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Guzik TJ, Nosalski R, Maffia P, Drummond GR. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms in hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:396-416. [PMID: 38172242 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension is a global health problem, with >1.3 billion individuals with high blood pressure worldwide. In this Review, we present an inflammatory paradigm for hypertension, emphasizing the crucial roles of immune cells, cytokines and chemokines in disease initiation and progression. T cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells and natural killer cells are all implicated in hypertension. Neoantigens, the NLRP3 inflammasome and increased sympathetic outflow, as well as cytokines (including IL-6, IL-7, IL-15, IL-18 and IL-21) and a high-salt environment, can contribute to immune activation in hypertension. The activated immune cells migrate to target organs such as arteries (especially the perivascular fat and adventitia), kidneys, the heart and the brain, where they release effector cytokines that elevate blood pressure and cause vascular remodelling, renal damage, cardiac hypertrophy, cognitive impairment and dementia. IL-17 secreted by CD4+ T helper 17 cells and γδ T cells, and interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor secreted by immunosenescent CD8+ T cells, exert crucial effector roles in hypertension, whereas IL-10 and regulatory T cells are protective. Effector mediators impair nitric oxide bioavailability, leading to endothelial dysfunction and increased vascular contractility. Inflammatory effector mediators also alter renal sodium and water balance and promote renal fibrosis. These mechanisms link hypertension with obesity, autoimmunity, periodontitis and COVID-19. A comprehensive understanding of the immune and inflammatory mechanisms of hypertension is crucial for safely and effectively translating the findings to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Guzik
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Department of Medicine and Omicron Medical Genomics Laboratory, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland.
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Africa-Europe Cluster of Research Excellence (CoRE) in Non-Communicable Diseases & Multimorbidity, African Research Universities Alliance ARUA & The Guild, Glasgow, UK
- School of Infection & Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Gibson Hughes TA, Dona MSI, Sobey CG, Pinto AR, Drummond GR, Vinh A, Jelinic M. Aortic Cellular Heterogeneity in Health and Disease: Novel Insights Into Aortic Diseases From Single-Cell RNA Transcriptomic Data Sets. Hypertension 2024; 81:738-751. [PMID: 38318714 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Aortic diseases such as atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, and aortic stiffening are significant complications that can have significant impact on end-stage cardiovascular disease. With limited pharmacological therapeutic strategies that target the structural changes in the aorta, surgical intervention remains the only option for some patients with these diseases. Although there have been significant contributions to our understanding of the cellular architecture of the diseased aorta, particularly in the context of atherosclerosis, furthering our insight into the cellular drivers of disease is required. The major cell types of the aorta are well defined; however, the advent of single-cell RNA sequencing provides unrivaled insights into the cellular heterogeneity of each aortic cell type and the inferred biological processes associated with each cell in health and disease. This review discusses previous concepts that have now been enhanced with recent advances made by single-cell RNA sequencing with a focus on aortic cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayla A Gibson Hughes
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia (T.A.G.H., C.G.S., A.R.P., G.R.D., A.V., M.J.)
| | - Malathi S I Dona
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.S.I.D., A.R.P.)
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia (T.A.G.H., C.G.S., A.R.P., G.R.D., A.V., M.J.)
| | - Alexander R Pinto
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia (T.A.G.H., C.G.S., A.R.P., G.R.D., A.V., M.J.)
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (M.S.I.D., A.R.P.)
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia (T.A.G.H., C.G.S., A.R.P., G.R.D., A.V., M.J.)
| | - Antony Vinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia (T.A.G.H., C.G.S., A.R.P., G.R.D., A.V., M.J.)
| | - Maria Jelinic
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia (T.A.G.H., C.G.S., A.R.P., G.R.D., A.V., M.J.)
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Zhang J, Tu Y, Wei J, Zheng R, Shao J, Chen Q, Liang G, Ying H, Han X, Shi Q. Dectin1 contributes to hypertensive vascular injury by promoting macrophage infiltration through activating the Syk/NF-κB pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166911. [PMID: 37813169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular injury is an early manifestation leading to end-organ damage in hypertension pathogenesis, which involves a macrophage-associated immune response. Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1 (Dectin1) is a pivotal player in regulating inflammation-mediated cardiovascular disease. However, its role in hypertension-induced vascular damage and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that Dectin1 might accelerate angiotensin II (Ang II)- or deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt (DOCA-salt)-induced vascular injury through proinflammatory actions in macrophages. Macrophage Dectin1 was upregulated in mouse aortic tissues stimulated with Ang II. In the peripheral blood, Ang II also increased CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages in mice. In our constructed Dectin1 knockout mice, Dectin1 deletion protected against Ang II-induced EB extravasation and aortic wall thickness. Deficiency of Dectin1 or its pharmacological inhibition considerably improved fibrosis and inflammation responses, accompanied by a reduction in M1 macrophage polarization as well as proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines induced by Ang II or DOCA-salt. Through the bone marrow (BM) transplantation assay, these effects were verified in the wild type mice reconstituted with Dectin1-deficient BM cells. Mechanistically, Ang II promoted Dectin1 homodimerization, thereby triggering the spleen tyrosine kinase/nuclear factor kappa B pro-inflammatory cascade to induce the expression of inflammatory factors and chemokines in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, Dectin1 has an essential role in the pathogenic procedure of Ang II-stimulated or DOCA-salt-induced vascular damage in mice and represents a promising therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yu Tu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Jiajia Wei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Ruyi Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Ji Shao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of TCM Clinical Pharmacy, Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen 518101, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Huazhong Ying
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Xue Han
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Qiaojuan Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals and Safety Research, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Zhejiang TCM Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Translational Research of Natural Products, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China; Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China.
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Smart CD, Fehrenbach DJ, Wassenaar JW, Agrawal V, Fortune NL, Dixon DD, Cottam MA, Hasty AH, Hemnes AR, Doran AC, Gupta DK, Madhur MS. Immune profiling of murine cardiac leukocytes identifies triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 as a novel mediator of hypertensive heart failure. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:2312-2328. [PMID: 37314125 PMCID: PMC10597637 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by diastolic dysfunction, microvascular dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis with recent evidence implicating the immune system in orchestrating cardiac remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show the mouse model of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension induces key elements of HFpEF, including diastolic dysfunction, exercise intolerance, and pulmonary congestion in the setting of preserved ejection fraction. A modified single-cell sequencing approach, cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing, of cardiac immune cells reveals an altered abundance and transcriptional signature in multiple cell types, most notably cardiac macrophages. The DOCA-salt model results in differential expression of several known and novel genes in cardiac macrophages, including up-regulation of Trem2, which has been recently implicated in obesity and atherosclerosis. The role of Trem2 in hypertensive heart failure, however, is unknown. We found that mice with genetic deletion of Trem2 exhibit increased cardiac hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, renal injury, and decreased cardiac capillary density after DOCA-salt treatment compared to wild-type controls. Moreover, Trem2-deficient macrophages have impaired expression of pro-angiogenic gene programmes and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we found that plasma levels of soluble TREM2 are elevated in DOCA-salt treated mice and humans with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data provide an atlas of immunological alterations that can lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HFpEF. We provide our dataset in an easy to explore and freely accessible web application making it a useful resource for the community. Finally, our results suggest a novel cardioprotective role for Trem2 in hypertensive heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Duncan Smart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 2215 Garland Avenue, P415D MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jean W Wassenaar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 1311 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vineet Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 1311 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Niki L Fortune
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Debra D Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 1311 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matthew A Cottam
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Anna R Hemnes
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda C Doran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 1311 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Medical Center North A-5121, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Deepak K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 1311 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Meena S Madhur
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, 2201 West End Ave, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 2215 Garland Avenue, P415D MRB IV, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), 1311 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Medical Center North A-5121, 1161 21st Ave South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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5
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Smart CD, Madhur MS. The immunology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1225-1247. [PMID: 37606086 PMCID: PMC10959189 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) now accounts for the majority of new heart failure diagnoses and continues to increase in prevalence in the United States. Importantly, HFpEF is a highly morbid, heterogeneous syndrome lacking effective therapies. Inflammation has emerged as a potential contributor to the pathogenesis of HFpEF. Many of the risk factors for HFpEF are also associated with chronic inflammation, such as obesity, hypertension, aging, and renal dysfunction. A large amount of preclinical evidence suggests that immune cells and their associated cytokines play important roles in mediating fibrosis, oxidative stress, metabolic derangements, and endothelial dysfunction, all potentially important processes in HFpEF. How inflammation contributes to HFpEF pathogenesis, however, remains poorly understood. Recently, a variety of preclinical models have emerged which may yield much needed insights into the causal relationships between risk factors and the development of HFpEF, including the role of specific immune cell subsets or inflammatory pathways. Here, we review evidence in animal models and humans implicating inflammation as a mediator of HFpEF and identify gaps in knowledge requiring further study. As the understanding between inflammation and HFpEF evolves, it is hoped that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying immune cell activation in HFpEF can open up new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Duncan Smart
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics,
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics,
Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology,
Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and
Inflammation, Nashville, TN, U.S.A
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6
