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Aljaibeji H, Heydarpour M, Stanton AM, Williams JS, Pojoga LH, Romero JR, Williams GH. Role of Raptor Gene Variants in Hypertension: Influence on Blood Pressure Independent of Salt Intake in White Population. Hypertension 2024; 81:1167-1177. [PMID: 38497230 PMCID: PMC11023780 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) is an essential regulator of fundamental biological processes. mTOR forms 2 distinct complexes, mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1) when it binds with RAPTOR (Regulatory-associated Protein of mTOR) and mTORC2 (mTOR complex 2) when it associates with RICTOR (Rapamycin-insesitive companion of mTOR). Due to the previous link between the mTOR pathway, aldosterone, and blood pressure (BP), we anticipated that variants in the mTOR complex might be associated with salt-sensitive BP. METHODS BP and other parameters were assessed after a one-week liberal Na+ (200 mmol/d) and a one-week restricted Na+ (10 mmol/d) diet in 608 White subjects from the Hypertensive Pathotype cohort, single-nucleotide variants in MTOR, RPTOR, and RICTOR genes were obtained for candidate genes analyses. RESULTS The analysis revealed a significant association between a single nucleotide variants within the RPTOR gene and BP. Individuals carrying the RPTOR rs9901846 homozygous risk allele (AA) and heterozygous risk allele (GA) exhibited a 5 mm Hg increase in systolic BP on a liberal diet compared with nonrisk allele individuals (GG), but only in women. This single nucleotide variants effect was more pronounced on the restricted diet and present in both sexes, with AA carriers having a 9 mm Hg increase and GA carriers having a 5 mm Hg increase in systolic BP compared with GG. Interestingly, there were no significant associations between MTOR or RICTOR gene variants and BP. CONCLUSIONS The RPTOR gene variation is associated with elevated BP in White participants, regardless of salt intake, specifically in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Aljaibeji
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.A., M.H., A.M.S., J.S.W., L.H.P., J.R.R., G.H.W.)
| | - Mahyar Heydarpour
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.A., M.H., A.M.S., J.S.W., L.H.P., J.R.R., G.H.W.)
| | - Ana Maria Stanton
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.A., M.H., A.M.S., J.S.W., L.H.P., J.R.R., G.H.W.)
| | - Jonathan S Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.A., M.H., A.M.S., J.S.W., L.H.P., J.R.R., G.H.W.)
| | - Luminita H Pojoga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.A., M.H., A.M.S., J.S.W., L.H.P., J.R.R., G.H.W.)
| | - Jose R Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.A., M.H., A.M.S., J.S.W., L.H.P., J.R.R., G.H.W.)
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.A., M.H., A.M.S., J.S.W., L.H.P., J.R.R., G.H.W.)
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Gupta P, Canonico ME, Faaborg-Andersen C, Prabhu N, Kondapalli L, Quintana RA. Updates in the management of cancer therapy-related hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 2024:00001573-990000000-00130. [PMID: 38391284 DOI: 10.1097/hco.0000000000001127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide a comprehensive review of hypertension among patients with cancer. Several cancer therapies cause hypertension which has resulted in a growing and vulnerable population of patients with difficult to control hypertension which has significant downstream effects. RECENT FINDINGS Hypertension affects up to 50% of cancer patients and higher comorbidity when compared to the general population. Many anticancer therapies can cause hypertension through their treatment effect. Antihypertensive treatment is crucial given cardiovascular mortality is a leading cause of death among cancer patients. It is already known that hypertension is poorly controlled in the general population, and there are additional challenges in management among patients with cancer. Patients with cancer suffer from multimorbidity, are on multiple medications creating concern for drug interactions, and often have blood pressure lability, which can worsen clinical inertia among patients and their providers. It is crucial to effectively treat hypertension in cancer patients to mitigate downstream adverse cardiovascular events. SUMMARY In recent years, there have been significant changes in management guidelines of hypertension and simultaneously as influx of new cancer therapeutics. We provide an update on hypertension treatment among patients with cancer on different chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado
| | - Mario Enrico Canonico
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado
- CPC Clinical Research, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christian Faaborg-Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital / Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicole Prabhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado
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Dayton A, Almutlaq RN, Guntipally S, Ross J, Evans LC. T-cells regulate albuminuria but not hypertension, renal histology, or the medullary transcriptome in the Dahl SSCD247 +/+ rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F95-F104. [PMID: 37916287 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00229.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we took advantage of the loss of protection from hypertension in SSCD247-/- rats to characterize the pathological effects of renal T-cells in isolation from the confounding effects of elevated renal perfusion pressure. Male SSCD247-/- and SSCD247+/+ littermates were fed 4.0% NaCl (high salt) diet to induce hypertension. Blood pressure was assessed continuously throughout the time course with radiotelemetry. Urine albumin and protein excretion were assessed on the final day of high salt. Renal injury and medullary transcriptome were assessed after completion of the high salt protocol. In contrast to previous studies, mean arterial pressure was not significantly different between SSCD247-/- and SSCD247+/+ rats. Despite this lack of pressure difference, urinary albumin was significantly lower in SSCD247-/- rats than their wild-type littermates. In the outer medulla, substantially more transcriptomic changes were found to correlate with endpoint blood pressure than with the absence of presence of renal T-cells. We also demonstrated that renal histological damage was driven by elevated renal perfusion pressure rather than the presence of renal T-cells. In conclusion, using the loss of protection from hypertension in SSCD247-/- rats, we demonstrated that renal perfusion pressure has more profound pathological effects on the kidney than renal T-cells. However, renal T-cells, independently of blood pressure, modulate the progression of albuminuria.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In vivo studies in a T-cell-deficient rat model of salt-sensitive hypertension (SSCD247-/- rats) were used to evaluate the role of T-cells on the development of hypertension and renal damage. Detailed physiological and transcriptomic analysis demonstrated no difference in blood pressure between rats with (SSCD247+/+) or without (SSCD247-/-) T-cells. Despite this, albuminuria was significantly lower in SSCD247-/- rats than SSCD247+/+ rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dayton
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Rawan N Almutlaq
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Sridhatri Guntipally
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jaryd Ross
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Louise C Evans
