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Ramanujam RK, Garyfallogiannis K, Litvinov RI, Bassani JL, Weisel JW, Purohit PK, Tutwiler V. Mechanics and microstructure of blood plasma clots in shear driven rupture. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4184-4196. [PMID: 38686609 PMCID: PMC11135145 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Intravascular blood clots are subject to hydrodynamic shear and other forces that cause clot deformation and rupture (embolization). A portion of the ruptured clot can block blood flow in downstream vessels. The mechanical stability of blood clots is determined primarily by the 3D polymeric fibrin network that forms a gel. Previous studies have primarily focused on the rupture of blood plasma clots under tensile loading (Mode I), our current study investigates the rupture of fibrin induced by shear loading (Mode II), dominating under physiological conditions induced by blood flow. Using experimental and theoretical approaches, we show that fracture toughness, i.e. the critical energy release rate, is relatively independent of the type of loading and is therefore a fundamental property of the gel. Ultrastructural studies and finite element simulations demonstrate that cracks propagate perpendicular to the direction of maximum stretch at the crack tip. These observations indicate that locally, the mechanism of rupture is predominantly tensile. Knowledge gained from this study will aid in the development of methods for prediction/prevention of thrombotic embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini K Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
| | | | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John L Bassani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prashant K Purohit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valerie Tutwiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Khoja A, Andraweera PH, Lassi ZS, Padhani ZA, Ali A, Zheng M, Pathirana MM, Aldridge E, Wittwer MR, Chaudhuri DD, Tavella R, Arstall MA. Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for Premature Coronary Heart Disease (PCHD): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Heart Lung Circ 2024; 33:265-280. [PMID: 38365496 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to compare the prevalence of modifiable and non-modifiable coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors among those with premature CHD and healthy individuals. METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched (review protocol is registered in PROSPERO CRD42020173216). The quality of studies was assessed using the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute tool for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3. Effect sizes for categorical and continuous variables, odds ratio (OR) and mean differences (MD)/standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. RESULTS A total of n=208 primary studies were included in this review. Individuals presenting with premature CHD (PCHD, age ≤65 years) had higher mean body mass index (MD 0.54 kg/m2, 95% CI 0.24, 0.83), total cholesterol (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.17, 0.38), triglycerides (SMD 0.50, 95% CI 0.41, 0.60) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (SMD 0.79, 95% CI: -0.91, -0.68) compared with healthy individuals. Individuals presenting with PCHD were more likely to be smokers (OR 2.88, 95% CI 2.51, 3.31), consumed excessive alcohol (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.05, 1.86), had higher mean lipoprotein (a) levels (SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.28, 0.54), and had a positive family history of CHD (OR 3.65, 95% CI 2.87, 4.66) compared with healthy individuals. Also, they were more likely to be obese (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.32, 1.91), and to have had dyslipidaemia (OR 2.74, 95% CI 2.18, 3.45), hypertension (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.28, 3.45), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.50, 3.45) compared with healthy individuals. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis confirms current knowledge of risk factors for PCHD, and identifying these early may reduce CHD in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Khoja
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Prabha H Andraweera
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zohra S Lassi
- The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zahra A Padhani
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Ali
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Maleesa M Pathirana
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Emily Aldridge
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; The Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Melanie R Wittwer
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Debajyoti D Chaudhuri
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Rosanna Tavella
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Margaret A Arstall
- Cardiology Unit, Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Medical Specialties, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Risman RA, Belcher HA, Ramanujam RK, Weisel JW, Hudson NE, Tutwiler V. Comprehensive Analysis of the Role of Fibrinogen and Thrombin in Clot Formation and Structure for Plasma and Purified Fibrinogen. Biomolecules 2024; 14:230. [PMID: 38397467 PMCID: PMC10886591 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Altered properties of fibrin clots have been associated with bleeding and thrombotic disorders, including hemophilia or trauma and heart attack or stroke. Clotting factors, such as thrombin and tissue factor, or blood plasma proteins, such as fibrinogen, play critical roles in fibrin network polymerization. The concentrations and combinations of these proteins affect the structure and stability of clots, which can lead to downstream complications. The present work includes clots made from plasma and purified fibrinogen and shows how varying fibrinogen and activation factor concentrations affect the fibrin properties under both conditions. We used a combination of scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and turbidimetry to analyze clot/fiber structure and polymerization. We quantified the structural and polymerization features and found similar trends with increasing/decreasing fibrinogen and thrombin concentrations for both purified fibrinogen and plasma clots. Using our compiled results, we were able to generate multiple linear regressions that predict structural and polymerization features using various fibrinogen and clotting agent concentrations. This study provides an analysis of structural and polymerization features of clots made with purified fibrinogen or plasma at various fibrinogen and clotting agent concentrations. Our results could be utilized to aid in interpreting results, designing future experiments, or developing relevant mathematical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Risman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (R.A.R.); (R.K.R.)
| | - Heather A. Belcher
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; (H.A.B.); (N.E.H.)
| | - Ranjini K. Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (R.A.R.); (R.K.R.)
| | - John W. Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Nathan E. Hudson
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; (H.A.B.); (N.E.H.)
| | - Valerie Tutwiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (R.A.R.); (R.K.R.)
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4
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Risman RA, Paynter B, Percoco V, Shroff M, Bannish BE, Tutwiler V. Internal fibrinolysis of fibrin clots is driven by pore expansion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2623. [PMID: 38297113 PMCID: PMC10830469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood clots, which are composed of blood cells and a stabilizing mesh of fibrin fibers, are critical in cessation of bleeding following injury. However, their action is transient and after performing their physiological function they must be resolved through a process known as fibrinolysis. Internal fibrinolysis is the degradation of fibrin by the endogenous or innate presence of lytic enzymes in the bloodstream; under healthy conditions, this process regulates hemostasis and prevents bleeding or clotting. Fibrin-bound tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) converts nearby plasminogen into active plasmin, which is bound to the fibrin network, breaking it down into fibrin degradation products and releasing the entrapped blood cells. It is poorly understood how changes in the fibrin structure and lytic protein ratios influence the biochemical regulation and behavior of internal fibrinolysis. We used turbidity kinetic tracking and microscopy paired with mathematical modeling to study fibrin structure and lytic protein ratios that restrict internal fibrinolysis. Analysis of simulations and experiments indicate that fibrinolysis is driven by pore expansion of the fibrin network. We show that this effect is strongly influenced by the ratio of fibrin:tPAwhen compared to absolute tPA concentration. Thus, it is essential to consider relative protein concentrations when studying internal fibrinolysis both experimentally and in the clinic. An improved understanding of effective internal lysis can aid in development of better therapeutics for the treatment of bleeding and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Risman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Bradley Paynter
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, USA
| | - Victoria Percoco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mitali Shroff
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
| | - Brittany E Bannish
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, USA
| | - Valerie Tutwiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Eyisoylu H, Hazekamp ED, Cruts J, Koenderink GH, de Maat MPM. Flow affects the structural and mechanical properties of the fibrin network in plasma clots. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:8. [PMID: 38285167 PMCID: PMC10824866 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The fibrin network is one of the main components of thrombi. Altered fibrin network properties are known to influence the development and progression of thrombotic disorders, at least partly through effects on the mechanical stability of fibrin. Most studies investigating the role of fibrin in thrombus properties prepare clots under static conditions, missing the influence of blood flow which is present in vivo. In this study, plasma clots in the presence and absence of flow were prepared inside a Chandler loop. Recitrated plasma from healthy donors were spun at 0 and 30 RPM. The clot structure was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and confocal microscopy and correlated with the stiffness measured by unconfined compression testing. We quantified fibrin fiber density, pore size, and fiber thickness and bulk stiffness at low and high strain values. Clots formed under flow had thinner fibrin fibers, smaller pores, and a denser fibrin network with higher stiffness values compared to clots formed in absence of flow. Our findings indicate that fluid flow is an essential factor to consider when developing physiologically relevant in vitro thrombus models used in researching thrombectomy outcomes or risk of embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Eyisoylu
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Emma D Hazekamp
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Cruts
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | - Moniek P M de Maat
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Rahoual G, Zeitouni M, Charpentier E, Ritvo PG, Rouanet S, Procopi N, Boukhelifa S, Charleux P, Guedeney P, Kerneis M, Barthélémy O, Silvain J, Montalescot G, Redheuil A, Collet JP. Phenotyping coronary plaque by computed tomography in premature coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2024; 25:257-266. [PMID: 37597177 DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jead212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Premature coronary artery disease (CAD) is an aggressive disease with multiple recurrences mostly related to new coronary lesions. This study aimed to compare coronary plaque characteristics of individuals with premature CAD with those of incidental plaques found in matched individuals free of overt cardiovascular disease, using coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). METHODS AND RESULTS Of 1552 consecutive individuals who underwent CCTA, 106 individuals with history of acute or stable obstructive CAD ≤45 years were matched by age, sex, smoking status, cardiovascular heredity, and dyslipidaemia with 106 controls. CCTA were analysed for Coronary Artery Disease Reporting and Data System score, plaque composition, and high-risk plaque (HRP) features, including spotty calcification, positive remodelling, low attenuation, and napkin-ring sign. The characteristics of 348 premature CAD plaques were compared with those of 167 incidental coronary plaques of matched controls. The prevalence of non-calcified plaques was higher among individuals with premature CAD (65.1 vs. 30.2%, P < 0.001), as well as spotty calcification (42.5 vs. 17.9%, P < 0.001), positive remodelling (41.5 vs. 9.4%, P < 0.001), low attenuation (24.5 vs. 3.8%, P < 0.001), and napkin-ring sign (1.9 vs. 0.0%). They exhibited an average of 2.2 (2.7) HRP, while the control group displayed 0.4 (0.8) HRP (P < 0.001). Within a median follow-up of 24 (16, 34) months, individuals with premature CAD and ischaemic recurrence (n = 24) had more HRP [4.3 (3.9)] than those without ischaemic recurrence [1.5 (1.9)], mostly non-calcified with low attenuation and positive remodelling. CONCLUSION Coronary atherosclerosis in individuals with premature CAD is characterized by a high and predominant burden of non-calcified plaque and unusual high prevalence of HRP, contributing to disease progression with multiple recurrences. A comprehensive qualitative CCTA assessment of plaque characteristics may further risk stratify our patients, beyond cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghilas Rahoual
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Michel Zeitouni
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Etienne Charpentier
- INSERM UMRS 1146, CNRS, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, unité d'Imagerie Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Paul-Gydeon Ritvo
- INSERM UMRS 1146, CNRS, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, unité d'Imagerie Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Stéphanie Rouanet
- Statistician Unit, StatEthic, ACTION Study Group, Levallois-Perret, France
| | - Niki Procopi
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Sena Boukhelifa
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Pierre Charleux
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Paul Guedeney
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Mathieu Kerneis
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Olivier Barthélémy
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Johanne Silvain
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Gilles Montalescot
