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Steward CJ, Hill M, Menzies C, Bailey SJ, Rahman M, Thake CD, Pugh CJA, Cullen T. Post exercise hot water immersion and hot water immersion in isolation enhance vascular, blood marker, and perceptual responses when compared to exercise alone. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14600. [PMID: 38470997 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exercise and passive heating induce some similar vascular hemodynamic, circulating blood marker, and perceptual responses. However, it remains unknown whether post exercise hot water immersion can synergise exercise derived responses and if they differ from hot water immersion alone. This study investigated the acute responses to post moderate-intensity exercise hot water immersion (EX+HWI) when compared to exercise (EX+REST) and hot water immersion (HWI+HWI) alone. Sixteen physically inactive middle-aged adults (nine males and seven females) completed a randomized cross-over counterbalanced design. Each condition consisted of two 30-min bouts separated by 10 min of rest. Cycling was set at a power output equivalent to 50% V̇o2 peak . Water temperature was controlled at 40°C up to the mid sternum with arms not submerged. Venous blood samples and artery ultrasound scans were assessed at 0 (baseline), 30 (immediately post stressor one), 70 (immediately post stressor two), and 100 min (recovery). Additional physiological and perceptual measures were assessed at 10-min intervals. Brachial and superficial femoral artery shear rates were higher after EX+HWI and HWI+HWI when compared with EX+REST (p < 0.001). Plasma nitrite was higher immediately following EX+HWI and HWI+HWI than EX+REST (p < 0.01). Serum interleukin-6 was higher immediately after EX+HWI compared to EX+REST (p = 0.046). Serum cortisol was lower at 30 min in the HWI+HWI condition in contrast to EX+REST (p = 0.026). EX+HWI and HWI+HWI were more enjoyable than EX+REST (p < 0.05). Irrespective of whether hot water immersion proceeded exercise or heating, hot water immersion enhanced vascular and blood marker responses, while also being more enjoyable than exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Steward
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Mathew Hill
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Campbell Menzies
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mushidur Rahman
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - C Douglas Thake
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Christopher J A Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Centre for Health, Activity and Wellbeing Research, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Tom Cullen
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
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Basehore SE, Garcia J, Clyne AM. Steady Laminar Flow Decreases Endothelial Glycolytic Flux While Enhancing Proteoglycan Synthesis and Antioxidant Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2485. [PMID: 38473731 PMCID: PMC10931250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells in steady laminar flow assume a healthy, quiescent phenotype, while endothelial cells in oscillating disturbed flow become dysfunctional. Since endothelial dysfunction leads to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which endothelial cells change their function in varied flow environments. Endothelial metabolism has recently been proven a powerful tool to regulate vascular function. Endothelial cells generate most of their energy from glycolysis, and steady laminar flow may reduce endothelial glycolytic flux. We hypothesized that steady laminar but not oscillating disturbed flow would reduce glycolytic flux and alter glycolytic side branch pathways. In this study, we exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells to static culture, steady laminar flow (20 dynes/cm2 shear stress), or oscillating disturbed flow (4 ± 6 dynes/cm2 shear stress) for 24 h using a cone-and-plate device. We then measured glucose and lactate uptake and secretion, respectively, and glycolytic metabolites. Finally, we explored changes in the expression and protein levels of endothelial glycolytic enzymes. Our data show that endothelial cells in steady laminar flow had decreased glucose uptake and 13C labeling of glycolytic metabolites while cells in oscillating disturbed flow did not. Steady laminar flow did not significantly change glycolytic enzyme gene or protein expression, suggesting that glycolysis may be altered through enzyme activity. Flow also modulated glycolytic side branch pathways involved in proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis, as well as oxidative stress. These flow-induced changes in endothelial glucose metabolism may impact the atheroprone endothelial phenotype in oscillating disturbed flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Basehore
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (J.G.)
| | - Jonathan Garcia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA (J.G.)
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Cheng YW, Anzell AR, Morosky SA, Schwartze TA, Hinck CS, Hinck AP, Roman BL, Davidson LA. Shear Stress and Sub-Femtomolar Levels of Ligand Synergize to Activate ALK1 Signaling in Endothelial Cells. Cells 2024; 13:285. [PMID: 38334677 PMCID: PMC10854672 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) respond to concurrent stimulation by biochemical factors and wall shear stress (SS) exerted by blood flow. Disruptions in flow-induced responses can result in remodeling issues and cardiovascular diseases, but the detailed mechanisms linking flow-mechanical cues and biochemical signaling remain unclear. Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) integrates SS and ALK1-ligand cues in ECs; ALK1 mutations cause hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), marked by arteriovenous malformation (AVM) development. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of ALK1 signaling modulation by fluid flow and the link to AVMs remain uncertain. We recorded EC responses under varying SS magnitudes and ALK1 ligand concentrations by assaying pSMAD1/5/9 nuclear localization using a custom multi-SS microfluidic device and a custom image analysis pipeline. We extended the previously reported synergy between SS and BMP9 to include BMP10 and BMP9/10. Moreover, we demonstrated that this synergy is effective even at extremely low SS magnitudes (0.4 dyn/cm2) and ALK1 ligand range (femtogram/mL). The synergistic response to ALK1 ligands and SS requires the kinase activity of ALK1. Moreover, ALK1's basal activity and response to minimal ligand levels depend on endocytosis, distinct from cell-cell junctions, cytoskeleton-mediated mechanosensing, or cholesterol-enriched microdomains. However, an in-depth analysis of ALK1 receptor trafficking's molecular mechanisms requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Anthony R. Anzell
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Stefanie A. Morosky
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tristin A. Schwartze
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cynthia S. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrew P. Hinck
- Department of Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Beth L. Roman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Lance A. Davidson
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Zieger B, Schneider D, Brixius SJ, Scherer C, Buchwald A, Trummer G, Czerny M, Beyersdorf F, Busch HJ, Benk C, Pooth JS. Development of an in-vitro model for extracorporeal blood pumps to study the effects of artificial pulsatility on human blood. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1237002. [PMID: 37711739 PMCID: PMC10497958 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1237002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The application of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) systems is known to be associated with several implications regarding hemolysis, inflammation, and coagulation. In the last years, systems with pulsatile blood flow are increasingly used with the intention to improve hemodynamics in reperfusion. However, their implications on the aforementioned aspects remain largely unknown. To investigate the effects of pulsatility, this ex-vivo study was initiated. Methods Test circuits (primed with human whole blood) were set up in accordance with the recommendations of international standards for in-vitro evaluation of new components and systems of ECC. Diagonal pumps were either set up with non-pulsatile (n = 5, NPG) or pulsatile (n = 5, PG) pump settings and evaluated for 6 h. All analyses were conducted with human whole blood. Blood samples were repeatedly drawn from the test circuits and analyzed regarding free hemoglobin, interleukin 8 (IL-8), platelet aggregation and acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS). Results After 1 h of circulation, a significant coagulation impairment (impaired platelet function and AVWS) was observed in both groups. After 6 h of circulation, increased IL-8 concentrations were measured in both groups (NPG: 0.05 ± 0.03 pg./mL, PG: 0.03 ± 0.01 pg./mL, p = 0.48). Pulsatile pump flow resulted in significantly increased hemolysis after 6 h of circulation (NPG: 37.3 ± 12.4 mg/100 L; PG: 59.6 ± 14.5 mg/100 L; p < 0.05). Conclusion Our results indicate that the coagulative impairment takes place in the early phase of ECC. Pulsatility did not affect the occurrence of AVWS ex-vivo. Prolonged durations of pulsatile pump flow led to increased hemolysis and therefore, its prolonged use should be employed cautiously in clinical practice with appropriate monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zieger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Denise Schneider
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sam Joé Brixius
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Scherer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Armin Buchwald
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg Trummer
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Czerny
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedhelm Beyersdorf
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Busch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Benk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan-Steffen Pooth
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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McDuffie D, Alver CG, Suthar B, Helm M, Oliver D, Burgess RA, Barr D, Thomas E, Agarwal A. Acrylic-based culture plate format perfusion device to establish liver endothelial-epithelial interface. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3106-3119. [PMID: 37313651 PMCID: PMC10351567 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological Systems (MPSs) or organs-on-chips, are microfluidic devices used to model human physiology in vitro. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the most widely used material for organs-on-chips due to its established fabrication methods and biocompatibility properties. However, non-specific binding of small molecules limits PDMS for drug screening applications. Here, we designed a novel acrylic-based MPS to capture the physiological architecture that is observed universally in tissues across the body: the endothelial-epithelial interface (EEI). To reconstruct the EEI biology, we designed a membrane-based chip that features endothelial cells on the underside of the membrane exposed to mechanical shear from the path of media flow, and epithelial cells on the opposite side of the membrane protected from flow, as they are in vivo. We used a liver model with a hepatic progenitor cell line and human umbilical vein endothelial cells to assess the biological efficacy of the MPS. We computationally modeled the physics that govern the function of perfusion through the MPS. Empirically, efficacy was measured by comparing differentiation of the hepatic progenitor cells between the MPS and 2D culture conditions. We demonstrated that the MPS significantly improved hepatocyte differentiation, increased extracellular protein transport, and raised hepatocyte sensitivity to drug treatment. Our results strongly suggest that physiological perfusion has a profound effect on proper hepatocyte function, and the modular chip design motivates opportunities for future study of multi-organ interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McDuffie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Charles G Alver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Bhumi Suthar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Madeline Helm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - David Oliver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - R Alan Burgess