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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Elenbaas JS, Jung IH, Coler-Reilly A, Lee PC, Alisio A, Stitziel NO. The emerging Janus face of SVEP1 in development and disease. Trends Mol Med 2023; 29:939-950. [PMID: 37673700 PMCID: PMC10592172 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF, and pentraxin domain containing 1 (SVEP1) is a large extracellular matrix protein that is also detected in circulation. Recent plasma proteomic and genomic studies have revealed a large number of associations between SVEP1 and human traits, particularly chronic disease. These include associations with cardiac death and disease, diabetes, platelet traits, glaucoma, dementia, and aging; many of these are causal. Animal models demonstrate that SVEP1 is critical in vascular development and disease, but its molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly defined. Future studies should aim to characterize these mechanisms and determine the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value of measuring or intervening on this enigmatic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Elenbaas
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul C Lee
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arturo Alisio
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Scieszka D, Bolt AM, McCormick MA, Brigman JL, Campen MJ. Aging, longevity, and the role of environmental stressors: a focus on wildfire smoke and air quality. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1267667. [PMID: 37900096 PMCID: PMC10600394 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1267667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process involving multiple interacting mechanisms and is being increasingly linked to environmental exposures such as wildfire smoke. In this review, we detail the hallmarks of aging, emphasizing the role of telomere attrition, cellular senescence, epigenetic alterations, proteostasis, genomic instability, and mitochondrial dysfunction, while also exploring integrative hallmarks - altered intercellular communication and stem cell exhaustion. Within each hallmark of aging, our review explores how environmental disasters like wildfires, and their resultant inhaled toxicants, interact with these aging mechanisms. The intersection between aging and environmental exposures, especially high-concentration insults from wildfires, remains under-studied. Preliminary evidence, from our group and others, suggests that inhaled wildfire smoke can accelerate markers of neurological aging and reduce learning capabilities. This is likely mediated by the augmentation of circulatory factors that compromise vascular and blood-brain barrier integrity, induce chronic neuroinflammation, and promote age-associated proteinopathy-related outcomes. Moreover, wildfire smoke may induce a reduced metabolic, senescent cellular phenotype. Future interventions could potentially leverage combined anti-inflammatory and NAD + boosting compounds to counter these effects. This review underscores the critical need to study the intricate interplay between environmental factors and the biological mechanisms of aging to pave the way for effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scieszka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alicia M. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Mark A. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Brigman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Matthew J. Campen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Didik S, Wang H, James AS, Slotabec L, Li J. Sestrin2 as a Potential Target in Hypertension. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2374. [PMID: 37510117 PMCID: PMC10378131 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a highly complex, intricate condition affecting millions of individuals across the globe. Nearly half of adults in the United States are diagnosed with hypertension, with incident rates projected to rise over the next decade. Hypertension is a precursor to many cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease. This review describes the major processes contributing to the development of hypertension and how Sestrin2 (Sesn2), an antioxidative protein, could be a potential target in the treatment of hypertension. In hypertension, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is a critical component in the etiology of the condition. The increased ROS in hypertension is derived from a variety of sources, all of which are covered in depth in this review. Increased ROS is generated from mitochondrial stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, NADPH oxidase (NOX) overactivity, and the uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxidase synthase (eNOS). Sesn2, a highly conserved, stress-inducible protein, has the structural and functional characteristics to be a potential therapeutic target to alleviate the progression of hypertension. The structure, function, genetics, and characteristics of Sesn2 are presented in the review. The Nrf2/Sesn2, Sesn2/AMPK/mTOR, and Sesn2/Angiotensin II signaling pathways are described in detail in this review. Sesn2 can be utilized in a multitude of ways as a therapeutic modality in hypertension. This review explores potential Sesn2 inducers and activators and how Sesn2 can be incorporated into gene therapy for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Didik
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | | | - Lily Slotabec
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mississippi Center for Heart Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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Fehrenbach DJ, Nguyen B, Alexander MR, Madhur MS. Modulating T Cell Phenotype and Function to Treat Hypertension. KIDNEY360 2023; 4:e534-e543. [PMID: 36951464 PMCID: PMC10278787 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the leading modifiable risk factor of worldwide morbidity and mortality because of its effects on cardiovascular and renal end-organ damage. Unfortunately, BP control is not sufficient to fully reduce the risks of hypertension, underscoring the need for novel therapies that address end-organ damage in hypertension. Over the past several decades, the link between immune activation and hypertension has been well established, but there are still no therapies for hypertension that specifically target the immune system. In this review, we describe the critical role played by T cells in hypertension and hypertensive end-organ damage and outline potential therapeutic targets to modulate T-cell phenotype and function in hypertension without causing global immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Fehrenbach
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Bianca Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Matthew R. Alexander
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Nashville, Tennessee
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8