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
| | - Alban Redheuil
- INSERM UMRS 1146, CNRS, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, unité d'Imagerie Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Collet
- ACTION Study Group, INSERM UMRS 1166, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière (AP-HP), Sorbonne Université, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris 75013, France
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Pedersen NB, Bladbjerg EM, Juhl CB, Larsen A, Bloch Münster AM, de Maat MP, Palarasah Y. Validation of a fibrinogen γ' enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a new monoclonal antibody: effects of bariatric surgery. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2024; 8:102319. [PMID: 38379712 PMCID: PMC10876905 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Fibrinogen γ' is a naturally occurring 20-amino-acid splice variant of the fibrinogen γ chain. Animal studies link variations in fibrinogen to obesity, but it is unknown how fibrinogen γ' is associated with obesity in humans. Objectives To develop and validate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for fibrinogen γ' quantification in human plasma and analyze fibrinogen γ' before and after bariatric surgery. Methods We generated C-terminal fibrinogen γ' specific mouse monoclonal antibodies and developed a γ' ELISA. Validation included measures of accuracy, sensitivity, and precision. Fibrinogen γ' and total fibrinogen were measured in 60 individuals before and 6 months after bariatric surgery and in 19 normal-weight controls and 120 blood donors. Results Highly specific fibrinogen γ' monoclonal antibodies were produced and successfully used in the ELISA. Recovery was 88%, and limits of detection and quantification were 0.003 mg/mL and 0.014 mg/mL, respectively. Coefficients of variation were 3% for repeatability and 7% for within-laboratory variation. The fibrinogen γ' reference interval was 0.25 to 0.80 mg/mL. Fibrinogen γ' concentrations were reduced after bariatric surgery and were higher in individuals with obesity than in those with normal weight. The fibrinogen γ'/total fibrinogen ratio was unchanged after surgery but was higher than the ratio in normal-weight individuals. Conclusion We developed a precise and sensitive ELISA for fibrinogen γ'. Levels of fibrinogen γ', but not the fibrinogen γ'/fibrinogen ratio, were reduced 6 months after bariatric surgery. Absolute and relative levels of fibrinogen γ' were increased in individuals with obesity compared to normal-weight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Bødker Pedersen
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Else-Marie Bladbjerg
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Claus Bogh Juhl
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anette Larsen
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anna-Marie Bloch Münster
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Moniek P.M. de Maat
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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8
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Bettiol A, Argento FR, Fini E, Bello F, Di Scala G, Taddei N, Emmi G, Prisco D, Becatti M, Fiorillo C. ROS-driven structural and functional fibrinogen modifications are reverted by interleukin-6 inhibition in Giant Cell Arteritis. Thromb Res 2023; 230:1-10. [PMID: 37598635 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranial and extra-cranial vascular events are among the major determinants of morbidity and mortality in Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA). Vascular events seem mostly of inflammatory nature, although the precise pathogenetic mechanisms are still unclear. We investigated the role of oxidation-induced structural and functional fibrinogen modifications in GCA. The effects of the anti-IL6R tocilizumab in counteracting these mechanisms were also assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 65 GCA patients and 65 matched controls. Leucocyte reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, redox state, and fibrinogen structural and functional features were compared between patients and controls. In 19 patients receiving tocilizumab, pre vs post treatment variations were assessed. RESULTS GCA patients displayed enhanced blood lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil ROS production compared to controls, with an increased plasma lipid peroxidation and a reduced total antioxidant capacity. This oxidative impairment resulted in a sustained fibrinogen oxidation (i.e. dityrosine content 320 (204-410) vs 136 (120-176) Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU), p < 0.0001), with marked alterations in fibrinogen secondary and tertiary structure [intrinsic fluorescence: 134 (101-227) vs 400 (366-433) RFU, p < 0.001]. Structural alterations paralleled a remarkable fibrinogen functional impairment, with a reduced ability to polymerize into fibrin and a lower fibrin susceptibility to plasmin-induced lysis. In patients receiving tocilizumab, a significant improvement in redox status was observed, accompanied by a significant improvement in fibrinogen structural and functional features (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS An impaired redox status accounts for structural and functional fibrinogen modifications in GCA, suggesting a potential role of tocilizumab for cardiovascular prevention in GCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bettiol
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Flavia Rita Argento
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze; viale Pieraccini, 6 - 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Eleonora Fini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze; viale Pieraccini, 6 - 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Federica Bello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gerardo Di Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Niccolò Taddei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze; viale Pieraccini, 6 - 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giacomo Emmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Firenze, Italy; Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Firenze, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze; viale Pieraccini, 6 - 50139 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Firenze; viale Pieraccini, 6 - 50139 Firenze, Italy
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Wang P, Peng C, Xie X, Deng X, Weng M. Research progress on the fibrinolytic enzymes produced from traditional fermented foods. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5675-5688. [PMID: 37823145 PMCID: PMC10563737 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a global health problem and leading cause of death worldwide. Thrombus formation, one of the CVDs, is essentially the formation of fibrin clots. The existing thrombolytic agents have the disadvantages of high price, short half-life, and high bleeding risk; hence, there is an urgent need to find the alternative thrombolytic agents. In recent years, traditional fermented foods have been widely investigated for their outstanding effects in the prevention and treatment of thrombus formation. In this review, we have focused on fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms during the fermentation of traditional fermented foods and their potential use for treating CVDs. First, we discussed about the sources of fibrinolytic enzymes and microbial strains that produce those enzymes followed by the optimization of fermentation process, purification, and physicochemical properties of fibrinolytic enzymes. Finally, we have summarized the thrombolytic effects of fibrinolytic enzymes in humans and mice. Fibrinolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms during the fermentation of traditional fermented foods not only lyse thrombi but also acts as anti-atherosclerotic, anti-hyperlipidemia, and neuroprotection agents. Therefore, fibrinolytic enzymes from traditional fermented foods have great potential for the prevention and treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Wang
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Cuiying Peng
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Xiaomei Xie
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Xiongwei Deng
- Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of TCM Affiliated to Jiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
| | - Meizhi Weng
- Top Discipline of Jiangxi Province, Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative MedicineJiangxi University of Chinese MedicineNanchangChina
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10
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Gao C, Bao B, Bao C, Wu W. Fungi Fibrinolytic Compound 1 Plays a Core Role in Modulating Fibrinolysis, Altering Plasma Clot Structure, and Promoting Susceptibility to Lysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2320. [PMID: 37765289 PMCID: PMC10536852 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin clot structure and function are major determinants of venous and arterial thromboembolic diseases, as well as the key determinants of the efficiency of clot lysis. Studies have revealed that fungi fibrinolytic compound 1 (FGFC1) is a novel marine pyranisoindolone natural product with fibrinolytic activity. Here, we explore the impacts of FGFC1 on clot structure, lysis, and plasminogen activation in vitro using turbidimetric, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, confocal and electron microscopy, urokinase, or plasmin chromogenic substrate. Clots formed in the presence of FGFC1 expressed reduced fibrin polymerization rate and maximum turbidity; however, they did not influence the lag phase of fibrin polymerization. In the absence of scu-PA (single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator), microscopy revealed that FGFC1 increased the number of protofibrils within fibrin fiber and the pore diameter between protofibrils, inducing clots to form a region of thinner and looser networks separated by large pores. The effects of FGFC1 on scu-PA-mediated plasma clot structure were similar to those in the absence of scu-PA. In addition, FGFC1 promoted the lysis of clots and increased the D-dimer concentration in lysate. FGFC1 increased the generation rate of p-nitroaniline in plasma. These results show that FGFC1 has fibrinolytic activity in plasma, leading to interference with the release of fibrinopeptide B to affect lateral aggregation of protofibrils and increase clot susceptibility to fibrinolysis by altering its structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Gao
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.G.)
| | - Bin Bao
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.G.)
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chunling Bao
- The Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Marine Bio-Pharmacology, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (C.G.)
- Putuo Sub-Center of International Joint Research Center for Marine Biological Sciences, Zhongke Road, Putuo District, Zhoushan 316104, China
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Lane 218, Haiji Sixth Road, Shanghai 201306, China
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11
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Paszek E, Malinowski KP, Ząbczyk M, Butenas S, Undas A. Elevated factor XIa as a modulator of plasma fibrin clot properties in coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2023; 53:e14007. [PMID: 37042848 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) display a prothrombotic fibrin clot phenotype, involving low permeability and resistance to lysis. The determinants of this phenotype remain elusive. Circulating tissue factor (TF) and activated factor XI (FXIa) are linked to arterial thromboembolism. We investigated whether detectable active TF and FXIa influence fibrin clot properties in CAD. METHODS In 118 CAD patients (median age 65 years, 78% men), we assessed Ks, an indicator of clot permeability, and clot lysis time (CLT) in plasma-based assays, along with the presence of active TF and FXIa. We also analysed proteins involved in clotting and thrombolysis, including fibrinogen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and thrombin activatable thrombolysis inhibitor (TAFI). During a median 106 month (interquartile range 95-119) follow-up, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, systemic thromboembolism (SE) and cardiovascular (CV) death were recorded. RESULTS Circulating TF and FXIa, detected in 20.3% and 39.8% of patients, respectively, were associated with low Ks and prolonged CLT. Solely FXIa remained an independent predictor of low Ks and high CLT on multivariable analysis. Additionally, fibrinogen and PAI-1 were associated with low Ks, while PAI-1 and TAFI-with prolonged CLT. During follow-up low Ks and prolonged CLT increased the risk of MI and the latter also a composite endpoint of MI, stroke/SE or CV death. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that circulating FXIa is associated with prothrombotic fibrin clot properties in CAD, suggesting additional mechanisms through which FXIa inhibitors could act as novel antithrombotic agents in CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Paszek
- Clinical Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Malinowski
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Center for Digital Medicine and Robotics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Ząbczyk
- Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Saulius Butenas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Anetta Undas
- Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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12
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Chen R, Huang M, Xu P. Polyphosphate as an antithrombotic target and hemostatic agent. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:7855-7872. [PMID: 37534776 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01152f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphate (PolyP) is a polymer comprised of linear phosphate units connected by phosphate anhydride bonds. PolyP exists in a diverse range of eukaryotes and prokaryotes with varied chain lengths ranging from six to thousands of phosphate units. Upon activation, human platelets and neutrophils release short-chain PolyP, along with other components, to initiate the coagulation pathway. Long-chain PolyP derived from cellular or bacterial organelles exhibits higher proinflammatory and procoagulant effects compared to short-chain PolyP. Notably, PolyP has been identified as a low-hemorrhagic antithrombotic target since neutralizing plasma PolyP suppresses the thrombotic process without impairing the hemostatic functions. As an inorganic polymer without uniform steric configuration, PolyP is typically targeted by cationic polymers or recombinant polyphosphatases rather than conventional antibodies, small-molecule compounds, or peptides. Additionally, because of its procoagulant property, PolyP has been incorporated in wound-dressing materials to facilitate blood hemostasis. This review summarizes current studies on PolyP as a low-hemorrhagic antithrombotic target and the development of hemostatic materials based on PolyP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China.