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Gao Y, Liu B, Guo X, Nie J, Zou H, Wen S, Yu W, Liang H. Interferon regulatory factor 4 deletion protects against kidney inflammation and fibrosis in deoxycorticosterone acetate/salt hypertension. J Hypertens 2023; 41:794-810. [PMID: 36883469 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and renal interstitial fibrosis are the main pathological features of hypertensive nephropathy. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) has an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. However, its role in hypertension-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis remains unexplored. METHOD AND RESULTS We showed that deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt resulted in an elevation of blood pressure and that there was no difference between wild-type and IRF-4 knockout mice. IRF-4 -/- mice presented less severe renal dysfunction, albuminuria, and fibrotic response after DOCA-salt stress compared with wild-type mice. Loss of IRF-4 inhibited extracellular matrix protein deposition and suppressed fibroblasts activation in the kidneys of mice subjected to DOCA-salt treatment. IRF-4 disruption impaired bone marrow-derived fibroblasts activation and macrophages to myofibroblasts transition in the kidneys in response to DOCA-salt treatment. IRF-4 deletion impeded the infiltration of inflammatory cells and decreased the production of proinflammatory molecules in injured kidneys. IRF-4 deficiency activated phosphatase and tensin homolog and weakened phosphoinositide-3 kinase/AKT signaling pathway in vivo or in vitro . In cultured monocytes, TGFβ1 also induced expression of fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin and stimulated the transition of macrophages to myofibroblasts, which was blocked in the absence of IRF-4. Finally, macrophages depletion blunted macrophages to myofibroblasts transition, inhibited myofibroblasts accumulation, and ameliorated kidney injury and fibrosis. CONCLUSION Collectively, IRF-4 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of kidney inflammation and fibrosis in DOCA-salt hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | - Benquan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | | | - Jiayi Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | - Hao Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Foshan Women and Children Hospital
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Women and Children Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan
| | - Shihong Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan
| | - Hua Liang
- Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Foshan Women and Children Hospital
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Foshan Women and Children Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan
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Nguyen TV, Yamanaka K, Tomita K, Zubcevic J, Gouraud SSS, Waki H. Impact of exercise on brain-bone marrow interactions in chronic stress: potential mechanisms preventing stress-induced hypertension. Physiol Genomics 2023; 55:222-234. [PMID: 36939204 PMCID: PMC10151049 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00168.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of chronic restraint stress and the counteractive effects of daily exercise on the molecular basis of the brain-bone marrow (BM) interactions, by especially focusing on the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Male Wistar rats were assigned into control, restraint stress, and stress + daily spontaneous exercise (SE) groups. BM and hypothalamic gene expression profiles were examined through the undertaking of RT-PCR and microarrays, respectively. The inflammatory blood cell population was investigated through flow cytometry. Through the use of immunohistochemistry, we examined the presence of BM-derived C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-expressing microglial cells in the rat PVN. The gene expression levels of BM inflammatory factors such as those of interleukin 1 beta and CCR2, and the inflammatory blood cell population were found to be significantly higher in both restrained groups compared with control group. Interestingly, chronic restraint stress alone activated the recruitment of BM-derived CCR2-expressing microglial cells into the PVN, whereas daily spontaneous exercise prevented it. A notable finding was that restraint stress upregulated relative gene expression of hypothalamic matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), which increases the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and that exercise managed to normalize it. Moreover, relative expression of some hypothalamic genes directly involved in the facilitation of cell migration was downregulated by daily exercise. Our findings suggest that daily spontaneous exercise can reduce the numbers of BM-derived CCR2-expressing microglial cells into the PVN through the prevention of stress-induced changes in the hypothalamic gene expression.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chronic restraint stress can upregulate MMP3 gene expression in the rat hypothalamus, whereas daily spontaneous exercise can prevent this stress-induced effect. Stress-induced BM-derived inflammatory cell recruitment into the rat PVN can be prevented by daily spontaneous exercise. Stress-induced increase of hypothalamic MMP3 gene expression may be responsible for BBB injury, thereby allowing for BM-derived inflammatory cells to be recruited and to accumulate in the rat PVN, and to be subsequently involved in the onset of stress-induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Van Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Military Occupational Medicine, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ko Yamanaka
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tomita
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jasenka Zubcevic
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Sabine S S Gouraud
- College of Liberal Arts, International Christian University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidefumi Waki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, Japan
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8
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Josloff K, Beiriger J, Khan A, Gawel RJ, Kirby RS, Kendrick AD, Rao AK, Wang RX, Schafer MM, Pearce ME, Chauhan K, Shah YB, Marhefka GD, Halegoua-DeMarzio D. Comprehensive Review of Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:419. [PMID: 36547416 PMCID: PMC9786069 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9120419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a growing global phenomenon, and its damaging effects in terms of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are becoming more apparent. NAFLD is estimated to affect around one quarter of the world population and is often comorbid with other metabolic disorders including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we examine the current evidence describing the many ways that NAFLD itself increases CVD risk. We also discuss the emerging and complex biochemical relationship between NAFLD and its common comorbid conditions, and how they coalesce to increase CVD risk. With NAFLD's rising prevalence and deleterious effects on the cardiovascular system, a complete understanding of the disease must be undertaken, as well as effective strategies to prevent and treat its common comorbid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan Josloff
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jacob Beiriger
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adnan Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Richard J. Gawel
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Richard S. Kirby
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Aaron D. Kendrick
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Abhinav K. Rao
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Roy X. Wang
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michelle M. Schafer
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Margaret E. Pearce
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kashyap Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yash B. Shah
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Gregary D. Marhefka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Dina Halegoua-DeMarzio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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9
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Yang ZJ, Wang TT, Wang BY, Gao H, He CW, Shang HW, Lu X, Wang Y, Xu JD. Deeper insight into the role of IL-17 in the relationship beween hypertension and intestinal physiology. J Inflamm (Lond) 2022; 19:14. [PMID: 36195874 PMCID: PMC9530412 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-022-00311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the incidence of hypertension increasing worldwide, more and more the mechanisms of hypertension from the perspective of immunity have found. Intestinal microbiota as well as its metabolites relationship with hypertension has attracted great attention from both clinicians and investigators. However, the associations of hypertension with lesions of a large number of immune factors including IL-17, MCP-1, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-10 and others have not been fully characterized. In this review, after introducing the immune factors as the most potent anti/pro-hypertension agents known, we provide detailed descriptions of the IL-17 involved in the pathology of hypertension, pointing out the underlying mechanisms and suggesting the clinical indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Yang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XClinical Medicine of “5+3”program, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China ,grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Cardiology, Beijing An Zhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Ya Wang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XMorphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XMorphological Experiment Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.414373.60000 0004 1758 1243Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Andrade DO, Aguiar FL, Mansor ALP, Valente FM, Souza DRS, Lopes VDS, Fernandes LB, Godoy MF, Yugar-Toledo JC, Cosenso-Martin LN, Vilela-Martin JF. Inflammatory cytokines are associated to lower glomerular filtration rate in patients with hypertensive crisis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:969339. [PMID: 36247461 PMCID: PMC9559728 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.969339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHypertension and kidney function are closely related. However, there are few studies on renal function during acute elevation of blood pressure (BP), denominated hypertensive crisis (HC).ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between renal function and inflammatory cytokines in HC, subdivided into hypertensive urgency (HUrg) and emergency (HEmerg).Materials and methodsThis cross-sectional study was carried out in 74 normotensive (NT) and 74 controlled hypertensive individuals (ContrHT) followed up in outpatient care. Additionally, 78 subjects with hypertensive emergency (HEmerg) and 50 in hypertensive urgency (HUrg), attended in emergency room, were also evaluated. Hypertensive crisis was classified into HEmerg, defined by systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 180 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 120 mmHg in presence of target-organ damage (TOD), and HypUrg, clinical situation with BP elevation without TOD. The glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated, and cytokine levels were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney test and Spearman’s correlation, with significant differences p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe median age was 53.5 years in the NT group (52 female), 61 years in the ContrHT group (52 female), and 62.5 years in the HC group (63 female) (p-value < 0.0001). The median BP was 118.5/75 mmHg for NT, 113.5/71 for ContrHT, and 198.5/120 mmHg for HC, respectively (p-value < 0.0001 among groups). BP and heart rate levels were significantly higher in the HC group compared to the NT and ContrHT groups (P < 0.001 for all). The eGFR was significantly lower in HC group compared to the NT and ContrHT groups. The cytokine levels were higher in the HEmerg and HUrg groups compared to ContrHT group (P < 0.0001, except for IL-1β in HUrg vs. ContrHT), without difference between the acute elevation of BP groups. Thus, all cytokines were significantly elevated in patients with HC compared to the control groups (NT and ContrHT). There was a negative correlation between eGFR and the cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α) in the HC group.ConclusionElevated inflammatory cytokines are associated with reduced eGFR in individuals with HC compared to control groups, suggesting that the inflammatory process participates in the pathogenesis of acute elevations of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Days O. Andrade
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciana L. Aguiar
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza P. Mansor
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia M. Valente
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Doroteia R. S. Souza
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research Nucleus and Molecular Biology Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valquiria da Silva Lopes
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leticia B. Fernandes
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moacir F. Godoy
- Transdisciplinary Nucleus for the Study of Chaos and Complexity, de Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan C. Yugar-Toledo
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana N. Cosenso-Martin
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose F. Vilela-Martin
- Hypertension Clinical and Medicine Department, State Medical School at São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jose F. Vilela-Martin,
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11
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Chang TT, Chen C, Chen JW. CCL7 as a novel inflammatory mediator in cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:185. [PMID: 36109744 PMCID: PMC9479413 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractChemokines are key components in the pathology of chronic diseases. Chemokine CC motif ligand 7 (CCL7) is believed to be associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease. CCL7 may play a role in inflammatory events by attracting macrophages and monocytes to further amplify inflammatory processes and contribute to disease progression. However, CCL7-specific pathological signaling pathways need to be further confirmed in these chronic diseases. Given the multiple redundancy system among chemokines and their receptors, further experimental and clinical studies are needed to clarify whether direct CCL7 inhibition mechanisms could be a promising therapeutic approach to attenuating the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease.