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Elenbaas JS, Pudupakkam U, Ashworth KJ, Kang CJ, Patel V, Santana K, Jung IH, Lee PC, Burks KH, Amrute JM, Mecham RP, Halabi CM, Alisio A, Di Paola J, Stitziel NO. SVEP1 is an endogenous ligand for the orphan receptor PEAR1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:850. [PMID: 36792666 PMCID: PMC9932102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF and pentraxin domain containing 1 (SVEP1) is an extracellular matrix protein that causally promotes vascular disease and associates with platelet reactivity in humans. Here, using a human genomic and proteomic approach, we identify a high affinity, disease-relevant, and potentially targetable interaction between SVEP1 and the orphan receptor Platelet and Endothelial Aggregation Receptor 1 (PEAR1). This interaction promotes PEAR1 phosphorylation and disease associated AKT/mTOR signaling in vascular cells and platelets. Mice lacking SVEP1 have reduced platelet activation, and exogenous SVEP1 induces PEAR1-dependent activation of platelets. SVEP1 and PEAR1 causally and concordantly relate to platelet phenotypes and cardiovascular disease in humans, as determined by Mendelian Randomization. Targeting this receptor-ligand interaction may be a viable therapeutic strategy to treat or prevent cardiovascular and thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Elenbaas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Upasana Pudupakkam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katrina J Ashworth
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chul Joo Kang
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Ved Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Santana
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Paul C Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kendall H Burks
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Junedh M Amrute
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carmen M Halabi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Arturo Alisio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Shimada S, Yang C, Kumar V, Mattson DL, Cowley AW. Acute Increase of Renal Perfusion Pressure Causes Rapid Activation of mTORC1 (Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin Complex 1) and Leukocyte Infiltration. Hypertension 2022; 79:1180-1189. [PMID: 35291809 PMCID: PMC9098670 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.121.18643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study in Sprague-Dawley rats determined the effects of a rapid rise of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) upon the activation of mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin), and the effects upon the infiltration of CD68-positive macrophages/monocytes and CD3-positive T lymphocytes into the kidneys. METHODS RPP was elevated by 40 mm Hg for 30 minutes in male Sprague-Dawley rats while measuring renal blood flow and urine flow rate. Sham rats were studied in the same way, but RPP was not changed. Since initial studies found that the acute increase of RPP resulted in activation of mTORC1 (phosphorylation of S6S235/236), the effects of inhibition of mTORC1 with rapamycin pretreatment were then determined. RESULTS It was found that a 30-minute increase of RPP (≈40 mm Hg) resulted in an 8-fold increase of renal sodium excretion which was blunted by rapamycin treatment. Renal blood flow was not affected by the elevation of RPP. Activation of mTORC1 was observed. Significant increases in CD68-positive macrophages were found in both the cortex (intraglomerular and periglomerular regions) and in the outer medullary interstitial regions of the kidney and prevented by rapamycin treatment. Increases in CD3-positive T lymphocytes were observed exclusively in the periglomerular regions and prevented by rapamycin treatment. Upregulation of several proinflammatory markers was observed. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that elevation of RPP rapidly activates mTORC1 resulting in infiltration of immune cells into the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimada
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.S., C.Y., V.K., D.L.M., A.W.C.)
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.S., C.Y., V.K., D.L.M., A.W.C.)
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.S., C.Y., V.K., D.L.M., A.W.C.)
| | - David L Mattson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.S., C.Y., V.K., D.L.M., A.W.C.)
- Now with: Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University (D.L.M.)
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (S.S., C.Y., V.K., D.L.M., A.W.C.)
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Ding R, Jiang Y, Yang Y, Shi Y, Ji Y, Zhen T, Fu Z, Bao X, Tan J, Zhang S, Li J, Xing K, Zhou X, Zhu S. Calcitriol ameliorates renal injury with high-salt diet-induced hypertension by upregulating GLIS2 expression and AMPK/mTOR-regulated autophagy. Gene 2022; 820:146239. [PMID: 35114278 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of calcitriol on high-salt diet-induced hypertension. The hypertension rat model was established by a long-term high-salt diet (8% NaCl). Rats were treated with calcitriol, losartan, or their combination. Histological staining was used to confirm renal pathology. Global transcriptome analysis of renal tissues was performed, and the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of calcitriol was analysed by functional annotation and pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well as by Western blotting analysis. The core genes for potential therapeutic regulation were identified through the coexpression gene network. For in vitro HK-2 cell experiments, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown key a transcription factor (TF) Glis2 to validate the therapeutic target of calcitriol. MAPK1 and CXCL12 expression was downregulated and the apoptosis pathway was significantly enriched by calcitriol treatment. The western blotting results showed that calcitriol treatment increased AMPK phosphorylation and decreased downstream mTOR phosphorylation, which was accompanied by a decrease in autophagy protein p62 expression and an increase in LC3-II/I expression. GLIS2 was identified as a specific therapeutic target for calcitriol. GLIS2 expression was upregulated by calcitriol and confirmed by HK-2 cells in vitro. Our omics data show that calcitriol can alleviate oxidative stress and fibrosis. Moreover, calcitriol can regulate the CXCL12/ERK1/2 cascade to inhibit the inflammatory response and renal cell apoptosis and induce renal autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Our study partially elucidate the pathogenesis and treatment mechanism underlying hypertension, and provide new insights into the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Ding
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Shuguang Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200021, China; Key Laboratory of Liver and Kidney Diseases (Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yang Ji
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | | | | | - Xunxia Bao
- Cinoasia Institute, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jia Tan
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shuyong Zhang
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | | | - Xinli Zhou
- School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
| | - Sibo Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Huang WQ, Zou Y, Tian Y, Ma XF, Zhou QY, Li ZY, Gong SX, Wang AP. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin as the Therapeutic Target of Vascular Proliferative Diseases: Past, Present, and Future. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79:444-455. [PMID: 34983907 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key pathological characteristic of vascular proliferative diseases. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase that plays an important role in regulating cell growth, motility, proliferation, and survival, as well as gene expression in response to hypoxia, growth factors, and nutrients. Increasing evidence shows that mTOR also regulates VSMC proliferation in vascular proliferative diseases and that mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin, effectively restrain VSMC proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms linking mTOR to vascular proliferative diseases remain elusive. In our review, we summarize the key roles of the mTOR and the recent discoveries in vascular proliferative diseases, focusing on the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibitors to target the mTOR signaling pathway for the treatment of vascular proliferative diseases. In this study, we discuss mTOR inhibitors as promising candidates to prevent VSMC-associated vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qian Huang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China ; and
