (T0) and in 14 patients at 6 months after bariatric surgery (T6) to assess plasma glucose, insulin and PCSK9 levels. Plasma PCSK9 levels were also measured in 18 of these obese patients at T0 during a 2-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC). At T0, PCSK9 levels were higher in obese patients than in controls (274.6 ± 76.7 ng/mL vs. 201.4 ± 53.3 ng/mL) and dropped after bariatric surgery (T6; 205.5 ± 51.7 ng/mL) along with BMI (from 44.1 ± 5.9 kg/m2 to 33.1 ± 5.6 kg/m2). At T6, there was also a decrease in plasma glucose (T0 vs. T6: 6.0 ± 1.8 vs. 5.0 ± 0.5 mmol/L) and insulin (15.7 ± 8.3 vs. 5.4 ± 2.1 mU/L) levels. At T0, plasma PCSK9 levels decreased during OGTT in obese patients, reaching a nadir of 262.0 ± 61.4 ng/mL at 120 min with a hyperinsulinemic peak of 75.1 ± 40.0 mU/L, at 60 min. Similarly, at T0 insulin infusion during 2-h HEC acutely reduced plasma PCSK9 levels in obese patients. The aforementioned OGTT-induced changes in plasma PCSK9 levels were not observed neither in nonobese healthy controls nor in obese patients after bariatric-surgery weight loss. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a pivotal role of adipose tissue and insulin resistance on PCSK9 homeostasis in severely obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Zenti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria G Lupo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara De Martin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Altomari
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Galvan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marta Aventaggiato
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Maneschi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Damiano Sandri
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Paiola
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Battistoni
- Division of Bariatric Surgery, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Albino Eccher
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Enzo Bonora
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Ruscica
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy.
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21
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Malvandi AM, Canclini L, Alliaj A, Magni P, Zambon A, Catapano AL. Progress and prospects of biological approaches targeting PCSK9 for cholesterol-lowering, from molecular mechanism to clinical efficacy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1477-1489. [PMID: 32715821 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1801628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disorders are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Recent advances showed a promising role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a critical player in regulating plasma LDL levels and lipid metabolism. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the molecular functions of PCSK9 with a vision on the clinical progress of utilizing monoclonal antibodies and other biological approaches to block PCSK9 activity. The successful clinical trials with monoclonal antibodies are reviewed. Recent advances in (pre)clinical trials of other biological approaches, such as small interfering RNAs, are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Discovery of PCSK9 and clinical use of its inhibitors to manage lipid metabolism is a step forward in hypolipidaemic therapy. A better understanding of the molecular activity of PCSK9 can help to identify new approaches in the inhibition of PCSK9 expression/activity. Whether if PCSK9 plays a role in other cardiometabolic conditions may provide grounds for further development of therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Canclini
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Magni
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zambon
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Alberico Luigi Catapano
- IRCCS Multimedica , Milan, Italy.,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan, Italy
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22
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Tang Y, Li SL, Hu JH, Sun KJ, Liu LL, Xu DY. Research progress on alternative non-classical mechanisms of PCSK9 in atherosclerosis in patients with and without diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:33. [PMID: 32169071 PMCID: PMC7071562 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) acts via a canonical pathway to regulate circulating low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) via degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) on the liver cell surface. Published research has shown that PCSK9 is involved in atherosclerosis via a variety of non-classical mechanisms that involve lysosomal, inflammatory, apoptotic, mitochondrial, and immune pathways. In this review paper, we summarized these additional mechanisms and described how anti-PCSK9 therapy exerts effects through these mechanisms. These additional pathways further illustrate the regulatory role of PCSK9 in atherosclerosis and offer an in-depth interpretation of how the PCSK9 inhibitor exerts effects on the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tang
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng-Lan Li
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Hu
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kai-Jun Sun
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Lei-Ling Liu
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Dan-Yan Xu
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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23
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Puri R, Mehta V, Duell PB, Nair D, Mohan JC, Yusuf J, Dalal JJ, Mishra S, Kasliwal RR, Agarwal R, Mukhopadhyay S, Wardhan H, Khanna NN, Pradhan A, Mehrotra R, Kumar A, Puri S, Muruganathan A, Sattur GB, Yadav M, Singh HP, Agarwal RK, Nanda R. Proposed low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals for secondary prevention and familial hypercholesterolemia in India with focus on PCSK9 inhibitor monoclonal antibodies: Expert consensus statement from Lipid Association of India. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:e1-e13. [PMID: 32089456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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24
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Croyal M, Blanchard V, Ouguerram K, Chétiveaux M, Cabioch L, Moyon T, Billon-Crossouard S, Aguesse A, Bernardeau K, Le May C, Flet L, Lambert G, Hadjadj S, Cariou B, Krempf M, Nobécourt-Dupuy E. VLDL (Very-Low-Density Lipoprotein)-Apo E (Apolipoprotein E) May Influence Lp(a) (Lipoprotein [a]) Synthesis or Assembly. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:819-829. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
To clarify the association between PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) and Lp(a) (lipoprotein [a]), we studied Lp(a) kinetics in patients with loss-of-function and gain-of-function
PCSK9
mutations and in patients in whom extended-release niacin reduced Lp(a) and PCSK9 concentrations.