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12
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Su S, Chen R, Zhang S, Shu H, Luo J. Immune system changes in those with hypertension when infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cell Immunol 2022; 378:104562. [PMID: 35901625 PMCID: PMC9183242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has become an evolving global health crisis. With an increasing incidence of primary hypertension, there is greater awareness of the relationship between primary hypertension and the immune system [including CD4+, CD8+ T cells, interleukin-17 (IL-17)/T regulatory cells (Treg) balance, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, B cells, and cytokines]. Hypertension is associated with an increased risk of various infections, post-infection complications, and increased mortality from severe infections. Despite ongoing reports on the epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19, no articles have systematically addressed the role of primary hypertension in COVID-19 or how COVID-19 affects hypertension or specific treatment in these high-risk groups. Here, we synthesize recent advances in understanding the relationship between primary hypertension and COVID-19 and its underlying mechanisms and provide specific treatment guidelines for these high-risk groups.
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13
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Rami AZA, Hamid AA, Anuar NNM, Aminuddin A, Ugusman A. Exploring the Relationship of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Development of Vascular Pathologies. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2734321. [PMID: 35177953 PMCID: PMC8846975 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2734321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially thought to only provide mechanical support for the underlying blood vessels, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has now emerged as a regulator of vascular function. A healthy PVAT exerts anticontractile and anti-inflammatory actions on the underlying vasculature via the release of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, nitric oxide, and omentin. However, dysfunctional PVAT produces more proinflammatory adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thus inducing an inflammatory response that contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the role of PVAT inflammation in the development of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and hypertension was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifah Zahirah Abd Rami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar
- Center for Toxicology & Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abd Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Hedayati-Moghadam M, Hosseinian S, Paseban M, Shabgah AG, Gholizadeh J, Jamialahmadi T, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. The Role of Chemokines in Cardiovascular Diseases and the Therapeutic Effect of Curcumin on CXCL8 and CCL2 as Pathological Chemokines in Atherosclerosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2021; 1328:155-70. [PMID: 34981477 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73234-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin, as a vegetative flavonoid, has a protective and therapeutic role in various adverse states such as oxidative stress and inflammation. Remedial properties of this component have been reported in the different chronic diseases including cancers (myeloma, pancreatic, breast, colorectal), vitiligo, psoriasis, neuropathic pains, inflammatory disorders (osteoarthritis, uveitis, ulcerative colitis, Alzheimer), cardiovascular conditions, and diabetes.Cardiovascular disorders include atherosclerosis and various manifestations of atherosclerosis such as stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of mortality globally. Studies have shown varying expressions of inflammatory and non-inflammatory chemokines and chemokine receptors in cardiovascular disease, which have been highlighted first in this review. The alteration in chemokines secretion and chemokine receptors has an essential role in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Chemokines as cytokines with low molecular weight (8-12 kDa) mediate white blood cell (WBC) chemotactic reactions, vascular cell migration, and proliferation that induce endothelial dysfunction, atherogenesis, and cardiac hypertrophy.Several studies reported that curcumin could be advantageous in the attenuation of cardiovascular diseases via anti-inflammatory effects and redress of chemokine secretion and chemokine receptors. We present these studies with a focus on two chemokines: CXCL8 (IL-8) and CCL2 (chemoattractant protein 1 or MCP-1). Future research will further elucidate the precise potential of curcumin on chemokines in the adjustment of cardiovascular system activity or curcumin chemokine-based therapies.
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15
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Dhande IS, Doris PA. Genomics and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:2433-2454. [PMID: 34570903 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cardiovascular diseases are associated with inflammatory responses within the blood vessels and end organs. The origin of this inflammation has not been certain, and neither is its relationship to disease clear. There is a need to determine whether this association is causal or coincidental to the processes leading to cardiovascular disease. These processes are themselves complex: many cardiovascular diseases arise in conjunction with the presence of sustained elevation of blood pressure. Inflammatory processes have been linked to hypertension, and causality has been suggested. Evidence of causality poses the difficult challenge of linking the integrated and multifaceted biology of blood pressure regulation with vascular function and complex elements of immune system function. These include both, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as interactions between the host immune system and the omnipresent microorganisms that are encountered in the environment and that colonize and exist in commensal relationship with the host. Progress has been made in this task and has drawn on experimental approaches in animals, much of which have focused on hypertension occurring with prolonged infusion of angiotensin II. These laboratory studies are complemented by studies that seek to inform disease mechanism by examining the genomic basis of heritable disease susceptibility in human populations. In this realm too, evidence has emerged that implicates genetic variation affecting immunity in disease pathogenesis. In this article, we survey the genetic and genomic evidence linking high blood pressure and its end-organ injuries to immune system function and examine evidence that genomic factors can influence disease risk. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-22, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha S Dhande
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter A Doris
- Center for Human Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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16
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Tourki B, Halade GV. Heart Failure Syndrome With Preserved Ejection Fraction Is a Metabolic Cluster of Non-resolving Inflammation in Obesity. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:695952. [PMID: 34409075 PMCID: PMC8367012 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.695952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is an emerging disease with signs of nonresolving inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and multiorgan defects. Moreover, based on the clinical signs and symptoms and the rise of the obesity epidemic, the number of patients developing HFpEF is increasing. From recent molecular and cellular studies, it becomes evident that HFpEF is not a single and homogenous disease but a cluster of heterogeneous pathophysiology with aging at the base of the pyramid. Obesity superimposed on aging drives the number of inflammatory pathways that intersect with metabolic dysfunction and suboptimal inflammation. Here, we compiled information on obesity-directed macrophage dysfunction that coincide with metabolic defects. Obesity-associated proinflammatory stimuli facilitates heart and interorgan inflammation in HFpEF. Furthermore, diversified mechanisms that drive heart failure urge the need of studying pervasive and unresolved inflammation in animal models to understand HFpEF. A broad and system-based approach will help to study major translational aspects of HFpEF, since no single animal model recapitulates all signs of differential HFpEF stages in the clinical setting. Here, we covered experimental models that target HFpEF and emphasized the advances observed with formyl peptide 2 (FPR2) receptor, a prime sensor that is important in inflammation-resolution signaling. Dysfunction of FPR2 led to the development of spontaneous obesity, impaired macrophage function, and triggered kidney fibrosis, providing evidence of multiorgan defects in HFpEF in an obesogenic aging experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochra Tourki
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ganesh V Halade
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Medicine, The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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17
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Xu X, Du L, Jiang J, Yang M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Tang T, Fu X, Hao J. Microglial TREM2 Mitigates Inflammatory Responses and Neuronal Apoptosis in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension in Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:716917. [PMID: 34489683 PMCID: PMC8417947 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.716917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that hypertension and aging are prominent risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) by inducement of neuroinflammation. Recent study showed that neuroinflammation via activated microglia induces reactive astrocytes, termed A1 astrocytes, that highly upregulate numerous classical complement cascade genes that are destructive to neurons in neurodegeneration diseases. Moreover, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is considered as one of the strongest single-allele genetic risk factors and plays important roles in neuroinflammation for LOAD. However, the mechanisms of microglia in the regulation of A1 astrocytic activation are still not clear. We introduced angiotensin II-induced hypertension in middle-aged mice and found that hypertension-upregulated TREM2 expression and A1 astrocytic activation were involved in neuroinflammation in the animal models used in this study. The in vitro results revealed that overexpression of microglial TREM2 not only mitigated microglial inflammatory response but also had salutary effects on reverse A1 astrocytic activation and neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lin Du
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiong Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yingge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tieyu Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuetao Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiukuan Hao
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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18