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, P. R. China.
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13
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Ząbczyk M, Ariëns RAS, Undas A. Fibrin clot properties in cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical practice. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:94-111. [PMID: 36662542 PMCID: PMC10377755 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen conversion into insoluble fibrin and the formation of a stable clot is the final step of the coagulation cascade. Fibrin clot porosity and its susceptibility to plasmin-mediated lysis are the key fibrin measures, describing the properties of clots prepared ex vivo from citrated plasma. Cardiovascular disease (CVD), referring to coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension, has been shown to be associated with the formation of dense fibrin networks that are relatively resistant to lysis. Denser fibrin mesh characterized acute patients at the onset of myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke, while hypofibrinolysis has been identified as a persistent fibrin feature in patients following thrombotic events or in those with stable coronary artery disease. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, and hypertension, have also been linked with unfavourably altered fibrin clot properties, while some lifestyle modifications and pharmacological treatment, in particular statins and anticoagulants, may improve fibrin structure and function. Prospective studies have suggested that prothrombotic fibrin clot phenotype can predict cardiovascular events in short- and long-term follow-ups. Mutations and splice variants of the fibrinogen molecule that have been proved to be associated with thrombophilia or increased cardiovascular risk, along with fibrinogen post-translational modifications, prothrombotic state, inflammation, platelet activation, and neutrophil extracellular traps formation, contribute also to prothrombotic fibrin clot phenotype. Moreover, about 500 clot-bound proteins have been identified within plasma fibrin clots, including fibronectin, α2-antiplasmin, factor XIII, complement component C3, and histidine-rich glycoprotein. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms underlying unfavourable fibrin clot properties and their implications in CVD and its thrombo-embolic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Ząbczyk
- Thromboembolic Disorders Department, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Anetta Undas
- Thromboembolic Disorders Department, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 80 Pradnicka St, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
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14
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Garyfallogiannis K, Ramanujam RK, Litvinov RI, Yu T, Nagaswami C, Bassani JL, Weisel JW, Purohit PK, Tutwiler V. Fracture toughness of fibrin gels as a function of protein volume fraction: Mechanical origins. Acta Biomater 2023; 159:49-62. [PMID: 36642339 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical stability of blood clots necessary for their functions is provided by fibrin, a fibrous gel. Rupture of clots leads to life-threatening thrombotic embolization, which is little understood. Here, we combine experiments and simulations to determine the toughness of plasma clots as a function of fibrin content and correlate toughness with fibrin network structure characterized by confocal and scanning electron microscopy. We develop fibrin constitutive laws that scale with fibrin concentration and capture the force-stretch response of cracked clot specimens using only a few material parameters. Toughness is calculated from the path-independent J* integral that includes dissipative effects due to fluid flow and uses only the constitutive model and overall stretch at crack propagation as input. We show that internal fluid motion, which is not directly measurable, contributes significantly to clot toughness, with its effect increasing as fibrin content increases, because the reduced gel porosity at higher density results in greater expense of energy in fluid motion. Increasing fibrin content (1→10mg/mL) results in a significant increase in clot toughness (3→15 N/m) in accordance with a power law relation reminiscent of cellular solids and elastomeric gels. These results provide a basis for understanding and predicting the tendency for thrombotic embolization. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Fibrin, a naturally occurring biomaterial, is the major determinant of the structural and mechanical integrity of blood clots. We determined that increasing the fibrin content in clots, as in some thrombi and fibrin-based anti-bleeding sealants, results in an increase in clot toughness. Toughness corresponds to the ability to resist rupturing in the presence of a defect. We couple bulk mechanical testing, microstructural measurements, and finite element modeling to capture the force-stretch response of fibrin clots and compute toughness. We show that increased fibrin content in clots reduces porosity and limits fluid motion and that fluid motion drastically alters the clot toughness. These results provide a fundamental understanding of blood clot rupture and could help in rational design of fibrin-containing biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjini K Ramanujam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tony Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - John L Bassani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prashant K Purohit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valerie Tutwiler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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15
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Siudut J, Pudło J, Konieczyńska M, Polak M, Jawień J, Undas A. Therapy with high-dose statins reduces soluble P-selectin: The impact on plasma fibrin clot properties. Int J Cardiol 2023; 373:110-117. [PMID: 36410546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies on the effect of statins on platelets in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) yielded inconsistent results. We sought to investigate whether high-dose statin therapy reduces plasma concentrations of soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), a well-established platelet activation marker and if such changes can affect fibrin clot properties, which are unfavorably altered in CAD patients. METHODS We studied 130 consecutive patients with advanced CAD who did not achieve the target LDL cholesterol on statins. At baseline and after 6-12 months of treatment with atorvastatin 80 mg/day or rosuvastatin 40 mg/day, soluble plasma sP-selectin, along with plasma fibrin clot permeability (Ks), clot lysis time (CLT), thrombin generation and fibrinolysis proteins were determined. RESULTS Before high-intensity statin treatment, lower Ks and longer CLT values were associated with increased sP-selectin (β -0.27 [95% CI -0.44 to -0.10] and β 0.21 [95% CI 0.01 to 0.41]; both p < 0.05, respectively) also after adjustment for potential confounders. sP-selectin, alongside fibrin features and other variables at baseline showed no association with lipid profile. On high-dose statin therapy, there was 32% reduction in sP-selectin levels (p < 0.001). On-treatment change (Δ) in sP-selectin correlated with ΔKs and ΔCLT (r = -0.32, p < 0.001 and r = 0.22, p = 0.011, respectively), but not with cholesterol and C-reactive protein lowering. We did not observe any associations between post-treatment sP-selectin levels and lipids, fibrin clot properties or thrombin generation. CONCLUSIONS High-dose statin therapy reduces markedly sP-selectin levels in association with improved fibrin clot phenotype, which highlights the contribution of platelet-derived proteins to a prothrombotic state in hypercholesterolemia and statin-induced antithrombotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Siudut
- Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Pudło
- Department of Diagnostics, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Konieczyńska
- Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Department of Diagnostics, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Polak
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Studies, Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Jawień
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Krakow Center for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.
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16
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Mackey J, Yamal JM, Parker SA, Silnes K, Rajan SS, Jacob AP, Wang M, Singh N, Jones WJ, Spokoyny I, Navi BB, Saver JL, Grotta JC. Golden Hour Treatment With tPA (Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator) in the BEST-MSU Study. Stroke 2023; 54:415-425. [PMID: 36689579 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.039821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke on mobile stroke units (MSUs) improves outcomes compared with management by standard emergency medical services ambulances and is associated with more patients treated with intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator) in the first golden hour after last known normal. We explored the predictors and outcomes of first-hour treatment (FHT) compared with later treatment in an alternating-week cluster-controlled trial of MSUs. METHODS We analyzed all patients treated with intravenous tPA in the BEST-MSU Study (Benefits of Stroke Treatment Delivered by a Mobile Stroke Unit Compared to Standard Management by Emergency Medical Services). After stratifying by treatment timeframe, we identified factors associated with FHT. We performed adjusted analyses of the association between FHT and clinical outcome and modeled the shape of the relationship between last known normal-to-treatment time and excellent outcome. RESULTS Among 941 tPA-treated patients, 206 (21.8%) had lytic started within 60 minutes. Treatment on the MSU, older age, male sex, alert by 911, faster arrival on-scene and imaging, more severe stroke, atrial fibrillation, and absence of heart failure and pretreatment antihypertensive treatment were associated with FHT. Compared with later treatment, FHT was associated with higher adjusted odds ratio for 90-day modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 1 (odds ratio, 1.87 [95% CI, 1.25-2.84]; P=0.003). Among FHT patients, 68% achieved a 90-day modified Rankin Scale of 0 or 1 or returned to their baseline status. FHT was not associated with higher risk of hemorrhage and was associated with reduced risk of treating neurovascular mimics. CONCLUSIONS FHT almost doubles the odds of excellent clinical outcome without increased risk compared with later treatment, which supports the use of MSUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Mackey
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.M., K.S.)
| | - Jose-Miguel Yamal
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.-M.Y., S.S.R., M.W., N.S.)
| | - Stephanie A Parker
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.A.P., A.P.J.)
| | - Kelly Silnes
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.M., K.S.)
- University of Buckingham Medical School, United Kingdom (K.S.)
| | - Suja S Rajan
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.-M.Y., S.S.R., M.W., N.S.)
| | - Asha P Jacob
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston (S.A.P., A.P.J.)
| | - Mengxi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.-M.Y., S.S.R., M.W., N.S.)
| | - Noopur Singh
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston (J.-M.Y., S.S.R., M.W., N.S.)
| | - William J Jones
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado, Aurora (W.J.J.)
| | - Ilana Spokoyny
- Department of Neurology, Mills Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA (I.S.)
| | - Babak B Navi
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY (B.B.N.)
| | - Jeffrey L Saver
- Department of Neurology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center (J.L.S.)
| | - James C Grotta
- Memorial Hermann Hospital-Texas Medical Center, Houston (J.C.G.)
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17
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Cai T, McCafferty C, Van Den Helm S, Letunica N, Attard C, Monagle P, Ignjatovic V. Protocol for the Investigation of Plasma and Whole Blood Clot Property of Fibrin Fiber Thickness Using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2663:775-786. [PMID: 37204752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3175-1_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Blood clot formation represents a key component of the coagulation process for preventing excessive hemorrhage. The structural characteristics of blood clots are associated with their strength and susceptibility to fibrinolysis. Scanning electron microscopy is a technique that allows for state-of-the-art image capture of blood clots, providing visualization of topography, fibrin thickness, fibrin network density, and blood cell involvement and morphology. In this chapter, we provide a detailed protocol for characterization of plasma and whole blood clot structure using SEM, covering the spectrum from blood collection, in vitro clot formation, sample preparation for SEM, imaging, and image analysis, specifically focusing on the measurement of fibrin fiber thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Cai
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Conor McCafferty
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Suelyn Van Den Helm
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Chantal Attard
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Paul Monagle
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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18
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Whyte CS, Mutch NJ. “Going with the flow” in modeling fibrinolysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1054541. [DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1054541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of thrombi is shaped by intravascular shear stress, influencing both fibrin architecture and the cellular composition which has downstream implications in terms of stability against mechanical and fibrinolytic forces. There have been many advancements in the development of models that incorporate flow rates akin to those found in vivo. Both thrombus formation and breakdown are simultaneous processes, the balance of which dictates the size, persistence and resolution of thrombi. Therefore, there is a requirement to have models which mimic the physiological shear experienced within the vasculature which in turn influences the fibrinolytic degradation of the thrombus. Here, we discuss various assays for fibrinolysis and importantly the development of novel models that incorporate physiological shear rates. These models are essential tools to untangle the molecular and cellular processes which govern fibrinolysis and can recreate the conditions within normal and diseased vessels to determine how these processes become perturbed in a pathophysiological setting. They also have utility to assess novel drug targets and antithrombotic drugs that influence thrombus stability.