Approach and Results:
Six healthy controls, 9 heterozygous patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (5 with low-density lipoprotein receptor [
LDLR
] mutations and 4 with
PCSK9
gain-of-function mutations) and 3 patients with heterozygous dominant-negative
PCSK9
loss-of-function mutations were included in the preliminary study. Eight patients were enrolled in a second study assessing the effects of 2 g/day extended-release niacin. Apolipoprotein kinetics in VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and Lp(a) were studied using stable isotope techniques. Plasma Lp(a) concentrations were increased in
PCSK9
-gain-of-function and familial hypercholesterolemia-
LDLR
groups compared with controls and
PCSK9
-loss-of-function groups (14±12 versus 5±4 mg/dL;
P
=0.04), but no change was observed in Lp(a) fractional catabolic rate. Subjects with
PCSK9
-loss-of-function mutations displayed reduced apoE (apolipoprotein E) concentrations associated with a VLDL-apoE absolute production rate reduction. Lp(a) and VLDL-apoE absolute production rates were correlated (
r
=0.50;
P
<0.05). ApoE-to-apolipoprotein (a) molar ratios in Lp(a) increased with plasma Lp(a) (
r
=0.96;
P
<0.001) but not with PCSK9 levels. Extended-release niacin-induced reductions in Lp(a) and VLDL-apoE absolute production rate were correlated (
r
=0.83;
P
=0.015). In contrast, PCSK9 reduction (−35%;
P
=0.008) was only correlated with that of VLDL-apoE absolute production rate (
r
=0.79;
P
=0.028).
Conclusions:
VLDL-apoE production could determine Lp(a) production and/or assembly. As PCSK9 inhibitors reduce plasma apoE and Lp(a) concentrations, apoE could be the link between PCSK9 and Lp(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Croyal
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Valentin Blanchard
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France (V.B., G.L.)
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Maud Chétiveaux
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, France (M. Chétiveaux, C.L.M.)
| | - Léa Cabioch
- Biogenouest-Corsaire platform, Saint Gilles, France (L.C.)
| | - Thomas Moyon
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Stéphanie Billon-Crossouard
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
| | - Karine Bernardeau
- P2R «Production de protéines recombinantes», CRCINA, SFR-Santé, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, France (K.B.)
| | - Cédric Le May
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, France (M. Chétiveaux, C.L.M.)
| | - Laurent Flet
- Pharmacy Department, Nantes University Hospital, France (L.F.)
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Plateforme CYROI, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France (V.B., G.L.)
| | - Samy Hadjadj
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, France (S.H., B.C.)
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L’institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, France (S.H., B.C.)
| | - Michel Krempf
- From the NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, France (M. Croyal, K.O., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France (M. Croyal, K.O., T.M., S.B.-C., A.A., M.K.)
- ELSAN, clinique Bretéché, Nantes, France (M.K.)
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25
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Lu X. Structure and Function of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) in Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1029-1040. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190214141626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:One of the important factors in Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism is the LDL receptor (LDLR) by its capacity to bind and subsequently clear cholesterol derived from LDL (LDL-C) in the circulation. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-like Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a newly discovered serine protease that destroys LDLR in the liver and thereby controls the levels of LDL in plasma. Inhibition of PCSK9-mediated degradation of LDLR has, therefore, become a novel target for lipid-lowering therapy.Methods:We review the current understanding of the structure and function of PCSK9 as well as its implications for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.Results:New treatments such as monoclonal antibodies against PCSK9 may be useful agents to lower plasma levels of LDL and hence prevent atherosclerosis.Conclusion:PCSK9's mechanism of action is not yet fully clarified. However, treatments that target PCSK9 have shown striking early efficacy and promise to improve the lives of countless patients with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjie Lu
- The Mary and Garry Weston Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, SW3 6LR, United Kingdom
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26
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Jeenduang N. Circulating PCSK9 concentrations are increased in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 494:151-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Elseweidy MM, Elswefy SE, Younis NN, Tarek S. Contribution of aorta glycosaminoglycans and PCSK9 to hyperlipidemia in experimental rabbits: the role of 10-dehdrogingerdione as effective modulator. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3921-3928. [PMID: 31049833 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Elseweidy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Sahar E Elswefy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Nahla N Younis
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
| | - Shaden Tarek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
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28
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Dijk W, Cariou B. Efficacy and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 inhibitors in people with diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019; 21 Suppl 1:39-51. [PMID: 31002456 DOI: 10.1111/dom.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic dyslipidaemia, characterized by quantitative, qualitative and kinetic changes in all major circulating lipids, contributes to the increased cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A promising therapeutic avenue is the inhibition of the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) with human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that potently reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels on top of statin treatment. The aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors to lower the residual cardiovascular risk of T2DM patients and to discuss the safety of PCSK9 inhibition in these patients. PCSK9 inhibitors potently lower plasma LDL-C levels in T2DM patients and reduce risk for the development of cardiovascular disease. Anti-PCSK9 mAbs are generally not more or less effective in T2DM patients compared to a general high-risk population. Nevertheless, due to their higher cardiovascular risk, the absolute risk reduction of major cardiovascular events is more significant in T2DM patients. This suggests that treatment of T2DM patients with anti-PCSK9 mAbs could be attractive from a cost-effectiveness perspective. Treatment with anti-PCSK9 mAbs did not result in significant treatment-emergent adverse effects. While genetic studies suggest a potential link between PCSK9 inhibition and glucose homeostasis, anti-PCSK9 mAbs did not worsen glycaemic control in T2DM patients, but their safety should be verified after a longer-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- CIC INSERM 1413, CHU Nantes, Department of Endocrinology, L'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