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Jung R, Wild J, Ringen J, Karbach S, Wenzel P. Innate Immune Mechanisms of Arterial Hypertension and Autoimmune Disease. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:143-153. [PMID: 32930786 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is indispensable in the development of vascular dysfunction and hypertension. The interplay between immune cells and the vasculature, kidneys, heart, and blood pressure regulating nuclei in the central nervous system results in a complex and closely interwoven relationship of the immune system with arterial hypertension. A better understanding of this interplay is necessary for optimized and individualized antihypertensive therapy. Our review article focuses on innate cells in hypertension and to what extent they impact on development and preservation of elevated blood pressure. Moreover, we address the association of hypertension with chronic autoimmune diseases. The latter are ideally suited to learn about immune-mediated mechanisms in cardiovascular disease leading to high blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jung
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Wild
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia Ringen
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Karbach
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Germany
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Rhine-Main, Germany
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19
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Gao H, Bigalke J, Jiang E, Fan Y, Chen B, Chen QH, Shan Z. TNFα Triggers an Augmented Inflammatory Response in Brain Neurons from Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats Compared with Normal Sprague Dawley Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1787-1800. [PMID: 33625627 PMCID: PMC8382783 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α is a proinflammatory cytokine (PIC) and has been implicated in a variety of illness including cardiovascular disease. The current study investigated the inflammatory response trigged by TNFα in both cultured brain neurons and the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), a key cardiovascular relevant brain area, of the Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Our results demonstrated that TNFα treatment induces a dose- and time-dependent increase in mRNA expression of PICs including Interleukin (IL)-1β and Interleukin-6 (IL6); chemokines including C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) and C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 12 (CCL12), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as transcription factor NF-kB in cultured brain neurons from neonatal SD rats. Consistent with this finding, immunostaining shows that TNFα treatment increases immunoreactivity of IL1β, CCL5, iNOS and stimulates activation or expression of NF-kB, in both cultured brain neurons and the PVN of adult SD rats. We further compared mRNA expression of the aforementioned genes in basal level as well as in response to TNFα challenge between SD rats and Dahl Salt-sensitive (Dahl-S) rats, an animal model of salt-sensitive hypertension. Dahl-S brain neurons presented higher baseline levels as well as greater response to TNFα challenge in mRNA expression of CCL5, iNOS and IL1β. Furthermore, central administration of TNFα caused significant higher response in CCL12 in the PVN of Dahl-S rats. The increased inflammatory response to TNFα in Dahl-S rats may be indicative of an underlying mechanism for enhanced pressor reactivity to salt intake in the Dahl-S rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjia Gao
- Department of Kinesiology & Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.,The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou, University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jeremy Bigalke
- Department of Kinesiology & Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Enshe Jiang
- Department of Kinesiology & Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.,Institute of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Department of Kinesiology & Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Bojun Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hui Chen
- Department of Kinesiology & Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Zhiying Shan
- Department of Kinesiology & Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA. .,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.
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20
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Mattson DL, Dasinger JH, Abais-Battad JM. Amplification of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Kidney Damage by Immune Mechanisms. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:3-14. [PMID: 32725162 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans with salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension demonstrate increased morbidity, increased mortality, and renal end-organ damage when compared with normotensive subjects or those with salt-resistant hypertension. Increasing evidence indicates that immune mechanisms play an important role in the full development of SS hypertension and associated renal damage. Recent experimental advances and studies in animal models have permitted a greater understanding of the mechanisms of activation and action of immunity in this disease process. Evidence favors a role of both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms that are triggered by initial, immune-independent alterations in blood pressure, sympathetic activity, or tissue damage. Activation of immunity, which can be enhanced by a high-salt intake or by alterations in other components of the diet, leads to the release of cytokines, free radicals, or other factors that amplify renal damage and hypertension and mediate malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Justine M Abais-Battad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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21
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Ferreira NS, Tostes RC, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Aldosterone, Inflammation, Immune System, and Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:15-27. [PMID: 32820797 PMCID: PMC7891246 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone that controls body fluid and electrolyte balance. Excess aldosterone is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Inflammation plays a critical role on vascular damage promoted by aldosterone and aggravates vascular abnormalities, including endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodeling, fibrosis and oxidative stress, and other manifestations of end-organ damage that are associated with hypertension, other forms of cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome. Over the past few years, many studies have consistently shown that aldosterone activates cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Macrophages and T cells accumulate in the kidneys, heart, and vasculature in response to aldosterone, and infiltration of immune cells contributes to end-organ damage in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Aldosterone activates various subsets of innate immune cells such as dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, as well as adaptive immune cells such as T lymphocytes, and, by activation of mineralocorticoid receptors stimulates proinflammatory transcription factors and the production of adhesion molecules and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This review will briefly highlight some of the studies on the involvement of aldosterone in activation of innate and adaptive immune cells and its impact on the cardiovascular system. Since aldosterone plays a key role in many cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, these data will open up promising perspectives for the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of diseases associated with increased levels of aldosterone, such as arterial hypertension, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanne S Ferreira
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pierre Paradis
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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22
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Chen Z, Zhang H, Bai Y, Cui C, Li S, Wang W, Deng Y, Gao Q, Wang L, Qi W, Zhang L, Yang Y, Geng B, Cai J. Single cell transcriptomic analysis identifies novel vascular smooth muscle subsets under high hydrostatic pressure. Sci China Life Sci 2021. [PMID: 33486587 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although some co-risk factors and hemodynamic alterations are involved in hypertension progression, their direct biomechanical effects are unclear. Here, we constructed a high-hydrostatic-pressure cell-culture system to imitate constant hypertension and identified novel molecular classifications of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) by single-cell transcriptome analysis. Under 100-mmHg (analogous to healthy human blood pressure) or 200-mmHg (analogous to hypertension) hydrostatic pressure for 48 h, HASMCs showed six distinct vascular SMC (VSMC) clusters according to differential gene expression and gene ontology enrichment analysis. Especially, two novel HASMC subsets were identified, named the inflammatory subset, with CXCL2, CXCL3 and CCL2 as markers, and the endothelial-function inhibitory subset, with AKR1C2, AKR1C3, SERPINF1 as markers. The inflammatory subset promoted CXCL2&3 and CCL2 chemokine expression and secretion, triggering monocyte migration; the endothelial-function inhibitory subset secreted SERPINF1 and accelerated prostaglandin F2α generation to inhibit angiogenesis. The expression of the two VSMC subsets was greatly increased in arterial media from patients with hypertension and experimental animal models of hypertension. Collectively, we identified high hydrostatic pressure directly driving VSMCs into two new subsets, promoting or exacerbating endothelial dysfunction, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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23
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Chen Y, Qin Z, Wang Y, Li X, Zheng Y, Liu Y. Role of Inflammation in Vascular Disease-Related Perivascular Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:710842. [PMID: 34456867 PMCID: PMC8385491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.710842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is the connective tissue around most blood vessels throughout the body. It provides mechanical support and maintains vascular homeostasis in a paracrine/endocrine manner. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has anti-inflammatory effects, improves free fatty acid metabolism, and regulates vasodilation. In pathological conditions, PVAT is dysfunctional, secretes many anti-vasodilator factors, and participates in vascular inflammation through various cells and mediators; thus, it causes dysfunction involving vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. Inflammation is an important pathophysiological event in many vascular diseases, such as vascular aging, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Therefore, the pro-inflammatory crosstalk between PVAT and blood vessels may comprise a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases. In this review, we summarize findings concerning PVAT function and inflammation in different pathophysiological backgrounds, focusing on the secretory functions of PVAT and the crosstalk between PVAT and vascular inflammation in terms of vascular aging, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and other diseases. We also discuss anti-inflammatory treatment for potential vascular diseases involving PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhi Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zeyu Qin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaqiong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yunxia Liu, ; Yang Zheng,
| | - Yunxia Liu
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yunxia Liu, ; Yang Zheng,
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24