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - David Barr
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ashutosh Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA
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6
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Muskat JC, Babbs CF, Goergen CJ, Rayz VL. Transport of nitrite from large arteries modulates regional blood flow during stress and exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1146717. [PMID: 37378407 PMCID: PMC10291090 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1146717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Acute cardiovascular stress increases systemic wall shear stress (WSS)-a frictional force exerted by the flow of blood on vessel walls-which raises plasma nitrite concentration due to enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Upstream eNOS inhibition modulates distal perfusion, and autonomic stress increases both the consumption and vasodilatory effects of endogenous nitrite. Plasma nitrite maintains vascular homeostasis during exercise and disruption of nitrite bioavailability can lead to intermittent claudication. Hypothesis During acute cardiovascular stress or strenuous exercise, we hypothesize enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) by vascular endothelial cells raises nitrite concentrations in near-wall layers of flowing blood, resulting in cumulative NO concentrations in downstream arterioles sufficient for vasodilation. Confirmation and implications Utilizing a multiscale model of nitrite transport in bifurcating arteries, we tested the hypothesis for femoral artery flow under resting and exercised states of cardiovascular stress. Results indicate intravascular transport of nitrite from upstream endothelium could result in vasodilator-active levels of nitrite in downstream resistance vessels. The hypothesis could be confirmed utilizing artery-on-a-chip technology to measure NO production rates directly and help validate numerical model predictions. Further characterization of this mechanism may improve our understanding of symptomatic peripheral artery occlusive disease and exercise physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Muskat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - C. F. Babbs
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - C. J. Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - V. L. Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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7
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Hong SG, Ashby JW, Kennelly JP, Wu M, Chattopadhyay E, Foreman R, Tontonoz P, Turowski P, Gallagher-Jones M, Mack JJ. Polarized Mechanosensitive Signaling Domains Protect Arterial Endothelial Cells Against Inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542500. [PMID: 37292837 PMCID: PMC10246006 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) in the descending aorta are exposed to high laminar shear stress, which supports an anti-inflammatory phenotype that protects them from atherosclerosis. High laminar shear stress also supports flow-aligned cell elongation and front-rear polarity, but whether this is required for athero-protective signaling is unclear. Here, we show that Caveolin-1-rich microdomains become polarized at the downstream end of ECs exposed to continuous high laminar flow. These microdomains are characterized by higher membrane rigidity, filamentous actin (F-actin) and lipid accumulation. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-type 4 (Trpv4) ion channels, while ubiquitously expressed, mediate localized Ca 2+ entry at these microdomains where they physically interact with clustered Caveolin-1. The resultant focal bursts in Ca 2+ activate the anti-inflammatory factor endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) within the confines of these domains. Importantly, we find that signaling at these domains requires both cell body elongation and sustained flow. Finally, Trpv4 signaling at these domains is necessary and sufficient to suppress inflammatory gene expression. Our work reveals a novel polarized mechanosensitive signaling hub that induces an anti-inflammatory response in arterial ECs exposed to high laminar shear stress.
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8
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Zhang H, Hao J, Hong H, Gu W, Li Z, Sun J, Zhan H, Wei X, Zhou L. Redox signaling regulates the skeletal tissue development and regeneration. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2023:1-24. [PMID: 37043672 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2023.2199244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal tissue development and regeneration in mammals are intricate, multistep, and highly regulated processes. Various signaling pathways have been implicated in the regulation of these processes, including redox. Redox signaling is the signal transduction by electron transfer reactions involving free radicals or related species. Redox homeostasis is essential to cell metabolic states, as the ROS not only regulates cell biological processes but also mediates physiological processes. Following a bone fracture, redox signaling is also triggered to regulate bone healing and regeneration by targeting resident stromal cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and endothelial cells. This review will focus on how the redox signaling impact the bone development and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East China, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Hao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East China, Shanghai, China
| | - HaiPing Hong
- FangTa Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Songjiang Branch, Shanghai, East China, China
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East China, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jun Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East China, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongsheng Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East China, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoen Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East China, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, East China, Shanghai, China
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9
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Winder NR, Reeve EH, Kronquist EK, Khurana A, Lee B, Nguyen T, Henson GD, Walker AE. High pulse pressure impairs cerebral artery endothelial function in young, but not old, mice. Exp Gerontol 2023; 173:112101. [PMID: 36690049 PMCID: PMC9974894 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of vascular aging is increased pulse pressure. This elevated pulse pressure is associated with deleterious effects on cerebral vascular function; however, it is unknown if age modulates the susceptibility to high pulse pressure. To examine the effects of age on the cerebral artery response to pulse pressure, we studied isolated cerebral arteries collected from young (6.1 ± 0.2 mo) and old (26.7 ± 0.5 mo) male C57BL/6 mice. Isolated cerebral arteries were exposed ex vivo to static pressure, low pulse pressure (25 mmHg), and high pulse pressure (50 mmHg). In cerebral arteries from young mice, endothelium-dependent dilation was similar between the static and low pulse pressure conditions. Exposure to high pulse pressure impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in cerebral arteries from young mice, mediated by less nitric oxide bioavailability and greater oxidative stress. Cerebral arteries from old mice had impaired cerebral artery endothelium-dependent dilation at static pressure compared with young cerebral arteries. However, exposure to low or high pulse pressure did not cause any further impairments to endothelium-dependent dilation in old cerebral arteries compared with static pressure. The old cerebral arteries had less distension during exposure to high pulse pressure and greater stiffness compared with young cerebral arteries. These results indicate that acute exposure to high pulse pressure impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in young, but not old, cerebral arteries. The greater stiffness of cerebral arteries from old mice potentially protects against the negative consequences of high pulse pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick R Winder
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Emily H Reeve
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Elise K Kronquist
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Aleena Khurana
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Byron Lee
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Thuan Nguyen
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University-Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Grant D Henson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Ashley E Walker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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Mirakhorli F, Vahidi B, Pazouki M, Barmi PT. A Fluid-Structure Interaction Analysis of Blood Clot Motion in a Branch of Pulmonary Arteries. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2023; 14:79-91. [PMID: 35788909 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-022-00632-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary embolism (PE) is one of the most prevalent diseases amid hospitalized patients taking many people's lives annually. This phenomenon, however, has not been investigated via numerical simulations. METHODS In this study, an image-based model of pulmonary arteries has been constructed from a 44-year-old man's computed tomography images. The fluid-structure interaction method was used to simulate the motion of the blood clot. In this regard, Navier-Stokes equations, as the governing equations, have been solved in an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation. RESULTS According to our results, the velocity of visco-hyperelastic model of the emboli was relatively higher than the emboli with hyperelastic model, despite their similar behavioral pattern. The stresses on the clot were also investigated and showed that the blood clot continuously sustained stresses greater than 165 Pa over an about 0.01 s period, which can cause platelets to leak and make the clot grow or tear apart. CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded that in silico analysis of the cardiovascular diseases initiated from clot motion in blood flow is a valuable tool for a better understanding of these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Mirakhorli
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Vahidi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marzieh Pazouki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Talebi Barmi
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Hamrangsekachaee M, Wen K, Bencherif SA, Ebong EE. Atherosclerosis and endothelial mechanotransduction: current knowledge and models for future research. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C488-C504. [PMID: 36440856 PMCID: PMC10069965 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00449.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium health is essential to the regulation of physiological vascular functions. Because of the critical capability of endothelial cells (ECs) to sense and transduce chemical and mechanical signals in the local vascular environment, their dysfunction is associated with a vast variety of vascular diseases and injuries, especially atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular diseases. This review describes the mechanotransduction events that are mediated through ECs, the EC subcellular components involved, and the pathways reported to be potentially involved. Up-to-date research efforts involving in vivo animal models and in vitro biomimetic models are also discussed, including their advantages and drawbacks, with recommendations on future modeling approaches to aid the development of novel therapies targeting atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Wen
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sidi A Bencherif
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioengineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Laboratoire de BioMécanique et BioIngénierie, UMR CNRS 7388, Sorbonne Universités, Université de Technologie of Compiègne, Compiègne, France
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Chemical Engineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Bioengineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Neuroscience Department, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York