| | - Ying Tian
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xiao-Feng Ma
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Qin-Yi Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zhen-Yu Li
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shao-Xin Gong
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ai-Ping Wang
- Institute of Clinical Research, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience Research, Hengyang Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration and Cognitive Impairment, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
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12
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Temiz-Resitoglu M, Guden DS, Senol SP, Vezir O, Sucu N, Kibar D, Yılmaz SN, Tunctan B, Malik KU, Sahan-Firat S. Pharmacological Inhibition of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Attenuates Deoxycorticosterone Acetate Salt-Induced Hypertension and Related Pathophysiology: Regulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Hypertrophy in Male Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2022; 79:355-367. [PMID: 34840266 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to explore the contribution of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-induced hypertension and related pathophysiological changes in cardiovascular and renal tissues. DOCA salt loading resulted in an increase in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure along with the activity of ribosomal protein S6, the effector protein of mTOR. Treatment with rapamycin, the selective inhibitor of mTOR, initiated at the fourth week of DOCA- salt administration normalized the systolic blood pressure and attenuated ribosomal protein S6 activity in the heart, aorta, and kidney. Cardiac and vascular hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and infiltration of macrophages (CD68+), the marker of inflammation, were also reduced in rapamycin-treated, DOCA-salt, hypertensive rats. In addition, renal hypertrophy and dysfunction were also reduced with rapamycin-treated hypertensive rats. Moreover, these pathophysiological changes in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats were associated with increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity, gp91phox (formerly NOX2) expression, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK activities in the heart, aorta, and kidney were minimized by rapamycin. These data indicate that mTOR plays an important role in regulating blood pressure and the development of cardiovascular and renal pathophysiological changes, most likely due to increased NOX expression/activity, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK activity with macrophages infiltration in the heart, kidney, and aorta. Pharmacological inhibition of mTOR and related signaling pathways could serve as a novel target for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Demet S Guden
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Sefika P Senol
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ozden Vezir
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mersin State Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Nehir Sucu
- Departments of Cardiovascular Surgery; and
| | - Deniz Kibar
- Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey ; and
| | - Sakir N Yılmaz
- Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey ; and
| | - Bahar Tunctan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Kafait U Malik
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Center for Health Sciences, Memphis, TN
| | - Seyhan Sahan-Firat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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13
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Grahammer F, Huber TB, Artunc F. Role of mTOR Signaling for Tubular Function and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:350-358. [PMID: 34514872 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00021.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) forms two distinct intracellular multiprotein complexes that control a multitude of intracellular processes linked to metabolism, proliferation, actin cytoskeleton, and survival. Recent studies have identified the importance of these complexes for transport regulation of ions and nutrients along the entire nephron. First reports could link altered activity of these complexes to certain disease entities, i.e. diabetic nephropathy, acute kidney injury or hyperkalemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Grahammer
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ferruh Artunc
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Nephrology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Center Munich, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Plasma Imidazole Propionate Is Positively Correlated with Blood Pressure in Overweight and Obese Humans. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082706. [PMID: 34444866 PMCID: PMC8399073 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The gut microbiota and its metabolites are essential for host health and dysbiosis has been involved in several pathologic conditions such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies have identified that plasma imidazole propionate (ImP), a microbial-produced metabolite, is increased in patients with prediabetes and T2D. More recently, ImP was found to be significantly increased in patients with overt CVD. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between ImP and CVD risk factors: blood pressure, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and insulin-resistance in overweight and obese subjects without T2D or use of any metabolic diseases-related medication. Methods: Plasma metabolites, including ImP, were determined in 107 male or post-menopausal women with overweight/obesity, but without T2D. Insulin-sensitivity was assessed with the gold standard method: the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp using the isotope [6,6-2H2] glucose and expressed as glucose rate of disposal (Rd) for peripheral insulin sensitivity and suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) for hepatic insulin sensitivity. Results: Partial correlation analysis controlled for BMI and age showed a significant correlation between ImP and diastolic blood pressure (rs = 0.285, p = 0.004) and a borderline significance with systolic blood pressure (rs = 0.187, p = 0.060); however, systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not correlate with ImP precursor histidine (rs = 0.063, p = 0.526 and r = −0.038, p = 0.712, respectively). We did not find a correlation between ImP with LDL-cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol (rs = −0.181, p = 0.064 and rs = 0.060, p = 0.546, respectively). Furthermore, there was no association between plasma ImP concentrations and Rd and EGP suppression. Conclusion: In this cohort with overweight/obese subjects without T2D, plasma ImP concentrations were positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure but not with insulin-sensitivity.