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29
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Liu Y, Wang X, Han J, Liu L, Jin Y, Jin L, Ye P. PCSK9 positively correlates with plasma sdLDL in community-dwelling population but not in diabetic participants after confounder adjustment. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15062. [PMID: 30946354 PMCID: PMC6456037 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) and small dense low-density lipoprptein (sdLDL) in diabetic and non-diabetic participants in a community-dwelling cohort.The plasma levels of PCSK9 and sdLDL were detected in 1766 participants (median age: 61.40 years; 733 males vs 1033 females; 383 diabetic vs 1383 non-diabetic patients) from the Pingguoyuan community of Beijing, China.Results showed that Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between PCSK9 and sdLDL (r = 0.263, P < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant positive correlation between plasma PCSK9 and sdLDL in the whole population study. sdLDL was used as the dependent variable, and the potential cofounders were adjusted. However, any independent relationship was not observed between circulating PCSK9 and sdLDL in the diabetic subpopulation (r = 0.269, P < .05, β = 9.591, P > .05).Thus, there is a positive correlation between plasma PCSK9 and sdLDL in a community-dwelling cohort, but not in type 2 diabetic subpopulation, after confounder adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Critical Care Center, The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
- Geriatric Institute, Chinese PLA Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Jin
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
| | - Ping Ye
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital
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30
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Malakar AK, Choudhury D, Halder B, Paul P, Uddin A, Chakraborty S. A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16812-16823. [PMID: 30790284 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the major cardiovascular diseases affecting the global human population. This disease has been proved to be the major cause of death in both the developed and developing countries. Lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic factors pose as risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of risk factors among healthy individuals elucidates the probable occurrence of CAD in near future. Genome-wide association studies have suggested the association of chromosome 9p21.3 in the premature onset of CAD. The risk factors of CAD include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, obesity, homocystinuria, and psychosocial stress. The eradication and management of CAD has been established through extensive studies and trials. Antiplatelet agents, nitrates, β-blockers, calcium antagonists, and ranolazine are some of the few therapeutic agents used for the relief of symptomatic angina associated with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arup Kr Malakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | | | - Binata Halder
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Prosenjit Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Arif Uddin
- Department of Zoology, Moinul Hoque Choudhury Memorial Science College, Hailakandi, Assam, India
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31
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Abstract
Clinical trials have unequivocally shown that inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) efficaciously and safely prevents cardiovascular events by lowering levels of LDL cholesterol. PCSK9 in the circulation is derived mainly from the liver, but the protein is also expressed in the pancreas, the kidney, the intestine and the central nervous system. Although PCSK9 modulates cholesterol metabolism by regulating LDL receptor expression in the liver, in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that PCSK9 is involved in various other physiological processes. Although therapeutic PCSK9 inhibition could theoretically have undesired effects by interfering with these non-cholesterol-related processes, studies of individuals with genetically determined reduced PCSK9 function and clinical trials of PCSK9 inhibitors have not revealed clinically meaningful adverse consequences of almost completely eradicating PCSK9 from the circulation. The clinical implications of PCSK9 functions beyond lipid metabolism in terms of wanted or unwanted effects of therapeutic PCSK9 inhibition therefore appear to be limited. The objective of this Review is to describe the physiological role of PCSK9 beyond the LDL receptor to provide a rational basis for monitoring the effects of PCSK9 inhibition as these drugs gain traction in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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32
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Averkova AO, Brazhnik VA, Speshilov GI, Rogozhina AA, Koroleva OS, Zubova EA, Galyavich AS, Tereshenko SN, Boyeva OI, Zateyshchikov DA. Targeted sequencing in patients with clinically diagnosed hereditary lipid metabolism disorder and acute coronary syndrome. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2018.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The actual prevalence of genetic variants causing familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in every population remains unknown. The aim of this work was to determine the spectrum of pathogenic variants in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and clinically diagnosed FH using targeted sequencing. We selected 38 patients with ACS from the sample of 2,081 participants of two multicenter observational studies (2004–2007; 2014–2016) who had a clinical diagnosis of FH based on the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network score and Simon Broome criteria. The men and women included in the study were ≤ 55 and ≤ 60 years of age, respectively. Molecular genetic screening was done by targeted next-generation sequencing. We started by sequencing 3 genes associated with FH, including LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9. If no relevant variants were detected, the panel was expanded. Of 38 patients, 24 (63.2%) were shown to have mutations that could cause clinical manifestations of FH and premature coronary artery disease. All patients were heterozygous carriers. Mutations were detected in three “classic” genes LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 associated with FH, as well as in other genes involved in lipid metabolism, such as APOE, ABCA1, ABCG5, ABCG8, LPL, ANGPTL3, and MTTP. Five variants detected in our study sample had not been described previously: the pathogenic p.Val273_Cys313del variant of the LDLR gene, the likely pathogenic p.Arg160His variant in the APOE gene, two variants of uncertain significance p.Glu612Lys and c.*415G>A in the PCSK9 gene, and the mutant variant p.Ala776Ser in the LDLR gene. We conclude that the use of clinical diagnostic criteria in patients with ACS and FH enables identification of carriers of both “classic” mutations associated with FH and rare genetic variants that can be phenotypically expressed as FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- AO Averkova
