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Afolabi OA, Hamed MA, Anyogu DC, Adeyemi DH, Odetayo AF, Akhigbe RE. Atorvastatin-mediated downregulation of VCAM-1 and XO/UA/caspase 3 signaling averts oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Redox Rep 2022; 27:212-220. [PMID: 36200598 PMCID: PMC9553180 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2022.2129192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative damage is critical in the pathogenesis of ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, and statins have been reported to exert antioxidant activity. However, the role of VCAM-1 and xanthine oxidase (XO)/uric acid (UA) in ovarian I/R injury is not known. Also, whether or not atorvastatin exerts antioxidant activity like other statins is unclear. Objectives This study investigated the involvement of VCAM-1 and XO/UA in ovarian I/R injury and the likely protective role of atorvastatin. Methods Forty female Wistar rats were randomized into sham-operated, ischaemia, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), ischaemia and atorvastatin, and I/R and atorvastatin. Results In comparison with the sham-operated group, atorvastatin blunted ischaemia and I/R-induced distortion of ovarian histoarchitecture and follicular degeneration. Also, atorvastatin alleviated ischaemia and I/R-induced rise in XO, UA, and malondialdehyde, which was accompanied by inhibition of ischaemia and I/R-induced reductions in reduced glutathione level, enzymatic antioxidant activities and increase in myeloperoxidase activity and TNF-α and IL-6 levels by atorvastatin treatment. Additionally, atorvastatin blocked ischaemia and I/R-induced increase in VCAM-1 expression, caspase 3 activity, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine level and ovarian DNA fragmentation index. Conclusion For the first time, this study revealed that atorvastatin-mediated downregulation of VCAM-1 and XO/UA/caspase 3 signaling averts oxidative injury, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by ovarian ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Afolabi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - M A Hamed
- Brainwill Laboratories, Osogbo, Nigeria.,Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - D C Anyogu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - D H Adeyemi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - A F Odetayo
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - R E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.,Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
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Peripheral Monocyte Percentage as a Potential Indicator of Prognosis in Patients with Chronic Subdural Hematoma Receiving Conservative Therapy. World Neurosurg 2022; 165:e92-e101. [PMID: 35654333 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.05.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have confirmed active and abnormal inflammation in the hematoma cavity of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). However, a relationship between the peripheral blood status and the prognosis of CSDH patients has not been demonstrated. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 245 CSDH patients who received conservative therapy (67 under close follow-up observation, 103 treated with atorvastatin, and 75 treated with atorvastatin combined with dexamethasone) from 2014 to 2021 to evaluate the role of major inflammation-associated cells in the prognostic assessment of patients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the potential factors that could indicate the prognosis among the 103 patients who underwent observation only or atorvastatin therapy. Changes in peripheral blood inflammation-associated cells at different time points were compared between patients with good and poor outcomes. Furthermore, the changes in inflammatory cells in 75 patients who received atorvastatin combined with dexamethasone were analyzed. RESULTS The monocyte percentage was the only independent influencing factor in subsequent follow-up assessments. Patients with good outcomes had obviously lower circulating monocyte percentages in their peripheral blood counts throughout the treatment period. The monocyte percentage was also significantly decreased in the patients who responded well to atorvastatin combined with dexamethasone. The peripheral monocyte percentage was significantly higher in patients who transitioned to surgery because of a poor response to pharmacotherapy. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral monocyte percentage may be a convenient and effective indicator for predicting the outcome of CSDH for patients receiving conservative treatment. A higher percentage of monocytes could be a risk factor for a poor response.
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Sobrin L, Yu Y, Han S, Susarla G, Kempen JH, Hubbard RA, VanderBeek BL. Decreased risk of non-infectious anterior uveitis with statin therapy in a large healthcare claims database. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:2783-2793. [PMID: 34050812 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to determine if statin therapy decreases the incidence of non-infectious uveitis (NIU) using a retrospective cohort study. METHODS Patients enrolled in a national insurance plan who initiated statin (n = 711,734, statin cohort) or other lipid-lowering therapy (n = 148,044, non-statin cohort) were observed for NIU development. Incident NIU in the primary analysis was defined as a new diagnosis code for NIU followed by a second instance of a NIU code within 120 days. For the secondary outcome definition, a corticosteroid prescription or code for an ocular corticosteroid injection within 120 days of the NIU diagnosis code was used instead of the second NIU diagnosis code. Estimation of NIU incidence used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. The proportional hazards assumption was satisfied by creating two time periods of analysis, ≤ 150 and > 150 days. Subanalyses were performed by anatomic subtype. RESULTS Overall, the primary outcome occurred 541 times over 690,465 person-years in the statin cohort and 103 times over 104,301 person-years in the non-statin cohort. No associations were seen in the ≤ 150-day analyses (p > 0.20 for all comparisons). However, after 150 days, the statin cohort was less likely to develop any uveitis [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51-0.97, P = 0.03] in the primary outcome analysis, but did not meet significance for the secondary outcome (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.63-1.15, P = 0.30). Similarly, in the anatomic subtype analysis, after 150 days, the statin cohort was less likely to develop anterior uveitis (HR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.47-0.97, P = 0.03) in the primary analysis, but the association did not reach significance for the secondary outcome (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.56-1.20, P = 0.31). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that statin therapy for > 150 days decreases the incidence of NIU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sobrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - Yinxi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Gayatri Susarla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - John H Kempen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,MyungSung Christian Medical Center (MCM) Eye Unit, MCM General Hospital and MyungSung Medical School, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Rebecca A Hubbard
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian L VanderBeek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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In Vitro Anti-Inflammation and Chondrogenic Differentiation Effects of Inclusion Nanocomplexes of Hyaluronic Acid-Beta Cyclodextrin and Simvastatin. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 15:263-274. [PMID: 30603552 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-018-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare inclusion nanocomplexes of hyaluronic acid-β-cyclodextrin and simvastatin (HA-β-CD/SIM) and evaluate in vitro anti-inflammation effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated synoviocytes and chondrogenic differentiation effects on rat adipose-derived stem cells (rADSCs). The β-CD moieties in HA-β-CD could incorporate SIM to form HA-β-CD/SIM nanocomplexes with diameters of 297-350 nm. HA-β-CD/SIM resulted in long-term release of SIM from the nanocomplexes for up to 63 days in a sustained manner. In vitro studies revealed that HA-β-CD/SIM nanocomplexes were able to effectively and dose-dependently suppress the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as matrix metallopeptidase-3 (MMP-3), MMP-13, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated synoviocytes. HA-β-CD/SIM-treated rADSCs significantly and dose-dependently enhanced mRNA expressions of aggrecan, collagen type II (COL2A1), and collagen type X (COL10A1), implying that HA-β-CD/SIM greatly induced the chondrogenic differentiation of rADSCs. Conclusively, HA-β-CD/SIM nanocomplexes will be a promising therapeutic material to alleviate inflammation as well as promote chondrogenesis.
