1
|
Francis GA. The Greatly Under-Represented Role of Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:741-749. [PMID: 37665492 PMCID: PMC10564813 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarizes previous and recent research on the fundamental role of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as drivers of initial and, along with macrophages, later stages of human atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Studies using human tissues and SMC lineage-tracing mice have reinforced earlier observations that SMCs drive initial atherogenesis in humans and contribute a multitude of phenotypes including foam cell formation hitherto attributed primarily to macrophages in atherosclerosis. Arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the primary cell type in human pre-atherosclerotic intima and are responsible for the retention of lipoproteins that drive the development of atherosclerosis. Despite this, images of atherogenesis still depict the process as initially devoid of SMCs, primarily macrophage driven, and indicate only relatively minor roles such as fibrous cap formation to intimal SMCs. This review summarizes historical and recent observations regarding the importance of SMCs in the formation of a pre-atherosclerotic intima, initial and later foam cell formation, and the phenotypic changes that give rise to multiple different roles for SMCs in human and mouse lesions. Potential SMC-specific therapies in atherosclerosis are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon A Francis
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo H, Li Y, Qiu L, Li J, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang J. Gua Lou Er Chen decoction attenuates atherosclerosis by reducing proteoglycans accumulation and inflammation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 115:154811. [PMID: 37094421 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteoglycans (PGs) accumulation and inflammation are two interactional pathological processes of atherosclerosis (AS). Up to now, there is no ideal drug for decreasing these pathological changes. Gua Lou Er Chen decoction (GED) has been used to treat AS for several years. However, if GED could treat AS through reducing PGs accumulation and inflammation remains unknown. PURPOSE This study was designed to illustrate whether GED could attenuate AS by reducing chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG) expressions and alleviating inflammation. METHODS In vivo study, apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce AS. In vitro study, oxidised low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were used to induce proteoglycans accumulation and inflammation changes of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and RAW264.7 macrophages. Oil Red O was used to stain mouse aortic lipid plaque. Haematoxylin eosin staining was used to assess the pathological changes of aortic valve and thoracic aorta. Specialised kits were used to identify blood lipids and sGAGs. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry was used to identify aortic valve CSPG and versican. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were used to measure versican, interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-α, and chondroitin sulphate (CS) synthetase expressions. CCK-8 was used to measure the cells proliferation. RESULTS In vivo experiments revealed that GED significantly improved hyperlipidemia, lowered lipid plaque deposition in the aorta, and increased plaque stability of AS mice. In addition, further studies revealed that GED lowered the sGAGs, CSPG, and versican levels and down-regulated CS synthetase and inflammatory factor expressions. In vitro experiments revealed that GED decreased TNF-α expression in the RAW264.7 macrophage supernatant stimulated by ox-LDL; decreased versican, CS-related synthetase, and IL-6 expressions; reduced VSMC proliferation stimulated by ox-LDL; down-regulated sGAG and versican expressions of VSMCs stimulated by TNF-α. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that GED could attenuate AS by reducing hyperlipidemia, hyper-expression of CSPG, and inflammation. This study might provide a novel insight into the development of innovative drug for AS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongya Guo
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunxing Li
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingyan Qiu
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianyin Li
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaochun Guo
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Research Center of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xiang P, Blanchard V, Francis GA. Smooth Muscle Cell—Macrophage Interactions Leading to Foam Cell Formation in Atherosclerosis: Location, Location, Location. Front Physiol 2022; 13:921597. [PMID: 35795646 PMCID: PMC9251363 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.921597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-overloaded cells or “foam cells” in the artery wall are the biochemical hallmark of atherosclerosis, and are responsible for much of the growth, inflammation and susceptibility to rupture of atherosclerotic lesions. While it has previously been thought that macrophages are the main contributor to the foam cell population, recent evidence indicates arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the source of the majority of foam cells in both human and murine atherosclerosis. This review outlines the timeline, site of appearance and proximity of SMCs and macrophages with lipids in human and mouse atherosclerosis, and likely interactions between SMCs and macrophages that promote foam cell formation and removal by both cell types. An understanding of