Trends in the clinical and pathological characteristics of cardiac rupture in patients with acute myocardial infarction over 35 years

Presentation of a residual post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect; a literature review based on a case report

INTRODUCTION

In the era of modern techniques for the early diagnosis and revascularization of myocardial infarction, post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect is rarely seen. However, this potentially fatal complication of ischemic cardiac events cannot always be detected and diagnosed in a straightforward pattern of practice. This study presents an initially delayed-presented post-infarction ventricular septal defect.

CASE PRESENTATION

The patient was a 58-year-old white man who presented to the cardiology clinic complaining of moderate exertional dyspnea initiated two months ago and exacerbated by the time. His medical history includes an admission three years prior, where he was diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia and a myocardial infarction that was complicated by a ventricular septal defect (VSD) and hemodynamic instability. This condition was managed through urgent surgical revascularization and closure of the defect. Due to his current symptoms, further cardiac investigations were planned. A transthoracic echocardiogram was recommended after detecting a grade 3/6 systolic murmur during the physical examination. The initial assessment using an apical four-chamber TTE appeared normal. However, when performing a modified view with a posterior tilt, a bulging septum was observed, leaning toward the right ventricle. This bulging contained a defect with a left-to-right shunt, identified as a residual defect in the area of the repaired patch, along with a myocardial aneurysm. Due to the inconsequential findings from the echocardiogram study, the patient was scheduled for a follow-up echocardiogram, which showed no changes after six months. Additionally, the patient underwent therapeutic management addressing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

CONCLUSION

Although post-infarction ventricular septal defects are rarely seen in the revascularization era, the COVID-19 era was associated with an increase in the prevalence of this complication. It is important to be vigilant for patients who experienced an index event during that time. This potentially fatal complication can present with new issues following the initial event, such as residual defects. Comprehensive imaging studies are necessary to detect the underlying pathology.

KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE

Diagnosing post-infarction ventricular septal defect requires the hypervigilance and precision of the cardiologist, who examines the patient and performs the cardiac imaging. Therefore, comprehensive investigations are crucial in patients with a suspicious history of ischemic cardiac events.

Developments in Extracellular Matrix-Based Angiogenesis Therapy for Ischemic Heart Disease: A Review of Current Strategies, Methodologies and Future Directions

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, underscoring the urgent need for innovative therapeutic strategies. The cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes extreme transformations during IHD, adversely influencing the heart's structure, mechanics, and cellular signaling. Researchers investigating the regenerative capacity of the diseased heart have turned their attention to exploring the modulation of ECM to improve therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we thoroughly examine the current state of knowledge regarding the cardiac ECM and its therapeutic potential in the ischemic myocardium. We begin by providing an overview of the fundamentals of cardiac ECM, focusing on the structural, functional, and regulatory mechanisms that drive its modulation. Subsequently, we examine the ECM's interactions within both chronically ischemic and acutely infarcted myocardium, emphasizing key ECM components and their roles in modulating angiogenesis. Finally, we discuss recent ECM-based approaches in biomedical engineering, focusing on different types of scaffolds as delivery tools and their compositions, and conclude with future directions for therapeutic research. By harnessing the potential of these emerging ECM-based therapies, we aim to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic modalities for IHD.

Incidence and risk factors for cardiac rupture after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in contemporary era: findings from the improving care for cardiovascular disease in China-Acute Coronary Syndrome project

Cardiac rupture (CR) is fatal mechanical complication of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We systematically analyzed the clinical features of STEMI patients with CR, as well as predictors and treatments associated with risk of CR in contemporary era. In this nationwide database, 49,284 patients admitted within 48 h after STEMI were enrolled, and were stratified according to CR status. We analyzed patients' clinical characteristics, case fatality rate, and independent correlates of CR. A total of 188 (0.38%) patients had CR, of which 42.6% died during hospitalization. Older age, female gender, higher heart rate, history of diabetes, and worse cardiac function were risk factors of CR in patients with STEMI, while a previous history of myocardial infarction was associated with a reduced risk of CR. CR patients were less likely to undergo primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). After adjustment, primary PCI was associated with 56% decreased risk of CR (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.67). This result was consistent in the propensity-score matching analysis and inverse probability of treatment weighting analysis. CR was associated with high in-hospital mortality among STEMI patients. Multiple factors were associated with CR occurrence, primary PCI was associated with lower risk of CR, indicating that early intervention targeting the risk factors and implementation of primary PCI may improve its prognosis. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov; Number: NCT02306616; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Spatially clustered type I interferon responses at injury borderzones

Sterile inflammation after myocardial infarction is classically credited to myeloid cells interacting with dead cell debris in the infarct zone1,2. Here we show that cardiomyocytes are the dominant initiators of a previously undescribed type I interferon response in the infarct borderzone. Using spatial transcriptomics analysis in mice and humans, we find that myocardial infarction induces colonies of interferon-induced cells (IFNICs) expressing interferon-stimulated genes decorating the borderzone, where cardiomyocytes experience mechanical stress, nuclear rupture and escape of chromosomal DNA. Cardiomyocyte-selective deletion of Irf3 abrogated IFNIC colonies, whereas mice lacking Irf3 in fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils or endothelial cells, Ccr2-deficient mice or plasmacytoid-dendritic-cell-depleted mice did not. Interferons blunted the protective matricellular programs and contractile function of borderzone fibroblasts, and increased vulnerability to pathological remodelling. In mice that died after myocardial infarction, IFNIC colonies were immediately adjacent to sites of ventricular rupture, while mice lacking IFNICs were protected from rupture and exhibited improved survival3. Together, these results reveal a pathological borderzone niche characterized by a cardiomyocyte-initiated innate immune response. We suggest that selective inhibition of IRF3 activation in non-immune cells could limit ischaemic cardiomyopathy while avoiding broad immunosuppression.