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Anti-Inflammatory Treatment. Coron Artery Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811908-2.00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Barbosa CP, Bracht L, Ames FQ, de Souza Silva-Comar FM, Tronco RP, Bersani-Amado CA. Effects of Ezetimibe, Simvastatin, and their Combination on Inflammatory Parameters in a Rat Model of Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis. Inflammation 2016; 40:717-724. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Bockeria OL, Shvartz VA, Akhobekov AA, Kiselev AR, Prokhorov MD, Golukhova EZ, Bockeria LA. Statin therapy in the primary prevention of early atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Indian Heart J 2016; 68:792-797. [PMID: 27931549 PMCID: PMC5143807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment of the role of statin therapy in the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients without prior atrial fibrillation. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 206 patients, aged 57.2±7.9 years (mean±SD), who underwent isolated CABG is carried out. All patients are divided into two groups. The first group (nSt-patients) includes the patients who did not receive statin therapy prior to CABG (n=82). The second group (St-patients) includes the patients who received statin therapy prior to CABG (n=124). Both groups received the statin therapy from the first day after CABG. The risk of occurrence of POAF is evaluated using the Cox-regression model. RESULTS The rate of POAF was 25.6% in nSt-patients and 6.5% in St-patients (P=0.020). On the 4th day after CABG, white blood cells (WBC) count was 11.0 (9.0, 13.0)×109/mL (medians with inter-quartile ranges) in nSt-patients and 9.0 (7.6, 10.2)×109/mL in St-patients (P<0.001). The peak WBC numbers occurred on the day of POAF onset. The Cox-regression analysis shows that only two factors (statin therapy and number of grafts) had significant influence on the POAF onset. Odds ratio of POAF event prediction by statin therapy was 0.20 (95%CI: 0.08-0.51), P<0.001. Each subsequent graft increased the risk of POAF in 2.1 times. CONCLUSION Statin therapy carried out prior to the CABG is an effective approach to primary prevention of POAF in early postoperative period. Statin therapy after CABG in nSt-patients does not give prophylactic effect observed in St-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L Bockeria
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia.
| | - V A Shvartz
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Akhobekov
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - A R Kiselev
- Department of Surgical Treatment for Interactive Pathology, Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M D Prokhorov
- Saratov Branch of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
| | - E Z Golukhova
- Nonivasive Arrhythmology Department, Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Bockeria
- Bakoulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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Borkar DS, Tham VM, Shen E, Parker JV, Uchida A, Vinoya AC, Acharya NR. Association between statin use and uveitis: results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation study. Am J Ophthalmol 2015; 159:707-13. [PMID: 25597838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether there is a protective association between statin use and uveitis diagnosis. DESIGN Retrospective, population-based case-control study. METHODS Medical records of all patients in the Kaiser Permanente Hawaii health plan between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007 (N = 217 061) were searched electronically for International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, diagnosis codes related to uveitis. Chart review was done to confirm incident uveitis diagnosis during the study period. Two control groups were each randomly selected at a 5:1 ratio to cases, and controls were assigned an index date to match their respective case diagnosis date. One control group was selected from the general Kaiser Permanente Hawaii population that had at least 1 healthcare visit during the study period. Another control group was selected from the population of Kaiser Permanente Hawaii members who had at least 1 visit to the ophthalmology clinic during the study period. Statin use was defined as filling a prescription for statin medication in the year prior to the diagnosis or index date based on an electronic search of the Kaiser Permanente Hawaii pharmacy database for Generic Product Identification codes. A conditional logistic regression model with clinical diagnosis of uveitis as the outcome was used to assess the relationship between statin use and uveitis. RESULTS One hundred eight incident cases of uveitis were identified. Nineteen percent of uveitis patients had used statin medication in the year prior to diagnosis compared to 30% of patients in the general Kaiser population control (P = .03) and 38% of patients in the ophthalmology clinic control (P < .001). Using the general Kaiser population control and adjusting for age, sex, race, and autoimmune diseases, the odds of a statin user developing uveitis were 48% less than the odds of a non-statin user developing uveitis (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.29-0.94, P = .03). Similarly, the odds of developing uveitis were 33% less for statin users compared to non-statin users (OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.38-1.19, P = .17) when adjusting for these factors and using the ophthalmology clinic control group. CONCLUSIONS Statin use may be protective against the development of uveitis. Several anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms may explain this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga S Borkar
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Vivien M Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii; Pacific Vision Institute of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Elizabeth Shen
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - John V Parker
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Aileen Uchida
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Aleli C Vinoya
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Nisha R Acharya
- F.I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Homma Y, Homma K, Iizuka S, Iigaya K. Effects of fluvastatin on plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein subfractions, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and soluble adhesion molecules: a twenty-four-week, open-label, dose-increasing study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 64:236-47. [PMID: 24944371 DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(03)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins not only lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, but also have several antiarteriosclerotic effects (eg, decreasing arterial inflammation and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation, as well as antioxidant effects). The relationship between the dose of statin and its effects on plasma LDL levels and other arteriosclerosis-related effects remains to be clarified. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of a statin, fluvastatin, on plasma levels of lipoprotein subfractions, oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL), Ox-LDL immunoglobulin G (IgG), soluble adhesion molecules, reverse cholesterol transport (ie, transport of esterified high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] to triglyceride [TG]-rich lipoproteins by cholesteryl ester transfer protein [CETP] and reduction of plasma HDL-C levels), and on the intima-medial thickness (IMT) of the common carotid arteries. METHODS Patients with nonfamilial type 2 hyperlipoproteinemia were eligible for this open-label, dose-increasing study. Fluvastatin 20 mg/d was administered for the first 12 weeks, and the daily dose was increased to 40 mg for the subsequent 12 weeks. Patients were examined at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. Plasma lipoprotein subfractions were determined using sequential ultracentrifugation at 100,000g. The plasma levels of Ox-LDL, Ox-LDL-IgG, CETP, and soluble adhesion molecules were measured using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The maximum IMT of the common carotid arteries was measured using sonography. RESULTS The plasma levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein (apo) B were reduced by 25% and 17%, respectively (P<0.001 for both), after 12 weeks of treatment with fluvastatin 20 mg/d; no further significant reductions in LDL were observed after increasing the daily dose to 40 mg. Fluvastatin 20 mg/d for 12 weeks decreased plasma levels of intermediate-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-I-C, LDL-II-C, and LDL-III-C by 25% (P<0.01), 30% (P<0.001), 23% (P<0.01), and 20% (P = 0.02), respectively. No further significant reductions in these levels were observed after increasing the daily dose to 40 mg. The plasma levels of Ox-LDL decreased in a similar fashion to the plasma levels of LDL-C (P<0.001). However, plasma levels of Ox-LDL-IgG and soluble P-selectin did not decrease after 12 weeks of fluvastatin 20 mg/d, but did decrease significantly (both 22%) after the next 12 weeks of treatment with fluvastatin 40 mg/d (P<0.05). Plasma levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and CETP mass were not altered by fluvastatin treatment. Significant changes in maximum IMT of the common carotid arteries were not seen throughout 24 weeks of fluvastatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS In this patient population, fluvastatin 20 mg/d was sufficient to significantly reduce plasma levels of LDL, the 3 LDL subfractions, and Ox-LDL, but was not sufficient to reduce plasma levels of Ox-LDL-IgG and soluble P-selectin. It is important to check not only plasma lipoprotein levels but also other factors relating to arteriosclerosis during treatment with statins for the prevention and treatment of arteriosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Homma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Boseidai, Isehara, Japan
| | - Koichiro Homma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Iizuka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Boseidai, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kamon Iigaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Tousoulis D, Psarros C, Demosthenous M, Patel R, Antoniades C, Stefanadis C. Innate and adaptive inflammation as a therapeutic target in vascular disease: the emerging role of statins. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63:2491-2502. [PMID: 24613322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the main pathophysiological condition leading to cardiovascular disease (CVD), is now considered to be a chronic inflammatory condition. Statins are the most widely used and promising agents in treating CVD and are renowned for their pleiotropic lipid-lowering independent effects. Statins exert their anti-inflammatory effects on the vascular wall through a variety of molecular pathways of the innate and adaptive immune systems, their impact on the circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and their effect on adhesion molecules. By inhibiting the mevalonate pathway and isoprenoid formation, statins account for the increase of nitric oxide bioavailability and the improvement of vascular and myocardial redox state by multiple different mechanisms (directly or indirectly through low-density lipoprotein [LDL] lowering). A large number of randomized control trials have shown that statins help in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, not only via their lipid-lowering effect, but also due to their anti-inflammatory potential as well. In this paper, we examine the molecular pathways in which statins are implicated and exert their anti-inflammatory effects, and we focus specifically on their impact on innate and adaptive immunity systems. Finally, we review the most important clinical data for the role of statins in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Cardiology Department, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Costas Psarros
- First Cardiology Department, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Rikhil Patel
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- First Cardiology Department, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece; Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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11
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Simvastatin inhibits cytokines in a dose response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:309-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Combined donor simvastatin and methylprednisolone treatment prevents ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat cardiac allografts through vasculoprotection and immunomodulation. Transplantation 2013; 95:1084-91. [PMID: 23466635 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182881b61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and allograft dysfunction remain as two of the major clinical challenges after heart transplantation. Here, we investigated the effect of donor treatment with simvastatin and methylprednisolone on microvascular dysfunction and immunomodulation during IRI in rat cardiac allografts subjected to prolonged ischemia time. METHODS The DA rats received simvastatin, methylprednisolone, or both 2 hr before heart donation. The allografts were subjected to 4-hr hypothermic preservation and transplanted to the fully major histocompatibility complex-mismatched WF rat recipients. RESULTS Six hours after reperfusion, donor treatment either with simvastatin alone or with high dose of methylprednisolone alone or in combination with simvastatin and methylprednisolone significantly reduced cardiac troponin T release and the number of allograft infiltrating ED1 macrophages MPO neutrophils. However, the combination donor treatment was superior in the prevention of IRI and significantly prolonged allograft survival. Donor simvastatin treatment inhibited allograft microvascular RhoA GTPase pathway activation, whereas methylprednisolone prevented activation of innate immune response and mRNA expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and its multiple target genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that donor treatment in combination with simvastatin and methylprednisolone prevents IRI and has beneficial effect on allograft survival in rat cardiac allografts. Minimizing microvascular injury and the activation of innate immunity may offer a novel therapeutic strategy to expand the donor pool and furthermore improve the function of the marginal donor organs.
