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Wang H, Noordam R, Cade BE, Schwander K, Winkler TW, Lee J, Sung YJ, Bentley AR, Manning AK, Aschard H, Kilpeläinen TO, Ilkov M, Brown MR, Horimoto AR, Richard M, Bartz TM, Vojinovic D, Lim E, Nierenberg JL, Liu Y, Chitrala K, Rankinen T, Musani SK, Franceschini N, Rauramaa R, Alver M, Zee PC, Harris SE, van der Most PJ, Nolte IM, Munroe PB, Palmer ND, Kühnel B, Weiss S, Wen W, Hall KA, Lyytikäinen LP, O'Connell J, Eiriksdottir G, Launer LJ, de Vries PS, Arking DE, Chen H, Boerwinkle E, Krieger JE, Schreiner PJ, Sidney S, Shikany JM, Rice K, Chen YDI, Gharib SA, Bis JC, Luik AI, Ikram MA, Uitterlinden AG, Amin N, Xu H, Levy D, He J, Lohman KK, Zonderman AB, Rice TK, Sims M, Wilson G, Sofer T, Rich SS, Palmas W, Yao J, Guo X, Rotter JI, Biermasz NR, Mook-Kanamori DO, Martin LW, Barac A, Wallace RB, Gottlieb DJ, Komulainen P, Heikkinen S, Mägi R, Milani L, Metspalu A, Starr JM, Milaneschi Y, Waken RJ, Gao C, Waldenberger M, Peters A, Strauch K, Meitinger T, Roenneberg T, Völker U, Dörr M, Shu XO, Mukherjee S, Hillman DR, Kähönen M, Wagenknecht LE, Gieger C, Grabe HJ, Zheng W, Palmer LJ, Lehtimäki T, Gudnason V, Morrison AC, Pereira AC, Fornage M, Psaty BM, van Duijn CM, Liu CT, Kelly TN, Evans MK, Bouchard C, Fox ER, Kooperberg C, Zhu X, Lakka TA, Esko T, North KE, Deary IJ, Snieder H, Penninx BWJH, Gauderman WJ, Rao DC, Redline S, van Heemst D. Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-sleep interactions identify novel loci for blood pressure. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6293-6304. [PMID: 33859359 PMCID: PMC8517040 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Long and short sleep duration are associated with elevated blood pressure (BP), possibly through effects on molecular pathways that influence neuroendocrine and vascular systems. To gain new insights into the genetic basis of sleep-related BP variation, we performed genome-wide gene by short or long sleep duration interaction analyses on four BP traits (systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure) across five ancestry groups in two stages using 2 degree of freedom (df) joint test followed by 1df test of interaction effects. Primary multi-ancestry analysis in 62,969 individuals in stage 1 identified three novel gene by sleep interactions that were replicated in an additional 59,296 individuals in stage 2 (stage 1 + 2 Pjoint < 5 × 10-8), including rs7955964 (FIGNL2/ANKRD33) that increases BP among long sleepers, and rs73493041 (SNORA26/C9orf170) and rs10406644 (KCTD15/LSM14A) that increase BP among short sleepers (Pint < 5 × 10-8). Secondary ancestry-specific analysis identified another novel gene by long sleep interaction at rs111887471 (TRPC3/KIAA1109) in individuals of African ancestry (Pint = 2 × 10-6). Combined stage 1 and 2 analyses additionally identified significant gene by long sleep interactions at 10 loci including MKLN1 and RGL3/ELAVL3 previously associated with BP, and significant gene by short sleep interactions at 10 loci including C2orf43 previously associated with BP (Pint < 10-3). 2df test also identified novel loci for BP after modeling sleep that has known functions in sleep-wake regulation, nervous and cardiometabolic systems. This study indicates that sleep and primary mechanisms regulating BP may interact to elevate BP level, suggesting novel insights into sleep-related BP regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Raymond Noordam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brian E Cade
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karen Schwander
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Joint Carnegie Mellon University-University of Pittsburgh PhD Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yun Ju Sung
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alisa K Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugues Aschard
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre de Bioinformatique, Biostatistique et Biologie Intégrative (C3BI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael R Brown
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea R Horimoto
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Melissa Richard
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dina Vojinovic
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elise Lim
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jovia L Nierenberg
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kumaraswamynaidu Chitrala
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tuomo Rankinen
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Solomon K Musani
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maris Alver
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, London, UK
| | | | - Brigitte Kühnel
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelly A Hall
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeff O'Connell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul S de Vries
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Precision Health, School of Public Health & School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose E Krieger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pamela J Schreiner
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - James M Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kenneth Rice
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Computational Medicine Core, Center for Lung Biology, UW Medicine Sleep Center, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Annemarie I Luik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanfei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Population Sciences Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kurt K Lohman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alan B Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Treva K Rice
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gregory Wilson
- JHS Graduate Training and Education Center, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Walter Palmas
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Nienke R Biermasz
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis O Mook-Kanamori
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa W Martin
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ana Barac
- MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert B Wallace
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Daniel J Gottlieb
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pirjo Komulainen
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - John M Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yuri Milaneschi
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, HJ, The Netherlands
| | - R J Waken
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chuan Gao
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Till Roenneberg
- Institute and Polyclinic for Occupational-, Social- and Environmental Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sutapa Mukherjee
- Sleep Health Service, Respiratory and Sleep Services, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David R Hillman
- Department of Pulmonary Physiology and Sleep Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lynne E Wagenknecht
- Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lyle J Palmer