these SMC-macrophage interactions in foam cell formation and regression is expected to provide new therapeutic targets to reduce the burden of atherosclerosis for the prevention of coronary heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ruuth M, Lahelma M, Luukkonen PK, Lorey MB, Qadri S, Sädevirta S, Hyötyläinen T, Kovanen PT, Hodson L, Yki-Järvinen H, Öörni K. Overfeeding Saturated Fat Increases LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) Aggregation Susceptibility While Overfeeding Unsaturated Fat Decreases Proteoglycan-Binding of Lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:2823-2836. [PMID: 34470478 PMCID: PMC8545249 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective: We recently showed that measurement of the susceptibility of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) to aggregation is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. We now wished to compare effects of overfeeding different dietary macronutrients on LDL aggregation, proteoglycan-binding of plasma lipoproteins, and on the concentration of oxidized LDL in plasma, 3 in vitro parameters consistent with increased atherogenicity. Approach and Results: The participants (36 subjects; age, 48±10 years; body mass index, 30.9±6.2 kg/m2) were randomized to consume an extra 1000 kcal/day of either unsaturated fat, saturated fat, or simple sugars (CARB) for 3 weeks. We measured plasma proatherogenic properties (susceptibility of LDL to aggregation, proteoglycan-binding, oxidized LDL) and concentrations and composition of plasma lipoproteins using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and in LDL using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, before and after the overfeeding diets. LDL aggregation increased in the saturated fat but not the other groups. This change was associated with increased sphingolipid and saturated triacylglycerols in LDL and in plasma and reduction of clusterin on LDL particles. Proteoglycan binding of plasma lipoproteins decreased in the unsaturated fat group relative to the baseline diet. Lipoprotein properties remained unchanged in the CARB group. Conclusions: The type of fat during 3 weeks of overfeeding is an important determinant of the characteristics and functional properties of plasma lipoproteins in humans. Registration: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier NCT02133144.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.).,Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland (M.R.)
| | - Mari Lahelma
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Panu K Luukkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Martina B Lorey
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.)
| | - Sami Qadri
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Sanja Sädevirta
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.)
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, United Kingdom (L.H.)
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.).,Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.L., P.K.L., S.Q., S.S., H.Y.-J.)
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu, Helsinki, Finland (M.R., M.B.L., P.T.K., K.Ö.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bäck M, Yurdagul A, Tabas I, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:389-406. [PMID: 30846875 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven inflammatory disease of the arterial intima in which the balance of pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving mechanisms dictates the final clinical outcome. Intimal infiltration and modification of plasma-derived lipoproteins and their uptake mainly by macrophages, with ensuing formation of lipid-filled foam cells, initiate atherosclerotic lesion formation, and deficient efferocytotic removal of apoptotic cells and foam cells sustains lesion progression. Defective efferocytosis, as a sign of inadequate inflammation resolution, leads to accumulation of secondarily necrotic macrophages and foam cells and the formation of an advanced lesion with a necrotic lipid core, indicative of plaque vulnerability. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids or arachidonic acid and by relevant proteins and signalling gaseous molecules. One of the major effects of inflammation resolution mediators is phenotypic conversion of pro-inflammatory macrophages into macrophages that suppress inflammation and promote healing. In advanced atherosclerotic lesions, the ratio between specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-inflammatory lipids (in particular leukotrienes) is strikingly low, providing a molecular explanation for the defective inflammation resolution features of these lesions. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms of the formation of clinically dangerous atherosclerotic lesions and the potential of pro-resolving mediator therapy to inhibit this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Bäck
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Allahverdian S, Ortega C, Francis GA. Smooth Muscle Cell-Proteoglycan-Lipoprotein Interactions as Drivers of Atherosclerosis. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 270:335-358. [PMID: 33340050 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the main cell type in the artery medial layer, in pre-atherosclerotic diffuse thickening of the intima, and in all stages of atherosclerotic lesion development. SMCs secrete the proteoglycans responsible for the initial binding and retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in the artery intima, with this retention driving foam cell formation and subsequent stages of atherosclerosis. In this chapter we review current knowledge of the extracellular matrix generated by SMCs in medial and intimal arterial layers, their relationship to atherosclerotic lesion development and stabilization, how these findings correlate with mouse models of atherosclerosis, and potential therapies aimed at targeting the SMC matrix-lipoprotein interaction for atherosclerosis prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Allahverdian