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Yunker JJ, McGwin G, Read RW. Statin use and ocular inflammatory disease risk. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2013; 3:8. [PMID: 23514541 PMCID: PMC3605084 DOI: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to evaluate the effect of oral statin medication use on the subsequent development of ocular inflammatory disease (OID). A retrospective nested case–control study was carried out on patient records from the Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center. All male patients with a new diagnosis of OID over a 5-year period were included. Ten control subjects (without OID) were age-matched to each OID case. Prescription files of all subjects were queried for statin use. Information on selected comorbid medical conditions was also obtained. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of OID development in the context of statin use, controlling for comorbid conditions. Results Ninety-two incident cases of OID were identified. A trend toward a reduction in the risk of new OID development was found in patients that used statins compared to those that did not (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.23, p = 0.13). The longer the duration of statin use, the greater is the effect. Conclusions Use of oral statins may be associated with a reduced risk for the development of OID. This reduced risk increases with increasing duration of use. Larger clinical studies would be required to definitively establish the effectiveness of statins in lowering the incidence of OID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Yunker
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 700 18th Street South, Suite 601, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
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Lysgaard C, Nielsen MS, Christensen JH, Lundbye-Christensen S, Riahi S, Schmidt EB. No effect of high-dose atorvastatin on leukotriene B₄ formation from neutrophils in patients treated with coronary bypass surgery: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blinded trial with a crossover design. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 87:185-8. [PMID: 23063168 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease, (CVD) and leukotrienes may play a role in atherogenesis. Statins reduce mortality from CVD by reducing LDL cholesterol and potentially by other (pleiotropic) mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate if atorvastatin exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) formation from stimulated neutrophils in patients treated with coronary artery bypass grafting. The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover study. Patients (n=80) were allocated to 80 mg atorvastatin or placebo for 6 weeks before crossing over to the opposite treatment for another 6 weeks. There was no significant correlation between baseline LDL cholesterol levels on formation of LTB₄, and atorvastatin had no effect on LTB₄ formation. Hence, this study does not support any effect of atorvastatin on LTB₄ formation as part of the explanation for its beneficial effect on CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lysgaard
- Department of Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Søndre Skovvej 15, Aalborg 9000, Denmark
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Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a mutation in both beta globin genes, resulting in chronic hemolysis and multiorgan disease that ultimately leads to premature death. Although hemoglobin S (HbS) polymerization and vaso-occlusion are central to the pathogenesis of SCD, overlapping pathways implicated in SCD-related endothelial dysfunction include hemolysis, defects in nitric oxide metabolism, ischemia-reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, increased cell-to-cell adhesion, and proinflammatory and coagulation mediators. Progression of organ-specific vasculopathy often precedes organ dysfunction and may provide targets for therapeutic intervention. SCD-related vasculopathies include, but are not limited to, moyamoya that often precedes cerebral infarcts or hemorrhage, proliferative retinopathy prior to loss of eyesight, pulmonary vasculopathy associated with pulmonary hypertension, and renal vasculopathy prior to the onset of chronic renal disease. This review evaluates evidence that SCD vasculopathy is a harbinger for organ dysfunction and reviews the potential for targeted antivasculopathy therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetola A Kassim
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Stem Cell Transplant, Vanderbilt and Meharry Center for Excellence in Sickle Cell Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Araújo FA, Rocha MA, Capettini LSA, Campos PP, Ferreira MAND, Lemos VS, Andrade SP. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (fluvastatin) decreases inflammatory angiogenesis in mice. APMIS 2012; 121:422-30. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A. Araújo
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Monaliza A. Rocha
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Luciano S. A. Capettini
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Paula P. Campos
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Mônica A. N. D. Ferreira
- Department of General Pathology; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Virginia S. Lemos
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
| | - Silvia P. Andrade
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte; Brazil
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Boyd AR, Hinojosa CA, Rodriguez PJ, Orihuela CJ. Impact of oral simvastatin therapy on acute lung injury in mice during pneumococcal pneumonia. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12:73. [PMID: 22587610 PMCID: PMC3438118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest that the reported protective effects of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) against community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and sepsis in humans may be due to confounders and a healthy user-effect. To directly test whether statins are protective against Streptococcus pneumoniae, the leading cause of CAP, we examined the impact of prolonged oral simvastatin therapy at physiologically relevant doses in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia. BALB/c mice were placed on rodent chow containing 0 mg/kg (control), 12 mg/kg (low simvastatin diet [LSD]; corresponds to 1.0 mg/kg/day), or 120 mg/kg (high simvastatin diet [HSD]; corresponds to 10 mg/kg/day) simvastatin for four weeks, infected intratracheally with S. pneumoniae serotype 4 strain TIGR4, and sacrificed at 24, 36, or 42 h post-infection for assessment of lung histology, cytokine production, vascular leakage and edema, bacterial burden and bloodstream dissemination. Some mice received ampicillin at 12-h intervals beginning at 48 h post-infection and were monitored for survival. Immunoblots of homogenized lung samples was used to assess ICAM-1 production. Results Mice receiving HSD had reduced lung consolidation characterized by less macrophage and neutrophil infiltration and a significant reduction in the chemokines MCP-1 (P = 0.03) and KC (P = 0.02) and ICAM-1 in the lungs compared to control mice. HSD mice also had significantly lower bacterial titers in the blood at 36 (P = 0.007) and 42 (P = 0.03) hours post-infection versus controls. LSD had a more modest effect against S. pneumoniae but also resulted in reduced bacterial titers in the lungs and blood of mice after 42 h and a reduced number of infiltrated neutrophils. Neither LSD nor HSD mice had reduced mortality in a pneumonia model where mice received ampicillin 48 h after challenge. Conclusions Prolonged oral simvastatin therapy had a strong dose-dependent effect on protection against S. pneumoniae as evidenced by reduced neutrophil infiltration, maintenance of vascular integrity, and lowered chemokine production in the lungs of mice on HSD. Statin therapy also protected through reduced bacterial burden in the lungs. Despite these protective correlates, mortality in the simvastatin-receiving cohorts was equivalent to controls. Thus, oral simvastatin at physiologically relevant doses only modestly protects against pneumococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Boyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Araújo FA, Rocha MA, Ferreira MA, Campos PP, Capettini LSA, Lemos VS, Andrade SP. Implant-induced intraperitoneal inflammatory angiogenesis is attenuated by fluvastatin. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:262-8. [PMID: 21309808 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA) inhibitors, exert anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-angiogenic effects. These effects are associated with downregulation of pro-inflammatory/pro-angiogenic molecules and upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) expression/nitric oxide (NO) production. 