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12
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Cunnane CV, Houston JG, Moran DT, Broderick SP, Ross RA, Walsh MT. Spiral Laminar Flow is Associated with a Reduction in Disturbed Shear in Patient-Specific Models of an Arteriovenous Fistula. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2023; 14:152-165. [PMID: 36151366 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-022-00644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Areas of disturbed shear that arise following arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation are believed to contribute to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). The presence of helical flow can suppress areas of disturbed shear, which may protect the vasculature from IH. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine if helical flow, specifically spiral laminar flow (SLF), is present in patient-specific AVF models and is associated with a reduction in exposure to disturbed shear. METHODS Four AVF were imaged using MRI within the first two weeks following fistula creation. Patient-specific boundary conditions were obtained using phase-contrast MRI and applied at the inlet and outlets of each model. Computational fluid dynamics was used to analyse the hemodynamics in each model and compare the helical content of the flow to the distribution of disturbed shear. RESULTS BC-1 and RC-2 are characterised by the presence of SLF, which coincides with the lowest distribution of disturbed shear. Contrastingly, SLF is absent from BC-2 and RC-1 and experience the largest amount of disturbed shear. Interestingly, BC-2 and RC-1 developed an anastomosis stenosis, while BC-1 and RC-2 remained stenosis free. CONCLUSION These findings are in agreement with previous clinical studies and further highlight the clinical potential of SLF as a prognostic marker for a healthy AVF, as its presence correlates with an overall reduction in exposure to disturbed shear and a decrease in the incidence of AVF dysfunction, albeit in a small sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor V Cunnane
- Biomaterials Cluster, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J Graeme Houston
- Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel T Moran
- Biomaterials Cluster, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Broderick
- Biomaterials Cluster, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rose A Ross
- NHS Tayside Vascular Department, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Michael T Walsh
- Biomaterials Cluster, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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13
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Sedlak J, Clyne A. Application of Shear Stress to Endothelial Cells Using a Parallel Plate Flow Chamber. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2600:81-90. [PMID: 36587091 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2851-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell response to shear stress from the flowing blood plays an important role in diseases such as atherosclerosis. It is therefore essential to study how different flow regimes, including both atheroprotective laminar flow and atheropromoting disturbed flow, impact endothelial cell function. Shear stress effects can be studied in vitro using a variety of techniques, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. In this chapter, we describe how to use a parallel plate flow chamber to study the impact of both laminar and disturbed flow on endothelial cell monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alisa Clyne
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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14
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Perfusion culture of endothelial cells under shear stress on microporous membrane in a pressure-driven microphysiological system. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:79-85. [PMID: 36253250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports perfusion culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on a microporous membrane in a pressure-driven microphysiological system (PD-MPS), which we developed previously as a multi-throughput perfusion culture platform. We designed fluidic culture unit with microporous membrane to culture HUVECs under fluidic shear stress and constructed a perfusion culture model in the PD-MPS platform. Four fluidic culture units were arranged in the microplate-sized device, which enables four-throughput assay for characterization of HUVECs under flow. Medium flow was generated above and below the membrane by sequential pneumatic pressure to apply physiological shear stress to HUVECs. HUVECs exhibited aligned morphology to the direction of the flow with shear stress of 11.5-17.7 dyn/cm2 under the flow condition, while they randomly aligned under static culture condition in a 6 well plate. We also observed 3.3- and 5.0-fold increase in the expression levels of the thrombomodulin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNAs, respectively, under the flow condition in the PD-MPS compared to the static culture in 6 well plate. We also observed actin filament aligned to the direction of flow in HUVECs cultured under the flow condition.
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15
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Sahni J, Arshad M, Schake MA, Brooks JR, Yang R, Weinberg PD, Pedrigi RM. Characterizing nuclear morphology and expression of eNOS in vascular endothelial cells subjected to a continuous range of wall shear stress magnitudes and directionality. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 137:105545. [PMID: 36368188 PMCID: PMC10371053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Complex patterns of hemodynamic wall shear stress occur in regions of arterial branching and curvature. Areas within these regions can be highly susceptible to atherosclerosis. Although many studies have characterized the response of vascular endothelial cells to shear stress in a categorical manner, our study herein addresses the need of characterizing endothelial behaviors over a continuous range of shear stress conditions that reflect the extensive variations seen in the vasculature. We evaluated the response of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers to orbital flow at 120, 250, and 350 revolutions per minute (RPM) for 24 and 72 h. The orbital shaker model uniquely provides a continuous range of shear stress conditions from low and multidirectional at the center of each well of a culture plate to high and unidirectional at the periphery. We found distinct patterns of endothelial nuclear area, nuclear major and minor diameters, nuclear aspect ratio, and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase over this range of shear conditions and relationships were fit with linear and, where appropriate, power functions. Nuclear area was particularly sensitive with increases in the low and multidirectional WSS region that incrementally decreased as WSS became higher in magnitude and more unidirectional over the radius of the cell layers. The patterns of all endothelial behaviors exhibited high correlations (positive and negative) with metrics of shear stress magnitude and directionality that have been shown to strongly associate with atherosclerosis. Our findings demonstrate the exquisite sensitivity of these endothelial behaviors to incremental changes in shear stress magnitude and directionality, and provide critical quantitation of these relationships for predicting the susceptibility of an arterial segment to diseases such as atherosclerosis, particularly within complex flow environments in the vasculature such as around bifurcations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Sahni
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Mehwish Arshad
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Morgan A Schake
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Justin R Brooks
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | - Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Pedrigi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA.
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16
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Endothelial mechanosensing: A forgotten target to treat vascular remodeling in hypertension? Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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van Kampen KA, Fernández-Pérez J, Baker M, Mota C, Moroni L. Fabrication of a mimetic vascular graft using melt spinning with tailorable fiber parameters. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 139:212972. [PMID: 35882129 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells play a pivotal role in maintaining blood pressure and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. These cells have a characteristic spindle shape and are aligned in the radial direction to aid in the constriction of any artery. Tissue engineered grafts have the potential to recreate this alignment and offer a viable alternative to non-resorbable or autologous grafts. Specifically, with melt spinning small diameter fibers can be created that can align circumferentially on the scaffolds. In this study, a set of simplified equations were formulated to predict the final fiber parameters. Smooth muscle cell alignment was monitored on the fabricated scaffolds. Finally, a co-culture of smooth muscle cells in direct contact with endothelial cells was performed to assess the influence of the smooth muscle cell alignment on the morphology of the endothelial cells. The results show that the equations were able to accurately predict the fiber diameter, distance and angle. Primary vascular smooth muscle cells aligned according to the fiber direction mimicking the native orientation. The co-culture with endothelial cells showed that the aligned smooth muscle cells did not have an influence on the morphology of the endothelial cells. In conclusion, we formulated a series of equations that can predict the fiber parameters during melt spinning. Furthermore, the method described here can create a vascular graft with smooth muscle cells aligned circumferentially that morphologically mimics the native orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny A van Kampen
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Mota
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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18
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Sidnawi B, Santhanam S, Sehgal C, Wu Q. On the examination of the viscous response of the brachial artery during flow-mediated dilation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 131:105255. [PMID: 35500495 PMCID: PMC11141792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, mechanotransduction is investigated through a physics-based viscoelastic model describing the arterial diameter response during a brachial artery flow mediated dilation (BAFMD) test. The study is a significant extension of two earlier studies by the same group, where only the elastic response was considered. Experimental BAFMD responses were collected from 12 healthy volunteers. The arterial wall's elastic and viscous properties were treated as local variable quantities depending on the wall shear stress (WSS) sensed by mechanotransduction. The dimensionless parameters, arising from the model which serve as a quantitative assessment of the artery's physical state, were adjusted to replicate the experimental response. Among those dimensionless parameters, the viscoelastic ratio, which reflects the relative strength of the viscous response compared to its elastic counterpart, is of special relevance to this paper's main conclusion. Based on the results, it is concluded that the arterial wall's mechanical behavior is predominantly elastic, at least in the strict context of the BAFMD test. Recommendations for potential future research and applications are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bchara Sidnawi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA; Cellular Biomechanics and Sport Science Laboratory, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Sridhar Santhanam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Chandra Sehgal
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qianhong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA; Cellular Biomechanics and Sport Science Laboratory, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA.