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carleena Ortega
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gordon A Francis
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Providence Healthcare Research Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Interaction of arterial proteoglycans with low density lipoproteins (LDLs): From theory to promising therapeutic approaches. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2019.100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
8
|
Wight TN. A role for proteoglycans in vascular disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:396-420. [PMID: 29499356 PMCID: PMC6110991 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The content of proteoglycans (PGs) is low in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular tissue, but increases dramatically in all phases of vascular disease. Early studies demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) accumulate in vascular lesions in both humans and in animal models in areas of the vasculature that are susceptible to disease initiation (such as at branch points) and are frequently coincident with lipid deposits. Later studies showed the GAGs were covalently attached to specific types of core proteins that accumulate in vascular lesions. These molecules include versican (CSPG), biglycan and decorin (DS/CSPGs), lumican and fibromodulin (KSPGs) and perlecan (HSPG), although other types of PGs are present, but in lesser quantities. While the overall molecular design of these macromolecules is similar, there is tremendous structural diversity among the different PG families creating multiple forms that have selective roles in critical events that form the basis of vascular disease. PGs interact with a variety of different molecules involved in disease pathogenesis. For example, PGs bind and trap serum components that accumulate in vascular lesions such as lipoproteins, amyloid, calcium, and clotting factors. PGs interact with other ECM components and regulate, in part, ECM assembly and turnover. PGs interact with cells within the lesion and alter the phenotypes of both resident cells and cells that invade the lesion from the circulation. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to target specific PGs involved in key pathways that promote vascular disease. This review will provide a historical perspective of this field of research and then highlight some of the evidence that defines the involvement of PGs and their roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Afroz R, Cao Y, Rostam MA, Ta H, Xu S, Zheng W, Osman N, Kamato D, Little PJ. Signalling pathways regulating galactosaminoglycan synthesis and structure in vascular smooth muscle: Implications for lipoprotein binding and atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:88-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
10
|
Brito V, Mellal K, Zoccal KF, Soto Y, Ménard L, Sarduy R, Faccioli LH, Ong H, Vázquez AM, Marleau S. Atheroregressive Potential of the Treatment with a Chimeric Monoclonal Antibody against Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans on Pre-existing Lesions in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:782. [PMID: 29163168 PMCID: PMC5672559 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The retention of lipoprotein particles in the intima, in particular to glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans, is a critical step in atherosclerosis initiation. Administration of chP3R99, a chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody inducing an anti-idiotypic network response against glycosaminoglycans was previously shown to prevent atherosclerotic lesion progression, yet its effect in the late-stage progression of lesions remains unknown. This study investigated the effect of chP3R99 at a late stage of disease development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and the vascular mechanisms involved. Male apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet from 4 to 19 weeks old, at which time mice were fed normal chow and 5 doses of chP3R99 (50 μg) or isotype-matched IgG (hR3) were administered subcutaneously weekly for the first 3 administrations, then at weeks 24 and 26 before sacrifice (week 28). Lesions progression was reduced by 88% in treated mice with no change in total plasma cholesterol levels, yet with increased sera reactivity to chP3R99 idiotype and heparin, suggesting the induction of an anti-idiotype antibody cascade against glycosaminoglycans, which was likely related with the atheroprotective effect. chP3R99 treatment initiated regression in a significant number of mice. Circulating levels of interleukin-6 were reduced along with a striking diminution of inflammatory cell accumulation in the vessel wall, and of VCAM-1 labeling in vivo. The ratio of IL-10/iNOS gene expression in aortas increased in chP3R99-treated mice. In conclusion, our results show that treatment with chP3R99 reduces vascular inflammatory burden and halts lesion progression with potential for regression in the late phase of the disease in atherosclerotic mice, and support the therapeutic intervention against glycosaminoglycans as a novel strategy to reverse atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Brito
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Katia Mellal
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yosdel Soto
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Liliane Ménard