- Central State Medical Academy of the Department of Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - VA Brazhnik
- Central State Medical Academy of the Department of Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow; Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 51, Moscow
| | - GI Speshilov
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, RAS, Moscow; ReadSense OOO, Troitsk Center for Nanotechnologies of Rusnano Foundation for Nanotechnology Infrastructure and Educational Projects, Moscow
| | - AA Rogozhina
- Central State Medical Academy of the Department of Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - OS Koroleva
- Central State Medical Academy of the Department of Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow
| | - EA Zubova
- Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 51, Moscow
| | | | - SN Tereshenko
- National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow
| | - OI Boyeva
- Stavropol State Medical University, Stavropol
| | - DA Zateyshchikov
- Central State Medical Academy of the Department of Presidential Affairs of the Russian Federation, Moscow; Municipal Clinical Hospital No. 51, Moscow
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33
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Magri-Tomaz L, Melbouci L, Mercier J, Ou Y, Auclair N, Lira FS, Lavoie JM, St-Pierre DH. Two weeks of high-fat feeding disturb lipid and cholesterol molecular markers. Cell Biochem Funct 2018; 36:387-393. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Magri-Tomaz
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique; UQAM; Montréal Québec Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine; Montréal Québec Canada
- Département de Kinésiologie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - L. Melbouci
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique; UQAM; Montréal Québec Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - J. Mercier
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique; UQAM; Montréal Québec Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - Ya Ou
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique; UQAM; Montréal Québec Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - N. Auclair
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique; UQAM; Montréal Québec Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - F. S. Lira
- Department of Physical Education; State University of São Paulo, Presidente Prudente; São Paulo Brazil
| | - J-M. Lavoie
- Département de Kinésiologie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec Canada
| | - D. H. St-Pierre
- Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique; UQAM; Montréal Québec Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine; Montréal Québec Canada
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34
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Ray KK, Stoekenbroek RM, Kallend D, Leiter LA, Landmesser U, Wright RS, Wijngaard P, Kastelein JJ. Effect of an siRNA Therapeutic Targeting PCSK9 on Atherogenic Lipoproteins. Circulation 2018; 138:1304-1316. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.034710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kausik K. Ray
- Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, UK (K.K.R.)
| | - Robert M. Stoekenbroek
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.M.S., J.J.P.K.)
| | | | - Lawrence A. Leiter
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada (L.A.L.)
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health and German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (U.L.)
| | - R. Scott Wright
- Department of Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (R.S.W.)
| | | | - John J.P. Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (R.M.S., J.J.P.K.)
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35
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Dijk W, Le May C, Cariou B. Beyond LDL: What Role for PCSK9 in Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Metabolism? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:420-434. [PMID: 29665987 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Elevated plasma triglyceride (TG) levels are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin 9 (PCSK9) - a protein therapeutically targeted to lower plasma cholesterol levels - might regulate plasma TG-rich lipoprotein (TRL) levels. We provide a timely and critical review of the current evidence for a role of PCSK9 in TRL metabolism by assessing the impact of PCSK9 gene variants, by reviewing recent clinical data with PCSK9 inhibitors, and by describing the potential mechanisms by which PCSK9 might regulate TRL metabolism. We conclude that the impact of PCSK9 on TRL metabolism is relatively modest, especially compared to its impact on cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieneke Dijk
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, Department of Endocrinology, CHU NANTES, Nantes, France.
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36
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Abstract
Unknown 15 years ago, PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) is now common parlance among scientists and clinicians interested in prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. What makes this story so special is not its recent discovery nor the fact that it uncovered previously unknown biology but rather that these important scientific insights have been translated into an effective medical therapy in record time. Indeed, the translation of this discovery to novel therapeutic serves as one of the best examples of how genetic insights can be leveraged into intelligent target drug discovery. The PCSK9 saga is unfolding quickly but is far from complete. Here, we review major scientific understandings as they relate to the role of PCSK9 in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and the impact that therapies designed to inhibit its action are having in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shapiro
- From the Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Hagai Tavori
- From the Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland
| | - Sergio Fazio
- From the Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland.