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19
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Flow goes forward and cells step backward: endothelial migration. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:711-719. [PMID: 35701563 PMCID: PMC9256678 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00785-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic and pulmonary circulations constitute a complex organ that serves multiple important biological functions. Consequently, any pathological processing affecting the vasculature can have profound systemic ramifications. Endothelial and smooth muscle are the two principal cell types composing blood vessels. Critically, endothelial proliferation and migration are central to the formation and expansion of the vasculature both during embryonic development and in adult tissues. Endothelial populations are quite heterogeneous and are both vasculature type- and organ-specific. There are profound molecular, functional, and phenotypic differences between arterial, venular and capillary endothelial cells and endothelial cells in different organs. Given this endothelial cell population diversity, it has been challenging to determine the origin of endothelial cells responsible for the angiogenic expansion of the vasculature. Recent technical advances, such as precise cell fate mapping, time-lapse imaging, genome editing, and single-cell RNA sequencing, have shed new light on the role of venous endothelial cells in angiogenesis under both normal and pathological conditions. Emerging data indicate that venous endothelial cells are unique in their ability to serve as the primary source of endothelial cellular mass during both developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Here, we review recent studies that have improved our understanding of angiogenesis and suggest an updated model of this process. Cells that line the inside of veins possess a unique ability to grow new blood vessels and a better understanding of these cells could lead to new treatments for cancer, autoimmunity and other diseases associated with abnormal blood vessel formation. Michael Simons and colleagues from Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven, USA, review the attributes of venous endothelial cells, such as their unique ability to proliferate and migrate against blood flow, and then to form new intricate networks of minute blood vessels, in response to appropriate signals. The authors discuss emerging evidence implicating these cells in a variety of diseases, and suggest that drugs aimed at modulating the molecular function or migratory activities of venous endothelial cells could be used to correct abnormal blood vessel expansion.
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20
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Iimura Y, Saito M, Oue A. Venous volume and compliance in the calf and forearm does not change after acute endurance exercise performed at continuous or interval workloads. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15347. [PMID: 35673801 PMCID: PMC9174676 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term endurance exercise training for 6-8 weeks leads to increases in venous volume and compliance in the limbs. However, it is not known whether these venous vascular properties are improved by acute endurance exercise. We examined the effects of acute endurance exercise involving continuous or interval workloads on venous volume and compliance in the exercising (calf) and non-exercising (forearm) limbs. Sixteen healthy young volunteers performed cycling exercise involving a continuous workload of 60% heart rate (HR) reserve or an interval workload of 40% HRreserve and 80% HRreserve, alternating every 2 min, for a total of 32 min each. Before and 60 min after acute cycling exercise, venous volume in the calf and forearm was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography during a cuff-deflation protocol with a venous collecting cuff wrapped to the thigh and upper arm and strain gauges attached to the calf and forearm. The cuff pressure was maintained at 60 mmHg for 8 min and was then deflated to 0 mmHg at a rate of 1 mmHg/s. Venous compliance was calculated as the numerical derivative of the cuff pressure-limb venous volume curve. In both the calf and forearm, the cuff pressure-venous volume curve and the cuff pressure-venous compliance relationship did not differ between before and 60 min after exercise involving continuous or interval workloads. These results suggest that acute exercise does not improve venous volume and compliance in both the exercising and non-exercising limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Iimura
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Michiko Saito
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional SciencesToyo UniversityGunmaJapan
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21
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Antonova N, Velcheva I, Paskova V. Hemorheological and microvascular disturbances in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2022; 81:325-341. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-221393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In the blood vessels the impaired hemorheological parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) could lead to elevated flow resistance, increased forces at the endothelial wall and to microvascular disturbances. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to investigate the hemorheological variables and the changes of the skin blood flow responses to cold stress in T2DM patients. METHODS: The basic hemorheological parameters: hematocrit (Ht), fibrinogen (Fib), whole blood viscosity (WBV) and plasma viscosity (PV) were examined in 20 patients with T2DM and a control group of 10 healthy age and sex matched controls. The mechanisms of vascular tone regulation were investigated using the wavelet analysis of the skin temperature oscillations (WAST). The degrees of the microvascular tone changes were determined during a cold test in the endothelial (0.02–0.0095 Hz), neurogenic (0.05– 0.02 Hz) and myogenic (0.05– 0.14 Hz) frequency ranges. RESULTS: Significant increase of Fib and WBV in the patients in comparison to controls was found. The mean values of the amplitudes of the skin temperature (ST) pulsations decreased significantly during the cold stress only in the endothelial frequency range for the diabetic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study reveal parallel impairment of the blood rheological parameters and the cutaneous microcirculation in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Antonova
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Mechanics to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
| | - Irena Velcheva
- Clinic of Neurology, Uni Hospital, Panagyurishte, Bulgaria
| | - Vasilka Paskova
- Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Mechanics to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria
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22
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Garcia C, Compagnon B, Poëtte M, Gratacap MP, Lapébie FX, Voisin S, Minville V, Payrastre B, Vardon-Bounes F, Ribes A. Platelet Versus Megakaryocyte: Who Is the Real Bandleader of Thromboinflammation in Sepsis? Cells 2022; 11:1507. [PMID: 35563812 PMCID: PMC9104300 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are mainly known for their key role in hemostasis and thrombosis. However, studies over the last two decades have shown their strong implication in mechanisms associated with inflammation, thrombosis, and the immune system in various neoplastic, inflammatory, autoimmune, and infectious diseases. During sepsis, platelets amplify the recruitment and activation of innate immune cells at the site of infection and contribute to the elimination of pathogens. In certain conditions, these mechanisms can lead to thromboinflammation resulting in severe organ dysfunction. Here, we discuss the interactions of platelets with leukocytes, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and endothelial cells during sepsis. The intrinsic properties of platelets that generate an inflammatory signal through the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome are discussed. As an example of immunothrombosis, the implication of platelets in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia is documented. Finally, we discuss the role of megakaryocytes (MKs) in thromboinflammation and their adaptive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Garcia
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - Baptiste Compagnon
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Michaël Poëtte
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Marie-Pierre Gratacap
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - François-Xavier Lapébie
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Sophie Voisin
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
| | - Vincent Minville
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
| | - Fanny Vardon-Bounes
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
- Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France;
| | - Agnès Ribes
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France; (C.G.); (S.V.); (B.P.)
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm UMR1297 and Université Toulouse 3, 31024 Toulouse, France; (B.C.); (M.P.); (M.-P.G.); (F.V.-B.)
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23
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Metabolic Response in Endothelial Cells to Catecholamine Stimulation Associated with Increased Vascular Permeability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063162. [PMID: 35328583 PMCID: PMC8950318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption to endothelial cell homeostasis results in an extensive variety of human pathologies that are particularly relevant to major trauma. Circulating catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, activate endothelial adrenergic receptors triggering a potent response in endothelial function. The regulation of the endothelial cell metabolism is distinct and profoundly important to endothelium homeostasis. However, a precise catalogue of the metabolic alterations caused by sustained high catecholamine levels that results in endothelial dysfunction is still underexplored. Here, we uncover a set of up to 46 metabolites that exhibit a dose–response relationship to adrenaline-noradrenaline equimolar treatment. The identified metabolites align with the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and the nitric oxide biosynthesis pathway. Certain key metabolites, such as arginine and reduced glutathione, displayed a differential response to treatment in early (4 h) compared to late (24 h) stages of sustained stimulation, indicative of homeostatic metabolic feedback loops. Furthermore, we quantified an increase in the glucose consumption and aerobic respiration in endothelial cells upon catecholamine stimulation. Our results indicate that oxidative stress and nitric oxide metabolic pathways are downstream consequences of endothelial cell stimulation with sustained high levels of catecholamines. A precise understanding of the metabolic response in endothelial cells to pathological levels of catecholamines will facilitate the identification of more efficient clinical interventions in trauma patients.