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roger Sarduy
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lucia H Faccioli
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Bromatology, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Huy Ong
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ana M Vázquez
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sarduy R, Brito V, Castillo A, Soto Y, Griñán T, Marleau S, Vázquez AM. Dose-Dependent Induction of an Idiotypic Cascade by Anti-Glycosaminoglycan Monoclonal Antibody in apoE -/- Mice: Association with Atheroprotection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:232. [PMID: 28316603 PMCID: PMC5334371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the underlying pathology of most cardiovascular diseases, is triggered by the retention of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins in the arterial wall through electrostatic interactions with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains of proteoglycans. Previously, we reported the antiatherogenic properties of the chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) chP3R99-LALA, which binds sulfated GAGs, inhibits low-density lipoprotein (LDL)–chondroitin sulfate (CS) association, and abrogates LDL oxidation and foam cell formation. In preventive and therapeutic settings, apoE-deficient (apoE−/−) mice immunized with 50 μg of this mAb showed reduced atherosclerotic lesions related with the induction of autologous anti-GAG antibodies. Knowing that age and sex are major non-modifiable risk factors in the development of atherosclerosis, the present study aimed to assess the influence of these variables on the capacity of chP3R99-LALA mAb to generate an anti-CS antibody response. Also, we aimed at defining the impact of the dose of chP3R99-LALA on the anti-CS antibody induction and the atheroprotective effect of this mAb in apoE−/− mice. Neither age nor sex had an impact in the IgG anti-CS antibody response induced by s.c. immunization with this mAb. Moreover, chP3R99-LALA mAb reduced atherosclerotic lesions to a similar extent in both young male and female apoE−/− mice fed a hypercholesterolemic diet and, in middle-aged female apoE−/− mice, with spontaneous lesions. On the other hand, increasing the dose of chP3R99-LALA (200 vs. 50 μg) elicited an anti-idiotype antibody cascade characterized by higher levels of anti-idiotype (Ab2), anti-anti-idiotype (Ab3), and anti-CS antibody responses. Moreover, this dose increment resulted in a striking reduction of aortic atherosclerotic lesions in immunized mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sarduy
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | - Victor Brito
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | - Adriana Castillo
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | - Yosdel Soto
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | - Tania Griñán
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Ana María Vázquez
- Innovation Managing Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Delgado-Roche L, Brito V, Acosta E, Pérez A, Fernández JR, Hernández-Matos Y, Griñán T, Soto Y, León OS, Marleau S, Vázquez AM. Arresting progressive atherosclerosis by immunization with an anti-glycosaminoglycan monoclonal antibody in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:557-66. [PMID: 26454078 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Atherogenesis is associated with the early retention of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in the arterial intima by interaction with glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-side chains of proteoglycans. Retained LDL undergo reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidation. Oxidized LDL trigger oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation, contributing to atherosclerosis development. Recently, we reported the preventive anti-atherogenic properties of the chimeric mouse/human monoclonal antibody (mAb) chP3R99-LALA, which were related to the induction of anti-chondroitin sulfate antibody response able to inhibit chondroitin sulfate dependent LDL-enhanced oxidation. In the present work, we aimed at further investigating the impact of chP3R99-LALA mAb vaccination on progressive atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (apoE(-/-)) fed with a high-fat high-cholesterol diet receiving 5 doses (50 µg) of the antibody subcutaneously, when ~5% of the aortic area was covered by lesions. Therapeutic immunization with chP3R99-LALA mAb halted atherosclerotic lesions progression. In addition, aortic OS was modulated, as shown by a significant (p<0.05) reduction of lipid and protein oxidation, preservation of antioxidant enzymes activity and reduced glutathione, together with a decrease of nitric oxide levels. chP3R99-LALA mAb immunization also regulated aortic NF-κB activation, diminishing the proinflammatory IL1-β and TNF-α gene expression as well as the infiltration of macrophages into the arterial wall. The therapeutic immunization of apoE(-/-) with progressive atheromas and persistent hypercholesterolemia using chP3R99-LALA mAb arrested further development of lesions, accompanied by a decrease of aortic OS and NF-κB-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. These results contribute to broaden the potential use of this anti-GAG antibody-based immunotherapy as a novel approach to target atherosclerosis at different phases of progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livan Delgado-Roche
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Marine Bioproducts, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Víctor Brito
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Emilio Acosta
- Center of Advanced Studies of Cuba, La Lisa, Havana 13600, Cuba