Surgical closure versus transcatheter closure for ventricular septal defect post-infarction: a meta-analysis

Background

Surgical correction of post-infarct ventricular septal defect (PIVSD) is associated with a significant incidence of morbidity and mortality. The authors aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of surgical versus transcatheter approaches in the management of PIVSD.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis of retrospective from five databases including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid, and Scopus) until 9 March 2024 was conducted. Risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes was used and data with a 95% CI are presented.

Results

A total of 7 retrospective observational studies with 603 patients were included in the analysis. Surgical closure was associated with a significantly lower short-term mortality and lower number of residual shunt or re-intervention rate compared to percutaneous closure, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.21 (95% CI:1:00-1.46, P = 0.05) and 2.68 (95% CI: 1.46-4.91, P = 0.001), respectively. Surgical closure was associated with a non-significantly lower long-term mortality rate compared to percutaneous closure, with a relative risk (RR) of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.82-1.48, P = 0.52). No difference is reported when time from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or PIVSD to intervention is compared groups, with a relative risk (RR) of -0.24 (95% CI: -4.49 to 4.2, P = 0.91).

Conclusion

Our meta-analysis shied the light on the significance of surgical closure in terms of short-term mortality and the need for re-intervention. However, no significant difference was observed in terms of long-term mortality and time to intervention.

Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia Using Coronary Postmortem Computed Tomography Angiography Based on the Voronoi Algorithm: A Case Report

Postmortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA) is a valuable tool for diagnosing vascular conditions, such as hemorrhages, in trauma cases. This case report demonstrates the use of the Voronoi algorithm to assess myocardial ischemia using coronary PMCTA. A male in his 70s was found unconscious in a car after colliding with a traffic light pole. Despite medical interventions, including pericardial drainage and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the patient died two hours later. PMCTA revealed significant filling defects in the left anterior descending artery (LAD), consistent with plaque rupture and narrowing observed during autopsy. The cause of death in this case was likely cardiac tamponade due to cardiac rupture secondary to myocardial infarction resulting from LAD stenosis. Cardiac perfusion areas were analyzed using the Voronoi algorithm, demonstrating a total myocardial volume of 151.9 mL in the left ventricle. Perfusion volumes were calculated as 92.9 mL (61.2%) for the LAD, 34.2 mL (22.5%) for the left circumflex artery, and 24.9 mL (16.4%) for the right coronary artery. The predicted ischemic volume distal to the LAD stenosis was estimated to be 49.8 mL (32.8%). Furthermore, the ischemic areas observed during autopsy macroscopically corresponded well with the predicted ischemic regions. This case highlights that combining PMCTA with the Voronoi algorithm provides an accurate method for assessing myocardial ischemic areas, offering a non-invasive approach to visualize and quantify perfusion and ischemic regions.

Delayed Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect with Prolonged Mechanical Support

Introduction

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a severe complication following acute myocardial infarction (MI) resulting from mechanical disruption of the interventricular septum due to extensive myocardial necrosis. Despite advances in management, the mortality rate approaches 50%. We report a case of a 58-year-old male with VSD following MI who was successfully treated with a delayed surgical approach after haemodynamic support using Impella.

Case description

A 58-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with three days of chest pain. Testing revealed late presenting acute anterior ischaemic infarction and left-to-right shunt in the apical ventricular septum. Urgent cardiac catheterisation showed near-total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery. An Impella CP® was placed before angioplasty with a drug-eluting stent to optimise haemodynamics. After a multidisciplinary discussion, the Impella CP® was upgraded to Impella 5.5®, and surgery was delayed allowing for scar formation. The patient remained in the intensive care unit, where he underwent physical therapy, showing improvements in exercise tolerance by the time of surgery. He underwent a left ventriculotomy with a successful repair via an endocardial patch 28 days after initial presentation. Post-operative recovery was uneventful, with the patient discharged five days later, reporting no physical limitations one month post-discharge.

Conclusion

The successful management of VSD post-MI relies on interdisciplinary collaboration, careful timing of surgical intervention and the strategic use of mechanical support devices such as the Impella. This case highlights the potential for favourable outcomes when tailored treatment approaches are employed.

LEARNING POINTS

Given the rarity of ventricular septal defects (VSD) post-myocardial infarction (MI), maintaining a high index of suspicion, particularly in patients with anterior infarcts and other high-risk features, is imperative for ensuring early recognition and management of this life-threatening complication.Surgical repair is the treatment of choice for VSD post-MI, offering improved survival rates, particularly when intervention is delayed to allow for myocardial scarring.Mechanical circulatory support devices, such as the Impella, can play a crucial role in bridging patients to surgical repair by providing temporary haemodynamic stabilisation. However, timing is vital, and early initiation of mechanical support can prevent the progression of cardiogenic shock and multi-organ failure.

Time course of cardiac rupture after acute myocardial infarction and comparison of clinical features of different rupture types

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the time course of cardiac rupture (CR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and the differences among different rupture types.