2. Using the murine sponge model to induce chronic intraperitoneal inflammatory response, we evaluated the inflammatory components, angiogenic and NO production of the fibrovascular tissue, and their modulation by fluvastatin. 3. Our results showed that fluvastatin (0.6 and 6 mg/kg per day) inhibited haemoglobin (Hb) content 4.9±0.4 (n=15; control) vs 2.2±0.2 (n=6; fluvastatin 0.6) and 1.8±0.2 (n=6; fluvastatin 6.0) and the number of vessels in the treated group when compared with the control group. The inflammatory component, as assessed by myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase activities and by the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2/JE levels, was also decreased by the compound. In the treated group, inhibition of both enzyme activities was 54% and 57%, respectively. The levels of the cytokines (TNF-α and CCL2/JE) intra-implant were decreased relative to the control. In these implants, fluvastatin was also able to increase NO production, as detected with an NO-sensitive electrode. 4. The inhibitory function of fluvastatin on key components of intraperitoneal inflammatory angiogenesis shown in the present study is clearly associated with the modulatory effects of this statin on vascular endothelial growth factor, TNF-α and NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda A Araújo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Haraba R, Uyy E, Suica VI, Ivan L, Antohe F. Fluvastatin reduces the high mobility group box 1 protein expression in hyperlipidemia. Int J Cardiol 2011; 150:105-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hoppe C, Kuypers F, Larkin S, Hagar W, Vichinsky E, Styles L. A pilot study of the short-term use of simvastatin in sickle cell disease: effects on markers of vascular dysfunction. Br J Haematol 2011; 153:655-63. [PMID: 21477202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by progressive vascular injury and its pathophysiology is strikingly similar to that of atherosclerosis. Statins decrease inflammation and improve endothelial function in cardiovascular disease, but their effect in SCD is not known. In this pilot study, we examined the safety and effect of short-term simvastatin on biomarkers of vascular dysfunction in SCD. We treated 26 SCD patients with simvastatin, 20 or 40 mg/d, for 21 d. Plasma nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), tissue factor (TF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed and responses to simvastatin were compared between the two treatment groups. Simvastatin increased NOx levels by 23% in the low-dose (P =0·01) and 106% in the moderate-dose (P =0·01) groups, and by 52% overall (P=0·0008). CRP decreased similarly in both dose groups and by 68% overall (P =0·02). Levels of IL-6 decreased by 50% (P=0·04) and 71% (P<0·05) in the low- and moderate-dose groups, respectively. Simvastatin had no effect on VEGF, VCAM1 or TF. Simvastatin was well-tolerated and safe. Our preliminary findings showing a dose-related effect of simvastatin on levels of NOx, CRP and IL-6 suggest a potential therapeutic role for simvastatin in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Hoppe
- Department of Haematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital & Research Center Oakland, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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Wong GKC, Poon WS. The Biochemical Basis of Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010. [PMCID: PMC4034087 DOI: 10.3390/ph3103186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- George Kwok Chu Wong
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +852-2632-2624; Fax: +857-2637-7974
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Wan WYH, Morris A, Kinnear G, Pearce W, Mok J, Wyss D, Stevenson CS. Pharmacological characterisation of anti-inflammatory compounds in acute and chronic mouse models of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. Respir Res 2010; 11:126. [PMID: 20849642 PMCID: PMC2954922 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candidate compounds being developed to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are typically assessed using either acute or chronic mouse smoking models; however, in both systems compounds have almost always been administered prophylactically. Our aim was to determine whether the prophylactic effects of reference anti-inflammatory compounds in acute mouse smoking models reflected their therapeutic effects in (more clinically relevant) chronic systems. Methods To do this, we started by examining the type of inflammatory cell infiltrate which occurred after acute (3 days) or chronic (12 weeks) cigarette smoke exposure (CSE) using female, C57BL/6 mice (n = 7-10). To compare the effects of anti-inflammatory compounds in these models, mice were exposed to either 3 days of CSE concomitant with compound dosing or 14 weeks of CSE with dosing beginning after week 12. Budesonide (1 mg kg-1; i.n., q.d.), roflumilast (3 mg kg-1; p.o., q.d.) and fluvastatin (2 mg kg-1; p.o., b.i.d.) were dosed 1 h before (and 5 h after for fluvastatin) CSE. These dose levels were selected because they have previously been shown to be efficacious in mouse models of lung inflammation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) leukocyte number was the primary endpoint in both models as this is also a primary endpoint in early clinical studies. Results To start, we confirmed that the inflammatory phenotypes were different after acute (3 days) versus chronic (12 weeks) CSE. The inflammation in the acute systems was predominantly neutrophilic, while in the more chronic CSE systems BALF neutrophils (PMNs), macrophage and lymphocyte numbers were all increased (p < 0.05). In the acute model, both roflumilast and fluvastatin reduced BALF PMNs (p < 0.01) after 3 days of CSE, while budesonide had no effect on BALF PMNs. In the chronic model, therapeutically administered fluvastatin reduced the numbers of PMNs and macrophages in the BALF (p ≤ 0.05), while budesonide had no effect on PMN or macrophage numbers, but did reduce BALF lymphocytes (p < 0.01). Roflumilast's inhibitory effects on inflammatory cell infiltrate were not statistically significant. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the acute, prophylactic systems can be used to identify compounds with therapeutic potential, but may not predict a compound's efficacy in chronic smoke exposure models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Heidi Wan
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham RH12 5AB, UK
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25
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Sverdrup FM, Yates MP, Vickery LE, Klover JA, Song LRH, Anglin CP, Misko TP. Protein geranylgeranylation controls collagenase expression in osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2010; 18:948-55. [PMID: 20417291 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins possess anti-inflammatory properties. This study was undertaken to characterize the mechanism of action of statin drugs on collagenase expression in primary human osteoarthritic cartilage tissue. METHOD Human articular chondrocytes and cartilage explants from osteoarthritic donors were exposed to simvastatin in the presence or absence of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta). Collagenase expression was determined by quantifying levels of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) and MMP-1 mRNA and MMP-13 protein. The mechanism of statin action was tested by addition of farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) or by using inhibitors of farnesyl transferase (FT) and geranylgeranyl transferase (GGT-1). RESULTS Treatment of osteoarthritic chondrocytes with simvastatin decreased mRNA levels of MMP-13 and MMP-1 whether under basal conditions or during stimulation with IL-1beta. MMP-13 protein secreted into the culture media was also decreased. Genes involved in cartilage synthesis (type II collagen and aggrecan) were not down-regulated by simvastatin. Exogenous addition of GGPP completely reversed the statin-mediated decrease in MMP-13 mRNA and protein levels whereas FPP partially reversed the statin-mediated effect. An inhibitor of GGT-1 mimicked the simvastatin-mediated reduction in MMP-13 expression by chondrocytes. Finally, consistent with impacts on MMP-13 and MMP-1 expression, simvastatin as well as the GGT-1 inhibitor both blocked type II collagen degradation in primary human articular cartilage explants. CONCLUSION These results suggest that statins modulate chondrocyte metabolism by reducing prenylation of key signaling molecules that control the expression of collagen-degrading enzymes. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that protein prenyltransferases including geranylgeranyl transferase regulate chondrocyte collagenase expression in osteoarthritis.