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Wang J, Polaki V, Chen S, Bihl JC. Exercise Improves Endothelial Function Associated with Alleviated Inflammation and Oxidative Stress of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:8830537. [PMID: 33425218 PMCID: PMC7781720 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8830537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), a type of adipose tissue that surrounds the blood vessels, has been considered an active component of the blood vessel walls and involved in vascular homeostasis. Recent evidence shows that increased inflammation and oxidative stress in PVAT contribute to endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Exercise is an important nonpharmacological approach for vascular diseases. However, there is limited information regarding whether the beneficial effects of exercise on vascular function is related to the PVAT status. In this study, we investigated whether exercise can decrease oxidative stress and inflammation of PVAT and promote the improvement of endothelial function in a T2D mouse model. Diabetic db/db (5-week old) mice performed treadmill exercise (10 m/min) or keep sedentary for 8 weeks. Body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, glucose, and insulin tolerance were determined. The cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-a) and adiponectin levels, macrophage polarization and adipocyte type in PVAT, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide (NO) expression in the vascular wall were evaluated. The adhesion ability of primary aorta endothelial cells was analyzed. Our data showed that (1) diabetic db/db mice had increased body weight and fasting blood glucose level, compromised glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity, which were decreased/improved by exercise intervention. (2) Exercise intervention increased the percentage of multilocular brown adipocytes, promoted M1 to M2 macrophage polarization, associating with an increase of adiponectin and IL-10 levels and decrease of IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-a levels in PVAT. (3) Exercise decreased superoxide production in PVAT and the vascular wall of diabetic mice, accompanied with increased NO level. (4) The adhesion ability of aorta endothelial cells to leukocytes was decreased in exercised db/db mice, accompanied by decreased intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expressions. Of interesting, coculture with PVAT-culture medium from exercised db/db mice could also reduce ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expressions in primary endothelial cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that exercise improved endothelial function by attenuating the inflammation and oxidative stress in PVAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Venkata Polaki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Ji C. Bihl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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25
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Mikolajczyk TP, Szczepaniak P, Vidler F, Maffia P, Graham GJ, Guzik TJ. Role of inflammatory chemokines in hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 223:107799. [PMID: 33359600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is associated with immune cells activation and their migration into the kidney, vasculature, heart and brain. These inflammatory mechanisms are critical for blood pressure regulation and mediate target organ damage, creating unique novel targets for pharmacological modulation. In response to angiotensin II and other pro-hypertensive stimuli, the expression of several inflammatory chemokines and their receptors is increased in the target organs, mediating homing of immune cells. In this review, we summarize the contribution of key inflammatory chemokines and their receptors to increased accumulation of immune cells in target organs and effects on vascular dysfunction, remodeling, oxidative stress and fibrosis, all of which contribute to blood pressure elevation. In particular, the role of CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL16, CXCL1, CX3CL1, XCL1 and their receptors in the context of hypertension is discussed. Recent studies have tested the efficacy of pharmacological or genetic targeting of chemokines and their receptors on the development of hypertension. Promising results indicate that some of these pathways may serve as future therapeutic targets to improve blood pressure control and prevent target organ consequences including kidney failure, heart failure, atherosclerosis or cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Piotr Szczepaniak
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Francesca Vidler
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerard J Graham
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; BHF Centre for Excellence Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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26
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Abstract
The increase of Angiontesin-II (Ang-II), one of the key peptides of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and its binding to the Ang-II type 1 receptor (AT1R) during hypertension is a crucial mechanism leading to AD\AM17 activation. Among the reported membrane anchored proteins cleaved by ADAM17, immunological cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, IL-6, FKN) are the major class of substrates, modulation of which triggers inflammation. The rise in ADAM17 levels has both central and peripheral implications in inflammation-mediated hypertension. This narrative review provides an overview of the role of ADAM17, with a special focus on its cellular regulation on neuronal and peripheral inflammation-mediated hypertension. Finally, it highlights the importance of ADAM17 with regards to the biology of inflammatory cytokines and their roles in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyago M. de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco - UFPE, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Navya Lakkappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Cardiovascular Center of Excellence, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States
- Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, United States
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27
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Alsheikh AJ, Dasinger JH, Abais-Battad JM, Fehrenbach DJ, Yang C, Cowley AW, Mattson DL. CCL2 mediates early renal leukocyte infiltration during salt-sensitive hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F982-F993. [PMID: 32150444 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00521.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies examining mechanisms of Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension have implicated the infiltration of leukocytes in the kidneys, which contribute to renal disease and elevated blood pressure. However, the signaling pathways by which leukocytes traffic to the kidneys remain poorly understood. The present study nominated a signaling pathway by analyzing a kidney RNA sequencing data set from SS rats fed either a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) diet or a high-salt (4.0% NaCl) diet. From this analysis, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) were nominated as a potential pathway modifying renal leukocyte infiltration and contributing to SS hypertension. The functional role of the CCL2/CCR2 pathway was tested by daily administration of CCR2 antagonist (RS-102895 at 5 mg·kg-1·day-1 in DMSO) or DMSO vehicle for 3 or 21 days by intraperitoneal injections during the high salt challenge. Blood pressure, renal leukocyte infiltration, and renal damage were evaluated. The results demonstrated that RS-102895 treatment ameliorated renal damage (urinary albumin excretion; 43.4 ± 5.1 vs. 114.7 ± 15.2 mg/day in vehicle, P < 0.001) and hypertension (144.3 ± 2.2 vs. 158.9 ± 4.8 mmHg in vehicle, P < 0.001) after 21 days of high-salt diet. It was determined that renal leukocyte infiltration was blunted by day 3 of the high-salt diet (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 1.9 ± 0.2 in vehicle × 106 CD45+ cells/kidney, P = 0.034). An in vitro chemotaxis assay validated the effect of RS-102895 on leukocyte chemotaxis toward CCL2. The results suggest that increased CCL2 in SS kidneys is important in the early recruitment of leukocytes, and blockade of this recruitment by administering RS-102895 subsequently blunted the renal damage and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar J Alsheikh
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - John Henry Dasinger
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Justine M Abais-Battad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Daniel J Fehrenbach
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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28
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Abstract
Hypertension affects 30% of adults and is the leading risk factor for heart attack and stroke. Traditionally, hypertension has been regarded as a disorder of two systems that are involved in the regulation of salt-water balance and cardiovascular function: the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). However, current treatments that aim to limit the influence of the RAAS or SNS on blood pressure fail in ~40% of cases, which suggests that other mechanisms must be involved. This Review summarizes the clinical and experimental evidence supporting a contribution of immune mechanisms to the development of hypertension. In this context, we highlight the immune cell subsets that are postulated to either promote or protect against hypertension through modulation of cardiac output and/or peripheral vascular resistance. We conclude with an appraisal of knowledge gaps still to be addressed before immunomodulatory therapies might be applied to at least a subset of patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Antony Vinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland.,BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Wenstedt EFE, Olde Engberink RH, Rorije NMG, van den Born BH, Claessen N, Aten J, Vogt L. Salt-sensitive blood pressure rise in type 1 diabetes patients is accompanied by disturbed skin macrophage influx and lymphatic dilation-a proof-of-concept study. Transl Res 2020; 217:23-32. [PMID: 31883728 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes patients are more prone to have hypertension than healthy individuals, possibly mediated by increased blood pressure (BP) sensitivity to high salt intake. The classical concept proposes that the kidney is central in salt-mediated BP rises, by insufficient renal sodium excretion leading to extracellular fluid volume expansion. Recent animal-derived findings, however, propose a causal role for disturbance of macrophage-mediated lymphangiogenesis. Its relevance for humans, specifically type 1 diabetes patients, is unknown. The present study aimed to assess responses of type 1 diabetes patients to a dietary salt load with regard to BP, extracellular fluid volume (using precise iohexol measurements), and CD163+ macrophage and lymphatic capillary density in skin biopsies. Also, macrophage expression of HLA-DR (a proinflammatory marker) and CD206 (an anti-inflammatory marker) was assessed. Type 1 diabetes patients (n = 8) showed a salt-sensitive BP increase without extracellular fluid volume expansion. Whereas healthy controls (n = 12), who had no BP increase, showed increased skin CD163+ and HLA-DR+ macrophages and dilation of lymphatic skin vasculature after the dietary salt load, these changes were absent (and in case of HLA-DR more heterogenic) in type 1 diabetes patients. In conclusion, we show that salt sensitivity in type 1 diabetes patients cannot be explained by the classical concept of extracellular fluid volume expansion. Rather, we open up a potential role for macrophages and the lymphatic system. Future studies on hypertension and diabetes need to scrutinize these phenomena.