Method

We retrospectively analyzed 145 patients with CR after AMI at Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital from June 2016 to September 2022. Firstly, according to the time from onset of chest pain to CR, the patients were divided into early CR (≤24 h) (n = 61 patients) and late CR (>24 h) (n = 75 patients) to explore the difference between early CR and late CR. Secondly, according to the type of CR, the patients were divided into free wall rupture (FWR) (n = 55) and ventricular septal rupture (VSR) (n = 90) to explore the difference between FWR and VSR.

Results

Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high white blood cell count (OR = 1.134, 95% CI: 1.019-1.260, P = 0.021), low creatinine (OR = 0.991, 95% CI: 0.982-0.999, P = 0.026) were independently associated with early CR. In addition, rapid heart rate (OR = 1.035, 95% CI: 1.009-1.061, P = 0.009), low systolic blood pressure (OR = 0.981, 95% CI: 0.962-1.000, P = 0.048), and anterior myocardial infarction (OR = 5.989, 95% CI: 1.978-18.136, P = 0.002) were independently associated with VSR.

Conclusion

In patients with CR, high white blood cell count and low creatinine were independently associated with early CR, rapid heart rate, low systolic blood pressure, and anterior myocardial infarction were independently associated with VSR.

Development of a simple prediction model for mechanical complication in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Mechanical complication (MC) is a rare but serious complication in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Although several risk factors for MC have been reported, a prediction model for MC has not been established. This study aimed to develop a simple prediction model for MC after STEMI. We included 1717 patients with STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Of 1717 patients, 45 MCs occurred after primary PCI. Prespecified predictors were determined to develop a tentative prediction model for MC using multivariable regression analysis. Then, a simple prediction model for MC was generated. Age ≥ 70, Killip class ≥ 2, white blood cell ≥ 10,000/µl, and onset-to-visit time ≥ 8 h were included in a simple prediction model as "point 1" risk score, whereas initial thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade ≤ 1 and final TIMI flow grade ≤ 2 were included as "point 2" risk score. The simple prediction model for MC showed good discrimination with the optimism-corrected area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve of 0.850 (95% CI: 0.798-0.902). The predicted probability for MC was 0-2% in patients with 0-4 points of risk score, whereas that was 6-50% in patients with 5-8 points. In conclusion, we developed a simple prediction model for MC. We may be able to predict the probability for MC by this simple prediction model.

Myocardial Infarction Presenting as Both Left Ventricular Aneurysm and Ventricular Septal Defect

Acute myocardial infarction can result in various mechanical complications, although they have become rare with the advent of reperfusion therapies. Among these complications, ventricular septal rupture (VSR) and left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) are infrequent but life-threatening conditions associated with high morbidity and mortality. We present a rare case of a 67-year-old male with acute myocardial infarction who developed concomitant apical LVA and ventricular septal rupture.

LEARNING POINTS

Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction, such as a ventricular septal rupture (VSR) and left ventricular aneurysm (LVA), are rare but life-threatening.Early diagnosis is critical. A ventricular septal defect (VSD) requires immediate surgical closure, while surgery for LVA is only considered in specific cases such as chest pain or thromboembolism.Diagnostic tools such as echocardiography and left ventriculography play a vital role in identifying and characterising these complications, enabling timely treatment decisions.

Predicted clinical and economic burden associated with reduction in access to acute coronary interventional care during the COVID-19 lockdown in two European countries

AIMS

As a consequence of untimely or missed revascularization of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients during the COVID-19 pandemic, many patients died at home or survived with serious sequelae, resulting in potential long-term worse prognosis and related health-economic implications.This analysis sought to predict long-term health outcomes [survival and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)] and cost of reduced treatment of STEMIs occurring during the first COVID-19 lockdown.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Using a Markov decision-analytic model, we incorporated probability of hospitalization, timeliness of PCI, and projected long-term survival and cost (including societal costs) of mortality and morbidity, for STEMI occurring during the first UK and Spanish lockdowns, comparing them with expected pre-lockdown outcomes for an equivalent patient group.STEMI patients during the first UK lockdown were predicted to lose an average of 1.55 life-years and 1.17 QALYs compared with patients presenting with a STEMI pre-pandemic. Based on an annual STEMI incidence of 49 332 cases, the total additional lifetime costs calculated at the population level were £36.6 million (€41.3 million), mainly driven by costs of work absenteeism. Similarly in Spain, STEMI patients during the lockdown were expected to survive 2.03 years less than pre-pandemic patients, with a corresponding reduction in projected QALYs (-1.63). At the population level, reduced PCI access would lead to additional costs of €88.6 million.

CONCLUSION

The effect of a 1-month lockdown on STEMI treatment led to a reduction in survival and QALYs compared to the pre-pandemic era. Moreover, in working-age patients, untimely revascularization led to adverse prognosis, affecting societal productivity and therefore considerably increasing societal costs.

Sex differences in trends and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction with mechanical complications in the United States

BACKGROUND

Mechanical complications (MC) are rare but significant sequelae of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Current data on sex differences in AMI with MC is limited.

METHODS

We queried the National Inpatient Sample database to identify adult patients with the primary diagnosis of AMI and MC. The main outcome of interest was sex difference in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were sex differences in the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), major bleeding, use of inotropes, permanent pacemaker implantation (PPMI), performance of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), surgery (VSD repair and MV surgery), pericardiocentesis, use of mechanical circulatory support (MCS), ischemic stroke, and mechanical ventilation.