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24
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Sharmin R, Hamoh T, Sigaeva A, Mzyk A, Damle VG, Morita A, Vedelaar T, Schirhagl R. Fluorescent Nanodiamonds for Detecting Free-Radical Generation in Real Time during Shear Stress in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. ACS Sens 2021; 6:4349-4359. [PMID: 34797983 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Free-radical generation is suspected to play a key role in cardiovascular diseases. Another crucial factor is shear stress. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECS), which form the lining of blood vessels, require a physiological shear stress to activate many vasoactive factors. These are needed for maintaining vascular cell functions such as nonthrombogenicity, regulation of blood flow, and vascular tone. Additionally, blood clots form at regions of high shear stress within a blood vessel. Here, we use a new method called diamond magnetometry which allows us to measure the dynamics of free-radical generation in real time under shear stress. This quantum sensing technique allows free-radical detection with nanoscale resolution at the single-cell level. We investigate radical formation in HUVECs in a microfluidic environment under different flow conditions typically found in veins and arteries. Here, we looked into free-radical formation before, during, and after flow. We found that the free-radical production varied depending on the flow conditions. To confirm the magnetometry results and to differentiate between radicals, we performed conventional fluorescent reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays specific for superoxide, nitric oxide, and overall ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Sharmin
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alina Sigaeva
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Viraj G. Damle
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aryan Morita
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Denta 1 Sekip Utara, 55281 Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Thea Vedelaar
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Arterial blood flow waveform shapes – their original quantification and importance in chosen aspects of physiology and psychology: A review. Biocybern Biomed Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbe.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Kanazawa H, Kaikita K, Ito M, Kawahara Y, Hoshiyama T, Kanemaru Y, Kiyama T, Iwashita S, Tabata N, Yamanaga K, Fujisue K, Sueta D, Takashio S, Arima Y, Araki S, Usuku H, Nakamura T, Izumiya Y, Sakamoto K, Suzuki S, Yamamoto E, Soejima H, Matsushita K, Tsujita K. Improvement of Vascular Endothelial Function Reflects Nonrecurrence After Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e021551. [PMID: 34423655 PMCID: PMC8649285 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.021551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The clinical implication of vascular endothelial dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the correlation between changes in vascular endothelial function assessed by reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry and the effect of sinus rhythm restoration after catheter ablation (CA) for AF. Methods and Results Consecutive 214 patients who underwent CA for AF were included in this single center, retrospective study. The natural logarithmic transformed reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry index (LnRHI) of all patients was measured before CA as well as 3 and 6 months after CA. LnRHI in sinus rhythm was significantly higher than that in AF before CA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of AF was an independent risk factor for lowering of LnRHI (odds ratio, 4.092; P=0.002) before CA. The LnRHI was significantly improved 3 and 6 months after CA in patients without AF recurrence. Multivariate Cox hazard analysis revealed that changes in LnRHI from before to 3 months after CA independently correlated with recurrence of AF (hazard ratio, 0.106; P=0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed the decrease in LnRHI levels from before to 3 months after CA as a significant marker that suspects AF recurrence (area under the curve, 0.792; log-rank test, P<0.001). Conclusions The presence of AF was independently correlated with the impaired vascular endothelial function assessed by the reactive hyperemia-peripheral arterial tonometry. Long-term sinus rhythm restoration after CA for AF might contribute to the improvement of vascular endothelial function, which may reflect the nonrecurrence of AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Kanazawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan.,Department of Cardiac Arrhythmias Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Koichi Kaikita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Miwa Ito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yusei Kawahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Tadashi Hoshiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan.,Department of Cardiac Arrhythmias Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yusuke Kanemaru
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Takuya Kiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Satomi Iwashita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Noriaki Tabata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenshi Yamanaga
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Koichiro Fujisue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Daisuke Sueta
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Seiji Takashio
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yuichiro Arima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Satoshi Araki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hiroki Usuku
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Taishi Nakamura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Izumiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenji Sakamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Satoru Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hirofumi Soejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsushita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Kenichi Tsujita
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
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27
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Muskat JC, Rayz VL, Goergen CJ, Babbs CF. Hemodynamic modeling of the circle of Willis reveals unanticipated functions during cardiovascular stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1020-1034. [PMID: 34264126 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00198.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The circle of Willis (CW) allows blood to be redistributed throughout the brain during local ischemia; however, it is unlikely that the anatomic persistence of the CW across mammalian species is driven by natural selection of individuals with resistance to cerebrovascular disease typically occurring in elderly humans. To determine the effects of communicating arteries (CoAs) in the CW on cerebral pulse wave propagation and blood flow velocity, we simulated young, active adult humans undergoing different states of cardiovascular stress (i.e., fear and aerobic exercise) using discrete transmission line segments with stress-adjusted cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and arterial compliance. Phase delays between vertebrobasilar and carotid pulses allowed bidirectional shunting through CoAs: both posteroanterior shunting before the peak of the pulse waveform and anteroposterior shunting after internal carotid pressure exceeded posterior cerebral pressure. Relative to an absent CW without intact CoAs, the complete CW blunted anterior pulse waveforms, although limited to 3% and 6% reductions in peak pressure and pulse pressure, respectively. Systolic rate of change in pressure (i.e., ∂P/∂t) was reduced 15%-24% in the anterior vasculature and increased 23%-41% in the posterior vasculature. Bidirectional shunting through posterior CoAs was amplified during cardiovascular stress and increased peak velocity by 25%, diastolic-to-systolic velocity range by 44%, and blood velocity acceleration by 134% in the vertebrobasilar arteries. This effect may facilitate stress-related increases in blood flow to the cerebellum (improving motor coordination) and reticular-activating system (enhancing attention and focus) via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism, thereby improving survival in fight-or-flight situations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Hemodynamic modeling reveals potential evolutionary benefits of the intact circle of Willis (CW) during fear and aerobic exercise. The CW equalizes pulse waveforms due to bidirectional shunting of blood flow through communicating arteries, which boosts vertebrobasilar blood flow velocity and acceleration. These phenomena may enhance perfusion of the brainstem and cerebellum via nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, improving performance of the reticular-activating system and motor coordination in survival situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Muskat
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - V L Rayz
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - C J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - C F Babbs
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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28
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Yu H, Kang D, Whang M, Kim T, Kim J. A Microfluidic Model Artery for Studying the Mechanobiology of Endothelial Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100508. [PMID: 34297476 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent vascular mechanobiology studies find that endothelial cells (ECs) convert multiple mechanical forces into functional responses in a nonadditive way, suggesting that signaling pathways such as those regulating cytoskeleton may be shared among the processes of converting individual forces. However, previous in vitro EC-culture platforms are inherent with extraneous mechanical components, which may saturate or insufficiently activate the shared signaling pathways and accordingly, may misguide EC mechanobiological responses being investigated. Here, a more physiologically relevant model artery is reported that accurately reproduces most of the mechanical forces found in vivo, which can be individually varied in any combination to pathological levels to achieve diseased states. Arterial geometries of normal and diseased states are also realized. By mimicking mechanical microenvironments of early-stage atherosclerosis, it is demonstrated that the elevated levels of the different types of stress experienced by ECs strongly correlate with the disruption of barrier integrity, suggesting that boundaries of an initial lesion could be sites for efficient disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonji Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Whang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
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29
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James BD, Allen JB. Sex-Specific Response to Combinations of Shear Stress and Substrate Stiffness by Endothelial Cells In Vitro. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100735. [PMID: 34142471 PMCID: PMC8458248 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
By using a full factorial design of experiment, the combinatorial effects of biological sex, shear stress, and substrate stiffness on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) spreading and Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activity are able to be efficiently evaluated. Within the range of shear stress (0.5-1.5 Pa) and substrate stiffness (10-100 kPa), male HUVECs are smaller than female HUVECs. Only with sufficient mechanical stimulation do they spread to a similar size. More importantly, YAP1 nuclear localization in female HUVECs is invariant to mechanical stimulation within the range of tested conditions whereas for male HUVECs it increases nonlinearly with increasing shear stress and substrate stiffness. The sex-specific response of HUVECs to combinations of shear stress and substrate stiffness reinforces the need to include sex as a biological variable and multiple mechanical stimuli in experiments, informs the design of precision biomaterials, and offers insight for understanding cardiovascular disease sexual dimorphisms. Moreover, here it is illustrated that different complex mechanical microenvironments can lead to sex-specific phenotypes and sex invariant phenotypes in cultured endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 206 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6400, USA
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, 206 Rhines Hall, PO Box 116400, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6400, USA
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30
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The role of extracellular matrix in tumour angiogenesis: the throne has NOx servants. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:2539-2555. [PMID: 33150941 PMCID: PMC7752075 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) dynamics in tumour tissue are deregulated compared to the ECM in healthy tissue along with disorganized architecture and irregular behaviour of the residing cells. Nitric oxide (NO) as a pleiotropic molecule exerts different effects on the components of the ECM driving or inhibiting augmented angiogenesis and tumour progression and tumour cell proliferation and metastasis. These effects rely on the concentration of NO within the tumour tissue, the nature of the surrounding microenvironment and the sensitivity of resident cells to NO. In this review article, we summarize the recent findings on the correlation between the levels of NO and the ECM components towards the modulation of tumour angiogenesis in different types of cancers. These are discussed principally in the context of how NO modulates the expression of ECM proteins resulting in either the promotion or inhibition of tumour growth via tumour angiogenesis. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of individual ECM components on the expression of the NO synthase enzymes and NO production were reviewed. These findings support the current efforts for developing effective therapeutics for cancers.
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31
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Identification of intima-to-media signals for flow-induced vascular remodeling using correlative gene expression analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16142. [PMID: 34373496 PMCID: PMC8352890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95403-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in blood flow can induce arterial remodeling. Intimal cells sense flow and send signals to the media to initiate remodeling. However, the nature of such intima-media signaling is not fully understood. To identify potential signals, New Zealand white rabbits underwent bilateral carotid ligation to increase flow in the basilar artery or sham surgery (n = 2 ligated, n = 2 sham). Flow was measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, vessel geometry was determined by 3D angiography, and hemodynamics were quantified by computational fluid dynamics. 24 h post-surgery, the basilar artery and terminus were embedded for sectioning. Intima and media were separately microdissected from the sections, and whole transcriptomes were obtained by RNA-seq. Correlation analysis of expression across all possible intima-media gene pairs revealed potential remodeling signals. Carotid ligation increased flow in the basilar artery and terminus and caused differential expression of 194 intimal genes and 529 medial genes. 29,777 intima-media gene pairs exhibited correlated expression. 18 intimal genes had > 200 medial correlates and coded for extracellular products. Gene ontology of the medial correlates showed enrichment of organonitrogen metabolism, leukocyte activation/immune response, and secretion/exocytosis processes. This demonstrates correlative expression analysis of intimal and medial genes can reveal novel signals that may regulate flow-induced arterial remodeling.