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30
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Jafarnejad S, Mirzaei H, Clark CCT, Taghizadeh M, Ebrahimzadeh A. The hypotensive effect of salt substitutes in stage 2 hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:98. [PMID: 32106813 PMCID: PMC7047420 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension (HTN) is a ubiquitous risk factor for numerous non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular disease and stroke. There are currently no wholly effective pharmacological therapies for subjects with HTN. However, salt substitutes have emerged as a potential therapy for the treatment of HTN. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of salt substitutes on reducing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), following a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods Studies were found via systematic searches of the Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Ovid, Google Scholar and Cochrane library. Ten studies, comprised of 11 trials and 1119 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. Results Pooled weighted mean differences showed significant reductions of SBP (WMD − 8.87 mmHg; 95% CI − 11.19, − 6.55, p < 0.001) and DBP (WMD − 4.04 mmHg; 95% CI − 5.70, − 2.39) with no statistically significant heterogeneity between the 11 included comparisons of SBPs and DBPs. The stratified analysis of trials based on the mean age of participants showed a significant reduction in the mean difference of SBP in both adults (< 65 years old) and elderly (≥65 years old). However, the DBP-lowering effect of salt substitutes was only observed in adult patients (WMD − 4.22 mmHg; 95% CI − 7.85, − 0.58), but not in the elderly subjects. Conclusions These findings suggest that salt-substitution strategies could be used for lowering SBP and DBP in patients with stage 2 HTN; providing a nutritional platform for the treatment, amelioration, and prevention of HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Jafarnejad
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan, University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan, University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan, University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran
| | - Armin Ebrahimzadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan, University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran
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31
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Abstract
Hypertension, a multifactorial disorder resulting from the interplay between genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors, affects ≈30% of adults. Emerging evidence has shown that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), as an underestimated metabolic abnormality, is strongly associated with an increased risk of incident prehypertension and hypertension. However, the role of NAFLD in the development of hypertension is still obscure and is highly overlooked by the general public. Herein, we highlight the epidemiological evidence and putative mechanisms focusing on the emerging roles of NAFLD in hypertension, with the purpose of reinforcing the notion that NAFLD may serve as an independent risk factor and an important driving force in the development and progression of hypertension. Finally, we also briefly summarize the current potential treatments for NAFLD that might also be beneficial approaches against hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ci Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z., G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z.,G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z., G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z.,G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
| | - Ze Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z., G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z.,G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z., G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z.,G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Basic Medical School (Z.-G.S., H.L.), Wuhan University, P.R. China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine (Z.-G.S.), Wuhan University, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z., G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China (J.C.)
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z.,G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z., G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, P.R. China (Y.-C.Z.,G.-J.Z., Z.C., Z.-G.S., J.C., H.L.)
- Basic Medical School (Z.-G.S., H.L.), Wuhan University, P.R. China
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32
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Abstract
For more than 50 years, evidence has accumulated that inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Immune cells have been observed in vessels and kidneys of hypertensive humans. Biomarkers of inflammation, including high sensitivity C-reactive protein, various cytokines, and products of the complement pathway are elevated in humans with hypertension. Emerging evidence suggests that hypertension is accompanied and indeed initiated by activation of complement, the inflammasome, and by a change in the phenotype of circulating immune cells, particularly myeloid cells. High-dimensional transcriptomic analyses are providing insight into new subclasses of immune cells that are likely injurious in hypertension. These inflammatory events are interdependent and there is ultimately engagement of the adaptive immune system through mechanisms involving oxidative stress, modification of endogenous proteins, and alterations in antigen processing and presentation. These observations suggest new therapeutic opportunities to reduce end organ damage in hypertension might be used and guided by levels of inflammatory biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xiao
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - David G Harrison
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology, and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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33
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Foulquier S. Brain perivascular macrophages: connecting inflammation to autonomic activity in hypertension. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:148-50. [PMID: 31745290 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Wenstedt EF, Verberk SG, Kroon J, Neele AE, Baardman J, Claessen N, Pasaoglu ÖT, Rademaker E, Schrooten EM, Wouda RD, de Winther MP, Aten J, Vogt L, Van den Bossche J. Salt increases monocyte CCR2 expression and inflammatory responses in humans. JCI Insight 2019; 4:130508. [PMID: 31672939 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.130508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation may play a role in the link between high salt intake and its deleterious consequences. However, it is unknown whether salt can induce proinflammatory priming of monocytes and macrophages in humans. We investigated the effects of salt on monocytes and macrophages in vitro and in vivo by performing a randomized crossover trial in which 11 healthy human subjects adhered to a 2-week low-salt and high-salt diet. We demonstrate that salt increases monocyte expression of CCR2, a chemokine receptor that mediates monocyte infiltration in inflammatory diseases. In line with this, we show a salt-induced increase of plasma MCP-1, transendothelial migration of monocytes, and skin macrophage density after high-salt diet. Macrophages demonstrate signs of an increased proinflammatory phenotype after salt exposure, as represented by boosted LPS-induced cytokine secretion of IL-6, TNF, and IL-10 in vitro, and by increased HLA-DR expression and decreased CD206 expression on skin macrophages after high-salt diet. Taken together, our data open up the possibility for inflammatory monocyte and macrophage responses as potential contributors to the deleterious effects of high salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Fe Wenstedt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Gs Verberk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Kroon
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annette E Neele
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Section of Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Baardman
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Section of Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nike Claessen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Özge T Pasaoglu
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emma Rademaker
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esmee M Schrooten
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rosa D Wouda
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Menno Pj de Winther
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Section of Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Aten
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liffert Vogt
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Van den Bossche
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Section of Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Tan X, Hu L, Shu Z, Chen L, Li X, Du M, Sun D, Mao X, Deng S, Huang K, Zhang F. Role of CCR2 in the Development of Streptozotocin-Treated Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Diabetes 2019; 68:2063-2073. [PMID: 31439648 PMCID: PMC6804626 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CCR2 has been proven to play an important role in diabetes. However, the role of CCR2 in diabetic cardiomyopathy has not been examined. In this study, we investigated the effects of cardiac CCR2 on diabetic cardiomyopathy. We created a model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy. Expression of CCR2 was upregulated in the hearts of STZ-induced diabetic mice. CCR2 knockout significantly improved STZ-induced cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis. Moreover, deletion of CCR2 inhibited STZ-induced apoptosis and the production of STZ-induced reactive oxygen species in the heart. CCR2 knockout resulted in M2 polarization in hearts of STZ-treated mice. Treatment with a CCR2 inhibitor reversed hyperglycemia-induced cardiac dysfunction in db/db mice. These results suggest that CCR2-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in the heart are involved in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and that CCR2 could be a novel target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiping Shu
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Long Chen
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangrao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Du
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Mao
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Deng
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhang
- Clinical Center for Human Genomic Research, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Tesch GH, Pullen N, Jesson MI, Schlerman FJ, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Combined inhibition of CCR2 and ACE provides added protection against progression of diabetic nephropathy in Nos3-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1439-F1449. [PMID: 31566438 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00340.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-mediated renal injury promotes the development of diabetic nephropathy. Blockade of chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) inhibits kidney macrophage accumulation and early glomerular damage in diabetic animals. This study tested early and late interventions with a CCR2 antagonist (CCR2A) in a model of progressive diabetic glomerulosclerosis and determined whether CCR2A provides added benefit over conventional treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi). Diabetes was induced in hypertensive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Nos3)-deficient mice by administration of five low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) injections daily. Groups of diabetic Nos3-/- mice received a CCR2A (30 mg·kg-1·day-1 PF-04634817 in chow) as an early intervention (weeks 2-15 after STZ). The late intervention (weeks 8-15 after STZ) involved PF-04634817 alone, ACEi (captopril in water 10 mg·kg-1·day-1) alone, or combined ACEi + CCR2A. Control diabetic and nondiabetic Nos3-/- mice received normal chow and water. Early intervention with a CCR2A inhibited kidney inflammation and glomerulosclerosis, albuminuria, podocyte loss, and renal function impairment but not hypertension in diabetic Nos3-/- mice. Late intervention with a CCR2A also inhibited kidney inflammation, glomerulosclerosis, and renal dysfunction but did not affect albuminuria. ACEi alone suppressed hypertension and albuminuria and partially reduced podocyte loss and glomerulosclerosis but did not affect renal dysfunction. Compared with ACEi alone, the combined late intervention with ACEi + CCR2A provided better protection against kidney damage (inflammation, glomerulosclerosis, and renal function impairment) but not albuminuria. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that combining CCR2A and ACEi provides broader and superior renal protection than ACEi alone in a model of established diabetic glomerulosclerosis with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Tesch