RESULTS

Among AMI-MC cohort, in-hospital mortality was higher among females compared to males (41.24% vs 28.13%: aOR 1.39. 95% CI 1.079-1.798; p = 0.01). Among those who had VSD, females also had higher in-hospital mortality compared to males (56.7% vs 43.1%: aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.12-2.69; p = 0.01). Females were less likely to receive CABG compared to males (12.03% vs 20%: aOR 0.49 95% CI 0.345-0.690; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Despite the decreasing trend in AMI admission, females had higher risk of MC and associated mortality. Significant sex disparities still exist in AMI treatment.

Echocardiographic features of myocardial rupture after acute myocardial infarction on emergency echocardiography

OBJECTIVE

Myocardial rupture is a fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Early diagnosis of myocardial rupture is feasible when emergency physicians (EPs) perform emergency transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). The purpose of this study was to report the echocardiographic features of myocardial rupture on emergency TTE performed by EPs in the emergency department (ED).

METHODS

This was a retrospective and observational study involving consecutive adult patients presenting with AMI who underwent TTE performed by EPs in the ED of a single academic medical center from March 2008 to December 2019.

RESULTS

Fifteen patients with myocardial rupture, including eight (53.3%) with free wall rupture (FWR), five (33.3%) with ventricular septal rupture (VSR), and two (13.3%) with FWR and VSR, were identified. Fourteen of the 15 patients (93.3%) were diagnosed on TTE performed by EPs. Diagnostic echocardiographic features were found in 100% of the patients with myocardial rupture, including pericardial effusion for FWR and a visible shunt on the interventricular septum for VSR. Additional echocardiographic features indicating myocardial rupture were thinning or aneurysmal dilatation in 10 patients (66.7%), undermined myocardium in six patients (40.0%), abnormal regional motions in six patients (40.0%), and pericardial hematoma in six patients (40.0%).

CONCLUSION

Early diagnosis of myocardial rupture after AMI is possible using echocardiographic features on emergency TTE performed by EPs.

Surgical repair of post myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect: a retrospective analysis of a single institution experience

INTRODUCTION

Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) with a very high mortality, despite advances in surgical and circulatory support. The tremendous hemodynamic disturbance and the severely fragile myocardium render surgical repair a great challenge. The optimal time of surgical repair with or without circulatory support is still controversial.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to review our experience with early surgical repair of post-MI VSD in a single major cardiac institution in China.

METHODS

From January 2013 to October 2020, 9consecutive patients presented to our emergency department with a diagnosis of post-MI VSD. Among them, 8 were male, and the mean age was 58 ± 7years. The mean VSD size was 22.5 ± 5.7 mm. In all patients, an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)was inserted immediately after admission to cardiac surgery service. All patients were operated at a mean of 3.3 ± 2.9 days, and 4 within 24 h of the rupture (range 1 to 9 days post-VSD). In 5 cases, the VSD was located superiorly, and 4 cases in the posterior septum.

RESULTS

The overall 30-day mortality was 11% (1/9). Coronary angiography was performed in all nine patients, four with single vessel disease had coronary stents implanted, and the other five received concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting during VSD repair surgery. There was no death in all 5 patients with anterior septal perforation. One patient with posterior septal perforation died in the operating room due to bleeding from the ventriculotomy site. Three survived patients were diagnosed with a small residual defect and mild left to right shunt post-repair. However, no further intervention was required, and patients remained asymptomatic (Killip II in 1 and III in 2).

CONCLUSION

In our experience, immediate insertion of IABP and hemodynamic stabilization with early surgical intervention of VSD repair and concomitant coronary revascularization provided an 89% survival rate.

Sutureless repair of left ventricular free wall rupture following acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock

We report a case of blow-out-type left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR) after acute myocardial infarction, who presented with unstable hemodynamic condition in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class IV. Immediately, we performed a successful LVFWR repair with sutureless technique using a glue and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene patch on cardio-pulmonary bypass support. Postoperative period and recovery was uneventful. Over a period of 2-year follow-up, the patient is in NYHA class I and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed adequate left ventricular (LV) function and no evidence of LV aneurysm.

Risk of cardiac rupture among elderly patients with diabetes presenting with first acute myocardial infarction

Objective

We aimed to analyze the risk of cardiac rupture (CR) in aged diabetic patients with acute ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) who were followed up for one month, and analyze its independent risk factors.

Methods

A total of 3063 aged patients with first onset STEMI admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January 2001 to December 2020 were retrospectively included. There were 2020 patients without diabetes mellitus (DM) and 1043 patients with DM. We used propensity scores matching (PSM) method to balance baseline exposure factors between patients with or without DM, and all were divided the DM group (1043 cases) and the non-DM group (1043 cases) after the PSM. The primary outcome was CR (the composite rate of papillary muscle rupture, ventricular septum perforation, free wall rupture), which was diagnosed based on clinical manifestations and/or echocardiographic findings. Kaplan-meier survival analyses and log-rank test was used to evaluate the risk of CR between the two groups, and Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent risk factors for CR.