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32
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Sidnawi B, Chen Z, Sehgal C, Santhanam S, Wu Q. On the modeling of mechanotransduction in flow-mediated dilation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 120:104606. [PMID: 34044251 PMCID: PMC11139487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a physics based mathematical model to describe the mechanotransduction at the luminal surface of the brachial artery during a flow-mediated dilation (FMD) process. To account for the effect of the released vasodilators in response to the sudden blood flow resurgence, a scalar property is introduced as a signal radially diffusing through the arterial wall, locally affecting its compliance. The model was evaluated on 19 in vivo responses of brachial artery FMD (BAFMD) in 12 healthy subjects. It successfully reproduces the time-dependent dilation of the brachial artery. The predicted artery's outer-to-inner radius ratio was also found to be consistent with the measurements within an acceptable margin of error. Physically meaningful dimensionless parameters quantifying the artery's physical state arose from the model, providing a description to how sensitive or responsive the artery is to the changes of wall shear stress (WSS). Future applications of this model, via incorporating inexpensive, relatively quick, and non-invasive imaging, could potentially help detect early stages of developing forms of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bchara Sidnawi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA; Cellular Biomechanics and Sport Science Laboratory, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Chandra Sehgal
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sridhar Santhanam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Qianhong Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA; Cellular Biomechanics and Sport Science Laboratory, Villanova University, PA, 19085, USA.
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33
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King O, Sunyovszki I, Terracciano CM. Vascularisation of pluripotent stem cell-derived myocardium: biomechanical insights for physiological relevance in cardiac tissue engineering. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1117-1136. [PMID: 33855631 PMCID: PMC8245389 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02557-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The myocardium is a diverse environment, requiring coordination between a variety of specialised cell types. Biochemical crosstalk between cardiomyocytes (CM) and microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) is essential to maintain contractility and healthy tissue homeostasis. Yet, as myocytes beat, heterocellular communication occurs also through constantly fluctuating biomechanical stimuli, namely (1) compressive and tensile forces generated directly by the beating myocardium, and (2) pulsatile shear stress caused by intra-microvascular flow. Despite endothelial cells (EC) being highly mechanosensitive, the role of biomechanical stimuli from beating CM as a regulatory mode of myocardial-microvascular crosstalk is relatively unexplored. Given that cardiac biomechanics are dramatically altered during disease, and disruption of myocardial-microvascular communication is a known driver of pathological remodelling, understanding the biomechanical context necessary for healthy myocardial-microvascular interaction is of high importance. The current gap in understanding can largely be attributed to technical limitations associated with reproducing dynamic physiological biomechanics in multicellular in vitro platforms, coupled with limited in vitro viability of primary cardiac tissue. However, differentiation of CM from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) has provided an unlimited source of human myocytes suitable for designing in vitro models. This technology is now converging with the diverse field of tissue engineering, which utilises in vitro techniques designed to enhance physiological relevance, such as biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) as 3D scaffolds, microfluidic perfusion of vascularised networks, and complex multicellular architectures generated via 3D bioprinting. These strategies are now allowing researchers to design in vitro platforms which emulate the cell composition, architectures, and biomechanics specific to the myocardial-microvascular microenvironment. Inclusion of physiological multicellularity and biomechanics may also induce a more mature phenotype in stem cell-derived CM, further enhancing their value. This review aims to highlight the importance of biomechanical stimuli as determinants of CM-EC crosstalk in cardiac health and disease, and to explore emerging tissue engineering and hPSC technologies which can recapitulate physiological dynamics to enhance the value of in vitro cardiac experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oisín King
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Ilona Sunyovszki
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Cesare M Terracciano
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, ICTEM 4th floor, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
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34
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Hypertensive Effect of Downregulation of the Opioid System in Mouse Model of Different Activity of the Endogenous Opioid System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084179. [PMID: 33920718 PMCID: PMC8073468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid system is well-known for its role in modulating nociception and addiction development. However, there are premises that the endogenous opioid system may also affect blood pressure. The main goal of the present study was to determine the impact of different endogenous opioid system activity and its pharmacological blockade on blood pressure. Moreover, we examined the vascular function in hyper- and hypoactive states of the opioid system and its pharmacological modification. In our study, we used two mouse lines which are divergently bred for high (HA) and low (LA) swim stress-induced analgesia. The obtained results indicated that individuals with low endogenous opioid system activity have higher basal blood pressure compared to those with a hyperactive opioid system. Additionally, naloxone administration only resulted in the elevation of blood pressure in HA mice. We also showed that the hypoactive opioid system contributes to impaired vascular relaxation independent of endothelium, which corresponded with decreased guanylyl cyclase levels in the aorta. Together, these data suggest that higher basal blood pressure in LA mice is a result of disturbed mechanisms in vascular relaxation in smooth muscle cells. We believe that a novel mechanism which involves endogenous opioid system activity in the regulation of blood pressure will be a promising target for further studies in hypertension development.
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35
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Mechanosensation and Mechanotransduction by Lymphatic Endothelial Cells Act as Important Regulators of Lymphatic Development and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083955. [PMID: 33921229 PMCID: PMC8070425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the function and development of the lymphatic system is expanding rapidly due to the identification of specific molecular markers and the availability of novel genetic approaches. In connection, it has been demonstrated that mechanical forces contribute to the endothelial cell fate commitment and play a critical role in influencing lymphatic endothelial cell shape and alignment by promoting sprouting, development, maturation of the lymphatic network, and coordinating lymphatic valve morphogenesis and the stabilization of lymphatic valves. However, the mechanosignaling and mechanotransduction pathways involved in these processes are poorly understood. Here, we provide an overview of the impact of mechanical forces on lymphatics and summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanosensation and mechanotransduction by lymphatic endothelial cells. We also discuss how these mechanosensitive pathways affect endothelial cell fate and regulate lymphatic development and function. A better understanding of these mechanisms may provide a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases associated with impaired lymphatic function, such as lymphedema and may eventually lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for these conditions.
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36
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Adachi K, Hayashi T, Omatsu T, Hirayama A, Higuchi Y. Idiopathic Effusive-Constrictive Pericarditis Presented by Variant Angina. Cureus 2021; 13:e14380. [PMID: 33987048 PMCID: PMC8110287 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
An 80-year-old man presented to our hospital complaining of loss of appetite. During the medical examination, he developed variant angina accompanied with heart failure. Oral calcium channel blocker therapy controlled his variant angina, but medical management of heart failure became increasingly difficult due to gradually increasing pericardial effusion, and pericardiocentesis leading to the diagnosis of effusive-constrictive pericarditis (ECP). Here, we report a rare case of idiopathic pericarditis caused variant angina with already having endothelial dysfunction and eventually developed ECP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Adachi
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, JPN
| | | | - Takashi Omatsu
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, JPN
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37
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Hosseini V, Mallone A, Nasrollahi F, Ostrovidov S, Nasiri R, Mahmoodi M, Haghniaz R, Baidya A, Salek MM, Darabi MA, Orive G, Shamloo A, Dokmeci MR, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Healthy and diseased in vitro models of vascular systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:641-659. [PMID: 33507199 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Irregular hemodynamics affects the progression of various vascular diseases, such atherosclerosis or aneurysms. Despite the extensive hemodynamics studies on animal models, the inter-species differences between humans and animals hamper the translation of such findings. Recent advances in vascular tissue engineering and the suitability of in vitro models for interim analysis have increased the use of in vitro human vascular tissue models. Although the effect of flow on endothelial cell (EC) pathophysiology and EC-flow interactions have been vastly studied in two-dimensional systems, they cannot be used to understand the effect of other micro- and macro-environmental parameters associated with vessel wall diseases. To generate an ideal in vitro model of the vascular system, essential criteria should be included: 1) the presence of smooth muscle cells or perivascular cells underneath an EC monolayer, 2) an elastic mechanical response of tissue to pulsatile flow pressure, 3) flow conditions that accurately mimic the hemodynamics of diseases, and 4) geometrical features required for pathophysiological flow. In this paper, we review currently available in vitro models that include flow dynamics and discuss studies that have tried to address the criteria mentioned above. Finally, we critically review in vitro fluidic models of atherosclerosis, aneurysm, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Hosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - Anna Mallone
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8952, Switzerland
| | - Fatemeh Nasrollahi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - Serge Ostrovidov
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rohollah Nasiri
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 1136511155, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Mahmoodi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd 8915813135, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - Avijit Baidya
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Mehdi Salek
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Darabi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo de la Universidad 7, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain and Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01007, Spain
| | - Amir Shamloo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 1136511155, Iran
| | - Mehmet R Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Bioengineering, University of California-Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.