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center - Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tanika N Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Michele K Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Ervin R Fox
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timo A Lakka
- Foundation for Research in Health Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohorts group, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience and Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, HJ, The Netherlands
| | - W James Gauderman
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dabeeru C Rao
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana van Heemst
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zeller T, Schurmann C, Schramm K, Müller C, Kwon S, Wild PS, Teumer A, Herrington D, Schillert A, Iacoviello L, Kratzer A, Jagodzinski A, Karakas M, Ding J, Neumann JT, Kuulasmaa K, Gieger C, Kacprowski T, Schnabel RB, Roden M, Wahl S, Rotter JI, Ojeda F, Carstensen-Kirberg M, Tregouet DA, Dörr M, Meitinger T, Lackner KJ, Wolf P, Felix SB, Landmesser U, Costanzo S, Ziegler A, Liu Y, Völker U, Palmas W, Prokisch H, Guo X, Herder C, Blankenberg S, Homuth G. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis Identifies Novel Associations With Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2017; 70:743-750. [PMID: 28784648 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension represents a major cardiovascular risk factor. The pathophysiology of increased blood pressure (BP) is not yet completely understood. Transcriptome profiling offers possibilities to uncover genetics effects on BP. Based on 2 populations including 2549 individuals, a meta-analyses of monocytic transcriptome-wide profiles were performed to identify transcripts associated with BP. Replication was performed in 2 independent studies of whole-blood transcriptome data including 1990 individuals. For identified candidate genes, a direct link between long-term changes in BP and gene expression over time and by treatment with BP-lowering therapy was assessed. The predictive value of protein levels encoded by candidate genes for subsequent cardiovascular disease was investigated. Eight transcripts (CRIP1, MYADM, TIPARP, TSC22D3, CEBPA, F12, LMNA, and TPPP3) were identified jointly accounting for up to 13% (95% confidence interval, 8.7-16.2) of BP variability. Changes in CRIP1, MYADM, TIPARP, LMNA, TSC22D3, CEBPA, and TPPP3 expression associated with BP changes-among these, CRIP1 gene expression was additionally correlated to measures of cardiac hypertrophy. Assessment of circulating CRIP1 (cystein-rich protein 1) levels as biomarkers showed a strong association with increased risk for incident stroke (hazard ratio, 1.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.09; P=5.0×10-5). Our comprehensive analysis of global gene expression highlights 8 novel transcripts significantly associated with BP, providing a link between gene expression and BP. Translational approaches further established evidence for the potential use of CRIP1 as emerging disease-related biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zeller
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.).
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Katharina Schramm
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Christian Müller
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Soonil Kwon
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Philipp S Wild
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Alexander Teumer
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - David Herrington
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Arne Schillert
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Licia Iacoviello
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Annika Jagodzinski
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Mahir Karakas
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Jingzhong Ding
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Johannes T Neumann
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Christian Gieger
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Renate B Schnabel
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Michael Roden
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Simone Wahl
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Francisco Ojeda
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Maren Carstensen-Kirberg
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - David-Alexandre Tregouet
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Marcus Dörr
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Karl J Lackner
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Petra Wolf
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Stephan B Felix
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Simona Costanzo
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Yongmei Liu
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Uwe Völker
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Walter Palmas
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Holger Prokisch
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Christian Herder
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
| | - Georg Homuth
- From the General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany (T.Z., C.M., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., R.B.S., F.O., S.B.); DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Germany (T.Z., C.S., C.M., P.S.W., A.T., A.S., A.K., A.J., M.K., J.T.N., T.K., R.B.S., M.D., T.M., K.J.L., S.B.F., U.L., A.Z., U.V., S.B.); Institute of Human Genetics (K.S., T.M., H.P.), Molecular Epidemiology (C.G., S.W.), and Institute of Epidemiology II (C.G., S.W.), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany; Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany (C.M., A.S., A.Z.); Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, UCLA Medical Center (S.K., J.I.R., X.G.); Preventive Cardiology and Preventive Medicine (P.S.W.), Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (K.J.L.), and Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (P.S.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine (A.T.) and Department of Internal Medicine B (M.D., S.B.F.), University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Greifswald, Germany (C.S., T.K., U.V., G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine (D.H., J.D.) and Department of Epidemiology and Prevention (Y.L.), Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli IS, Italy (L.I., S.C.); Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Charite, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (A.K., U.L.); National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (K.K.); Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Duesseldorf, Germany (M.R., M.C.-K., C.H.); Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty Düsseldorf, Germany (M.R.); German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany (M.R., S.W., M.C.-K., C.H.); Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, INSERM, UMR_S 1166, ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France (D.-A.T.); Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Germany (T.M., P.W., H.P.); ZIK_FunGene, Universität Greifswald, Germany (U.V., G.H.); and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY (W.P.)
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