Results

After PSM, the baseline clinical data were similar between the DM and non-DM group (all P>0.05). However, level of glycated hemoglobin was significantly higher in the DM group (P<0.05). During 1 month of follow-up, there were 55 (2.64%) cases of CR, most occurred within 48h after admission (40 cases). Among the 55 cases, 11(0.53%) had papillary muscle rupture, 18(0.86%) had ventricular septum perforation, and 26(1.25%) had free wall rupture. Kaplan-meier survival analyses detected that the DM group was associated with significantly increased risk of CR (3.36% vs. 1.92%, HR=1.532, 95% CI: 1.054-2.346, P=0.030), ventricular septum perforation (1.05% vs. 0.67%, HR=1.464, 95% CI: 1.021-2.099, P=0.038) and free wall rupture (1.63% vs. 0.86%, HR=1.861, 95% CI: 1.074-3.225, P=0.027) than those in the non-DM group. Among the 2031 aged STEMI patients without CR, 144 cases (6.90%, 144/2086) died; and among the 55 patients with CR, 37 cases (1.77%, 37/2086) died due to CR. Therefore, twenty percent (20.44%, 37/181) of death was due to CR. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that DM (HR=1.532, 95%CI: 1.054-2.346), age (HR=1.390, 95%CI: 1.079-1.791), female (HR=1.183, 95%CI: 1.049-1.334), troponin I (HR=1.364, 95%CI: 1.108-1.679), brain natriuretic peptide (HR=1.512, 95%CI: 1.069-2.139), revascularization (HR=0.827, 95%CI: 0.731-0.936) and β-receptor blocker (HR=0.849, 95%CI: 0.760-0.948) were independent risk factors of CR (all P<0.05).

Conclusion

DM as well as a few other factors, are independent determinants of CR. CR is not a rare event among the aged STEMI patients and twenty percent of deaths are due to CR. However, large sample-sized studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

In-hospital predictors for primary prevention of sudden death after acute myocardial infarction with cardiac dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Current guidelines recommend prophylactic defibrillator implantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40 % or LVEF ≤35 % plus heart failure symptoms or inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias during an electrophysiology study at 40 days after AMI or 90 days after revascularization. In-hospital predictors of sudden cardiac death (SCD) after AMI during the index hospitalization remain unsettled. We sought to examine in-hospital predictors of SCD in patients with AMI and LVEF ≤40 % evaluated during the index hospitalization.

METHODS

We retrospectively evaluated 441 consecutive patients with AMI and LVEF ≤40 % admitted to our hospital between 2001 and 2014 (77 % male gender; median age: 70 years; median hospitalization length: 23 days). The primary endpoint was a composite of SCD or aborted SCD at ≥30 days after AMI onset (composite arrhythmic event). LVEF and QRS duration (QRSd) on electrocardiography were measured at a median of 12 days and 18 days, respectively.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 7.6 years, the incidence of composite arrhythmic events was 7.3 % (32 of 441 patients). In multivariable analysis, QRSd ≥100 msec (beta-coefficient = 1.54, p = 0.003), LVEF ≤23 % (beta-coefficient = 1.14, p = 0.007), and onset-reperfusion time > 5.5 h (beta-coefficient = 1.16, p = 0.035) were independent predictors of composite arrhythmic events. The combination of these 3 factors was associated with the highest rate of composite arrhythmic events compared with 0-2 factors (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of QRSd ≥100 msec, LVEF ≤23 %, and onset-reperfusion time > 5.5 h during the index hospitalization provides precise risk stratification for SCD in patients early after AMI.

Don't go breakin' my heart: cardioprotective alterations to the mechanical and structural properties of reperfused myocardium during post-infarction inflammation

Myocardial infarctions (MIs) kickstart an intense inflammatory response resulting in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, wall thinning, and chamber dilation that leaves the heart susceptible to rupture. Reperfusion therapy is one of the most effective strategies for limiting adverse effects of MIs, but is a challenge to administer in a timely manner. Late reperfusion therapy (LRT; 3 + hours post-MI) does not limit infarct size, but does reduce incidences of post-MI rupture and improves long-term patient outcomes. Foundational studies employing LRT in the mid-twentieth century revealed beneficial reductions in infarct expansion, aneurysm formation, and left ventricle dysfunction. The mechanism by which LRT acts, however, is undefined. Structural analyses, relying largely on one-dimensional estimates of ECM composition, have found few differences in collagen content between LRT and permanently occluded animal models when using homogeneous samples from infarct cores. Uniaxial testing, on the other hand, revealed slight reductions in stiffness early in inflammation, followed soon after by an enhanced resistance to failure for cases of LRT. The use of one-dimensional estimates of ECM organization and gross mechanical function have resulted in a poor understanding of the infarct's spatially variable mechanical and structural anisotropy. To resolve these gaps in literature, future work employing full-field mechanical, structural, and cellular analyses is needed to better define the spatiotemporal post-MI alterations occurring during the inflammatory phase of healing and how they are impacted following reperfusion therapy. In turn, these studies may reveal how LRT affects the likelihood of rupture and inspire novel approaches to guide scar formation.

Mechanical complications in STEMI: prevalence and mortality trends in the primary PCI era. The Ruti-STEMI registry

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Mechanical complications confer a dreadful prognosis in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Their prevalence and prognosis are not well-defined in the current era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) reperfusion networks. We aimed to analyze prevalence and mortality trends of post-STEMI mechanical complications over 2 decades, before and after the establishment of pPCI networks.