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Lanza GM, Winter PM, Caruthers SD, Hughes MS, Hu G, Schmieder AH, Wickline SA. Theragnostics for tumor and plaque angiogenesis with perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. Angiogenesis 2010; 13:189-202. [PMID: 20411320 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-010-9166-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging agents are extending the potential of noninvasive medical diagnosis from basic gross anatomical descriptions to complicated phenotypic characterizations based upon the recognition of unique cell-surface biochemical signatures. Although originally the purview of nuclear medicine, "molecular imaging" is now studied in conjunction with all clinically relevant imaging modalities. Of the myriad of particles that have emerged as prospective candidates for clinical translation, perfluorocarbon nanoparticles offer great potential for combining targeted imaging with drug delivery, much like the "magic bullet" envisioned by Paul Ehrlich 100 years ago. Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles, once studied in Phase III clinical trials as blood substitutes, have found new life for molecular imaging and drug delivery. The particles have been adapted for use with all clinically relevant modalities and for targeted drug delivery. In particular, their intravascular constraint due to particle size provides a distinct advantage for angiogenesis imaging and antiangiogenesis therapy. As perfluorocarbon nanoparticles have recently entered Phase I clinical study, this review provides a timely focus on the development of this platform technology and its application for angiogenesis-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Lanza
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University Medical School, 4320 Forest Park Ave, Suite 101, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Diet and age interactions with regards to cholesterol regulation and brain pathogenesis. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 2010:219683. [PMID: 20396385 PMCID: PMC2852598 DOI: 10.1155/2010/219683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule for brain homeostasis; yet, hypercholesterolemia and its numerous complications are believed to play a role in promoting multiple aspects of brain pathogenesis. An ever increasing number of individuals in modern Western Society are regularly consuming diets high in fat which promote the development of hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, modern societies are becoming increasingly aged, causing a collision between increased hypercholesterolemia and increased aging, which will likely lead to the development of increased pathological conditions due to hypercholesterolemia, thereby promoting deleterious neurochemical and behavioral changes in the brain. Lastly, while beneficial in controlling cholesterol levels, the long-term use of statins itself may potentially promote adverse effects on brain homeostasis, although specifics on this remain largely unknown. This review will focus on linking the current understanding of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia (as well as statin use) to the development of oxidative stress, neurochemical alterations, and cognitive disturbances in the aging brain.
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Cicha I, Beronov K, Ramirez EL, Osterode K, Goppelt-Struebe M, Raaz D, Yilmaz A, Daniel WG, Garlichs CD. Shear stress preconditioning modulates endothelial susceptibility to circulating TNF-alpha and monocytic cell recruitment in a simplified model of arterial bifurcations. Atherosclerosis 2009; 207:93-102. [PMID: 19481207 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Atherosclerotic plaque formation results from a combination of local shear stress patterns and inflammatory processes. This study investigated the endothelial response to shear stress in combination with the inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha in a simplified model of arterial bifurcation. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) were exposed to laminar or non-uniform shear stress in bifurcating flow-through slides, followed by stimulation with TNF-alpha. To study cell adhesion, ECs were perfused with medium containing THP-1 monocytic cells. Endothelial protein expression was determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Adhesion of monocytic cells to unstimulated ECs was nearly undetectable under laminar shear stress and was slightly increased under non-uniform shear stress. Exposure of ECs to non-uniform shear stress in combination with TNF-alpha induced a 12-fold increase in monocytic cell recruitment and a significant induction of endothelial E-selectin and VCAM-1 expression. Both these effects were prevented in ECs exposed to laminar shear stress. The significant differences in TNF-alpha-induced monocytic cell recruitment and adhesion molecule expression between laminar and non-uniform shear stress regions were abolished in the absence of shear stress preconditioning. Simvastatin (1 micromol/L) suppressed the non-uniform shear stress- and TNF-alpha-induced increase in monocytic cell adhesion by about 30% via inhibition of VCAM-1 expression. Resveratrol, the active component of red wine, inhibited the expression of both VCAM-1 and E-selectin, and reduced monocytic cell recruitment by 50% at 20 micromol/L. CONCLUSIONS Non-uniform shear stress induces endothelial susceptibility to circulating TNF-alpha and adhesion of monocytic cells. Interference with this process may inhibit inflammatory response in atherosclerosis-prone regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Cicha
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Medical Clinic 2, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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The protective effect of simvastatin against low dose streptozotocin induced type 1 diabetes in mice is independent of inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 379:1076-9. [PMID: 19150339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Besides a cholesterol-lowering effect, simvastatin possesses anti-inflammatory properties attributed to inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and/or direct binding to, and inhibition of, the integrin lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1). We have shown that simvastatin protects against multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLDS) induced type 1 diabetes in mice. Presently, we examined if this effect could be abolished by co-administration of mevalonic acid, thus determining if the protective effect is dependent or independent of inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Mevalonic acid did not affect the protective effect of simvastatin against MLDS diabetes. Moreover, spleens from these mice did not show any signs of toxic side-effects, thus excluding the possibility that the protective effect is secondary to a general inflammatory response. We suggest that simvastatin's protective effect mainly is independent of HMG-CoA reductase inhibition. This implies that inhibition of LFA-1 activation is important for the protective effect exerted by simvastatin.
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Franiak-Pietryga I, Koter-Michalak M, Broncel M, Duchnowicz P, Chojnowska-Jezierska J. Anti-inflammatory and hypolipemic effects in vitro of simvastatin comparing to epicatechin in patients with type-2 hypercholesterolemia. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:393-7. [PMID: 19084570 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Revised: 11/16/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study involved 25 patients with type-2 hypercholesterolemia (mean age 49.3+/-11.3). The control group consisted of 28 healthy individuals (mean age 50.7+/-7.2). METHODS The cholesterol concentrations in plasma membranes of erythrocytes were measured by means of Liebermann-Burchard reagent. The membrane lipid peroxidation in whole erythrocytes was determined. The membrane fluidity was estimated by spin labelled method. RESULTS The in vitro study shows that the cholesterol concentration in membranes incubated with simvastatin and epicatechin decreases; in healthy donors there are no changes. Simvastatin does not lead to changes in the lipid peroxidation in the in vitro data. Epicatechin decreases the level of membrane lipid peroxidation in patients with hypercholesterolemia and in healthy donors. Simvastatin and epicatechin cause an increase in the fluidity of plasma membranes of erythrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Simvastatin causes the decrease in cholesterol concentration in erythrocytes membranes not only in the in vivo but also the in vitro experiments. Flavonoids have antioxidant properties in vitro. Simvastatin influences the lipid peroxidation only in vivo, not in vitro systems. This observation is an additional contribution to the statins' pleiotropic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Franiak-Pietryga
- Department of Environmental Pollution Biophysics, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
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Winter PM, Caruthers SD, Zhang H, Williams TA, Wickline SA, Lanza GM. Antiangiogenic synergism of integrin-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles and atorvastatin in atherosclerosis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2008; 1:624-34. [PMID: 19356492 PMCID: PMC2636718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies were performed to develop a prolonged antiangiogenesis therapy regimen based on theranostic alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted nanoparticles. BACKGROUND Antiangiogenesis therapy may normalize atherosclerotic plaque vasculature and promote plaque stabilization. alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles can quantify atherosclerotic angiogenesis and incorporate fumagillin to elicit acute antiangiogenic effects. METHODS In the first experiment, hyperlipidemic rabbits received alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles (0, 30, or 90 microg/kg) with either a continued high fat diet or conversion to standard chow. The antiangiogenic response was followed for 4 weeks by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) molecular imaging with alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles. In a second 8-week study, atherosclerotic rabbits received atorvastatin (0 or 44 mg/kg diet) alone or with alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles (only week 0 vs. weeks 0 and 4), and angiogenesis was monitored with CMR molecular imaging. Histology was performed to determine the location of bound nanoparticles and to correlate the level of CMR enhancement with the density of angiogenic vessels. RESULTS The alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles reduced the neovascular signal by 50% to 75% at 1 week and maintained this effect for 3 weeks regardless of diet and drug dose. In the second study, atherosclerotic rabbits receiving statin alone had no antineovascular benefit over 8 weeks. The alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles decreased aortic angiogenesis for 3 weeks as in study 1, and readministration on week 4 reproduced the 3-week antineovascular response with no carry-over benefit. However, atorvastatin and 2 doses of alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles (0 and 4 weeks) achieved marked and sustainable antiangiogenesis. Microscopic studies corroborated the high correlation between CMR signal and neovessel counts and confirmed that the alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted nanoparticles were constrained to the vasculature of the aortic adventia. CONCLUSIONS The CMR molecular imaging with alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted paramagnetic nanoparticles demonstrated that the acute antiangiogenic effects of alpha(nu)beta(3)-targeted fumagillin nanoparticles could be prolonged when combined with atorvastatin, representing a potential strategy to evaluate antiangiogenic treatment and plaque stability.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/metabolism