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15
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Mammedova JT, Sokolov AV, Freidlin IS, Starikova EA. The Mechanisms of L-Arginine Metabolism Disorder in Endothelial Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:146-155. [PMID: 33832413 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
L-arginine is a key metabolite for nitric oxide production by endothelial cells, as well as signaling molecule of the mTOR signaling pathway. mTOR supports endothelial cells homeostasis and regulates activity of L-arginine-metabolizing enzymes, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and arginase II. Disruption of the L-arginine metabolism in endothelial cells leads to the development of endothelial dysfunction. Conflicting results of the use of L-arginine supplement to improve endothelial function reveals a controversial role of the amino acid in the endothelial cell biology. The review is aimed at analysis of the current data on the role of L-arginine metabolism in the development of endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey V Sokolov
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina S Freidlin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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16
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Zheleznova NN, Kumar V, Kurth T, Cowley AW. Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) mediated activation of mTORC2 increases intracellular Na + concentration in the renal medullary thick ascending limb of Henle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7300. [PMID: 33790341 PMCID: PMC8012714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86678-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in the renal outer medulla is an important determinant of renal medullary blood flow and blood pressure (BP) salt-sensitivity in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. The mechanisms and pathways responsible for these actions are poorly understood. Recently, we have discovered that the mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) plays a critical role in BP salt-sensitivity of SS rats by regulating Na+ homeostasis. PP242, an inhibitor of mTORC1/2 pathways exhibits potent natriuretic actions and completely prevented salt-induced hypertension in SS rats. In the present study, we have found that chronic infusion of H2O2 into the single remaining kidney of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (3 days) stimulated the functional marker (pAKTSer473/AKT) of mTORC2 activity measured by Western Blot analysis. No changes in mTORC1 activity in OM were observed as determined by pS6Ser235/236/S6. Using fluorescent microscopy and the Na+ sensitive dye Sodium Green, we have shown that H2O2 (100 µM added in the bath) increased intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) in renal medullary thick ascending limbs (mTALs) isolated from SD rats. These responses were almost completely abolished by pretreatment of mTAL with 10 µM PP242, indicating that mTORC1/2 pathways were involved in the H2O2 induced increase of [Na+]i. mTAL cell volume remained unchanged (± 1%) by H2O2 as determined by 3D reconstruction confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques. Consistent with the microscopy data, Western Blot analysis of proteins obtained from freshly isolated mTAL treated with 100 µM H2O2 exhibited increased activity/phosphorylation of AKT (pAKTSer473/AKT) that was inhibited by PP242. This was associated with increased protein activity of the apical membrane cotransporter Na+-K+-2Cl- (NKCC2) and the Na/H exchanger (NHE-3). Na+-K+-ATPase activity was increased as reflected an increase in the ratio of pNa+-K+-ATPaseSer16 to total Na+-K+-ATPase. Overall, the results indicate that H2O2 mediated activation of mTORC2 plays a key role in transducing the observed increases of cytosolic [Na+]i despite associated increases of basolateral pump activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda N Zheleznova
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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Bhatt LK, Selokar I, Raut D, Hussain T. Novel Targets for Hypertension Drug Discovery. Curr Hypertens Rep 2021; 23:19. [PMID: 33783647 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-021-01137-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the availability of various medications and prescribing combination therapies, uncontrolled blood pressure and resistance are observed in more than 40% of patients. The purpose of this review is to discuss emerging novel approaches for the treatment of hypertension and propose future research and clinical directions. RECENT FINDINGS Hypertension is a common disease of the cardiovascular system which may arise solely or as a comorbidity of other disorders. It is a crucial risk factor for cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, renal failure, and stroke. The results from current literature regarding the novel approaches showed several targets that could be explored as potential therapeutic options. These include toll-like receptor 4, a critical regulator of angiotensin II-induced hypertension; protease-activated receptor 2, which promotes collagen deposition and inflammatory responses; chemerin, which causes metabolic and obesity-associated hypertension; apelin receptor; transient receptor potential melastatin; urotensin-II; and Tie2 receptor. This review discusses various targets and pathways that could be emerging pharmacological therapies for hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's DR. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
| | - Ishant Selokar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's DR. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Dezaree Raut
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's DR. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Tahir Hussain
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Yang S, Lin C, Zhuo X, Wang J, Rao S, Xu W, Cheng Y, Yang L. Glucagon-like peptide-1 alleviates diabetic kidney disease through activation of autophagy by regulating AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2020; 319:E1019-E1030. [PMID: 32985256 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00195.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a novel antidiabetic agent used in clinical practice. Recently, it was reported to exert a renoprotective effect in the human kidney-2 cells and kidneys of diabetic rats, which was induced by one type of GLP-1 analog, liraglutide, in the presence of high glucose. However, most of the previous findings mainly focused on its indirect effect in inhibiting the advanced glycation end products. Here, besides glycemic control, we also demonstrated a stimulatory role of liraglutide in promoting autophagy and relieving oxidative stress in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. The renoprotective effect of liraglutide has been demonstrated by significantly decreasing urinary albumin (P < 0.01) and ameliorating renal pathological changes (P < 0.001) in vivo. Besides that, proliferation of human epithelial kidney cell line HKC-8 and human embryonic kidney-293 cells has increased after treating with exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist. Moreover, GLP-1 could positively improve the progression of autophagy in vivo and in vitro through regulating the autophagy-related protein light chain 3 and p62 via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Simultaneously, it could reverse NF-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) translocation into the nuclei and suppress oxidative stress. In terms of mechanism, the renoprotective effect of GLP-1 would be exerted via the GLP-1R-AMPK-mTOR-autophagy-reactive oxygen species signaling axis. The present study not only illustrates the renoprotective effect of GLP-1 in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) rats, but also for the first time elucidates the underlying mechanism that is independent of controlling glucose, which implies that GLP-1 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangli Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou, China