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Blanchard V, Ramin-Mangata S, Billon-Crossouard S, Aguesse A, Durand M, Chemello K, Nativel B, Flet L, Chétiveaux M, Jacobi D, Bard JM, Ouguerram K, Lambert G, Krempf M, Croyal M. Kinetics of plasma apolipoprotein E isoforms by LC-MS/MS: a pilot study. J Lipid Res 2018. [PMID: 29540575 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p083576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human apoE exhibits three major isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) corresponding to polymorphism in the APOE gene. Total plasma apoE concentrations are closely related to these isoforms, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We aimed to describe the kinetics of apoE individual isoforms to explore the mechanisms for variable total apoE plasma concentrations. We used LC-MS/MS to discriminate between isoforms by identifying specific peptide sequences in subjects (three E2/E3, three E3/E3, and three E3/E4 phenotypes) who received a primed constant infusion of 2H3-leucine for 14 h. apoE concentrations and leucine enrichments were measured hourly in plasma. Concentrations of apoE2 were higher than apoE3, and concentrations of apoE4 were lower than apoE3. There was no difference between apoE3 and apoE4 catabolic rates and between apoE2 and apoE3 production rates (PRs), but apoE2 catabolic rates and apoE4 PRs were lower. The mechanisms leading to the difference in total plasma apoE concentrations are therefore related to contrasted kinetics of the isoforms. Production or catabolic rates are differently affected according to the specific isoforms. On these grounds, studies on the regulation of the involved biochemical pathways and the impact of pathological environments are now warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Blanchard
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France.,INSERM, UMR 1188 DéTROI, University of La Réunion, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Billon-Crossouard
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France.,INRA, UMR 1280 PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France.,INRA, UMR 1280 PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Manon Durand
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France.,L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Kevin Chemello
- INSERM, UMR 1188 DéTROI, University of La Réunion, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Brice Nativel
- INSERM, UMR 1188 DéTROI, University of La Réunion, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Laurent Flet
- Pharmacy Department, Nantes University Hospital, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - Maud Chétiveaux
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - David Jacobi
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France.,L'institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bard
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France.,University of Nantes, Mer, Molécules, Santé (MMS) - EA 2160 and Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral (IUML) - FR3473 CNRS, F-44000 Nantes, France, and Department of Biopathology, Institute of Cancer and Oncology, F-44800 Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France.,INRA, UMR 1280 PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Lambert
- INSERM, UMR 1188 DéTROI, University of La Réunion, F-97490 Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France.,INRA, UMR 1280 PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France.,L'institut du Thorax, CHU Nantes, F-44093 Nantes, France
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, F-44000 Nantes, France .,INRA, UMR 1280 PhAN, F-44000 Nantes, France
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38
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Baragetti A, Grejtakova D, Casula M, Olmastroni E, Jotti GS, Norata GD, Catapano AL, Bellosta S. Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin type-9 (PCSK9) and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein metabolism: Facts and gaps. Pharmacol Res 2018; 130:1-11. [PMID: 29428206 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
After more than a decade of intense investigation, Pro-protein Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin type 9 (PCSK9) remains a hot topic of research both at experimental and clinical level. Interestingly PCSK9 is expressed in different tissues suggesting the existence of additional function(s) beyond the modulation of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) receptor in the liver. Emerging data suggest that PCSK9 might play a role in the modulation of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) metabolism, mainly Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) and their remnants. In vitro, PCSK9 affects TGRLs production by intestinal cells as well as the catabolism of LDL receptor homologous and non-homologous targets such as VLDL receptor, CD36 and ApoE2R. However, the in vivo relevance of these findings is still debated. This review aims at critically discussing the role of PCSK9 on TGRLs metabolism with a major focus on the impact of its genetic and pharmacological modulation on circulating lipids and lipoproteins beyond LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baragetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; S.I.S.A. Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis - Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Manuela Casula
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Olmastroni
- Epidemiology and Preventive Pharmacology Centre (SEFAP), Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti, 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gloria Saccani Jotti
- Department of Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Kent St., Bentley Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, via Fantoli 16, 20138, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bellosta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, via Fantoli 16, 20138, Milan, Italy
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Impact of protease inhibitors on circulating PCSK9 levels in HIV-infected antiretroviral-naive patients from an ongoing prospective cohort. AIDS 2017; 31:2367-2376. [PMID: 28857822 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to assess the association between proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a major regulator of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) homeostasis, and HIV-related dyslipidaemia in a cohort of HIV-positive (HIV+) patients under protease inhibitors. METHODS Plasma PCSK9 levels were measured in 103 HIV+ patients before and after initiating protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART), and in 90 HIV-negative controls matched for age and sex. PCSK9 was measured by ELISA. HIV+ patients who were not virologically suppressed at follow-up or were on lipid-lowering therapy were excluded. RESULTS In HIV+ (median age 36 years; 77.7% men), PCSK9 levels did not increase after protease inhibitor exposure (median 14 months) (279.5 ng/ml before, 289.6 ng/ml after; P = 0.49) and were significantly elevated versus controls at all timepoints (adjusted P value before and after: <0.05). After protease inhibitor initiation, total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL cholesterol levels increased, but LDL-C remained lower versus controls. At baseline, PCSK9 levels were positively associated with immunodeficiency and the severity of HIV disease [HIV-1 viral load (P = 0.01), CD4 T-cell count <200/μl, P = 0.002], stage C HIV disease (P = 0.0002). In protease inhibitor-treated patients, PCSK9 levels were no longer associated with HIV-related factors but with total cholesterol (P = 0.0006), LDL-C (P = 0.01), HDL cholesterol (P = 0.01), triglycerides (P = 0.05) and glycaemia (P = 0.006). CONCLUSION PSCK9 levels are elevated in HIV+ patients. In ART-naive patients, the relationship between PCSK9 levels and infection severity suggests an effect of HIV disease. After initiating protease inhibitor-containing ART in virologically suppressed patients, PCSK9 levels were associated with dyslipidaemia similar to controls.