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19
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Sikora M, Skrzydlewski P, Perła-Kaján J, Jakubowski H. Homocysteine thiolactone contributes to the prognostic value of fibrin clot structure/function in coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275956. [PMID: 36301961 PMCID: PMC9612472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin clot structure/function contributes to cardiovascular disease. We examined sulfur-containing metabolites as determinants of fibrin clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) in relation to outcomes in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. Effects of B-vitamin/folate therapy on CLT and Absmax were studied. Plasma samples were collected from 1,952 CAD patients randomized in a 2 x 2 factorial design to (i) folic acid, vitamins B12, B6; (ii) folic acid, vitamin B12; (iii) vitamin B6; (iv) placebo for 3.8 years in the Western Norway B-Vitamin Intervention Trial. Clot lysis time (CLT) and maximum absorbance (Absmax) were determined using a validated turbidimetric assay. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and mortality were assessed during a 7-year follow-up. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multiple regression. Survival free of events was studied using Kaplan Mayer plots. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Baseline urinary homocysteine (uHcy)-thiolactone and plasma cysteine (Cys) were significantly associated with CLT while plasma total Hcy was significantly associated with Absmax, independently of fibrinogen, triglycerides, vitamin E, glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, age, sex plasma creatinine, CRP, HDL-C, ApoA1, and previous diseases. B-vitamins/folate did not affect CLT and Absmax. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed associations of increased baseline CLT and Absmax with worse outcomes. In Cox regression analysis, baseline CLT and Absmax (>cutoff) predicted AMI (CLT: HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10-2.28; P = 0.013. Absmax: HR 3.22, CI 1.19-8.69; P = 0.021) and mortality (CLT: HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.40-4.63; P = 0.002. Absmax: 2.39, 95% CI 1.17-4.92; P = 0.017). After adjustments for other prognostic biomarkers these associations remained significant. Cys and uHcy-thiolactone, but not tHcy, were significant predictors of AMI in Cox regression models that included CLT. Conclusions uHcy-thiolactone and plasma Cys are novel determinants of CLT, an important predictor of adverse CAD outcomes. CLT and Absmax were not affected by B-vitamin/folate therapy, which could account for the lack of efficacy of such therapy in CAD. Trial registration: URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT00354081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sikora
- European Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Skrzydlewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Perła-Kaján
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hieronim Jakubowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, International Center for Public Health, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Role of predictable biomarkers in early detection of cardiovascular events in Chronic Kidney Disease III and IV. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This comes about because of a lack of predicted biomarkers in the risk analysis of CVD events in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. The present study aimed to determine the clinical utility of independent, predictable biomarkers such as serum creatinine, estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), high sensitive C-Reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen and lipid profile as early predictors of CVD in CKD at stage III/IV.
Methods. This is a case-control study that includes a sample size of 100 patients of cases and 100 patients of controls who were recruited from November 2020 to April 2021, from the Nephrology department of the Visakhapatnam tertiary care teaching hospital, and present with chronic kidney disease – stage III/IV. The subjects’ general conditions (age, gender, height, weight, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and smoking history); underlying diseases (coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus) were recorded. Fasting venous blood samples were collected under aseptic conditions from the study group after taking informed consent. The measurement of serum creatinine was performed by modification of kinetic Jaffe reaction. The Cockcroft-Gault equation was used to calculate eGFR in both cases and controls. CRP testing was done with a Cobas C311 analyzer, using immunoturbidimetric assay. The Fibroquant kit from Tulip was employed to measure fibrinogen levels in blood samples, and enzymatic methods were applied for lipid profile analysis.
Results. In this study, higher mean values of hsCRP (34.28 mg/dl), increased serum creatinine levels (2.876 mg/dl), reduced eGFR (28.37 mls/min), high levels of serum fibrinogen (291.6 mg/dl), and cholesterol (214.5 mg/dl), HDL (28.34 mg/dl), TG (162.1 mg/dl), VLDL (32.41 mg/dl) and LDL (153.77 mg/dl) were found to be independent predictors of assessment of CV events in patients with CKD stages III and IV as determined by Chi-square test.
Conclusion. A prompt and accurate assessment of cardiovascular risk in CKD patients would enable more aggressive and focused treatment of the individuals who are most in need of preventive interventions to decrease incident rates.
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21
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Kanji R, Gue YX, Farag MF, Spencer NH, Mutch NJ, Gorog DA. Determinants of Endogenous Fibrinolysis in Whole Blood Under High Shear in Patients With Myocardial Infarction. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:1069-1082. [PMID: 36687271 PMCID: PMC9849272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypofibrinolysis is a recently-recognized risk factor for recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), but the mechanistic determinants of this are not well understood. In patients with STEMI, we show that the effectiveness of endogenous fibrinolysis in whole blood is determined in part by fibrinogen level, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and shear-induced platelet reactivity, the latter directly related to the speed of thrombin generation. Our findings strengthen the evidence for the role of cellular components and bidirectional crosstalk between coagulatory and inflammatory pathways as determinants of hypofibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Kanji
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom,Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ying X. Gue
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom,School of Life and Medical Sciences, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed F. Farag
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom,School of Life and Medical Sciences, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil H. Spencer
- Statistical Services and Consultancy Unit, Hertfordshire Business School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Diana A. Gorog
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom,Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom,School of Life and Medical Sciences, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom,Address for correspondence: Prof Diana A. Gorog, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom.
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22
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Fibrin protofibril packing and clot stability are enhanced by extended knob-hole interactions and catch-slip bonds. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4015-4027. [PMID: 35561308 PMCID: PMC9278297 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022006977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrin polymerization involves thrombin-mediated exposure of knobs on one monomer that bind to holes available on another, leading to the formation of fibers. In silico evidence has suggested that the classical A:a knob-hole interaction is enhanced by surrounding residues not directly involved in the binding pocket of hole a, via noncovalent interactions with knob A. We assessed the importance of extended knob-hole interactions by performing biochemical, biophysical, and in silico modeling studies on recombinant human fibrinogen variants with mutations at residues responsible for the extended interactions. Three single fibrinogen variants, γD297N, γE323Q, and γK356Q, and a triple variant γDEK (γD297N/γE323Q/γK356Q) were produced in a CHO (Chinese Hamster Ovary) cell expression system. Longitudinal protofibril growth probed by atomic force microscopy was disrupted for γD297N and enhanced for the γK356Q mutation. Initial polymerization rates were reduced for all variants in turbidimetric studies. Laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that γDEK and γE323Q produced denser clots, whereas γD297N and γK356Q were similar to wild type. Scanning electron microscopy and light scattering studies showed that fiber thickness and protofibril packing of the fibers were reduced for all variants. Clot viscoelastic analysis showed that only γDEK was more readily deformable. In silico modeling suggested that most variants displayed only slip-bond dissociation kinetics compared with biphasic catch-slip kinetics characteristics of wild type. These data provide new evidence for the role of extended interactions in supporting the classical knob-hole bonds involving catch-slip behavior in fibrin formation, clot structure, and clot mechanics.
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23
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Gołąb A, Plicner D, Wypasek E, Natorska J, Kapelak B, Plens K, Undas A. Impaired fibrin clot lysis is associated with increased mortality in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting: A long-term follow-up study. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13775. [PMID: 35313018 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is primarily thromboembolic by nature. We investigated whether impaired fibrinolysis observed in cardiovascular diseases is associated with long-term mortality following CABG. METHODS The study population comprised 292 consecutive patients (aged 64.6 ± 8.1 years) who underwent scheduled CABG. We measured plasma clot lysis time (CLT) preoperatively as a measure of fibrinolysis capacity. Cardiovascular and all-cause deaths were recorded during a median follow-up of 13.8 years. RESULT CLT positively correlated with age (r = .56, p < .001), fibrinogen (r = .25, p = .002) and EuroSCORE I (r = .32, p < .001). The cardiovascular and overall mortality rates were 3.0 and 4.9 per 100 patient-years (32.4% vs 52.8%) respectively. In patients who died from cardiovascular and all causes, CLT was prolonged compared with survivors (both p < .050). Multivariable Cox regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders showed that long-term cardiovascular and all-cause deaths were associated with CLT (HR per 10 min 1.206; 95% CI 1.037-1.402, p = .015 and HR 1.164; 96% CI 1.032-1.309, p = .012), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HR per 1 mmol/L 1.556; 95% CI 1.205-2.010, p < .001 and HR 1.388; 96% CI 1.125-1.703, p = .002), C-reactive protein (HR per 10 mg/L 1.171; 95% CI 1.046-1.312, p = .006 and HR 1.127; 95% CI 1.005-1.237, p = .022) and EuroSCORE I (HR 1.173; 95% CI 1.016-1.355, p = .030 and HR 1.183; 95% CI 1.059-1.317, p = .003 respectively). Type 2 diabetes was solely associated with overall mortality (HR 1.594; 96% CI 1.088-2.334, p = .017). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we showed that reduced fibrin clot susceptibility to fibrinolysis is weekly associated with long-term mortality in advanced CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gołąb
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Plicner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Wypasek
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Krakow, Poland.,Center for Research and Innovative Technology, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Natorska
- Center for Research and Innovative Technology, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Bogusław Kapelak
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantation, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Anetta Undas
- Center for Research and Innovative Technology, John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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24
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Hsieh CT, Chien KL, Hsu HC, Lin HJ, Su TC, Chen MF, Lee YT. Associations between fibrinogen levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause death: a cohort study from the Chin-Shan community in Taiwan. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054638. [PMID: 35365526 PMCID: PMC8977805 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although several studies have investigated the association between fibrinogen level and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), few studies have been conducted in Asia. SETTING We conducted a community-based prospective cohort study in the Chin-Shan community, Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS A total of 2222 participants (54.6±11.9 years, 53.4% women, and 22.4 years of follow-up) who underwent plasma fibrinogen measurements and were without CVD at baseline were recruited, among which 735 participants with available C reactive protein (CRP) were included in the joint analysis of the association of fibrinogen and CRP levels with the risk of CVD. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Fibrinogen and CRP levels were measured by clotting and high-sensitivity immunoturbidimetric assays, respectively. The study outcomes were CVD events and all-cause death. Our definition of CVD included both coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke cases. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the HRs and 95% CIs. RESULTS Compared with the lowest quartile, participants with higher fibrinogen levels tended to have a higher risk of CAD (adjusted HR for the highest quartile=1.48 (95% CI 0.90 to 2.44); test for trend p=0.037) regardless of CRP level (adjusted HR=2.12 (95% CI 1.24 to 3.63) and 2.17 (95% CI 1.06 to 4.44) for high fibrinogen/low CRP and high fibrinogen/high CRP, respectively). The association was not observed for stroke (adjusted HR for the highest quartile=0.99 (95% CI 0.62 to 1.60); test for trend p=0.99) and was only observed for all-cause death among participants <65 years of age (adjusted HR for the highest quartile=1.47 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.95); test for trend p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Fibrinogen may be a potential risk factor for CAD but not for stroke. Further studies are necessary to clarify the differences in the role of fibrinogen levels on the risk of CVD between Asian and Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Tzu Hsieh