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atorvastatin
- Carbocyanines/metabolism
- Cyclohexanes/metabolism
- Cyclohexanes/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology
- Heptanoic Acids/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/metabolism
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Nanoparticles
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Rabbits
- Sesquiterpenes/metabolism
- Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology
- Time Factors
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32
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Di Pasquale P, Cannizzaro S, Fasullo S, Ganci F, Marenghini G, Scalzo S, Giambanco F, Vitale G, Polizzi G, Paterna S. Combination of indomethacin and statin compared with indomethacin and placebo in patients with a first episode of acute pericarditis: preliminary findings. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 113:443-8. [PMID: 17623016 DOI: 10.1042/cs20070092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the combination of indomethacin and statin compared with indomethacin plus placebo in patients with a first episode of pericarditis. A total of 55 consecutive patients with acute pericarditis were randomized in a double-blind manner into two groups: group 1 (statin group) was treated with 150 mg of indomethacin plus 10 mg of rosuvastatin, and group 2 (placebo group) was treated with 150 mg of indomethacin plus placebo. Both groups received treatment up to the normalization of inflammation markers and for the following week. Clinical and laboratory assessments [white cell count, ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and CRP (C-reactive protein), troponin I, creatine kinase and brain natriuretic peptide plasma levels], ECG and echocardiogram were performed at baseline and daily up to discharge. All of the patients were followed as outpatients for 3 months to evaluate any recurrence of pericarditis. The two groups were similar in age, sex and laboratory parameters [group 1 (the statin group), n=28 patients; gender, 18 male and ten female; and age, 29.5+/-5.7 years; group 2 (placebo group), n=27 patients; gender, 16 male/11 female; and age, 29.2+/-4.8 years]. The statin group, when compared with the placebo group, had a significantly faster reduction in CRP values (5.0+/-1.0 compared with 6.0+/-2.0 days respectively; P=0.022), ST segment normalization (3.5+/-1.0 compared with 4.5+/-1.0 days respectively; P=0.001), pericardial effusion (4.5+/-1.0 compared with 5.5+/-1.0 days respectively; P=0.001) and ESR (5.0+/-1 compared with 6.0+/-2 days respectively; P=0.022). Our results show that the combination of statin and indomethacin treatment in patients with acute pericarditis is feasible, with a significant reduction in inflammatory markers and a favourable trend in hospitalization time (5.5+/-2.0 compared with 6.5+/-2.0 days respectively; P=0.069). However, these preliminary findings require further studies in a larger sample of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Di Pasquale
- Division of Cardiology, G.F. Ingrassia Hospital, Via Val Platani 3, 90144 Palermo, Italy.
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33
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Keddissi JI, Younis WG, Chbeir EA, Daher NN, Dernaika TA, Kinasewitz GT. The use of statins and lung function in current and former smokers. Chest 2007; 132:1764-71. [PMID: 17908708 DOI: 10.1378/chest.07-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokers are affected by a variety of inflammatory diseases, including COPD. Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors, are used for their lipid-lowering characteristics but also appear to have antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. We assessed their ability to preserve lung function in current and former smokers. METHODS All smokers and ex-smokers seen at the Oklahoma City VA hospital in 2005 with abnormal baseline spirometry findings and two or more pulmonary function tests done 6 months apart were classified into obstructive and restrictive groups based on the initial PFT result. Statin use, annual decline in FEV(1) and FVC, and need for respiratory-related urgent care (emergency department or inpatient) were compared. RESULTS Approximately one half, 215 of 418 patients, were receiving a statin. Compared to the control group, statin users had a lower decline in FEV(1) (- 0.005 +/- 0.20 L/yr vs 0.085 +/- 0.17 L/yr, p < 0.0001) and FVC (- 0.046 +/- 0.45 L/yr vs 0.135 +/- 0.32 L/yr, p < 0.0001) [mean +/- SD]. This difference remained significant irrespective of whether the patient had obstructive (n = 319), or restrictive (n = 99) disease, and regardless of whether the patient continued or stopped smoking. In patients with an obstructive spirometry finding, we found a lower incidence of respiratory-related urgent care in favor of the statin group (0.12 +/- 0.29 patient-years vs 0.19 +/- 0.32/patient-years; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION In smokers and former smokers, statins are associated with a slower decline in pulmonary function, independent of the underlying lung disease. CLINICAL IMPLICATION Prospective, randomized trials are needed to study the effect of statins on lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean I Keddissi
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, the Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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34
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Thenappan T, Ali Raza J, Movahed A. REVIEW: Aortic Atheromas: Current Concepts and Controversies-A Review of the Literature. Echocardiography 2007; 25:198-207. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2007.00568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that statins reduce cardiovascular events such as coronary artery disease or stroke in hypercholesterolemic patients in both primary and secondary prevention. The striking benefit achieved with statin treatments in patients with a wide range of cholesterol levels cannot be attributed to their cholesterol lowering effect alone. Substantial data has recently accumulated showing that statins exert various effects on multiple targets, namely pleiotropic effects, especially targeting the concept of 'vascular failure', including the improvement of vascular endothelial function, inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, anti-inflammatory actions, anti-oxidative effects or stabilization of vulnerable plaques. These effects have potential in the treatments of coronary artery disease in various settings, such as prevention of its onset as well as its progression, or plaque rupture. Statin therapy should be more extensively applied even in normolipidemic patients if there are additional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or others. Furthermore, statins may be used to intervene in earlier stage risk conditions such as postprandial hyperlipidemia or hyperglycemia, insulin resistant state, masked hypertension, or metabolic syndrome to further reduce mortality or morbidity of coronary artery disease and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Inoue
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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36
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Kansui Y, Fujii K, Goto K, Oniki H, Iida M. Chronic fluvastatin treatment alters vascular contraction by inhibiting the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 33:673-8. [PMID: 16895538 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
1. In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic treatment of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) with the statin fluvastatin on vascular Rho/Rho-kinase pathway mediated contraction, which has been shown to be upregulated in hypertension. 2. Contribution of the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway to noradrenaline-induced contraction of arteries from SHRSP was assessed by the inhibitory effect of Y-27632, a Rho/Rho-kinase inhibitor. Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated with fluvastatin (10 mg/kg per day) for 1 month. 3. Treatment with fluvastatin tended to attenuate the contraction to noradrenaline and significantly decreased the Y-27632-sensitive component of the contraction in controls compared with fluvastatin-treated rats. 4. RhoA, as assessed by western blotting, was also reduced by fluvastatin treatment. 5. These findings suggest that chronic treatment with fluvastatin reduces the contractile response associated with Rho/Rho-kinase in arteries of hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Kansui
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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37