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El Khoury P, Elbitar S, Ghaleb Y, Khalil YA, Varret M, Boileau C, Abifadel M. PCSK9 Mutations in Familial Hypercholesterolemia: from a Groundbreaking Discovery to Anti-PCSK9 Therapies. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 19:49. [PMID: 29038906 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-017-0684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In 2003, Abifadel et al. (Nat. Genet. 34:154-156, 2003) identified PCSK9, encoding proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, as the third causal gene for autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. This review focuses on the main steps from this major breakthrough in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) to the latest clinical trials with the anti-PCSK9 antibodies. RECENT FINDINGS The year 2015 was remarkable in cardiovascular disease through the field of cholesterol. Nearly 30 years after the discovery of statins, a new class of effective lipid-lowering drugs has emerged: the anti-PCSK9 antibodies. The discovery of the first gain-of-function mutations of PCSK9 in FH rapidly became the center of interest of researchers worldwide. Preclinical and clinical studies launched by pharmaceutical companies led to the first three anti-PCSK9 antibodies, two of which (evolocumab and alirocumab) reduce LDL cholesterol levels by 50-60% and received FDA and European Medicines Agency approvals in 2015 on top of statin therapy. Recently, results of the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk (FOURIER) trial, the outcome trial of evolocumab over 2.2 years, showed a reduction of 15-20% in the risk of major cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk patients receiving statin therapy. Results of ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, evaluating the effect of alirocumab in 18,000 patients with established CVD are also eagerly awaited in 2018. The evolution of research on PCSK9, starting from the discovery of the first set of mutations in PCSK9 in FH in 2003, is an amazing example of successful translational research. It shows how rigorous and powered genetic analyses can lead to the discovery of a new class of lipid-lowering drugs that give hope in fighting high cholesterol levels and their cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra El Khoury
- LVTS, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Xavier-Bichat, Paris Cedex 18, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie Santé, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandy Elbitar
- LVTS, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Xavier-Bichat, Paris Cedex 18, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie Santé, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youmna Ghaleb
- LVTS, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Xavier-Bichat, Paris Cedex 18, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie Santé, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yara Abou Khalil
- LVTS, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Xavier-Bichat, Paris Cedex 18, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie Santé, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mathilde Varret
- LVTS, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Xavier-Bichat, Paris Cedex 18, France.,Faculté de Médecine Paris 7, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Boileau
- LVTS, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Xavier-Bichat, Paris Cedex 18, France. .,Faculté de Médecine Paris 7, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France. .,Département de Génétique, AP-HP, CHU Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.
| | - Marianne Abifadel
- LVTS, INSERM U1148, Hôpital Xavier-Bichat, Paris Cedex 18, France.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pôle Technologie Santé, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Paquette M, Luna Saavedra YG, Chamberland A, Prat A, Christensen DL, Lajeunesse-Trempe F, Kaduka L, Seidah NG, Dufour R, Baass A. Association Between Plasma Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and the Presence of Metabolic Syndrome in a Predominantly Rural-Based Sub-Saharan African Population. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:423-429. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2017.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Paquette
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yascara Grisel Luna Saavedra
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ann Chamberland
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Lydia Kaduka
- Centre for Public Health Research, KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Dufour
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexis Baass
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Clinic, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Affiliated with Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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42
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Hypercholesterolemia: The role of PCSK9. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 625-626:39-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Murphy BA, Tadin-Strapps M, Jensen K, Mogg R, Liaw A, Herath K, Bhat G, McLaren DG, Previs SF, Pinto S. siRNA-mediated inhibition of SREBP cleavage-activating protein reduces dyslipidemia in spontaneously dysmetabolic rhesus monkeys. Metabolism 2017; 71:202-212. [PMID: 28521874 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) is a cholesterol binding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein that is required to activate SREBP transcription factors. SREBPs regulate genes involved in lipid biosynthesis. They also influence lipid clearance by modulating the expression of LDL receptor (LDLR) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) genes. Inhibiting SCAP decreases circulating PCSK9, triglycerides (TG), and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), both in vitro and in vivo. Type 2 diabetics with dyslipidemia are at high risk for cardiovascular diseases. These patients present a unique pathophysiological lipid profile characterized by moderately elevated LDL-C, elevated TG and reduced HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). The spontaneous dysmetabolic rhesus monkey model (DysMet RhM) recapitulates this human dyslipidemia and therefore is an attractive preclinical model to evaluate SCAP inhibition as a therapy for this disease population. The objective to of this study was to assess the effect of SCAP inhibition on the lipid profile of DysMet RhM. METHOD We assessed the effect of inhibiting hepatic SCAP on the lipid profile of DysMet RhM using an siRNA encapsulated lipid nanoparticle (siRNA-LNP). RESULTS The SCAP siRNA-LNP significantly reduced LDL-C, PCSK9 and TG in DysMet RhM; LDL-C was reduced by ≥20%, circulating PCSK9 by 30-40% and TG by >25%. These changes by the SCAP siRNA-LNP agree with the predicted effect of SCAP inhibition and reduced SREBP tone on these endpoints. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that a SCAP siRNA-LNP improved the lipid profile in a clinically relevant preclinical disease model and provide evidence for SCAP inhibition as a therapy for diabetic dyslipidemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Ann Murphy
- Pharmacology, Merck &Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Marija Tadin-Strapps
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co. Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristian Jensen
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Robin Mogg
- Biostatistics, Merck & Co. Inc., 351 North Sumneytown Pike, North Wales, PA 19454, USA
| | - Andy Liaw
- Biostatistics, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Kithsiri Herath
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Gowri Bhat
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - David G McLaren
- Pharmacology, Merck &Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Stephen F Previs
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Shirly Pinto
- Cardiometabolic Disease, Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Rd., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Abstract
In recent years, biochemical and genetic studies have identified proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a major mediator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and thereby a potential novel target for reducing risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). These observations led to the development of PCSK9 inhibitors, which lower LDL-c levels more than any other non-invasive lipid-lowering therapy presently available. The PCSK9 inhibitors furthest along in clinical trials are subcutaneously injected monoclonal antibodies. These PCSK9 inhibitors have demonstrated LDL-c-lowering efficacy with acceptable safety in phase III clinical trials and may offer a useful therapy in addition to maximally tolerated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) in certain patient groups. Longer-term data are required to ensure sustained efficacy and safety of this new class of medications. This review provides an overview of the biology, genetics, development, and clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies designed to inhibit PCSK9.