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38
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Roberts J, Pritchard AL, Treweeke AT, Rossi AG, Brace N, Cahill P, MacRury SM, Wei J, Megson IL. Why Is COVID-19 More Severe in Patients With Diabetes? The Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Endothelial Dysfunction and the Immunoinflammatory System. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:629933. [PMID: 33614744 PMCID: PMC7886785 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.629933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Meta-analyses have indicated that individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes are at increased risk of suffering a severe form of COVID-19 and have a higher mortality rate than the non-diabetic population. Patients with diabetes have chronic, low-level systemic inflammation, which results in global cellular dysfunction underlying the wide variety of symptoms associated with the disease, including an increased risk of respiratory infection. While the increased severity of COVID-19 amongst patients with diabetes is not yet fully understood, the common features associated with both diseases are dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses. An additional key player in COVID-19 is the enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is essential for adhesion and uptake of virus into cells prior to replication. Changes to the expression of ACE2 in diabetes have been documented, but they vary across different organs and the importance of such changes on COVID-19 severity are still under investigation. This review will examine and summarise existing data on how immune and inflammatory processes interplay with the pathogenesis of COVID-19, with a particular focus on the impacts that diabetes, endothelial dysfunction and the expression dynamics of ACE2 have on the disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Roberts
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia L. Pritchard
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T. Treweeke
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Brace
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Cahill
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sandra M. MacRury
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Wei
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Ian L. Megson
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United Kingdom
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39
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Potje SR, Paula TDC, Paulo M, Bendhack LM. The Role of Glycocalyx and Caveolae in Vascular Homeostasis and Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 11:620840. [PMID: 33519523 PMCID: PMC7838704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.620840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights recent findings about the role that endothelial glycocalyx and caveolae play in vascular homeostasis. We describe the structure, synthesis, and function of glycocalyx and caveolae in vascular cells under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Special focus will be given in glycocalyx and caveolae that are associated with impaired production of nitric oxide (NO) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such alterations could contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Regina Potje
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tiago Dal-Cin Paula
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Michele Paulo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lusiane Maria Bendhack
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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40
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Sangha GS, Goergen CJ, Prior SJ, Ranadive SM, Clyne AM. Preclinical techniques to investigate exercise training in vascular pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1566-H1600. [PMID: 33385323 PMCID: PMC8260379 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00719.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a dynamic process starting with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and eventually leading to life-threatening arterial plaques. Exercise generally improves endothelial function in a dose-dependent manner by altering hemodynamics, specifically by increased arterial pressure, pulsatility, and shear stress. However, athletes who regularly participate in high-intensity training can develop arterial plaques, suggesting alternative mechanisms through which excessive exercise promotes vascular disease. Understanding the mechanisms that drive atherosclerosis in sedentary versus exercise states may lead to novel rehabilitative methods aimed at improving exercise compliance and physical activity. Preclinical tools, including in vitro cell assays, in vivo animal models, and in silico computational methods, broaden our capabilities to study the mechanisms through which exercise impacts atherogenesis, from molecular maladaptation to vascular remodeling. Here, we describe how preclinical research tools have and can be used to study exercise effects on atherosclerosis. We then propose how advanced bioengineering techniques can be used to address gaps in our current understanding of vascular pathophysiology, including integrating in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies across multiple tissue systems and size scales. Improving our understanding of the antiatherogenic exercise effects will enable engaging, targeted, and individualized exercise recommendations to promote cardiovascular health rather than treating cardiovascular disease that results from a sedentary lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurneet S Sangha
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Craig J Goergen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Alisa M Clyne
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
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41
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Imaging Ultrasound Assessment of Exercise-Induced Endothelial Shear Stress of the Brachial and Carotid Arteries. Cardiopulm Phys Ther J 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/cpt.0000000000000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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42
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Williams AM, Manouchehri N, Erskine E, Tauh K, So K, Shortt K, Webster M, Fisk S, Billingsley A, Munro A, Tigchelaar S, Streijger F, Kim KT, Kwon BK, West CR. Cardio-centric hemodynamic management improves spinal cord oxygenation and mitigates hemorrhage in acute spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5209. [PMID: 33060602 PMCID: PMC7562705 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic high-thoracic and cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a complex phenotype of cardiovascular consequences, including impaired left ventricular (LV) contractility. Here, we aim to determine whether such dysfunction manifests immediately post-injury, and if so, whether correcting impaired contractility can improve spinal cord oxygenation (SCO2), blood flow (SCBF) and metabolism. Using a porcine model of T2 SCI, we assess LV end-systolic elastance (contractility) via invasive pressure-volume catheterization, monitor intraparenchymal SCO2 and SCBF with fiberoptic oxygen sensors and laser-Doppler flowmetry, respectively, and quantify spinal cord metabolites with microdialysis. We demonstrate that high-thoracic SCI acutely impairs cardiac contractility and substantially reduces SCO2 and SCBF within the first hours post-injury. Utilizing the same model, we next show that augmenting LV contractility with the β-agonist dobutamine increases SCO2 and SCBF more effectively than vasopressor therapy, whilst also mitigating increased anaerobic metabolism and hemorrhage in the injured cord. Finally, in pigs with T2 SCI survived for 12 weeks post-injury, we confirm that acute hemodynamic management with dobutamine appears to preserve cardiac function and improve hemodynamic outcomes in the chronic setting. Our data support that cardio-centric hemodynamic management represents an advantageous alternative to the current clinical standard of vasopressor therapy for acute traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Williams
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neda Manouchehri
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Erin Erskine
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Keerit Tauh
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kitty So
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Katelyn Shortt
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Megan Webster
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shera Fisk
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Avril Billingsley
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alex Munro
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Seth Tigchelaar
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Femke Streijger
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyoung-Tae Kim
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Vancouver Spine Surgery Institute, Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher R West
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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43
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Santamaría R, González-Álvarez M, Delgado R, Esteban S, Arroyo AG. Remodeling of the Microvasculature: May the Blood Flow Be With You. Front Physiol 2020; 11:586852. [PMID: 33178049 PMCID: PMC7593767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.586852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasculature ensures optimal delivery of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body, and to achieve this function it must continually adapt to varying tissue demands. Newly formed vascular plexuses during development are immature and require dynamic remodeling to generate well-patterned functional networks. This is achieved by remodeling of the capillaries preserving those which are functional and eliminating other ones. A balanced and dynamically regulated capillary remodeling will therefore ensure optimal distribution of blood and nutrients to the tissues. This is particularly important in pathological contexts in which deficient or excessive vascular remodeling may worsen tissue perfusion and hamper tissue repair. Blood flow is a major determinant of microvascular reshaping since capillaries are pruned when relatively less perfused and they split when exposed to high flow in order to shape the microvascular network for optimal tissue perfusion and oxygenation. The molecular machinery underlying blood flow sensing by endothelial cells is being deciphered, but much less is known about how this translates into endothelial cell responses as alignment, polarization and directed migration to drive capillary remodeling, particularly in vivo. Part of this knowledge is theoretical from computational models since blood flow hemodynamics are not easily recapitulated by in vitro or ex vivo approaches. Moreover, these events are difficult to visualize in vivo due to their infrequency and briefness. Studies had been limited to postnatal mouse retina and vascular beds in zebrafish but new tools as advanced microscopy and image analysis are strengthening our understanding of capillary remodeling. In this review we introduce the concept of remodeling of the microvasculature and its relevance in physiology and pathology. We summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms contributing to capillary regression and to capillary splitting highlighting the key role of blood flow to orchestrate these processes. Finally, we comment the potential and possibilities that microfluidics offers to this field. Since capillary remodeling mechanisms are often reactivated in prevalent pathologies as cancer and cardiovascular disease, all this knowledge could be eventually used to improve the functionality of capillary networks in diseased tissues and promote their repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Santamaría
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Álvarez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Delgado
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Esteban
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G. Arroyo
- Department of Vascular Pathophysiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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44