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Chen CH, Lee RP, Wu WT, Liao KW, Hsu N, Hsu BG. Fluvastatin ameliorates endotoxin induced multiple organ failure in conscious rats. Resuscitation 2007; 74:166-74. [PMID: 17353078 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sepsis is a severe inflammatory disorder that may lead to multiple organ failure. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is associated with Gram-negative sepsis and can activate monocytes and macrophages to release pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), nitric oxide (NO) and anti-inflammatory mediator such as interleukin-10 (IL-10). In this present study, we used fluvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, to study its effects upon LPS-induced endotoxic shock in conscious rats. METHODS The experiments were designed that rats received an intravenous injection of 1mg/kg fluvastatin followed 10min later, by an intravenous injection of 10mg/kg Klebsiella pneumoniae LPS, the latter inducing endotoxic shock amongst conscious rats. Subsequently, the levels of certain biochemical variables and cytokines in serum were then measured during the ensuing 48-h period following sepsis. These included total cholesterol (TCH), triglyceride (TG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cre), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transferase (GOT), alanine transferase (GPT), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10 and nitric oxide. RESULTS LPS significantly increased blood TG, BUN, Cre, LDH, CPK, GOT, GPT, TNF-alpha, IL-10 and NO levels but decreased the blood TCH level. Pretreatment of test rats with fluvastatin decreased blood levels of certain markers of organ injury, suppressed the release of TNF-alpha and increased IL-10, and NO levels following LPS treatment. Fluvastatin did not affect the blood TCH and TG level subsequent to the development of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with fluvastatin suppresses the release of plasma TNF-alpha, increases plasma IL-10, and NO production, and decreases the levels of markers of organ injury associated with endotoxic shock, so ameliorating LPS-induced organ damage amongst conscious rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hua Chen
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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38
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Paciaroni M, Hennerici M, Agnelli G, Bogousslavsky J. Statins and stroke prevention. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007; 24:170-82. [PMID: 17596685 DOI: 10.1159/000104474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, statins have been proven to significantly decrease coronary events in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Recent clinical trials have indicated that statins significantly reduce stroke risk in patients with vascular disease. The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaborators in a meta-analysis including 90,056 patients found that the use of statins determined a significant 17% proportional reduction in the incidence of first-ever stroke of any type per 1 mmol/l low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduction. During an average of 5 years of treatment, the reduction in the overall incidence of stroke was about one sixth per 1 mmol/l LDL cholesterol decrease meaning that 8 fewer participants have any stroke per 1,000 among those with preexisting coronary artery disease at baseline, compared with 5 fewer per 1,000 among the participants with no such history. It is not known whether these findings might be due to the cholesterol reduction effect of statins or to pleiotropic effects of statins, such as improved endothelial function, decreased platelet aggregability, and reduced vascular inflammation. In secondary prevention of stroke, the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study found that treatment with atorvastatin reduced the risk of recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with recent stroke or transient ischemic attack but no history of heart disease. Combining the results of patients with no history of heart disease from the SPARCL study and Heart Protection Study in a mini meta-analysis, compared with placebo, statins were associated with a barely nonsignificant difference in recurrent stroke (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.75-1.01, p = 0.07) and a significant difference in the occurrence of major vascular events (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68-0.88, p = 0.0001) at final follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Paciaroni
- Stroke Unit and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Koutouzis M, Nomikos A, Nikolidakis S, Tzavara V, Andrikopoulos V, Nikolaou N, Barbatis C, Kyriakides ZS. Statin treated patients have reduced intraplaque angiogenesis in carotid endarterectomy specimens. Atherosclerosis 2007; 192:457-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tuñón J, Martín-Ventura JL, Blanco-Colio LM, Egido J. Mechanisms of action of statins in stroke. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:273-8. [PMID: 17298287 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.3.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Statins decrease the incidence of cardiovascular events and death in patients with coronary artery disease. Moreover, the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study has recently demonstrated that high-dose atorvastatin may also reduce the recurrence of stroke in patients with previous stroke or transitory ischemic attack.
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41
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Rego ACMD, Araújo Filho I, Damasceno BPGL, Egito EST, Silveira IAD, Brandão-Neto J, Medeiros AC. Simvastatin improves the healing of infected skin wounds of rats. Acta Cir Bras 2007; 22 Suppl 1:57-63. [PMID: 17505657 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502007000700012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: This study explores the potential of the simvastatin to ameliorate inflammation and infection in open infected skin wounds of rats. METHODS: Fourteen Wistar rats weighing 285±12g were used. The study was done in a group whose open infected skin wounds were treated with topical application of sinvastatina microemulsion (SIM, n=7) and a second group with wounds treated with saline 0.9 % (SAL, n=7). A bacteriological exam of the wounds fluid for gram positive and gram negative bacteria, the tecidual expression of TNFá and IL-1â by imunohistochemical technique, and histological analysis by HE stain were performed. RESULTS: The expression of TNFa could be clearly demonstrated in lower degree in skin wounds treated with simvastatin (668.6 ± 74.7 ìm²) than in saline (2120.0 ± 327.1 ìm²). In comparison, wound tissue from SIM group displayed leukocyte infiltration significantly lower than that observed in SAL group (p<0.05). Culture results of the samples taken from wound fluid on fourth post treatment day revealed wound infection in only one rat of group simvastatin (SIM), where Proteus mirabilis, Escherchia coli and Enterobacter sp were isolated. In the rats whose wounds were treated with saline (SAL), polymicrobial infection with more than 100,000 CFU/g was detected in all the wounds. CONCLUSION: In addition to its antiinflammatory properties, the protective effects of simvastatin in infected open skin wounds is able to reduce infection and probably has antibacterial action. The potential to treat these wounds with statins to ameliorate inflammation and infection is promising.
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Li JJ, Zheng X, Li J. Statins may be beneficial for patients with slow coronary flow syndrome due to its anti-inflammatory property. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:333-7. [PMID: 17215087 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tristano AG, Fuller K. Immunomodulatory effects of statins and autoimmune rheumatic diseases: novel intracellular mechanism involved. Int Immunopharmacol 2006; 6:1833-46. [PMID: 17052674 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, known as statins, are the most commonly prescribed agents for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. However, the effects of statins may extend beyond their influences on serum cholesterol levels resulting in cholesterol-independent or pleiotropic effects. Clinical, animal and in vitro studies suggest that statins have additional clinical uses because of their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, in part due to their capacity to interfere with the mevalonate pathway and inhibit prenylation of Rho family GTPases. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of statins. In base to all these information, we suggest that statins could have similar inhibitory effects on MAPKs pathways in cells from RA patients, including osteoclasts and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G Tristano
- Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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Hothersall E, McSharry C, Thomson NC. Potential therapeutic role for statins in respiratory disease. Thorax 2006; 61:729-34. [PMID: 16877692 PMCID: PMC2104700 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2005.057976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Statins reduce cholesterol levels by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and have an established role in the treatment of atherosclerotic disease. Recent research has identified anti-inflammatory properties of statins. Statins appear to reduce the stability of lipid raft formation with subsequent effects on immune activation and regulation, and also prevent the prenylation of signalling molecules with subsequent downregulation of gene expression. Both these effects result in reduced cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion molecule expression, with effects on cell apoptosis or proliferation. This review considers the evidence for the anti-inflammatory properties of statins in the lung, and how these effects are being applied to research into the role of statins as a novel treatment of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hothersall
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammation, Western Infirmary and University of Glasgow, Glasgow G11 6NT, UK