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45
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Krysa JA, Ooi TC, Proctor SD, Vine DF. Nutritional and Lipid Modulation of PCSK9: Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. J Nutr 2017; 147:473-481. [PMID: 28179493 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.235069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease involved in the regulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) expression and apolipoprotein B lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism. Hepatic PCSK9 protein expression, activity, and secretion have been shown to affect cholesterol homeostasis. An upregulation of hepatic PSCK9 protein leads to increased LDLR degradation, resulting in decreased uptake of apoB lipoproteins and a consequent increase in the plasma concentration of these lipoproteins, including LDL and chylomicron remnants. Hence, PCSK9 has become a novel target for lipid-lowering therapies. The aim of this review is to outline current findings on the metabolic and dietary regulation of PCSK9 and effects on cholesterol, apoB lipoprotein metabolism, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. PCSK9 gene and protein expression have been shown to be regulated by metabolic status and the diurnal pattern. In the fasting state, plasma PCSK9 is reduced via modulation of the nuclear transcriptional factors, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) 1c, SREBP2, and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α. Plasma PCSK9 concentrations are also known to be positively associated with plasma insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and appear to be regulated by SREBP1c independently of glucose status. Plasma PCSK9 concentrations are stable in response to high-fat or high-protein diets in healthy individuals; however, this response may differ in altered metabolic conditions. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to reduce plasma PCSK9 concentration and hepatic PCSK9 mRNA expression, consistent with their lipid-lowering effects, whereas dietary fructose appears to upregulate PCSK9 mRNA expression and plasma PCSK9 concentrations. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of how dietary components regulate PCSK9 and effects on cholesterol and apoB lipoprotein metabolism, as well as to delineate the clinical impact of diet on PCSK9 in terms of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A Krysa
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Teik Chye Ooi
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; and.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Spencer D Proctor
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Donna F Vine
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada;
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Abstract
Even though it is only a little over a decade from the discovery of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) as a plasma protein that associates with both high and low cholesterol syndromes, a rich body of knowledge has developed, and drugs inhibiting this target have been approved in many markets. While the majority of research in recent years has focused on the impact of therapeutic antagonism of this molecule, important lines of investigation have emerged characterizing its unique physiology as it relates to cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. The PCSK9 story is unfolding rapidly but is far from complete. One chapter that is of particular interest is the possible direct link between PCSK9 and atherosclerosis. This review specifically examines this relationship drawing from data produced from experimental models of plaque biology and inflammation, atherosclerosis imaging studies, and observational epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Shapiro
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Oregon Health & Science University, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Center for Preventive Cardiology
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47
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Unpacking and Understanding the Impact of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 Inhibitors on Apolipoprotein B Metabolism. Circulation 2017; 135:363-365. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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48
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Han DF, Ma JH, Hao CG, Tuerhong Tuerxun, Du L, Zhang XN. Association and differences in genetic polymorphisms in PCSK9 gene in subjects with lacunar infarction in the Han and Uygur populations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1315-1321. [PMID: 28966647 PMCID: PMC5607827 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.213552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene are associated with severe hypercholesterolemia and stroke. Here, we investigated the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in PCSK9 and stroke in 237 patients with lacunar infarction in the Uygur and Han populations in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Using the SNaPshot single-base terminal extension method, four PCSK9 gene polymorphisms were analyzed. We found a significantly strong relationship between the PCSK9 rs17111503 (G > A) polymorphism and increased susceptibility to lacunar infarction by variant homozygote comparison, and using the dominant and recessive models in the Han population but not in the Uygur population. Low triglyceride levels were found in AA carriers (rs17111503, G > A) in the Han population but not in the Uygur population. Association analysis revealed that the rs17111503 (G > A) polymorphism was not significantly associated with smoking, alcohol drinking, history of hypertension or diabetes in the Han or Uygur lacunar infarction patients. rs11583680, rs483462 and rs505151 were not associated with risk of lacunar infarction in the Han or Uygur populations. Our findings suggest that the PCSK9 rs17111503 (G > A) polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to lacunar infarction in the Han population but not in the Uygur population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Han
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Hua Ma
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chen-Guang Hao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tuerhong Tuerxun
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Viecili PRN, da Silva B, Hirsch GE, Porto FG, Parisi MM, Castanho AR, Wender M, Klafke JZ. Triglycerides Revisited to the Serial. Adv Clin Chem 2017; 80:1-44. [PMID: 28431638 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the role of triglycerides (TGs) in the normal cardiovascular system as well as in the development and clinical manifestation of cardiovascular diseases. Regulation of TGs at the enzymatic and genetic level, in addition to their possible relevance as preclinical and clinical biomarkers, is discussed, culminating with a description of available and emerging treatments. Due to the high complexity of the subject and the vast amount of material in the literature, the objective of this review was not to exhaust the subject, but rather to compile the information to facilitate and improve the understanding of those interested in this topic. The main publications on the topic were sought out, especially those from the last 5 years. The data in the literature still give reason to believe that there is room for doubt regarding the use of TG as disease biomarkers; however, there is increasing evidence for the role of hypertriglyceridemia on the atherosclerotic inflammatory process, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality.