| | - Chuman Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhuo
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiyu Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shitao Rao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Laboratory of Diabetology, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanzhen Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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You Y, Guo Y, Jia P, Zhuang B, Cheng Y, Deng H, Wang X, Zhang C, Luo S, Huang B. Ketogenic diet aggravates cardiac remodeling in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:91. [PMID: 33117428 PMCID: PMC7586698 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ketogenic diet (KD) has been proposed to be an effective lifestyle intervention in metabolic syndrome. However, the effects of KD on cardiac remodeling have not been investigated. Our aim was to investigate the effects and the underling mechanisms of KD on cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methods 10-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were subjected to normal diet or ketogenic diet for 4 weeks. Then, their blood pressure and cardiac remodeling were assessed. Cardiac fibroblasts were isolated from 1- to 3-day-old neonatal pups. The cells were then cultured with ketone body with or without TGF-β to investigate the mechanism in vitro. Results 4 weeks of KD feeding aggravated interstitial fibrosis and cardiac remodeling in SHRs. More interestingly, ketogenic diet feeding increased the activity of mammalian target of rapamyoin (mTOR) complex 2 pathway in the heart of SHRs. In addition, β-hydroxybutyrate strengthened the progression of TGF-β-induced fibrosis in isolated cardiac fibroblasts. mTOR inhibition reversed this effect, indicating that ketone body contributes to cardiac fibroblasts via mTOR pathway. Conclusions These data suggest that ketogenic diet may lead to adverse effects on the remodeling in the hypertensive heart, and they underscore the necessity to fully evaluate its reliability before clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua You
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yongzheng Guo
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Ping Jia
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Biaobiao Zhuang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Hongpei Deng
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Suxin Luo
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
| | - Bi Huang
- Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016 China
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PI3K/AKT pathway as a key link modulates the multidrug resistance of cancers. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:797. [PMID: 32973135 PMCID: PMC7515865 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the dominant challenge in the failure of chemotherapy in cancers. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a lipid kinase that spreads intracellular signal cascades and regulates a variety of cellular processes. PI3Ks are considered significant causes of chemoresistance in cancer therapy. Protein kinase B (AKT) is also a significant downstream effecter of PI3K signaling, and it modulates several pathways, including inhibition of apoptosis, stimulation of cell growth, and modulation of cellular metabolism. This review highlights the aberrant activation of PI3K/AKT as a key link that modulates MDR. We summarize the regulation of numerous major targets correlated with the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is further related to MDR, including the expression of apoptosis-related protein, ABC transport and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β), synergism with nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and the regulation of glycolysis.
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21
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Lu SC, Akanji AO. Leptin, Obesity, and Hypertension: A Review of Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2020; 18:399-405. [PMID: 32876506 DOI: 10.1089/met.2020.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipokine leptin is expressed at higher concentrations in obese subjects, who also incidentally have a higher prevalence of hypertension. The pathogenesis of this obesity-related hypertension is controversial and is believed to be related to many factors including increased sympathetic activity, abnormalities of the renin-angiotensin system, sodium retention, and an endotheliopathy acting independently or in concert with increased circulating leptin. This review discusses the potential mechanisms through which changes in leptin signal transduction pathways in tissues with the leptin receptor, especially the hypothalamus, mediate the pathogenetic relationships between obesity and hypertension. The hypothesis is explored that leptin effects on blood pressure (BP) are meditated by the downstream effects of hypothalamic leptin signaling and ultimately result in activation of specific melanocortin receptors located on sympathetic neurons in the spinal cord. The physiological consequences of this sympathetic activation of the heart and kidney are activation of the renin-angiotensin system, sodium retention and circulatory expansion and finally, elevated BP. This sequence of events has been elegantly demonstrated with leptin infusion and gene knockout studies in animal models but has not been convincingly reproducibly confirmed in humans. Further studies in human subjects on the specific roles of hypothalamic leptin in essential hypertension are indicated as elucidation of the signaling pathways should provide better understanding of the role of weight loss in BP control and afford an additional mechanism for pharmacologic control of BP in adults and children at risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chi Lu
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter School of Medicine, NH-MED, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abayomi O Akanji
- Department of Medical Sciences, Frank H. Netter School of Medicine, NH-MED, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA
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Liu Y, Du X, Huang Z, Zheng Y, Quan N. Sestrin 2 controls the cardiovascular aging process via an integrated network of signaling pathways. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101096. [PMID: 32544433 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an inevitable biological process, cardiovascular aging is the greatest risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Sestrin 2 (Sesn2), a stress-inducible and age-related protein associated with various stress conditions, plays a pivotal role in slowing this process. It acts as an anti-aging agent, mainly through its antioxidant enzymatic activity and regulation of antioxidant signaling pathways, as well as by activating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1. In this review, we first introduce the biochemical functions of Sesn2 in the cardiovascular aging process, and describe how Sesn2 expression is regulated under various stress conditions. Next, we emphasize the role of Sesn2 signal transduction in a series of age-related CVDs, including hypertension, myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, atherosclerosis, and heart failure, as well as provide potential mechanisms for the association of Sesn2 with CVDs. Finally, we present the potential therapeutic applications of Sesn2-directed therapy and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Zhehao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130031, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, China.