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Jahovic N, Gedik N, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Yüksel M, Sener G, Alican I. Effects of statins on experimental colitis in normocholesterolemic rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:954-62. [PMID: 16803694 DOI: 10.1080/00365520600554444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The results of previous studies suggest that statins have a direct anti-inflammatory effect that is not directly related to their cholesterol-lowering activity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of simvastatin (SIM) and fluvastatin (FLU) on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colonic inflammation in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS The drugs were given for 3 days (0.1 and 1 mg/kg day-1; intraperitoneally) after induction of colitis. The lesions in the distal colon were scored at the macroscopic and microscopic level. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and collagen content were assessed and formation of reactive oxygen species and peroxynitrite was monitored by chemiluminescence (CL) assay. Trunk blood was collected for the measurement of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha level. RESULTS Treatment with SIM reduced the lesion score of the colitis group at macroscopic level (p<0.05), but there was no effect of treatment with FLU. The increase in colonic MDA level of the colitis group was reduced by both drugs at all doses (p<0.05-0.001). The decrease in GSH and the an increase in MPO activity in the colitis group were reversed by SIM at all doses (p<0.01), but FLU had no effect. An increase in colonic lucigenin CL value in the colitis group was reduced by SIM and FLU at all doses (p<0.001) and an increase in peroxynitrite ratio in the colitis group showed a significant reduction in SIM-treated groups; FLU reduced this effect at a dose of 1 mg/kg (p<0.01). An increase in tissue collagen content and serum TNF-alpha level in the colitis group was reversed by both drugs at all doses (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS SIM and FLU seemed to be beneficial in a TNBS-induced rat colitis model through the prevention of lipid peroxidation, superoxide generation, cytokine production and neutrophil accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermina Jahovic
- Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, and Kasimpaşa Military Hospital, Divison of Biochemistry, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Trinkl A, Vosko MR, Wunderlich N, Dichgans M, Hamann GF. Pravastatin reduces microvascular basal lamina damage following focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 24:520-6. [PMID: 16836638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Transient ischemia has been shown to damage the basal lamina of the cerebral microvasculature. Other studies proved statins to be beneficial to non-cerebral microvessels. The aim of this study was to determine whether pravastatin pretreatment ameliorates microvascular basal lamina damage following transient ischemia. Using the suture model, we subjected 15 rats to focal ischemia (3 h) and reperfusion (24 h). Rats received pravastatin (20 mg/kg/day) or saline for 4 weeks prior to the experiment. The outcome was determined by a behavior test and the infarct size. Collagen type IV, a marker for an intact basal lamina, and hemoglobin extravasation were measured by Western blot analysis. A ratio (in percentage) between ischemic and contralateral hemispheres was calculated. Pravastatin pretreatment resulted in a significantly better neurological outcome and reduced infarct size (15 +/- 0.5 and 59 +/- 10 mm(3), respectively) compared with controls (12.25 +/- 0.4 and 167 +/- 13 mm(3), respectively, P < 0.01 for both). In controls, loss of collagen type IV was seen in the basal ganglia and in the cortex (43 +/- 4 and 64 +/- 5%, respectively). Pravastatin prevented significant collagen loss (basal ganglia: 106 +/- 17%; cortex: 112 +/- 14%, P < 0.01 for both) and significantly reduced the hemoglobin extravasation compared with controls in the basal ganglia (198 +/- 49 vs. 553 +/- 47%, P < 0.01). Pravastatin pretreatment resulted in a reduction of microvascular basal lamina damage and hemoglobin extravasation following transient ischemia. Pravastatin seems to protect the cerebral microvascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Trinkl
- Department of Neurology, Experimental Stroke Research, Ludwig-Maximillians University, Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Mitani H, Kimura M. Fluvastatin, HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor: Antiatherogenic Profiles Through Its Lipid-Lowering-Dependent and -Independent Actions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1527-3466.2000.tb00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rodríguez-Yáñez M, Castellanos M, Blanco M, Mosquera E, Castillo J. Vascular protection in brain ischemia. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006; 21 Suppl 2:21-9. [PMID: 16651811 DOI: 10.1159/000091700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular damage occurring after cerebral ischemia may lead to a worse outcome in patients with ischemic stroke, as it facilitates edema formation and hemorrhagic transformation. There are several phases in the development of vascular injury (acute, subacute and chronic) and different mediators act in each one. Therapeutic options to avoid vascular injury must be focused on acting in each phase. However, even though experimental studies have demonstrated the benefit of therapeutic interventions both in the acute and chronic phases of cerebral ischemia, only the chronic phase offers a therapeutic window sufficiently wide enough to provide vascular protection in clinical practice. Several drugs including erythropoietin and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), antihypertensive (angiotensin modulators), antibiotics (minocycline) and antihyperglycemic drugs (thiazolidinediones) have been proved to provide vascular protection in patients with ischemic stroke. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic actions are responsible for the vascular protective effect related to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodríguez-Yáñez
- Department of Neurology, Division of Vascular Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Li JJ, Li YS, Chu JM, Zhang CY, Wang Y, Huang Y, Chen J, Yuan JQ, Huang YL. Changes of plasma inflammatory markers after withdrawal of statin therapy in patients with hyperlipidemia. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366:269-73. [PMID: 16343471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 10/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis has been considered to be an inflammatory process. In addition to its lipid-lowering properties, statin has been shown to decrease the concentrations of inflammatory markers resulting in reduction of cardiovascular events. Emerging data suggest that withdrawal of statin might be associated with increased cardiac events. The mechanism for this phenomenon, however, is still unclear. We investigated whether acute termination of statin treatment could result in rebound of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in patients with hyperlipidemia. METHODS Seventeen patients (11 men and 6 women, mean age 51+/-7 years) with hyperlipidemia were given 40 mg/day of pravastatin for 6 weeks. The concentrations of plasma CRP and IL-6 were evaluated before receiving the statin therapy, immediately after 6 weeks of pravastatin therapy, and at days 1, 3 and 7 after withdrawal of pravastatin therapy. The lipid profile was also evaluated at baseline, 6 weeks of therapy, and at day 7 after terminating pravastatin. RESULTS Pravastatin therapy induced significant reductions in total cholesterol (TC, 6.88+/-0.36 vs. 5.27+/-0.23 mmol/l, p<0.01), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (4.28+/-0.25 vs. 3.06+/-0.14 mmol/l, p<0.01), CRP (0.28+/-0.16 vs. 0.20+/-0.08 mg/l, p<0.01), and IL-6 (8.4+/-0.6 vs. 6.7+/-0.4 pg/dl, p<0.01). Although the TC and LDL-cholesterol did not change during the 7-day period after withdrawal of pravastatin therapy, the concentrations of CRP and IL-6 increased at day 3 (CRP: 0.20+/-0.08 vs. 0.27+/-0.12 mg/l, and IL-6: 6.7+/-0.4 vs. 7.7+/-0.6 pg/dl, p<0.05 respectively) and at day 7 (CRP: 0.20+/-0.08 vs. 0.30+/-0.14 mg/l, and IL-6: 6.7+/-0.4 vs. 8.7+/-0.8 pg/dl, p<0.01 respectively) after withdrawal of pravastatin therapy. No correlation between increase of CRP as well as IL-6 and small changes of LDL-cholesterol concentrations was found after withdrawal of pravastatin therapy at day 7 (r=-0.021 and r=-0.044 respectively, p>0.05 respectively). CONCLUSIONS 6 weeks after pravastatin therapy could significant modify the lipid profile and decrease the inflammatory markers including CRP and IL-6 in patients with hyperlididemia. Moreover, statin therapy discontinuation could induce a rebound phenomenon of inflammatory response representing an increase in some inflammatory markers, which is independent of changes of lipid parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beilishi Road 167, Beijing 100037, People's Republic of China.
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Christensen M, Su AW, Snyder RW, Greco A, Lipschutz JH, Madaio MP. Simvastatin protection against acute immune-mediated glomerulonephritis in mice. Kidney Int 2006; 69:457-63. [PMID: 16407885 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In addition to cholesterol lowering, 3-hydroxy-3-nethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors limit inflammatory changes associated with atherosclerosis. There is also support for their use as inhibitors of progression in chronic renal disease, irrespective of cause. In this study, their capacity to limit acute renal inflammation was evaluated. For this purpose, mice were treated with Simvastatin either prior to, at the time of, or shortly after induction of nephrotoxic nephritis. The severity of disease was determined by evaluation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proteinuria, and renal histologic changes. The reversibility of benefit was evaluated by the administration of mevalonic acid along with nephrotoxic serum (NTS) and Simvastatin The severity of the acute nephritis, including proteinuria, elevated BUN, and histologic changes, was ameliorated in a dose-dependent manner, when Simvastatin was administered either prior to NTS injection or at the time of NTS injection. By contrast, Simvastatin did not alter the course of established nephritis. Coadministration of mevalonic acid, the immediate substrate following HMG-CoA reductase, abolished Simvastatin's renoprotective effect, indicating that the benefit is, at least in part, due to interference with HMG-CoA reductase and biosynthetic substrates downstream from the enzyme. These findings provide the rationale for the evaluation of the efficacy of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in patients with recurrent forms of renal inflammation, to limit the severity of acute exacerbations of disease, prevent renal scarring and slow the rate of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christensen
- Department of Medicine, Renal, Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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