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Reyes-Soffer G, Pavlyha M, Ngai C, Thomas T, Holleran S, Ramakrishnan R, Karmally W, Nandakumar R, Fontanez N, Obunike J, Marcovina SM, Lichtenstein AH, Matthan NR, Matta J, Maroccia M, Becue F, Poitiers F, Swanson B, Cowan L, Sasiela WJ, Surks HK, Ginsberg HN. Effects of PCSK9 Inhibition With Alirocumab on Lipoprotein Metabolism in Healthy Humans. Circulation 2016; 135:352-362. [PMID: 27986651 PMCID: PMC5262523 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.025253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Alirocumab, a monoclonal antibody to proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), lowers plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B100 (apoB). Although studies in mice and cells have identified increased hepatic LDL receptors as the basis for LDL lowering by PCSK9 inhibitors, there have been no human studies characterizing the effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on lipoprotein metabolism. In particular, it is not known whether inhibition of PCSK9 has any effects on very low-density lipoprotein or intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) metabolism. Inhibition of PCSK9 also results in reductions of plasma lipoprotein (a) levels. The regulation of plasma Lp(a) levels, including the role of LDL receptors in the clearance of Lp(a), is poorly defined, and no mechanistic studies of the Lp(a) lowering by alirocumab in humans have been published to date. Methods: Eighteen (10 F, 8 mol/L) participants completed a placebo-controlled, 2-period study. They received 2 doses of placebo, 2 weeks apart, followed by 5 doses of 150 mg of alirocumab, 2 weeks apart. At the end of each period, fractional clearance rates (FCRs) and production rates (PRs) of apoB and apo(a) were determined. In 10 participants, postprandial triglycerides and apoB48 levels were measured. Results: Alirocumab reduced ultracentrifugally isolated LDL-C by 55.1%, LDL-apoB by 56.3%, and plasma Lp(a) by 18.7%. The fall in LDL-apoB was caused by an 80.4% increase in LDL-apoB FCR and a 23.9% reduction in LDL-apoB PR. The latter was due to a 46.1% increase in IDL-apoB FCR coupled with a 27.2% decrease in conversion of IDL to LDL. The FCR of apo(a) tended to increase (24.6%) without any change in apo(a) PR. Alirocumab had no effects on FCRs or PRs of very low-density lipoproteins-apoB and very low-density lipoproteins triglycerides or on postprandial plasma triglycerides or apoB48 concentrations. Conclusions: Alirocumab decreased LDL-C and LDL-apoB by increasing IDL- and LDL-apoB FCRs and decreasing LDL-apoB PR. These results are consistent with increases in LDL receptors available to clear IDL and LDL from blood during PCSK9 inhibition. The increase in apo(a) FCR during alirocumab treatment suggests that increased LDL receptors may also play a role in the reduction of plasma Lp(a). Clinical Trial Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01959971.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gissette Reyes-Soffer
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.).
| | - Marianna Pavlyha
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Colleen Ngai
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Tiffany Thomas
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Stephen Holleran
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Rajasekhar Ramakrishnan
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Wahida Karmally
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Nelson Fontanez
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Joseph Obunike
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Santica M Marcovina
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Alice H Lichtenstein
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Nirupa R Matthan
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - James Matta
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Magali Maroccia
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Frederic Becue
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Franck Poitiers
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Brian Swanson
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Lisa Cowan
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - William J Sasiela
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Howard K Surks
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.)
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- From Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (G.R.-S., M.P., C.N., T.T., S.H., R.R., W.K., R.N., N.F., H.N.G.); The City University of New York (J.O.); Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle (S.M.M.); Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA (A.H.L., N.R.M.); Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ (J.M., B.S., L.C., H.K.S.); Umanis, Levallois-Perret, France (M.M.); Sanofi, Montpellier, France (F.B.); Sanofi, Paris, France (F.P.); and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY (W.J.S.).
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