METHODS

Prospective, consecutive registry of STEMI patients within a region of 850 000 inhabitants over 2 decades: a pre-pPCI period (1990-2000) and a pPCI period (2007-2017). We analyzed the prevalence of mechanical complications, including ventricular septal rupture, papillary muscle rupture, and free wall rupture (FWR). Twenty eight-day and 1-year mortality trends were compared between the 2 studied decades.

RESULTS

A total of 6033 STEMI patients were included (pre-pPCI period, n=2250; pPCI period, n=3783). Reperfusion was supported by thrombolysis in the pre-pPCI period (99.1%) and by pPCI in in the pPCI period (95.7%). Mechanical complications developed in 135 patients (2.2%): ventricular septal rupture in 38 patients, papillary muscle rupture in 24, and FWR in 73 patients. FWR showed a relative reduction of 60% in the pPCI period (0.8% vs 2.0%, P<.001), without significant interperiod changes in the other mechanical complications. After multivariate adjustment, FWR remained higher in the pre-pPCI period (OR, 1.93; 95%CI, 1.10-3.41; P=.023). At 28 days and 1 year, mortality showed no significant changes in all the mechanical complications studied.

CONCLUSIONS

The establishment of regional pPCI networks has modified the landscape of mechanical complications in STEMI. FWR is less frequent in the pPCI era, likely due to reduced transmural infarcts.

Percutaneous Transcatheter Closure of Post-infarction Ventricular Septal Defect: An Alternative to Surgical Intervention

Post-infarction ventricular septal defect is a mechanical complication of acute MI. The incidence of this complication is low in the primary percutaneous coronary intervention era. However, the associated mortality is very high at 94% with medical management alone. Open surgical repair or percutaneous transcatheter closure still has an in-hospital mortality >40%. Retrospective comparisons between both closure methods are limited by observation and selection bias. This review addresses the assessment and optimisation of patients prior to repair, the optimal timing of repair, and the limitations in current data. The review considers techniques for percutaneous closure, and finally considers the path that future research should take to improve outcomes for patients.

Mechanical Complication of Acute Myocardial Infarction Secondary to COVID-19 Disease

The aggressive inflammatory response to COVID-19 can result in airway damage, respiratory failure, cardiac injury, and multiorgan failure, which lead to death in susceptible patients. Cardiac injury and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) secondary to COVID-19 disease can lead to hospitalization, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. When serious collateral damage from tissue necrosis or bleeding occurs, mechanical complications of myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock can ensue. While prompt reperfusion therapies have decreased the incidence of these serious complications, patients who present late following the initial infarct are at increased for mechanical complications, cardiogenic shock, and death. The health outcomes for patients with mechanical complications are dismal if not recognized and treated promptly. Even if they survive serious pump failure, their CICU stay is often prolonged, and their index hospitalization and follow-up visits may consume significant resources and impact the health care system.

CAR links hypoxia signaling to improved survival after myocardial infarction

The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) mediates homo- and heterotopic interactions between neighboring cardiomyocytes at the intercalated disc. CAR is upregulated in the hypoxic areas surrounding myocardial infarction (MI). To elucidate whether CAR contributes to hypoxia signaling and MI pathology, we used a gain- and loss-of-function approach in transfected HEK293 cells, H9c2 cardiomyocytes and CAR knockout mice. CAR overexpression increased RhoA activity, HIF-1α expression and cell death in response to chemical and physical hypoxia. In vivo, we subjected cardiomyocyte-specific CAR knockout (KO) and wild-type mice (WT) to coronary artery ligation. Survival was drastically improved in KO mice with largely preserved cardiac function as determined by echocardiography. Histological analysis revealed a less fibrotic, more compact lesion. Thirty days after MI, there was no compensatory hypertrophy or reduced cardiac output in hearts from CAR KO mice, in contrast to control mice with increased heart weight and reduced ejection fraction as signs of the underlying pathology. Based on these findings, we suggest CAR as a therapeutic target for the improved future treatment or prevention of myocardial infarction.

GRK5-mediated inflammation and fibrosis exert cardioprotective effects during the acute phase of myocardial infarction

During myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac cells at the infarcted area undergo cell death. In response, cardiac myofibroblasts, which are mainly differentiated from resident fibroblasts upon inflammation, produce extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen to fill the damaged areas of the heart to prevent cardiac rupture. In this study, we identified a cardioprotective role of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) in MI. GRK5 expression was found to increase in the mouse heart after MI and was highly expressed in cardiac fibroblasts/myofibroblasts. In fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, GRK5 promoted the expression of inflammation-related genes through nuclear factor-κB activation, leading to an increase in the expression levels of fibrosis-related genes. Bone marrow transfer experiments confirmed that GRK5 in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, but not in infiltrated macrophages in the infarcted area, is mainly responsible for GRK5-mediated inflammation in infarcted hearts. In addition, inflammation and fibrosis at the infarcted area were significantly suppressed in GRK5 knockout mice, resulting in increased mortality compared with that in wild-type mice. These data indicate that GRK5 in cardiac fibroblasts/myofibroblasts promotes inflammation and fibrosis to ameliorate the damage after MI.