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Quan N, Li X, Zhang J, Han Y, Sun W, Ren D, Tong Q, Li J. Substrate metabolism regulated by Sestrin2-mTORC1 alleviates pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in aged heart. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101637. [PMID: 32863202 PMCID: PMC7363709 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sestrin2 (Sesn2) is a stress sensor for the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Aging impairs cardiac mTORC1 activation, thereby sensitizing the heart to hypertrophy. C57BL/6 J young wild-type (young WT; 4-6 months), aged WT (24-26 months), and young Sestrin2 knockout mice (Y-Sesn2 KO; 4-6 months) underwent transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for pressure overload. Cardiac expression of Sesn2 decreased with age. At 4 weeks after TAC, aged WT and Y-Sesn2 KO exhibited larger hearts and impaired cardiac function, compared with young WT mice. Augmented phosphorylation of mTOR and downstream effectors; damaged mitochondria and elevated redox markers, as well as and impaired glucose and fatty acid oxidation were observed in aged WT and Y-Sesn2 KO hearts. A pressure overload-induced interaction between Sesn2 and GTPase-activating protein activity toward Rags 2 (GATOR2), which positively regulates mTORC1, was impaired in aged WT hearts. Adeno-associated virus 9-Sesn2 treatment rescued Sesn2 expression, attenuated mTORC1 activation, and increased pressure overload tolerance in aged WT and Y-Sesn2 KO hearts. These results indicated that cardiac Sesn2 acts as a pressure overload sensor for mTORC1. Furthermore, Sesn2 deficiency may cause increased sensitivity to hypertrophy in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhu Quan
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China. Tel.: +86 13844803504.
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Weiju Sun
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Di Ren
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Qian Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China,Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 15804300981.
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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24
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Kumar V, Kurth T, Zheleznova NN, Yang C, Cowley AW. NOX4/H 2O 2/mTORC1 Pathway in Salt-Induced Hypertension and Kidney Injury. Hypertension 2020; 76:133-143. [PMID: 32475313 PMCID: PMC10629473 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that a high-salt (4.0% NaCl) dietary intake activates mTORC1 and inhibition of this pathway with rapamycin blunts the chronic phase of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. In SS rats, high-salt intake is known to increase the renal production of H2O2 by NOX4, the most abundant NOX isoform in the kidney, and the global knockout of NOX4 blunts salt-sensitivity in these rats. Here, we explored the hypothesis that elevations of H2O2 by NOX4 in high-salt fed SS rat stimulate mTORC1 for the full development of salt-induced hypertension and renal injury. Our in vitro studies found that H2O2 activates mTORC1 independent of PI3K/AKT and AMPK pathways. To determine the in vivo relevance of NOX4/H2O2/mTORC1 in the salt-induced hypertension, SS-Nox4 knockout (SSNox4-/-) rats were daily administrated with vehicle/rapamycin fed a high-salt diet for 21 days. Rapamycin treatment of SSNox4-/- rats had shown no augmented effect on the salt-induced hypertension nor upon indices of renal injury. Significant reductions of renal T lymphocyte and macrophage together with inhibition of cell proliferation were observed in rapamycin treated rats suggesting a role of mTORC1 independent of NOX4 in the proliferation of immune cell. Given the direct activation of mTORC1 by H2O2 and absence of any further protection from salt-induced hypertension in rapamycin-treated SSNox4-/- rats, we conclude that NOX4-H2O2 is a major upstream activator of mTORC1 that contributes importantly to salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in the SS rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Theresa Kurth
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | | | - Chun Yang
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
| | - Allen W Cowley
- From the Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
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25
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Hypertension
Editors’ Picks. Hypertension 2020; 75:e17-e28. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Brooks DL, Garza AE, Caliskan Guzelce E, Gholami SK, Treesaranuwattana T, Maris S, Ranjit S, Tay CS, Lee JM, Romero JR, Adler GK, Pojoga LH, Williams GH. mTORC1 Deficiency Modifies Volume Homeostatic Responses to Dietary Sodium in a Sex-Specific Manner. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5802448. [PMID: 32154868 PMCID: PMC7391217 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a role in features common to both excess salt/aldosterone and cardiovascular/renal diseases. Dietary sodium can upregulate mTORC1 signaling in cardiac and renal tissue, and the inhibition of mTOR can prevent aldosterone-associated, salt-induced hypertension. The impact of sex and age on mTOR's role in volume homeostasis and the regulation of aldosterone secretion is largely unknown. We hypothesize that both age and sex modify mTOR's interaction with volume homeostatic mechanisms. The activity of 3 volume homeostatic mechanisms-cardiovascular, renal, and hormonal (aldosterone [sodium retaining] and brain natriuretic peptide [BNP; sodium losing])-were assessed in mTORC1 deficient (Raptor+/-) and wild-type male and female littermates at 2 different ages. The mice were volume stressed by being given a liberal salt (LibS) diet. Raptor+/-mice of both sexes when they aged: (1) reduced their blood pressure, (2) increased left ventricular internal diameter during diastole, (3) decreased renal blood flow, and (4) increased mineralocorticoid receptor expression. Aldosterone levels did not differ by sex in young Raptor+/- mice. However, as they aged, compared to their littermates, aldosterone decreased in males but increased in females. Finally, given the level of Na+ intake, BNP was inappropriately suppressed, but only in Raptor+/- males. These data indicate that Raptor+/- mice, when stressed with a LibS diet, display inappropriate volume homeostatic responses, particularly with aging, and the mechanisms altered, differing by sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Brooks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amanda E Garza
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ezgi Caliskan Guzelce
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shadi K Gholami
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Stephen Maris
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Sanjay Ranjit
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Chee Sin Tay
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jessica M Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jose R Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gail K Adler
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Luminita H Pojoga
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Gordon H Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Correspondence: Gordon H. Williams, MD, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston Massachusetts 02115. E-mail:
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27
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(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4783. [PMID: 32179848 PMCID: PMC7075996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a main active catechin in green tea, was reported to attenuate renal injury and hypertension. However, its effects on salt-induced hypertension and renal injury remain unclear. In the present study, we explored its effects on hypertension and renal damage in Dahl rats with salt-sensitive hypertension. We found that EGCG could lower blood pressure after 6 weeks of oral administration, reduce 24 h urine protein levels and decrease creatinine clearance, and attenuate renal fibrosis, indicating that it could attenuate hypertension by protecting against renal damage. Furthermore, we studied the renal protective mechanisms of EGCG, revealing that it could lower malondialdehyde levels, reduce the numbers of infiltrated macrophages and T cells, and induce the apoptosis of NRK-49F cells. Considering that the 67 kD laminin receptor (67LR) binds to EGCG, its role in EGCG-induced fibroblast apoptosis was also investigated. The results showed that an anti-67LR antibody partially abrogated the apoptosis-inducing effects of EGCG on NRK-49F cells. In summary, EGCG may attenuate renal damage and salt-sensitive hypertension via exerting anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects on fibroblasts; the last effect is partially mediated by 67LR, suggesting that EGCG represents a potential strategy for treating salt-sensitive hypertension.