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nick Pullen
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - David J Nikolic-Paterson
- Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Elsaafien K, Korim WS, Setiadi A, May CN, Yao ST. Chemoattraction and Recruitment of Activated Immune Cells, Central Autonomic Control, and Blood Pressure Regulation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31427987 PMCID: PMC6688384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators play a critical role in the regulation of sympathetic outflow to cardiovascular organs in hypertension. Emerging evidence highlights the involvement of immune cells in the regulation of blood pressure. However, it is still unclear how these immune cells are activated and recruited to key autonomic brain regions to regulate sympathetic outflow to cardiovascular organs. Chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), are upregulated both peripherally and centrally in hypertension. More specifically, they are upregulated in key autonomic brain regions that control sympathetic activity and blood pressure such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Furthermore, this upregulation of inflammatory mediators is associated with the infiltration of immune cells to these brain areas. Thus, expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines is a potential mechanism promoting invasion of immune cells into key autonomic brain regions. In pathophysiological conditions, this can result in abnormal activation of brain circuits that control sympathetic nerve activity to cardiovascular organs and ultimately in increases in blood pressure. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence that helps explain how immune cells are chemoattracted to autonomic nuclei and contribute to changes in sympathetic outflow and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Elsaafien
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Willian S. Korim
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony Setiadi
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Clive N. May
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Song T. Yao
- Discovery Science, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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38
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Chen XJ, Deng YR, Wang ZC, Wei WF, Zhou CF, Zhang YM, Yan RM, Liang LJ, Zhong M, Liang L, Wu S, Wang W. Hypoxia-induced ZEB1 promotes cervical cancer progression via CCL8-dependent tumour-associated macrophage recruitment. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:508. [PMID: 31263103 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment (TME) is associated with malignant progression in cancer. However, the mechanisms by which the hypoxic TME facilitates TAM infiltration are not fully understood. This study showed that high ZEB1 expression in hypoxic cervical cancer cell islets was positively correlated with CD163+ TAM accumulation. ZEB1 in hypoxic cancer cells promoted the migration of TAMs in vitro and altered the expression of multiple chemokines, especially CCL8. Mechanistically, hypoxia-induced ZEB1 activated the transcription of CCL8, which attracted macrophages via the CCR2-NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, ZEB1 and CCL8 were independent prognostic factors in cervical cancer patients based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data analysis. In conclusion, hypoxia-induced ZEB1 exerts unexpected functions in cancer progression by fostering a prometastatic environment through increased CCL8 secretion and TAM recruitment; thus, ZEB1 may serve as a candidate biomarker of tumour progression and provide a potential target for disrupting hypoxia-mediated TME remodelling.
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39
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Abstract
LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Vinh
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Grant R. Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christopher G. Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and MicrobiologyLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoriaAustralia
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40
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Mikolajczyk TP, Nosalski R, Skiba DS, Koziol J, Mazur M, Justo-Junior AS, Kowalczyk P, Kusmierczyk Z, Schramm-Luc A, Luc K, Maffia P, Graham D, Kiss AK, Naruszewicz M, Guzik TJ. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose modulates perivascular inflammation and prevents vascular dysfunction in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1951-1965. [PMID: 30658013 PMCID: PMC6534792 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Hypertension is a multifactorial disease, manifested by vascular dysfunction, increased superoxide production, and perivascular inflammation. In this study, we have hypothesized that 1,2,3,4,6‐penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐d‐glucose (PGG) would inhibit vascular inflammation and protect from vascular dysfunction in an experimental model of hypertension. Experimental Approach PGG was administered to mice every 2 days at a dose of 10 mg·kg−1 i.p during 14 days of Ang II infusion. It was used at a final concentration of 20 μM for in vitro studies in cultured cells. Key Results Ang II administration increased leukocyte and T‐cell content in perivascular adipose tissue (pVAT), and administration of PGG significantly decreased total leukocyte and T‐cell infiltration in pVAT. This effect was observed in relation to all T‐cell subsets. PGG also decreased the content of T‐cells bearing CD25, CCR5, and CD44 receptors and the expression of both monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (CCL2) in aorta and RANTES (CCL5) in pVAT. PGG administration decreased the content of TNF+ and IFN‐γ+ CD8 T‐cells and IL‐17A+ CD4+ and CD3+CD4−CD8− cells. Importantly, these effects of PGG were associated with improved vascular function and decreased ROS production in the aortas of Ang II‐infused animals independently of the BP increase. Mechanistically, PGG (20 μM) directly inhibited CD25 and CCR5 expression in cultured T‐cells. It also decreased the content of IFN‐γ+ CD8+ and CD3+CD4−CD8− cells and IL‐17A+ CD3+CD4−CD8− cells. Conclusion and Implication PGG may constitute an interesting immunomodulating strategy in the regulation of vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Mikolajczyk
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ryszard Nosalski
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dominik S Skiba
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Joanna Koziol
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Mazur
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Amauri S Justo-Junior
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paulina Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Kusmierczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Schramm-Luc
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kevin Luc
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Naruszewicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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41
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Abstract
Preclinical studies point to a key role for immune cells in hypertension via augmenting renal injury and/or hypertensive responses. Blood pressure elevation in rheumatologic patients is attenuated by anti-inflammatory therapies. Both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension by modulating renal sodium balance, blood flow, and functions of the vasculature and epithelial cells in the kidney. Monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes are pivotal mediators of hypertensive responses, while dendritic cells and B lymphocytes can regulate blood pressure indirectly by promoting T lymphocytes activation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interferon-γ (IFN), amplify blood pressure elevation and/or renal injury. By contrast, interleukin-10 (IL-10) protects against renal and vascular function when produced by T helper 2 cells (Th2) and regulatory T cells (Treg). Thus, understanding the renal effects of cytokines in hypertension will provide targets for precise immunotherapies to inhibit targeted organ damage while preserving necessary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, NC, USA.
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Arnold C, Feldner A, Zappe M, Komljenovic D, De La Torre C, Ruzicka P, Hecker M, Neuhofer W, Korff T. Genetic ablation of NFAT5/TonEBP in smooth muscle cells impairs flow- and pressure-induced arterial remodeling in mice. FASEB J 2018; 33:3364-3377. [PMID: 30383452 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801594r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The arterial wall adapts to alterations in blood flow and pressure by remodeling the cellular and extracellular architecture. Biomechanical stress of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the media is thought to precede this process and promote their activation and subsequent proliferation. However, molecular determinants orchestrating the transcriptional phenotype under these conditions have been insufficiently studied. We identified the transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5; or tonicity enhancer-binding protein) as a crucial regulatory element of mechanical stress responses of VSMCs. Here, the relevance of NFAT5 for arterial growth and thickening is investigated in mice upon inducible smooth muscle cell (SMC)-specific genetic ablation of Nfat5. In cultured mouse VSMCs, loss of Nfat5 inhibits the expression of gene sets involved in the control of the cell cycle and the interaction with the extracellular matrix and cytoskeletal dynamics. In vivo, SMC-specific knockout of Nfat5 did not affect the general vascular architecture and blood pressure levels under baseline conditions. However, proliferation of VSMCs and the thickening of the arterial wall were inhibited during both flow-induced collateral remodeling and hypertension-mediated arterial hypertrophy. Whereas originally described as a hypertonicity-responsive transcription factor, these findings identify NFAT5 as a novel molecular determinant of biomechanically induced phenotype changes of VSMCs and wall stress-induced arterial remodeling processes.-Arnold, C., Feldner, A., Zappe, M., Komljenovic, D., De La Torre, C., Ruzicka, P., Hecker, M., Neuhofer, W., Korff, T. Genetic ablation of NFAT5/TonEBP in smooth muscle cells impairs flow- and pressure-induced arterial remodeling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arnold
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Feldner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maren Zappe
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dorde Komljenovic
- Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- Center of Medical Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Ruzicka
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Neuhofer
- Medical Clinic V, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Korff
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), the adipose tissue that surrounds most of the vasculature, has emerged as an active component of the blood vessel wall regulating vascular homeostasis and affecting the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Although PVAT characteristics resemble both brown and white adipose tissues, recent evidence suggests that PVAT develops from its own distinct precursors implying a closer link between PVAT and vascular system. Under physiological conditions, PVAT has potent anti-atherogenic properties mediated by its ability to secrete various biologically active factors that induce non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolize fatty acids. In contrast, under pathological conditions (mainly obesity), PVAT becomes dysfunctional, loses its thermogenic capacity and secretes pro-inflammatory adipokines that induce endothelial dysfunction and infiltration of inflammatory cells, promoting atherosclerosis development. Since PVAT plays crucial roles in regulating key steps of atherosclerosis development, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Here, we review the current literature regarding the roles of PVAT in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Qi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Shun-Lin Qu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Wen-Hao Xiong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