Effects of sacubitril/valsartan on cardiac reverse remodeling and cardiac resynchronization in patients with acute myocardial infarction

INTRODUCTION

In 2014, the PARADIGM-HF trial (Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure) has shown that sacubitril/valsartan can reduce the risk of hospitalization and death from cardiovascular causes more effectively than enalapril (an ACEI) in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Similarly, the PARADIGM-HF trial (Comparison of Sacubitril-Valsartan vs. Enalapril on Effect on NT-proBNP in Patients Stabilized from an Acute Heart Failure Episode) came to similar conclusions and extended the PARADIGM-HF trial results in 2019. Since then, numerous new studies have provided further insight in HFrEF, sacubitril/valsartan can reduce N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, increase left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), reverse ventricular remodeling, and reduce other non-fatal manifestations of clinical deterioration as compared to ACEI/ARB. However, few trials have compared the effects of these drugs in patients shortly after AMI. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the clinical efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan vs. valsartan in patients with AMI.

METHODS

We conducted an open-label, prospective, randomized controlled trial to determine the superiority in ameliorating ventricular remodeling and preventing of heart failure in patients with AMI after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 148 patients were randomly assigned (85 to sacubitril/valsartan and 63 to valsartan).

RESULTS

LAV, LVDV, and LVSV were all decreased in the sacubitril/valsartan group when compared with before treatment, but there was no difference between the sacubitril/valsartan group and the valsartan group. In addition, compared with before treatment in the sacubitril/valsartan group, the heart global work index (GWI) and the global work efficiency (GWE) increased, while the heart global wasted work (GWW) decreased. Patients in the sacubitril/valsartan group have similar MACE and adverse side effects to those in the valsartan group.

CONCLUSION

Sacubitril/valsartan has the same performance as valsartan in inhibiting ventricular remodeling and preventing heart failure after PCI in patients with AMI, and its clinical application is safe. It provides a clinical foundation for the application of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with AMI.

Diagnosis of Postinfarction Pseudoaneurysm of the Left Ventricular Free Wall after Coronary Stenting: Case Report

The article is dedicated to topical issues of diagnosis and surgical treatment of postinfarction left ventricular (LV) myocardial rupture. Postinfarction LV rupture is one of the most life-threatening complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Given the low prevalence, this complication almost always leads to a fatal outcome. At the same time, a large proportion of patients (over 60%) die before the diagnosis is verified, suddenly, without specific clinical precursors. The aim. To draw the attention of doctors to the problem of diagnosis and surgical treatment of LV myocardial rupture as a complication of AMI. The article describes a clinical case of diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm of the LV free wall after coronary stenting. The peculiarity of this case was absence of a typical pain syndrome, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic signs, suggesting the presenceof such a mechanical complication of AMI. Special attention is paid to the analysis of factors enabling to assess the risk of developing this complication in patients with AMI. The given clinical case demonstrates the importance of early hospitalization and myocardial revascularization by stenting in order to prevent mechanical complications of AMI. Timely diagnosis and urgent surgical treatment of LV myocardial ruptures can reduce mortality due to mechanical complications of AMI. Conclusions. Timely hospitalization and revascularization of the myocardium in AMI patients reduce the risk of LV rupture in the affected area. The use of echocardiography makesit possible to detect severe complications of AMI with sufficient sensitivity. The only effective treatment method forLV rupture is urgent surgical intervention. Postinfarction myocardial rupture repair is a difficult task considering the initial severity of the patient’s clinical condition, the significant volume and technical complexity of the surgical intervention.

Analysis of influencing factors for prognosis of patients with ventricular septal perforation: A single-center retrospective study

Background

Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a type of cardiac rupture, usually complicated by acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with a high mortality rate and often poor prognosis. The aim of our study was to investigate the factors influencing the long-term prognosis of patients with VSR from different aspects, comparing the evaluation performance of the Gensini score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and European Heart Surgery Risk Assessment System II (EuroSCORE II) score systems.

Methods

This study retrospectively enrolled 188 patients with VSR between Dec 9, 2011 and Nov 21, 2021at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. All patients were followed up until Jan 27, 2022 for clinical data, angiographic characteristics, echocardiogram outcomes, intraoperative, postoperative characteristics and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) (30-day mortality, cardiac readmission). Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to explore the predictors of long-term mortality.

Results

The median age of 188 VSR patients was 66.2 ± 9.1 years and 97 (51.6%) were males, and there were 103 (54.8%) patients in the medication group, 34 (18.1%) patients in the percutaneous transcatheter closure (TCC) group, and 51 (27.1%) patients in the surgical repair group. The average follow-up time was 857.4 days. The long-term mortality of the medically managed group, the percutaneous TCC group, and the surgical repair group was 94.2, 32.4, and 35.3%, respectively. Whether combined with cardiogenic shock (OR 0.023, 95% CI 0.001-0.054, P = 0.019), NT-pro BNP level (OR 0.027, 95% CI 0.002-0.34, P = 0.005), EuroSCORE II (OR 0.530, 95% CI 0.305-0.918, P = 0.024) and therapy group (OR 3.518, 95% CI 1.079-11.463, P = 0.037) were independently associated with long-term mortality in patients with VSR, and this seems to be independent of the therapy group. The mortality rate of surgical repair after 2 weeks of VSR was much lower than within 2 weeks (P = 0.025). The cut-off point of EuroSCORE II was determined to be 14, and there were statistically significant differences between the EuroSCORE II < 14 group and EuroSCORE II≥14 group (HR = 0.2596, 95%CI: 0.1800-0.3744, Logrank P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients with AMI combined with VSR have a poor prognosis if not treated surgically, surgical repair after 2 weeks of VSR is a better time. In addition, EuroSCORE II can be used as a scoring system to assess the prognosis of patients with VSR.