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Liong Chien
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ching Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ju Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Teh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Siudut J, Ząbczyk M, Wołkow P, Polak M, Undas A, Jawień J. Intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering improves fibrin clot properties: Association with lipoproteins and C-reactive protein. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 144:106977. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.106977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Warchoł-Celińska E, Prejbisz A, Dobrowolski P, Wypasek E, Kądziela J, Kołodziejczyk-Kruk S, Kabat M, Undas A, Januszewicz A. Fibrin clot properties and fibrinolysis in patients with endocrine hypertension due to aldosterone or catecholamines excess. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2022; 96:114-122. [PMID: 34778982 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate a new possible background of increased risk of cardiovascular events in two forms of endocrine hypertension: in primary aldosteronism (PA) and pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) in comparison to essential hypertension (EHT). CONTEXT Prothrombotic properties of the fibrin clot structure, impaired fibrinolysis and enhanced thrombin generation have been reported to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. DESIGN Patients with PA and PPGL were evaluated at baseline and re-evaluated 3 months after causative treatment. At baseline PA and PPGL patients were compared to matched EHT patients and to healthy controls. PATIENTS The study included 35 patients with PA, 16 patients with PPGL and two reference groups of patients with EHT (32 and 22 patients) and healthy controls (35 and 23 subjects). MEASUREMENTS All subjects underwent evaluation according to the study protocol that included plasma fibrin clot permeability (Ks), clot lysis time, endogenous thrombin potential. RESULTS There were no differences in clot structure and fibrinolytic activity in PA and PPGL patients as compared to matched patients with EHT, whereas all hypertensive groups were characterized by more compact fibrin clot structure, faster clot formation and enhanced thrombin generation in comparison to healthy controls. Both in PA and PPGL patients, fibrin clot properties and fibrinolytic parameters remained stable after the causative treatment. CONCLUSIONS Patients with PA and PPGL are at a prothrombic state comparable to patients with EHT. The results suggest the higher risk of cardiovascular events observed in hypertensive PA and PPGL as compared to EHT is not mediated through investigated prothrombic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksander Prejbisz
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Wypasek
- Innovative Laboratory Diagnostic Centre, John Paul II Hospital, Cracow, Poland
- Cracow Centre for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jacek Kądziela
- Department of Experimental Cardiac Surgery, Anesthesiology and Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Marek Kabat
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anetta Undas
- Innovative Laboratory Diagnostic Centre, John Paul II Hospital, Cracow, Poland
- Cracow Centre for Medical Research and Technologies, John Paul II Hospital, Cracow, Poland
- Department of Invasive Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Januszewicz
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Abstract
Mechanical properties have been extensively studied in pure elastic or viscous materials; however, most biomaterials possess both physical properties in a viscoelastic component. How the biomechanics of a fibrin clot is related to its composition and the microenvironment where it is formed is not yet fully understood. This review gives an outline of the building mechanisms for blood clot mechanical properties and how they relate to clot function. The formation of a blood clot in health conditions or the formation of a dangerous thrombus go beyond the mere polymerization of fibrinogen into a fibrin network. The complex composition and localization of in vivo fibrin clots demonstrate the interplay between fibrin and/or fibrinogen and blood cells. Studying these protein–cell interactions and clot mechanical properties may represent new methods for the evaluation of cardiovascular diseases (the leading cause of death worldwide), creating new possibilities for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 51 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M. Domingues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filomena A. Carvalho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno C. Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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Feller T, Connell SDA, Ariёns RAS. Why fibrin biomechanical properties matter for hemostasis and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:6-16. [PMID: 34528378 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric fibrin displays unique structural and biomechanical properties that contribute to its essential role of generating blood clots that stem bleeds. The aim of this review is to discuss how the fibrin clot is formed, how protofibrils make up individual fibrin fibers, what the relationship is between the molecular structure and fibrin biomechanical properties, and how fibrin biomechanical properties relate to the risk of thromboembolic disease. Fibrin polymerization is driven by different types of bonds, including knob-hole interactions displaying catch-slip characteristics, and covalent crosslinking of fibrin polypeptides by activated factor XIII. Key biophysical properties of fibrin polymer are its visco-elasticity, extensibility and resistance to rupture. The internal packing of protofibrils within fibers changes fibrin biomechanical behavior. There are several methods to analyze fibrin biomechanical properties at different scales, including AFM force spectroscopy, magnetic or optical tweezers and rheometry, amongst others. Clinically, fibrin biomechanical characteristics are key for the prevention of thromboembolic disorders such as pulmonary embolism. Future studies are needed to address unanswered questions regarding internal molecular structure of the fibrin polymer, the structural and molecular basis of its remarkable mechanical properties and the relationship of fibrin biomechanical characteristics with thromboembolism in patients with deep vein thrombosis and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Feller
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Simon D A Connell
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Robert A S Ariёns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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29
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Hulshof AM, Olie RH, Vries MJA, Verhezen PWM, van der Meijden PEJ, ten Cate H, Henskens YMC. Rotational Thromboelastometry in High-Risk Patients on Dual Antithrombotic Therapy After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:788137. [PMID: 35004899 PMCID: PMC8727359 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.788137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Patients using antithrombotic drugs after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are at risk for bleeding and recurrent ischemia. We aimed to explore routine and tissue plasminogen activated (tPA) ROTEM results in a post-PCI population on dual antithrombotic treatment. Methods and Results: In this prospective cohort, 440 patients treated with double antithrombotic therapy after recent PCI and with ≥3 risk factors for either ischemic or bleeding complications were included and compared with a control group (n = 95) consisting of perioperative patients not using antithrombotic medication. Laboratory assessment, including (tPA) ROTEM, was performed one month post-PCI and bleeding/ischemic complications were collected over a five-month follow-up. Patients were stratified by antithrombotic regimen consisting of a P2Y12 inhibitor with either aspirin (dual antiplatelet therapy; DAPT, n = 323), a vitamin K antagonist (VKA, n = 69) or a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC, n = 48). All post-PCI patients had elevated ROTEM clot stiffness values, but only the DAPT group additionally presented with a decreased fibrinolytic potential as measured with tPA ROTEM. Patients receiving anticoagulants had prolonged clotting times (CT) when compared to the control and DAPT group; EXTEM and FIBTEM CT could best discriminate between patients (not) using anticoagulants (AUC > 0.97). Furthermore, EXTEM CT was significantly prolonged in DAPT patients with bleeding complications during follow-up (68 [62–70] vs. 62 [57–68], p = 0.030). Conclusion: ROTEM CT has high potential for identifying anticoagulants and tPA ROTEM could detect a diminished fibrinolytic potential in patients using DAPT. Furthermore, the ability of EXTEM CT to identify patients at risk for bleeding may be promising and warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marije Hulshof
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Anne-Marije Hulshof
| | - Renske H. Olie
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expert Centre Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Minka J. A. Vries
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paul W. M. Verhezen
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Paola E. J. van der Meijden
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Thrombosis Expert Centre Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M. C. Henskens
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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30
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Maksudov F, Daraei A, Sesha A, Marx KA, Guthold M, Barsegov V. Strength, deformability and toughness of uncrosslinked fibrin fibers from theoretical reconstruction of stress-strain curves. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:327-342. [PMID: 34606991 PMCID: PMC8627496 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Structural mechanisms underlying the mechanical properties of fibrin fibers are elusive. We combined tensile testing of uncrosslinked fibrin polymers in vitro and in silico to explore their material properties. The experimental stress (σ) - strain (ε) curves for fibrin fibers are characterized by elastic deformations with a weaker elastic response for ε<160% due to unraveling of αC tethers and straightening of fibrin protofibrils, and a stronger response for ε>160% owing to unfolding of the coiled coils and γ nodules in fibrin monomers. Fiber rupture for strains ε>212% is due to dissociation of the knob-hole bonds and rupture of D:D interfaces. We developed the Fluctuating Bilinear Spring model to interpret the σ-ε profiles in terms of the free energy for protofibril alignment ΔG0 = 10.1-11.5 kBT, Young's moduli for protofibril alignment Yu = 1.9-3.2 MPa and stretching Ya = 5.7-9.7 MPa, strain scale ε˜≈ 12-40% for fiber rupture, and protofibril cooperativity m= 3.6-8. We applied the model to characterize the fiber strength σcr≈ 12-13 MPa, deformability εcr≈ 222%, and rupture toughness U≈ 9 MJ/m3, and to resolve thermodynamic state functions, 96.9 GJ/mol entropy change for protofibril alignment (at room temperature) and 113.6 GJ/mol enthalpy change for protofibril stretching, which add up to 210.5 GJ/mol free-energy change. Fiber elongation is associated with protofibril dehydration and sliding mechanism to create an ordered protofibril array. Fibrin fibers behave like a hydrogel; protofibril dehydration and water expulsion account for ∼94-98% of the total free-energy changes for fiber elongation and rupture. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Structural mechanisms underlying the mechanical properties of fibrin fibers, major components of blood clots and obstructive thrombi, are elusive. We performed tensile testing of uncrosslinked fibrin polymers in vitro and in silico to explore their material properties. Fluctuating Bilinear Spring theory was developed to interpret the stress-strain profiles in terms of the energy for protofibril alignment, elastic moduli for protofibril alignment and stretching, and strain scale for fiber rupture, and to probe the limits of fiber strength, extensibility and toughness. Fibrin fibers behave like a hydrogel. Fiber elongation is defined by the protofibril dehydration and sliding. Structural rearrangements in water matrix control fiber elasticity. These results contribute to fundamental understanding of blood clot breakage that underlies thrombotic embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhad Maksudov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Ali Daraei
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States
| | - Anuj Sesha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Kenneth A Marx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States
| | - Martin Guthold
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, United States.
| | - Valeri Barsegov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States.