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28
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Domondon M, Polina I, Nikiforova AB, Sultanova RF, Kruger C, Vasileva VY, Fomin MV, Beeson GC, Nieminen AL, Smythe N, Maldonado EN, Stadler K, Ilatovskaya DV. Renal Glomerular Mitochondria Function in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1588. [PMID: 32116733 PMCID: PMC7010849 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension is accompanied with an early onset of proteinuria, which results from the loss of glomerular podocytes. Here, we hypothesized that glomerular damage in the SS hypertension occurs in part due to mitochondria dysfunction, and we used a unique model of freshly isolated glomeruli to test this hypothesis. In order to mimic SS hypertension, we used Dahl SS rats, an established animal model. Animals were fed a 0.4% NaCl (normal salt, NS) diet or challenged with a high salt (HS) 4% NaCl diet for 21 days to induce an increase in blood pressure (BP). Similar to previous studies, we found that HS diet caused renal hypertrophy, increased BP, glomerulosclerosis, and renal lesions such as fibrosis and protein casts. We did not observe changes in mitochondrial biogenesis in the renal cortex or isolated glomeruli fractions. However, Seahorse assay performed on freshly isolated glomeruli revealed that basal mitochondrial respiration, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity were lower in the HS compared to the NS group. Using confocal imaging and staining for mitochondrial H2O2 using mitoPY1, we detected an intensified response to an acute H2O2 application in the podocytes of the glomeruli isolated from the HS diet fed group. TEM analysis showed that glomerular mitochondria from the HS diet fed group have structural abnormalities (swelling, enlargement, less defined cristae). Therefore, we report that glomerular mitochondria in SS hypertension are functionally and structurally defective, and this impairment could eventually lead to loss of podocytes and proteinuria. Thus, the glomerular–mitochondria axis can be targeted in novel treatment strategies for hypertensive glomerulosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Domondon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Iuliia Polina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Anna B Nikiforova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Regina F Sultanova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Claudia Kruger
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Valeriia Y Vasileva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Institute of Cytology Russian Academy of Science, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Fomin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gyda C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Nieminen
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nancy Smythe
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Eduardo N Maldonado
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Oxidative Stress and Disease Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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29
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Kumar V, Yang C, Cowley AW. Temporal Expression and Cellular Localization of PAPPA2 in the Developing Kidney of Rat. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:209-222. [PMID: 31989854 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420904478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PAPPA2 is a metalloproteinase which cleaves insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 and IGFBP-5, and its role in pregnancy and postnatal growth is primarily studied. Using exclusion mapping, we reported a subcongenic (26-P) rat where a 0.71-Mbp region containing the pregnancy-associated plasma protein a2 (Pappa2) allele of salt-insensitive Brown Norway (BN) was introgressed into Dahl saltsensitive (SS) genetic background, resulting in the reduction of salt sensitivity. Pappa2 was differentially expressed in the adult kidney of 26-P and SS rats. Here, the expression and cellular localization of Pappa2 in embryonic and postnatal kidneys of 26-P and SS rats were examined. Pappa2 mRNA expression was 5-fold higher in the embryonic kidney (day 20.5) of the 26-P rat compared with the SS rat. Pappa2 mRNA expression progressively increased with the development of kidney, reaching a peak at postnatal day 5 before trending downward in subsequent stages of development in both strains. At all tested time points, Pappa2 remained higher in the 26-P compared with the SS rat kidney. Immunohistochemistry studies localized PAPPA2 in the ureteric bud (UB) and distal part of S-shaped body. PAPPA2 was colocalized with IGFBP-5 in the UB and Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter-stained tubules, respectively. Future studies are needed to determine the role of Pappa2 in kidney development and mechanistic pathways involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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30
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Hypertension
Editors’ Picks Cardio-oncology and Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 74:e39-e44. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Shibata S. Role of Pendrin in the Pathophysiology of Aldosterone-Induced Hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:607-613. [PMID: 30982848 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have resulted in the characterization of key components that critically regulate renal NaCl transport and blood pressure. Pendrin is a Cl-/HCO3- exchanger that is highly expressed in thyroid, inner ear, and kidney. In the kidney, it is selectively present at the apical membrane in non-α intercalated cells of the connecting tubules and cortical collecting duct. Besides its role in acid/base homeostasis, accumulating studies using various genetically modified animals have provided compelling evidence that pendrin regulates extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte balance at the downstream of aldosterone signaling. We have shown that angiotensin II and aldosterone cooperatively control pendrin abundance partly through mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and mineralocorticoid receptor dephosphorylation, which is necessary for the kidney to prevent extracellular fluid loss and electrolyte disturbances under physiologic perturbations. In line with the experimental observations, several clinical data indicated that the impaired pendrin function can cause fluid and electrolyte abnormalities in humans. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the recent progress regarding the role of pendrin in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, as well as in the pathophysiology of hypertension associated with mineralocorticoid receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shibata
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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