| | - Arlenis Pérez
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Julio R Fernández
- Department of Genomic, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Yanet Hernández-Matos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy and Food Sciences Institute, University of Havana, Havana 13600, Cuba
| | - Tania Griñán
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Yosdel Soto
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | - Olga S León
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy and Food Sciences Institute, University of Havana, Havana 13600, Cuba
| | - Sylvie Marleau
- Faculty de of Pharmacy Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ana M Vázquez
- Innovation Managing Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana 11600, Cuba.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Soto Y, Mesa N, Alfonso Y, Pérez A, Batlle F, Griñán T, Pino A, Viera J, Frómeta M, Brito V, Olivera A, Zayas F, Vázquez AM. Targeting arterial wall sulfated glycosaminoglycans in rabbit atherosclerosis with a mouse/human chimeric antibody. MAbs 2014; 6:1340-6. [PMID: 25517318 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of atherosclerosis is favored by increasing amounts of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the artery wall. We previously reported the reactivity of chP3R99 monoclonal antibody (mAb) with sulfated glycosaminoglycans and its association with the anti-atherogenic properties displayed. Now, we evaluated the accumulation of this mAb in atherosclerotic lesions and its potential use as a probe for specific in vivo detection of the disease. Atherosclerosis was induced in NZW rabbits (n = 14) by the administration of Lipofundin 20% using PBS-receiving animals as control (n = 8). Accumulation of chP3R99 mAb in atherosclerotic lesions was assessed either by immunofluorescence detection of human IgG in fresh-frozen sections of aorta, or by immunoscintigraphy followed by biodistribution of the radiotracer upon administration of (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb. Immunofluorescence studies revealed the presence of chP3R99 mAb in atherosclerotic lesions 24 h after intravenous administration, whereas planar images showed an evident accumulation of (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb in atherosclerotic rabbit carotids. Accordingly, (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb uptake by lesioned aortic arch and thoracic segment was increased 5.6-fold over controls and it was 3.9-folds higher in carotids, in agreement with immunoscintigrams. Moreover, the deposition of (99m)Tc-chP3R99 mAb in the artery wall was associated both with the presence and size of the lesions in the different portions of evaluated arteries and was greater than in non-targeted organs. In conclusion, chP3R99 mAb preferentially accumulates in arterial atherosclerotic lesions supporting the potential use of this anti-glycosaminoglycans antibody for diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Key Words
- % ID/g, percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue
- At-R, Atherosclerotic rabbits
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
- DS, dermatan sulfate
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- NZW rabbits, New Zealand White rabbits
- Non At-R, Non atherosclerotic rabbit
- PG, proteoglycans
- atherosclerosis
- glycosaminoglycans
- imaging
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibodies
- technetium-99m
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yosdel Soto
- a Research and Development Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology , Havana , Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Neufeld EB, Zadrozny LM, Phillips D, Aponte A, Yu ZX, Balaban RS. Decorin and biglycan retain LDL in disease-prone valvular and aortic subendothelial intimal matrix. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:113-21. [PMID: 24529131 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subendothelial LDL retention by intimal matrix proteoglycans is an initial step in atherosclerosis and calcific aortic valve disease. Herein, we identify decorin and biglycan as the proteoglycans that preferentially retain LDL in intimal matrix at disease-prone sites in normal valve and vessel wall. METHODS The porcine aortic valve and renal artery ostial diverter, initiation sites of calcific valve disease and renal atherosclerosis, respectively, from normal non-diseased animals were used as models in these studies. RESULTS Fluorescent human LDL was selectively retained on the lesion-prone collagen/proteoglycan-enriched aortic surface of the valve, where the elastic lamina is depleted, as previously observed in lesion-prone sites in the renal ostium. iTRAQ mass spectrometry of valve and diverter protein extracts identified decorin and biglycan as the major subendothelial intimal matrix proteoglycans electrostatically retained on human LDL affinity columns. Decorin levels correlated with LDL binding in lesion-prone sites in both tissues. Collagen binding to LDL was shown to be proteoglycan-mediated. All known basement membrane proteoglycans bound LDL suggesting they may modulate LDL uptake into the subendothelial matrix. The association of purified decorin with human LDL in an in vitro microassay was blocked by serum albumin and heparin suggesting anti-atherogenic roles for these proteins in vivo. CONCLUSIONS LDL electrostatic interactions with decorin and biglycan in the valve leaflets and vascular wall is a major source of LDL retention. The complementary electrostatic sites on LDL or these proteoglycans may provide a novel therapeutic target for preventing one of the earliest events in these cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward B Neufeld