| | - Oren Rom
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001 China
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44
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Carnagarin R, Matthews V, Zaldivia MTK, Peter K, Schlaich MP. The bidirectional interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1839-1852. [PMID: 30129037 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that hypertension is, at least in part, an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder. Many links between immunity and hypertension have been established and provide a complex framework of mechanistic interactions contributing to the rise in BP. These include immune-mediated inflammatory processes affecting regulatory brain nuclei and interactions with other mediators of cardiovascular regulation such as the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathoexcitation differentially regulates T-cells based upon activation status of the immune cell as well as the resident organ. Exogenous and endogenous triggers activate signalling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of T-lymphocytes in the cardiovascular and renal regions, now considered major factors in the development of essential hypertension. The inflammatory cascade is sustained and exacerbated by the immune flow via the brain-bone marrow-spleen-gastrointestinal axis and thereby further aggravating immune-mediated pathways resulting in a vicious cycle of established hypertension and target organ damage. This review summarizes the evidence and recent advances in linking immune-mediated inflammation, sympathetic activation and their bidirectional interactions with the development of hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vance Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Maria T K Zaldivia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine - Royal Perth Hospital Unit, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Nephrology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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45
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammatory cytokines contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension through effects on renal blood flow and sodium handling. This review will update recent advances that explore the renal actions of immune cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS Populations of cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems contribute to hypertension by modulating functions of the vasculature and epithelial cells in the kidney. Macrophages and T lymphocytes can directly regulate the hypertensive response and consequent target organ damage. Dendritic cells and B lymphocytes can alter blood pressure (BP) indirectly by facilitating T-cell activation. Proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 17, interleukin 1, and interferon-γ augment BP and/or renal injury when produced by T helper 1 cells, T helper 17 cells, and macrophages. In contrast, interleukin 10 improves vascular and renal functions in preclinical hypertension studies. The effects of transforming growth factor-β are complex because of its profibrotic and immunosuppressive functions that also depend on the localization and concentration of this pleiotropic cytokine. SUMMARY Preclinical studies point to a key role for cytokines in hypertension via their actions in the kidney. Consistent with this notion, anti-inflammatory therapies can attenuate BP elevation in human patients with rheumatologic disease. Conversely, impaired natriuresis may further polarize both T lymphocytes and macrophages toward a proinflammatory state, in a pathogenic, feed-forward loop of immune activation and BP elevation. Understanding the precise renal actions of cytokines in hypertension will be necessary to inhibit cytokine-dependent hypertensive responses while preserving systemic immunity and tumor surveillance.
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46
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Bomfim GF, Cau SBA, Bruno AS, Fedoce AG, Carneiro FS. Hypertension: a new treatment for an old disease? Targeting the immune system. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:2028-2048. [PMID: 29969833 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial hypertension represents a serious public health problem, being a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The availability of many antihypertensive therapeutic strategies still fails to adequately treat around 20% of hypertensive patients, who are considered resistant to conventional treatment. In the pathogenesis of hypertension, immune system mechanisms are activated and both the innate and adaptive immune responses play a crucial role. However, what, when and how the immune system is triggered during hypertension development is still largely undefined. In this context, this review highlights scientific advances in the manipulation of the immune system in order to attenuate hypertension and end-organ damage. Here, we discuss the potential use of immunosuppressants and immunomodulators as pharmacological tools to control the activation of the immune system, by non-specific and specific mechanisms, to treat hypertension and improve end-organ damage. Nevertheless, more clinical trials should be performed with these drugs to establish their therapeutic efficacy, safety and risk-benefit ratio in hypertensive conditions. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefany Bruno Assis Cau
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Santos Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aline Garcia Fedoce
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Carneiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The development of stress drives a host of biological responses that include the overproduction of a family of proteins named heat shock proteins (HSPs), because they were initially studied after heat exposure. HSPs are evolutionarily preserved proteins with a high degree of interspecies homology. HSPs are intracellular proteins that also have extracellular expression. The primary role of HSPs is to protect cell function by preventing irreversible protein damage and facilitating molecular traffic through intracellular pathways. However, in addition to their chaperone role, HSPs are immunodominant molecules that stimulate natural as well as disease-related immune reactivity. The latter may be a consequence of molecular mimicry, generating cross-reactivity between human HSPs and the HSPs of infectious agents. Autoimmune reactivity driven by HSPs could also be the result of enhancement of the immune response to peptides generated during cellular injury and of their role in the delivery of peptides to the major histocompatibility complex in antigen-presenting cells. In humans, HSPs have been found to participate in the pathogenesis of a large number of diseases. This review is focused on the role of HSPs in atherosclerosis and essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rodríguez-Iturbe
- 1 Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC-Zulia), Nephrology Service Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia , Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - R J Johnson
- 2 Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, CO, USA
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Don-Doncow N, Zhang Y, Matuskova H, Meissner A. The emerging alliance of sphingosine-1-phosphate signalling and immune cells: from basic mechanisms to implications in hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1989-2001. [PMID: 29856066 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays a considerable role in hypertension. In particular, T-lymphocytes are recognized as important players in its pathogenesis. Despite substantial experimental efforts, the molecular mechanisms underlying the nature of T-cell activation contributing to an onset of hypertension or disease perpetuation are still elusive. Amongst other cell types, lymphocytes express distinct profiles of GPCRs for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) - a bioactive phospholipid that is involved in many critical cell processes and most importantly majorly regulates T-cell development, lymphocyte recirculation, tissue-homing patterns and chemotactic responses. Recent findings have revealed a key role for S1P chemotaxis and T-cell mobilization for the onset of experimental hypertension, and elevated circulating S1P levels have been linked to several inflammation-associated diseases including hypertension in patients. In this article, we review the recent progress towards understanding how S1P and its receptors regulate immune cell trafficking and function and its potential relevance for the pathophysiology of hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hana Matuskova
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Byrne CJ, Khurana S, Kumar A, Tai TC. Inflammatory Signaling in Hypertension: Regulation of Adrenal Catecholamine Biosynthesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:343. [PMID: 30013513 PMCID: PMC6036303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is increasingly recognized for its role in the genesis and progression of hypertension. The adrenal gland is a major site that coordinates the stress response via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic-adrenal system. Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla function in the neuro-hormonal regulation of blood pressure and have a well-established link to hypertension. The immune system has an active role in the progression of hypertension and cytokines are powerful modulators of adrenal cell function. Adrenal medullary cells integrate neural, hormonal, and immune signals. Changes in adrenal cytokines during the progression of hypertension may promote blood pressure elevation by influencing catecholamine biosynthesis. This review highlights the potential interactions of cytokine signaling networks with those of catecholamine biosynthesis within the adrenal, and discusses the role of cytokines in the coordination of blood pressure regulation and the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin J. Byrne
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Sandhya Khurana
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Aseem Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - T. C. Tai
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, characterized by loss of its homeostatic functions, is a hallmark of non-communicable diseases. It is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and is observed in obesity, metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and diabetes. While classically it has been identified by increased cytokine or chemokine expression, such as increased MCP-1, RANTES, IL-6, interferon (IFN) gamma or TNFα, mechanistically, immune cell infiltration is a prominent feature of the dysfunctional AT. These immune cells include M1 and M2 macrophages, effector and memory T cells, IL-10 producing FoxP3+ T regulatory cells, natural killer and NKT cells and granulocytes. Immune composition varies, depending on the stage and the type of pathology. Infiltrating immune cells not only produce cytokines but also metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species, and chemokines that participate in tissue remodelling, cell signalling, and regulation of immunity. The presence of inflammatory cells in AT affects adjacent tissues and organs. In blood vessels, perivascular AT inflammation leads to vascular remodelling, superoxide production, endothelial dysfunction with loss of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, contributing to vascular disease, atherosclerosis, and plaque instability. Dysfunctional AT also releases adipokines such as leptin, resistin, and visfatin that promote metabolic dysfunction, alter systemic homeostasis, sympathetic outflow, glucose handling, and insulin sensitivity. Anti-inflammatory and protective adiponectin is reduced. AT may also serve as an important reservoir and possible site of activation in autoimmune-mediated and inflammatory diseases. Thus, reciprocal regulation between immune cell infiltration and AT dysfunction is a promising future therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz J Guzik
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dominik S Skiba
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - David G Harrison
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Excellence, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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