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Owen DG, de Oliveira DC, Neale EK, Shepherd DET, Espino DM. Numerical modelling of blood rheology and platelet activation through a stenosed left coronary artery bifurcation. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259196. [PMID: 34731193 PMCID: PMC8565790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary bifurcations are prone to atherosclerotic plaque growth, experiencing regions of reduced wall shear stress (WSS) and increased platelet adhesion. This study compares effects across different rheological approaches on hemodynamics, combined with a shear stress exposure history model of platelets within a stenosed porcine bifurcation. Simulations used both single/multiphase blood models to determine which approach best predicts phenomena associated with atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. A novel Lagrangian platelet tracking model was used to evaluate residence time and shear history of platelets indicating likely regions of thrombus formation. Results show a decrease in area of regions with pathologically low time-averaged WSS with the use of multiphase models, particularly in a stenotic bifurcation. Significant non-Newtonian effects were observed due to low-shear and varying hematocrit levels found on the outer walls of the bifurcation and distal to the stenosis. Platelet residence time increased 11% in the stenosed artery, with exposure times to low-shear sufficient for red blood cell aggregation (>1.5 s). increasing the risk of thrombosis. This shows stenotic artery hemodynamics are inherently non-Newtonian and multiphase, with variations in hematocrit (0.163-0.617) and elevated vorticity distal to stenosis (+15%) impairing the function of the endothelium via reduced time-averaged WSS regions, rheological properties and platelet activation/adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Owen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Diana C. de Oliveira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma K. Neale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan E. T. Shepherd
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Espino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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32
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Daraei A, Pieters M, Baker SR, de Lange-Loots Z, Siniarski A, Litvinov RI, Veen CSB, de Maat MPM, Weisel JW, Ariëns RAS, Guthold M. Automated Fiber Diameter and Porosity Measurements of Plasma Clots in Scanning Electron Microscopy Images. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101536. [PMID: 34680169 PMCID: PMC8533744 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is a powerful, high-resolution imaging technique widely used to analyze the structure of fibrin networks. Currently, structural features, such as fiber diameter, length, density, and porosity, are mostly analyzed manually, which is tedious and may introduce user bias. A reliable, automated structural image analysis method would mitigate these drawbacks. We evaluated the performance of DiameterJ (an ImageJ plug-in) for analyzing fibrin fiber diameter by comparing automated DiameterJ outputs with manual diameter measurements in four SEM data sets with different imaging parameters. We also investigated correlations between biophysical fibrin clot properties and diameter, and between clot permeability and DiameterJ-determined clot porosity. Several of the 24 DiameterJ algorithms returned diameter values that highly correlated with and closely matched the values of the manual measurements. However, optimal performance was dependent on the pixel size of the images—best results were obtained for images with a pixel size of 8–10 nm (13–16 pixels/fiber). Larger or smaller pixels resulted in an over- or underestimation of diameter values, respectively. The correlation between clot permeability and DiameterJ-determined clot porosity was modest, likely because it is difficult to establish the correct image depth of field in this analysis. In conclusion, several DiameterJ algorithms (M6, M5, T3) perform well for diameter determination from SEM images, given the appropriate imaging conditions (13–16 pixels/fiber). Determining fibrin clot porosity via DiameterJ is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daraei
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (A.D.); (S.R.B.)
| | - Marlien Pieters
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
- Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (M.G.); Tel.: +27-18-299-2462 (M.P.); +1-(336)-758-4977 (M.G.)
| | - Stephen R. Baker
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (A.D.); (S.R.B.)
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS16 8FX, UK;
| | - Zelda de Lange-Loots
- Center of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
- Medical Research Council Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, Potchefstroom Campus, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Aleksander Siniarski
- Department of Coronary Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland;
- John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rustem I. Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.I.L.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Caroline S. B. Veen
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.S.B.V.); (M.P.M.d.M.)
| | - Moniek P. M. de Maat
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (C.S.B.V.); (M.P.M.d.M.)
| | - John W. Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (R.I.L.); (J.W.W.)
| | - Robert A. S. Ariëns
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS16 8FX, UK;
| | - Martin Guthold
- Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA; (A.D.); (S.R.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (M.G.); Tel.: +27-18-299-2462 (M.P.); +1-(336)-758-4977 (M.G.)
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Yeh HH, Yu K, Vappala S, Kalathottukaren MT, Abbina S, Luo HD, Grecov D, Kizhakkedathu JN. Rheological and clot microstructure evaluation of heparin neutralization by UHRA and protamine. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 124:104851. [PMID: 34600430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study reports the use of small amplitude oscillatory rheometry to investigate the dynamics of blood clot formation upon heparin neutralization under three different oscillatory frequencies, two of which were mimicking physiological heart rates. We utilized two different heparin antidotes, namely protamine and newly developed universal heparin reversal agent (UHRA-7), at different concentrations to determine the quality of blood clot formed upon heparin neutralization by analyzing several key rheological parameters. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the morphology and microstructure of the blood clot after heparin neutralization to support the rheological observations. The current study revealed that the structure of blood clots formed had significant differences when an oscillatory frequency that mimicked the physiological heart rate was used in comparison to a lower frequency commonly used in current clinical measurements. The limited working dose range for protamine and its intrinsic anticoagulation behaviour was observed. The neutralization profile of UHRA-7 showed a large window of activity. The global assessment of rheological parameters and microstructure of the clot together revealed additional details describing anticoagulant reversal and blood coagulation dynamics by relating the blood clot's fiber thickness and the oscillatory measurements, including storage modulus and blood clot's contractile force. Additionally, a mechanical characterization was conducted to provide a further assessment of blood coagulation using the rheological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Hung Yeh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kai Yu
- Centre for Blood Research and Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sreeparna Vappala
- Centre for Blood Research and Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Manu Thomas Kalathottukaren
- Centre for Blood Research and Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Srinivas Abbina
- Centre for Blood Research and Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Haiming D Luo
- Centre for Blood Research and Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dana Grecov
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Blood Research and Life Science Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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34
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Ruhoff AM, Hong JK, Gao L, Singh J, Tran C, Mackie G, Waterhouse A. Biomaterial Wettability Affects Fibrin Clot Structure and Fibrinolysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100988. [PMID: 34423587 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis on blood-contacting medical devices can cause patient fatalities through device failure and unstable thrombi causing embolism. The effect of material wettability on fibrin network formation, structure, and stability is poorly understood. Under static conditions, fibrin fiber network volume and density increase in clots formed on hydrophilic compared to hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces. This correlates with reduced plasma clotting time and increased factor XIIa (FXIIa) activity. These structural differences are consistent up to 50 µm away from the material surface and are FXIIa dependent. Fibrin forms fibers immediately at the material interface on hydrophilic surfaces but are incompletely formed in the first 5 µm above hydrophobic surfaces. Additionally, fibrin clots on hydrophobic surfaces have increased susceptibility to fibrinolysis compared to clots formed on hydrophilic surfaces. Under low-flow conditions, clots are still denser on hydrophilic surfaces, but only 5 µm above the surface, showing the combined effect of the surface wettability and coagulation factor dilution with low flow. Overall, wettability affects fibrin fiber formation at material interfaces, which leads to differences in bulk fibrin clot density and susceptibility to fibrinolysis. These findings have implications for thrombus formed in stagnant or low-flow regions of medical devices and the design of nonthrombogenic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Ruhoff
- Heart Research Institute 7 Eliza Street Newtown NSW 2042 Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jun Ki Hong
- Heart Research Institute 7 Eliza Street Newtown NSW 2042 Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Chemistry Faculty of Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Lingzi Gao
- Heart Research Institute 7 Eliza Street Newtown NSW 2042 Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Jasneil Singh
- Heart Research Institute 7 Eliza Street Newtown NSW 2042 Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Clara Tran
- School of Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Engineering The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Physics Faculty of Science The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Grace Mackie
- Heart Research Institute 7 Eliza Street Newtown NSW 2042 Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Anna Waterhouse
- Heart Research Institute 7 Eliza Street Newtown NSW 2042 Australia
- The Charles Perkins Centre The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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35
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Ribbat-Idel J, Stellmacher F, Jann F, Kalms N, König IR, Ohlrich M, Royl G, Klotz S, Kurz T, Kemmling A, Roessler FC. Development and reliability of the histological THROMBEX-classification rule for thrombotic emboli of acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurol Res Pract 2021; 3:50. [PMID: 34538282 PMCID: PMC8451083 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-021-00149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombus histology has become a potential diagnostic tool for the etiology assessment of patients with ischemic stroke caused by embolic proximal vessel occlusion. We validated a classification rule that differentiates between cardiac and arteriosclerotic emboli in individual stroke patients. We aim to describe in detail the development of this classification rule and disclose its reliability. Methods The classification rule is based on the hypothesis that cardiac emboli arise out of separation thrombi and arteriosclerotic emboli result from agglutinative thrombi. 125 emboli recovered by thrombectomy from stroke patients and 11 thrombi serving as references for cardiac (n = 5) and arteriosclerotic emboli (n = 6) were Hematoxylin and eosin, Elastica-van Gieson and CD61 stained and rated independently by two histopathologists blinded to the presumed etiology by several pre-defined criteria. Intra- and interobserver reliabilities of all criteria were determined. Out of the different criteria, three criteria with the most satisfactory reliability values were selected to compose the classification rule that was finally adjusted to the reference thrombi. Reliabilities of the classification rule were calculated by using the emboli of stroke patients. Results The classification rule reached intraobserver reliabilities for the two raters of 92.9% and 68.2%, respectively. Interobserver reliability was 69.9%. Conclusions A new classification rule for emboli obtained from thrombectomy was established. Within the limitations of histological investigations, it is reliable and able to distinguish between cardioembolic and arteriosclerotic emboli. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42466-021-00149-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Ribbat-Idel
- Institute of Pathology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Stellmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Research Center Borstel - Leibniz Lung Center, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Florian Jann
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Klinikstraße 33, 35385, Gießen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kalms
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Klinikstraße 33, 35385, Gießen, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160 (House 24), 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Ohlrich
- Department of Neurology, Sana Kliniken Lübeck GmbH, Kronsforder Allee 71-73, 23560, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Royl
- Department of Neurology and Center of Brain, Behaviour and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Segeberger Kliniken, Am Kurpark 1, 23795, Bad Segeberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kurz
- Department of Internal Medicine II/Cardiology, Angiology, and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrè Kemmling
- Department of Neuroradiology, Westpfalz-Klinikum, Hellmut-Hartert-Straße 1, 67655, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Florian C Roessler
- Department of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Klinikstraße 33, 35385, Gießen, Germany.