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Leah M Zadrozny
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Darci Phillips
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Angel Aponte
- Proteomics Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert S Balaban
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gesslbauer B, Theuer M, Schweiger D, Adage T, Kungl AJ. New targets for glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycans as novel targets. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:77-95. [PMID: 23414361 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of a variety of proteins are mediated via their interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The structural diversity within the wide GAG landscape provides individual interaction sites for a multitude of proteins involved in several pathophysiological processes. This 'GAG angle' of such proteins as well as their specific GAG ligands give rise to novel therapeutic concepts for drug development. Current glycomic technologies to elucidate the glycan structure-function relationships, methods to investigate the selectivity and specificity of glycan-protein interactions and existing therapeutic approaches to interfere with GAG-protein interactions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- ProtAffin Biotechnologie AG, Reininghausstrasse 13a, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Thelin MA, Bartolini B, Axelsson J, Gustafsson R, Tykesson E, Pera E, Oldberg Å, Maccarana M, Malmstrom A. Biological functions of iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate. FEBS J 2013; 280:2431-46. [PMID: 23441919 PMCID: PMC3717172 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate changes the properties of the polysaccharides because it generates a more flexible chain with increased binding potentials. Iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate influences multiple cellular properties, such as migration, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and the regulation of cytokine/growth factor activities. Under pathological conditions such as wound healing, inflammation and cancer, iduronic acid has diverse regulatory functions. Iduronic acid is formed by two epimerases (i.e. dermatan sulfate epimerase 1 and 2) that have different tissue distribution and properties. The role of iduronic acid in chondroitin/dermatan sulfate is highlighted by the vast changes in connective tissue features in patients with a new type of Ehler–Danlos syndrome: adducted thumb-clubfoot syndrome. Future research aims to understand the roles of the two epimerases and their interplay with the sulfotransferases involved in chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate biosynthesis. Furthermore, a better definition of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate functions using different knockout models is needed. In this review, we focus on the two enzymes responsible for iduronic acid formation, as well as the role of iduronic acid in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Thelin
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, BMC, Lund University, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Delgado-Roche L, Acosta E, Soto Y, Hernández-Matos Y, Olivera A, Fernández-Sánchez E, Vázquez AM. The treatment with an anti-glycosaminoglycan antibody reduces aortic oxidative stress in a rabbit model of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:309-15. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.772995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
19
|
Brito V, Mellal K, Portelance SG, Pérez A, Soto Y, deBlois D, Ong H, Marleau S, Vázquez AM. Induction of anti-anti-idiotype antibodies against sulfated glycosaminoglycans reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2847-54. [PMID: 23087361 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is associated with the early retention of low-density lipoproteins that are trapped in the extracellular matrix of the arterial intima by interaction with glycosaminoglycan side chains of proteoglycans. Mutant mouse/human chimeric antibodies of the murine monoclonal antibody P3, which react with N-glycolyl-containing gangliosides and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, were tested for their potentially antiatherogenic properties through the induction of an idiotypic antibody network that may specifically interfere with the binding of low-density lipoproteins to proteoglycan side chains, low-density lipoprotein modification, and foam cell formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet received 5 to 6 doses of chP3R99 or chP3S98 mutant antibodies, showing high and low reactivity, respectively, against their respective antigens. Both chimeric antibodies elicited an immunodominant anti-idiotypic response in the absence of adjuvant. A striking (40%-43%) reduction (P<0.01) in total lesion areas was observed in 18-week-old mice immunized with chP3R99, but not chP3S98, compared with PBS-treated mice. The antiatherosclerotic effect was associated with increased mice sera reactivity against heparin and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, including chondroitin and dermatan sulfate. In addition, purified IgG from chP3R99-immunized mice blocked the retention of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall of apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study supports use of active immunization and the mounting of an idiotypic antibody network response against glycosaminoglycans as a novel approach to target atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Brito
- Division of Immunobiology, Center of Molecular Immunology, 216 St and 15th Ave, Siboney, Playa PO Box 16040, Havana 11600, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|