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Saqr KM, Tupin S, Rashad S, Endo T, Niizuma K, Tominaga T, Ohta M. Physiologic blood flow is turbulent. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15492. [PMID: 32968087 PMCID: PMC7512016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary paradigm of peripheral and intracranial vascular hemodynamics considers physiologic blood flow to be laminar. Transition to turbulence is considered as a driving factor for numerous diseases such as atherosclerosis, stenosis and aneurysm. Recently, turbulent flow patterns were detected in intracranial aneurysm at Reynolds number below 400 both in vitro and in silico. Blood flow is multiharmonic with considerable frequency spectra and its transition to turbulence cannot be characterized by the current transition theory of monoharmonic pulsatile flow. Thus, we decided to explore the origins of such long-standing assumption of physiologic blood flow laminarity. Here, we hypothesize that the inherited dynamics of blood flow in main arteries dictate the existence of turbulence in physiologic conditions. To illustrate our hypothesis, we have used methods and tools from chaos theory, hydrodynamic stability theory and fluid dynamics to explore the existence of turbulence in physiologic blood flow. Our investigation shows that blood flow, both as described by the Navier–Stokes equation and in vivo, exhibits three major characteristics of turbulence. Womersley’s exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equation has been used with the flow waveforms from HaeMod database, to offer reproducible evidence for our findings, as well as evidence from Doppler ultrasound measurements from healthy volunteers who are some of the authors. We evidently show that physiologic blood flow is: (1) sensitive to initial conditions, (2) in global hydrodynamic instability and (3) undergoes kinetic energy cascade of non-Kolmogorov type. We propose a novel modification of the theory of vascular hemodynamics that calls for rethinking the hemodynamic–biologic links that govern physiologic and pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M Saqr
- Biomedical Flow Dynamics Laboratory (Ohta-Lab), Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Simon Tupin
- Biomedical Flow Dynamics Laboratory (Ohta-Lab), Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Sherif Rashad
- Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toshiki Endo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kuniyasu Niizuma
- Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgical Engineering and Translational Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Makoto Ohta
- Biomedical Flow Dynamics Laboratory (Ohta-Lab), Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
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45
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Junejo RT, Lip GYH, Fisher JP. Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Atrial Fibrillation. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1066. [PMID: 33013456 PMCID: PMC7509200 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that besides being the most common sustained arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major healthcare burden. Risk of debilitating stroke is increased in AF patients, but even in the absence of stroke, this population is at heightened risk of cognitive decline, depression, and dementia. The reasons for this are complex, multifactorial, and incompletely understood. One potential contributing mechanism is cerebrovascular dysfunction. Cerebral blood flow is regulated by chemical, metabolic, autoregulatory, neurogenic, and systemic factors. The dysfunction in one or more of these mechanisms may contribute to the elevated risk of cognitive decline and cerebrovascular events in AF. This short review presents the evidence for diminished cerebral blood flow, cerebrovascular carbon dioxide reactivity (i.e., cerebrovascular vasodilatory reserve), cerebral autoregulation, and neurovascular coupling in AF patients when compared to control participants in sinus rhythm. Further work is needed to understand the physiological mechanisms underpinning these observations and their clinical significance in atrial fibrillation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan T Junejo
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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46
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Junejo RT, Braz ID, Lucas SJ, van Lieshout JJ, Phillips AA, Lip GY, Fisher JP. Neurovascular coupling and cerebral autoregulation in atrial fibrillation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:1647-1657. [PMID: 31426699 PMCID: PMC7370373 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19870770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The risk of cognitive decline and stroke is increased by atrial fibrillation (AF). We sought to determine whether neurovascular coupling and cerebral autoregulation are blunted in people with AF in comparison with age-matched, patients with hypertension and healthy controls. Neurovascular coupling was assessed using five cycles of visual stimulation for 30 s followed by 30 s with both eyes-closed. Cerebral autoregulation was examined using a sit-stand test, and a repeated squat-to-stand (0.1 Hz) manoeuvre with transfer function analysis of mean arterial pressure (MAP; input) and middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity (MCA Vm; output) relationships at 0.1 Hz. Visual stimulation increased posterior cerebral artery conductance, but the magnitude of the response was blunted in patients with AF (18 [8] %; mean [SD]) and hypertension (17 [8] %), in comparison with healthy controls (26 [9] %) (P < 0.05). In contrast, transmission of MAP to MCA Vm was greater in AF patients compared to hypertension and healthy controls, indicating diminished cerebral autoregulation. We have shown for the first time that AF patients have impaired neurovascular coupling responses to visual stimulation and diminished cerebral autoregulation. Such deficits in cerebrovascular regulation may contribute to the increased risk of cerebral dysfunction in people with AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan T Junejo
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Igor D Braz
- Medical School, University Center of Volta Redonda, Volta Redonda, Brazil
| | - Samuel Je Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Centre for Human Brain Health, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Johannes J van Lieshout
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Clinical Cardiovascular Physiology, AMC Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,MRC/Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aaron A Phillips
- Departments of Physiology, Pharmacology & Clinical Neurosciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory Yh Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - James P Fisher
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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47
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Delayed Ischemic Neurological Deficit after Uneventful Elective Clipping of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080495. [PMID: 32751242 PMCID: PMC7464283 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral vasospasm and subsequent delayed ischemic neurological deficit is a typical sequela of acute subarachnoid hemorrhage after aneurysm rupture. The occurrence of vasospasms after uncomplicated surgery of an unruptured aneurysm without history of suspected rupture is extremely rare. The pathogenesis and severity of cerebral vasospasms is typically correlated with the amount of blood breakdown products extravasated during subarachnoid hemorrhage. In rare cases, where vasospasms occur after unruptured aneurysm surgery, the pathogenesis is most likely multifactorial and unclear. We present two cases of vasospasms following uncomplicated clipping of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms and a review of literature. Early diagnosis and therapy of this rare complication are necessary to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.
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48
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Kovacs-Oller T, Ivanova E, Bianchimano P, Sagdullaev BT. The pericyte connectome: spatial precision of neurovascular coupling is driven by selective connectivity maps of pericytes and endothelial cells and is disrupted in diabetes. Cell Discov 2020; 6:39. [PMID: 32566247 PMCID: PMC7296038 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional hyperemia, or the matching of blood flow with activity, directs oxygen and nutrients to regionally firing neurons. The mechanisms responsible for this spatial accuracy remain unclear but are critical for brain function and establish the diagnostic resolution of BOLD-fMRI. Here, we described a mosaic of pericytes, the vasomotor capillary cells in the living retina. We then tested whether this net of pericytes and surrounding neuroglia predicted a connectivity map in response to sensory stimuli. Surprisingly, we found that these connections were not only selective across cell types, but also highly asymmetric spatially. First, pericytes connected predominantly to other neighboring pericytes and endothelial cells, and less to arteriolar smooth muscle cells, and not to surrounding neurons or glia. Second, focal, but not global stimulation evoked a directional vasomotor response by strengthening connections along the feeding vascular branch. This activity required local NO signaling and occurred by means of direct coupling via gap junctions. By contrast, bath application of NO or diabetes, a common microvascular pathology, not only weakened the vascular signaling but also abolished its directionality. We conclude that the exclusivity of neurovascular interactions may thus establish spatial accuracy of blood delivery with the precision of the neuronal receptive field size, and is disrupted early in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Kovacs-Oller
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605 USA
- Szentagothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, H-7624 Hungary
| | - Elena Ivanova
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605 USA
| | | | - Botir T. Sagdullaev
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY 10605 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065 USA
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49
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Sedlak JM, Clyne AM. A Modified Parallel Plate Flow Chamber to Study Local Endothelial Response to Recirculating Disturbed Flow. J Biomech Eng 2019; 142:975689. [PMID: 31536122 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis develops at arterial sites where endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to low time-averaged shear stress, in particular in regions of recirculating disturbed flow. To understand how hemodynamics contributes to EC dysfunction in atheroma development, an in vitro parallel plate flow chamber gasket was modified with protruding baffles to produce large recirculating flow regions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predicted that more than 60% of the flow surface area was below the 12 dynes/cm2 atheroprotective threshold. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were then seeded in the parallel plate flow chamber with either the standard laminar or the new disturbed flow gasket (DFG) and exposed to flow for 36 h. Cell morphology, nitric oxide (NO), proliferation, permeability, and monocyte adhesion were assessed by phase contrast and confocal microscopy. BAEC exposed to 20 dynes/cm2 shear stress in the laminar flow device aligned and elongated in the flow direction while increasing nitric oxide, decreasing permeability, and maintaining low proliferation and monocyte adhesion. BAEC in the recirculating flow and low shear stress disturbed flow device regions did not elongate or align, produced less nitric oxide, and showed higher proliferation, permeability, and monocyte adhesion than cells in the laminar flow device. However, cells in disturbed flow device regions exposed to atheroprotective shear stress did not consistently align or decrease permeability, and these cells demonstrated low nitric oxide levels. The new parallel plate DFG provides a means to study recirculating flow, highlighting the complex relationship between hemodynamics and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Matthew Sedlak
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alisa Morss Clyne
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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50
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Computational analysis of nitric oxide biotransport in a microvessel influenced by red blood cells. Microvasc Res 2019; 125:103878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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