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Siniarski A, Baker SR, Duval C, Malinowski KP, Gajos G, Nessler J, Ariëns RAS. Quantitative analysis of clot density, fibrin fiber radius, and protofibril packing in acute phase myocardial infarction. Thromb Res 2021; 205:110-119. [PMID: 34298252 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronary artery disease is associated with impaired clot structure. The aim of this study was to investigate acute phase myocardial infarction (AMI) and provide detailed quantitative analysis of clot ultrastructure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clot formation and breakdown, pore size, fiber density, fiber radius and protofibril packing were investigated in plasma clots from AMI patients. These data were compared to those from healthy controls. RESULTS Analysis on clot formation using turbidity showed increased lag time, suggesting changes in protofibril packing and increased fiber size for AMI patients compared to healthy controls. Additionally, increased average rate of clotting and decreased time to maximum absorbance in AMI patients suggest that clots formed more quickly. Moreover, we observed increased time from max OD to max rate of lysis. Increased fibrinogen and decreased plasminogen in AMI patients were accounted for in represented significant differences. AMI samples showed increased time to 25% and 50% lysis, but no change in 75% lysis, representative of delayed lysis onset, but expediated lysis once initiated. These data suggest that AMI patients formed less porous clots made from more densely packed fibers with decreased numbers of protofibrils, which was confirmed using decreased permeation and increased fiber density, and decreased turbidimetry. CONCLUSIONS AMI plasma formed clots that were denser, less permeable, and lysed more slowly than healthy controls. These findings were confirmed by detailed analysis of clot ultrastructure, fiber size, and protofibril packing. Dense clot structures that are resistant to lysis may contribute to a prothrombotic milieu in AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Siniarski
- Department of Coronary Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Stephen R Baker
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Department of Physics, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, USA.
| | - Cédric Duval
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Grzegorz Gajos
- Department of Coronary Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Nessler
- Department of Coronary Disease and Heart Failure, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Leeds Thrombosis Collective, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Fibrin Clot Properties in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Outcomes. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10132999. [PMID: 34279484 PMCID: PMC8268932 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrin is a major component of thrombi formed on the surface of atherosclerotic plaques. Fibrin accumulation as a consequence of local blood coagulation activation takes place inside atherosclerotic lesions and contributes to their growth. The imbalance between thrombin-mediated fibrin formation and fibrin degradation might enhance atherosclerosis in relation to inflammatory states reflected by increased fibrinogen concentrations, the key determinant of fibrin characteristics. There are large interindividual differences in fibrin clot structure and function measured in plasma-based assays and in purified fibrinogen-based systems. Several observational studies have demonstrated that subjects who tend to generate denser fibrin networks displaying impaired clot lysis are at an increased risk of developing advanced atherosclerosis and arterial thromboembolic events. Moreover, the majority of cardiovascular risk factors are also associated with unfavorably altered fibrin clot properties, with their improvement following effective therapy, in particular with aspirin, statins, and anticoagulant agents. The prothrombotic fibrin clot phenotype has been reported to have a predictive value in terms of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and acute limb ischemia. This review article summarizes available data on the association of fibrin clot characteristics with atherosclerotic vascular disease and its potential practical implications.
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Sun Y, Myers DR, Nikolov SV, Oshinowo O, Baek J, Bowie SM, Lambert TP, Woods E, Sakurai Y, Lam WA, Alexeev A. Platelet heterogeneity enhances blood clot volumetric contraction: An example of asynchrono-mechanical amplification. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120828. [PMID: 33964792 PMCID: PMC8184644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Physiological processes such as blood clotting and wound healing as well as pathologies such as fibroses and musculoskeletal contractures, all involve biological materials composed of a contracting cellular population within a fibrous matrix, yet how the microscale interactions among the cells and the matrix lead to the resultant emergent behavior at the macroscale tissue level remains poorly understood. Platelets, the anucleate cell fragments that do not divide nor synthesize extracellular matrix, represent an ideal model to study such systems. During blood clot contraction, microscopic platelets actively pull fibers to shrink the macroscale clot to less than 10% of its initial volume. We discovered that platelets utilize a new emergent behavior, asynchrono-mechanical amplification, to enhanced volumetric material contraction and to magnify contractile forces. This behavior is triggered by the heterogeneity in the timing of a population of actuators. This result indicates that cell heterogeneity, often attributed to stochastic cell-to-cell variability, can carry an essential biophysical function, thereby highlighting the importance of considering 4 dimensions (space + time) in cell-matrix biomaterials. This concept of amplification via heterogeneity can be harnessed to increase mechanical efficiency in diverse systems including implantable biomaterials, swarm robotics, and active polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Sun
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA
| | - David R Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Svetoslav V Nikolov
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA
| | - Oluwamayokun Oshinowo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - John Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Samuel M Bowie
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA
| | - Tamara P Lambert
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Eric Woods
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yumiko Sakurai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA; Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
| | - Alexander Alexeev
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 801 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0405, USA.
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39
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Fibrin(ogen) as a Therapeutic Target: Opportunities and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136916. [PMID: 34203139 PMCID: PMC8268464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is one of the key molecular players in haemostasis. Thrombin-mediated release of fibrinopeptides from fibrinogen converts this soluble protein into a network of fibrin fibres that form a building block for blood clots. Thrombin-activated factor XIII further crosslinks the fibrin fibres and incorporates antifibrinolytic proteins into the network, thus stabilising the clot. The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin also exposes binding sites for fibrinolytic proteins to limit clot formation and avoid unwanted extension of the fibrin fibres. Altered clot structure and/or incorporation of antifibrinolytic proteins into fibrin networks disturbs the delicate equilibrium between clot formation and lysis, resulting in either unstable clots (predisposing to bleeding events) or persistent clots that are resistant to lysis (increasing risk of thrombosis). In this review, we discuss the factors responsible for alterations in fibrin(ogen) that can modulate clot stability, in turn predisposing to abnormal haemostasis. We also explore the mechanistic pathways that may allow the use of fibrinogen as a potential therapeutic target to treat vascular thrombosis or bleeding disorders. Better understanding of fibrinogen function will help to devise future effective and safe therapies to modulate thrombosis and bleeding risk, while maintaining the fine balance between clot formation and lysis.
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40
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Visser MJE, Venter C, Roberts TJ, Tarr G, Pretorius E. Psoriatic disease is associated with systemic inflammation, endothelial activation, and altered haemostatic function. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13043. [PMID: 34158537 PMCID: PMC8219816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease, affecting approximately 2% of the general population, which can be accompanied by psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The condition has been associated with an increased cardiovascular burden. Hypercoagulability is a potential underlying mechanism that may contribute to the increased risk of major cardiovascular events in psoriatic individuals. Whole blood samples were collected from 20 PsA patients and 20 healthy individuals. The concentrations of inflammatory molecules (C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and soluble P-selectin) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, clotting efficiency was evaluated by thromboelastography. The fibrin network architecture was also assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Elevated levels of circulating inflammatory molecules were significantly associated with the presence of psoriatic disease. Furthermore, an increased tendency towards thrombus formation was significantly predictive of disease presence. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that fibrin clots were denser in psoriatic individuals, compared to healthy controls, with an increased fibrin fibre diameter associated with psoriatic disease. Our results add to the accumulating evidence of the systemic nature of psoriasis and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular comorbidities, potentially due to an acquired hypercoagulability. We suggest that haemostatic function should be monitored carefully in psoriatic patients that present with severe disease, due to the pre-eminent risk of developing thrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J E Visser
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 MATIELAND, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Chantelle Venter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 MATIELAND, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Roberts
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 MATIELAND, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 250 Euston Road, London, NW1 2PB, UK
| | - Gareth Tarr
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 MATIELAND, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.,Division of Rheumatology, Institute of Orthopaedics and Rheumatology, Winelands Mediclinic Orthopaedic Hospital, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 MATIELAND, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
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41
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Kietsiriroje N, Ariëns RAS, Ajjan RA. Fibrinolysis in Acute and Chronic Cardiovascular Disease. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:490-505. [PMID: 33878782 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The formation of an obstructive thrombus within an artery remains a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite effective inhibition of platelet function by modern antiplatelet therapies, these agents fail to fully eliminate atherothrombotic risk. This may well be related to extensive vascular disease, beyond the protective abilities of the treatment agents used. However, recent evidence suggests that residual vascular risk in those treated with modern antiplatelet therapies is related, at least in part, to impaired fibrin clot lysis. In this review, we attempt to shed more light on the role of hypofibrinolysis in predisposition to arterial vascular events. We provide a brief overview of the coagulation system followed by addressing the role of impaired fibrin clot lysis in acute and chronic vascular conditions, including coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease. We also discuss the role of combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies to reduce the risk of arterial thrombotic events, addressing both efficacy and safety of such an approach. We conclude that impaired fibrin clot lysis appears to contribute to residual thrombosis risk in individuals with arterial disease on antiplatelet therapy, and targeting proteins in the fibrinolytic system represents a viable strategy to improve outcome in this population. Future work is required to refine the antithrombotic approach by modulating pathological abnormalities in the fibrinolytic system and tailoring therapy according to the need of each individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppadol Kietsiriroje
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ramzi A Ajjan
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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42
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Olsen LN, Fischer M, Evans PA, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y. Does Exercise Influence the Susceptibility to Arterial Thrombosis? An Integrative Perspective. Front Physiol 2021; 12:636027. [PMID: 33708141 PMCID: PMC7940832 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.636027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial thrombosis is the primary cause of death worldwide, with the most important risk factors being smoking, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity. However, although there are clear indications in the literature of beneficial effects of physical activity in lowering the risk of cardiovascular events, exercise can be considered a double-edged sword in that physical exertion can induce an immediate pro-thrombotic environment. Epidemiological studies show an increased risk of cardiovascular events after acute exercise, a risk, which appear to be particularly apparent in individuals with lifestyle-related disease. Factors that cause the increased susceptibility to arterial thrombosis with exercise are both chemical and mechanical in nature and include circulating catecholamines and vascular shear stress. Exercise intensity plays a marked role on such parameters, and evidence in the literature accordingly points at a greater susceptibility to thrombus formation at high compared to light and moderate intensity exercise. Of importance is, however, that the susceptibility to arterial thrombosis appears to be lower in exercise-conditioned individuals compared to sedentary individuals. There is currently limited data on the role of acute and chronic exercise on the susceptibility to arterial thrombosis, and many studies include incomplete assessments of thrombogenic clotting profile. Thus, further studies on the role of exercise, involving valid biomarkers, are clearly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nørregaard Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Fischer
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phillip Adrian Evans
- Haemostasis Biomedical Research Unit, Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Morriston Hospital, SBU Health Board, Swansea, United Kingdom.,College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Morrow GB, Carlier MSA, Dasgupta S, Craigen FB, Mutch NJ, Curry N. Fibrinogen Replacement Therapy for Traumatic Coagulopathy: Does the Fibrinogen Source Matter? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042185. [PMID: 33671748 PMCID: PMC7926643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrinogen is the first coagulation protein to reach critically low levels during traumatic haemorrhage. There have been no differential effects on clinical outcomes between the two main sources of fibrinogen replacement: cryoprecipitate and fibrinogen concentrate (Fg-C). However, the constituents of these sources are very different. The aim of this study was to determine whether these give rise to any differences in clot stability that may occur during trauma haemorrhage. Fibrinogen deficient plasma (FDP) was spiked with fibrinogen from cryoprecipitate or Fg-C. A panel of coagulation factors, rotational thromboelastography (ROTEM), thrombin generation (TG), clot lysis and confocal microscopy were performed to measure clot strength and stability. Increasing concentrations of fibrinogen from Fg-C or cryoprecipitate added to FDP strongly correlated with Clauss fibrinogen, demonstrating good recovery of fibrinogen (r2 = 0.99). A marked increase in Factor VIII, XIII and α2-antiplasmin was observed in cryoprecipitate (p < 0.05). Increasing concentrations of fibrinogen from both sources were strongly correlated with ROTEM parameters (r2 = 0.78-0.98). Cryoprecipitate therapy improved TG potential, increased fibrinolytic resistance and formed more homogeneous fibrin clots, compared to Fg-C. In summary, our data indicate that cryoprecipitate may be a superior source of fibrinogen to successfully control bleeding in trauma coagulopathy. However, these different products require evaluation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael B. Morrow
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (M.S.A.C.); (S.D.); (F.B.C.); (N.J.M.)
| | - Molly S. A. Carlier
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (M.S.A.C.); (S.D.); (F.B.C.); (N.J.M.)
| | - Sruti Dasgupta
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (M.S.A.C.); (S.D.); (F.B.C.); (N.J.M.)
| | - Fiona B. Craigen
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (M.S.A.C.); (S.D.); (F.B.C.); (N.J.M.)
| | - Nicola J. Mutch
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular & Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK; (M.S.A.C.); (S.D.); (F.B.C.); (N.J.M.)
| | - Nicola Curry
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
- Oxford Haemophilia & Thrombosis Centre, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1865-225316
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44
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Role of Shear Stress and tPA Concentration in the Fibrinolytic Potential of Thrombi. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042115. [PMID: 33672724 PMCID: PMC7924342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of arterial thrombi is critically dependent on the endogenous fibrinolytic system. Using well-established and complementary whole blood models, we investigated the endogenous fibrinolytic potential of the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and the intra-thrombus distribution of fibrinolytic proteins, formed ex vivo under shear. tPA was present at physiologically relevant concentrations and fibrinolysis was monitored using an FITC-labelled fibrinogen tracer. Thrombi were formed from anticoagulated blood using a Chandler Loop and from non-anticoagulated blood perfused over specially-prepared porcine aorta strips under low (212 s−1) and high shear (1690 s−1) conditions in a Badimon Chamber. Plasminogen, tPA and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) concentrations were measured by ELISA. The tPA–PAI-1 complex was abundant in Chandler model thrombi serum. In contrast, free tPA was evident in the head of thrombi and correlated with fibrinolytic activity. Badimon thrombi formed under high shear conditions were more resistant to fibrinolysis than those formed at low shear. Plasminogen and tPA concentrations were elevated in thrombi formed at low shear, while PAI-1 concentrations were augmented at high shear rates. In conclusion, tPA primarily localises to the thrombus head in a free and active form. Thrombi formed at high shear incorporate less tPA and plasminogen and increased PAI-1, thereby enhancing resistance to degradation.
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45
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Jolugbo P, Ariëns RAS. Thrombus Composition and Efficacy of Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2021; 52:1131-1142. [PMID: 33563020 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thrombi retrieved from patients with acute ischemic stroke are highly heterogeneous. Recent data suggest that thrombus composition may impact on mechanical thrombectomy, the number of recanalization manoeuvres, resistance to retrieval, and on thrombolytic potential. Our aim was to summarize evidence describing the impact of thrombus composition on efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy and thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The scoping review methodology guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute, an adaption of the Arksey and O'Malley, was followed. Comprehensive searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Articles were classified into 4 key themes: (1) composition of stroke thrombi, (2) thrombus composition and mechanical thrombectomy, (3) thrombus composition and thrombolytic therapy, and (4) novel imaging and endovascular approaches. Our search identified 698 articles published from 1987 to June 2020. Additional articles were extracted from reference lists of the selected articles. Overall, 95 topic-specific articles identified for inclusion published in 40 different journals were included. Reports showed that thrombus composition in stroke was highly heterogeneous, containing fibrin, platelets, red blood cells, VWF (von Willebrand Factor), and neutrophil extracellular traps. Thrombi could roughly be divided into fibrin- and red blood cell-rich clots. Fibrin-rich clots were associated with increased recanalization manoeuvres, longer procedure time, and less favorable clinical outcomes compared with red blood cell-rich clots. Advances in detection or treatment of thrombi that take into account clot heterogeneity may be able to improve future endovascular and thrombolytic treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious Jolugbo
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A S Ariëns
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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46
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Memtsas VP, Arachchillage DRJ, Gorog DA. Role, Laboratory Assessment and Clinical Relevance of Fibrin, Factor XIII and Endogenous Fibrinolysis in Arterial and Venous Thrombosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031472. [PMID: 33540604 PMCID: PMC7867291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, peripheral vascular disease and venous thromboembolism are major contributors to morbidity and mortality. Procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways are finely regulated in healthy individuals and dysregulated procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic pathways lead to arterial and venous thrombosis. In this review article, we discuss the (patho)physiological role and laboratory assessment of fibrin, factor XIII and endogenous fibrinolysis, which are key players in the terminal phase of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis. Finally, we present the most up-to-date evidence for their involvement in various disease states and assessment of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios P. Memtsas
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK;
| | - Deepa R. J. Arachchillage
- Centre for Haematology, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Department of Haematology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
- Department of Haematology, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK
| | - Diana A. Gorog
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 4AB, UK;
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London SW3 6LY, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-0348841
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47
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Abstract
Fibrinogen is a large glycoprotein, synthesized primarily in the liver. With a normal plasma concentration of 1.5-3.5 g/L, fibrinogen is the most abundant blood coagulation factor. The final stage of blood clot formation is the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin, the polymeric scaffold for blood clots that stop bleeding (a protective reaction called hemostasis) or obstruct blood vessels (pathological thrombosis). Fibrin is a viscoelastic polymer and the structural and mechanical properties of the fibrin scaffold determine its effectiveness in hemostasis and the development and outcome of thrombotic complications. Fibrin polymerization comprises a number of consecutive reactions, each affecting the ultimate 3D porous network structure. The physical properties of fibrin clots are determined by structural features at the individual fibrin molecule, fibrin fiber, network, and whole clot levels and are among the most important functional characteristics, enabling the blood clot to withstand arterial blood flow, platelet-driven clot contraction, and other dynamic forces. This chapter describes the molecular structure of fibrinogen, the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the mechanical properties of fibrin as well as its structural origins and lastly provides evidence for the role of altered fibrin clot properties in both thrombosis and bleeding.
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48
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Weisel JW, Litvinov RI. Visualizing thrombosis to improve thrombus resolution. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2021; 5:38-50. [PMID: 33537528 PMCID: PMC7845077 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity, course, and outcomes of thrombosis are determined mainly by the size and location of the thrombus, but studying thrombus structure and composition has been an important but challenging task. The substantial progress in determination of thrombus morphology has become possible due to new intravital imaging methodologies in combination with mechanical thrombectomy, which allows extraction of a fresh thrombus from a patient followed by microscopy. Thrombi have been found to contain various structural forms of fibrin along with platelet aggregates, leukocytes, and red blood cells, many of which acquire a polyhedral shape (polyhedrocytes) as a result of intravital platelet-driven contraction. The relative volume fractions of thrombus components and their structural forms vary substantially, depending on the clinical and pathogenic characteristics. This review summarizes recent research that describes quantitative and qualitative morphologic characteristics of arterial and venous thrombi that are relevant for the pathogenesis, prophylaxis, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Rustem I. Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA
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49
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Gue YX, Kanji R, Wellsted DM, Srinivasan M, Wyatt S, Gorog DA. Rationale and design of "Can Very Low Dose Rivaroxaban (VLDR) in addition to dual antiplatelet therapy improve thrombotic status in acute coronary syndrome (VaLiDate-R)" study : A randomised trial modulating endogenous fibrinolysis in patients with acute coronary syndrome. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2020; 49:192-198. [PMID: 31872349 PMCID: PMC6969858 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-019-02014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impaired endogenous fibrinolysis is novel biomarker that can identify patients with ACS at increased cardiovascular risk. The addition of Very Low Dose Rivaroxaban (VLDR) to dual antiplatelet therapy has been shown to reduce cardiovascular events but at a cost of increased bleeding and is therefore not suitable for all-comers. Targeted additional pharmacotherapy with VLDR to improve endogenous fibrinolysis may improve outcomes in high-risk patients, whilst avoiding unnecessary bleeding in low-risk individuals. The VaLiDate-R study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03775746, EudraCT: 2018-003299-11) is an investigator-initiated, randomised, open-label, single centre trial comparing the effect of 3 antithrombotic regimens on endogenous fibrinolysis in 150 patients with ACS. Subjects whose screening blood test shows impaired fibrinolytic status (lysis time > 2000s), will be randomised to one of 3 treatment arms in a 1:1:1 ratio: clopidogrel 75 mg daily (Group 1); clopidogrel 75 mg daily plus rivaroxaban 2.5 mg twice daily (Group 2); ticagrelor 90 mg twice daily (Group 3), in addition to aspirin 75 mg daily. Rivaroxaban will be given for 30 days. Fibrinolytic status will be assessed during admission and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. The primary outcome measure is the change in fibrinolysis time from admission to 4 weeks follow-up, using the Global Thrombosis Test. If VLDR can improve endogenous fibrinolysis in ACS, future large-scale studies would be required to assess whether targeted use of VLDR in patients with ACS and impaired fibrinolysis can translate into improved clinical outcomes, with reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events in this high-risk cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying X Gue
- Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rahim Kanji
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK
| | - David M Wellsted
- Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Solange Wyatt
- Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Diana A Gorog
- Department of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
- Cardiology Department, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, UK.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, Dovehouse Street, London, SW3 6LY, UK.
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50
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Sidelmann JJ, Gram JB, Rasmussen JJ, Kistorp C. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse Impairs Fibrin Clot Lysis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 47:11-17. [PMID: 33017849 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1714398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) is suspected to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular mortality in otherwise healthy individuals. AAS abuse may increase the incidence of CVD by altering the hemostatic balance toward a procoagulant state. Studies on the effect of AAS abuse on the fibrinolytic system, however, have either demonstrated a profibrinolytic effect or no effect of AAS abuse, but the overall effect of AAS on fibrinolysis has not been addressed so far. This cross-sectional study investigated the effect of AAS on fibrin clot lysis, fibrin structure, and the hemostatic proteins, potentially affecting these measures in current and former AAS abusers and healthy age-matched controls. The study population consisted of 37 current and 33 former AAS abusers, along with 30 healthy age-matched controls. Fibrin clot lysis, fibrin structure properties, fibrinogen, coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) plasminogen, plasmin inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) were determined. Fibrin clot lysis was significantly reduced in participants abusing AAS compared with former abusers and controls (p < 0.001). Plasma fibrinogen, plasminogen, and plasmin inhibitor were significantly increased in current abusers (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed with respect to measures of fibrin structure properties, PAI-1, and TAFI (p > 0.05). In conclusion, AAS abuse depresses fibrin clot lysis. This effect is not associated with alterations in fibrin structure but is rather caused by increased plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, FXIII, and plasmin inhibitor. These findings suggest that AAS abuse may be associated with increased thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Jakobsen Sidelmann
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Brodersen Gram
- Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark.,Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Jon J Rasmussen
- Department of Endocrinology and Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Internal Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, Region Zealand, Denmark
| | - Caroline Kistorp
- Department of Endocrinology and Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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