Multimodality Imaging of Sudden Cardiac Death and Acute Complications in Acute Coronary Syndrome

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a potentially fatal event usually caused by a cardiac arrhythmia, which is often the result of coronary artery disease (CAD). Up to 80% of patients suffering from SCD have concomitant CAD. Arrhythmic complications may occur in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) before admission, during revascularization procedures, and in hospital intensive care monitoring. In addition, about 20% of patients who survive cardiac arrest develop a transmural myocardial infarction (MI). Prevention of ACS can be evaluated in selected patients using cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA), while diagnosis can be depicted using electrocardiography (ECG), and complications can be evaluated with cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and echocardiography. CCTA can evaluate plaque, burden of disease, stenosis, and adverse plaque characteristics, in patients with chest pain. ECG and echocardiography are the first-line tests for ACS and are affordable and useful for diagnosis. CMR can evaluate function and the presence of complications after ACS, such as development of ventricular thrombus and presence of myocardial tissue characterization abnormalities that can be the substrate of ventricular arrhythmias.

Perioperative Management of a Patient With Left Ventricular Free Wall Rupture After Myocardial Infarction: A Rare Case Scenario

Myocardial infarction (MI) is typically followed by numerous lethal complications. One such complication is left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR). We present the case of a middle-aged hypertensive patient who had a history of unstable angina for seven days. He presented to the emergency room with chest pain, dyspnea, and unstable vital parameters. Clinical signs, electrocardiography, and echocardiography raised the suspicion of left ventricular free wall rupture with ST-segment elevation inferior wall and lateral wall MI. As a result, the patient received aggressive resuscitative measures. Later, he underwent surgical repair for cardiac rupture via cardiopulmonary bypass. Finally, the patient was discharged from the hospital on the 10^th postoperative day. The window period from the onset of cardiac wall rupture to patient admission to the operating room is crucial. This case report highlights that a high index of suspicion for left ventricle free wall rupture should be considered for a patient presenting with MI and cardiogenic shock. Timely diagnosis and quick surgical intervention can deter complications and save the patient.

A case report of rescue of a patient with a left ventricular free wall rupture associated with a small subtle ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Background

Left ventricular (LV) free wall ruptures (LVFWRs) of myocardial infarctions (MIs) are still one of the most fatal mechanical complications after an acute MI (AMI). LVFWRs are estimated to occur in 0.01% to 0.52% of patients following an ST-elevation MI (STEMI) and are rarely reported in the setting of a non- or subtle-ST-elevation MI.

Case summary

We herein present a report of a 92-year-old male rescue case with an LVFWR following a small subtle-STEMI. Contrast cardiac computed tomography was useful to diagnose the LVFWR. An emergent cardiac surgery was performed. Finally, the patient’s life was saved.

Discussion

This case demonstrates that even without clinical evidence of transmural infarction such as non- or subtle-STEMI, those patients may carry a risk of fatal complications including LVFWR, especially in older age and a first lateral wall AMI without collateral flow, as in this present case. Thus, the physicians should be aware of the possibility of LVFWRs even in the setting of an AMI without or with subtle-ST-elevation. High clinical suspicion and vigilance are the cornerstones of a timely and accurate diagnosis of LVFWR. This is the first report of a rescue case of a patient with an LVFWR associated with a subtle-STEMI.

Pathogenetic Link of Cardiac Rupture and Left Ventricular Thrombus Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Joint Preclinical and Clinical Study

Background

Cardiac rupture (CR) and left ventricular thrombus (LVT) remain important complications of acute myocardial infarction (MI), and they are currently regarded as independent events. We explored the pathogenetic link between CR and LVT by investigating a murine model of MI with a high frequency of CR and in patients with acute MI.

Methods

MI was induced in mice, the onset of CR was monitored, and the hearts of mice with or without fatal CR were histologically examined. Between 2015 and 2022, from patients admitted due to acute MI, the data of patients with CR or LVT were retrospectively collected and compared to uncomplicated patients (control).

Results

A total of 75% of mice (n = 65) with MI developed CR 2–4 days after MI. A histological examination of CR hearts revealed the existence of platelet-rich intramural thrombi in the rupture tunnel, which was connected at the endocardial site to platelet-fibrin thrombi within an LVT. In CR or non-CR mouse hearts, LV blood clots often contained a portion of platelet-fibrin thrombi that adhered to the infarct wall. In non-CR hearts, sites of incomplete CR or erosion of the infarct wall were typically coated with platelet thrombi and dense inflammatory cells. Of 8,936 patients with acute MI, CR and LVT occurred in 102 (1.14%) and 130 (1.45%) patients, respectively, with three cases having both complications. CR accounted for 32.8% of in-hospital deaths. The majority of CR (95%) or LVT (63%, early LVT) occurred within 7 days. In comparison to the control or LVT-late groups, patients with CR or early LVT reported increased levels of cellular and biochemical markers for inflammation or cardiac injury.

Conclusion

CR and LVT after MI are potentially linked in their pathogenesis. LVT occurring early after MI may be triggered by a thrombo-inflammatory response following wall rupture or endocardial erosion.

Comparing patient outcomes following minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting surgery vs. coronary artery bypass grafting: a single-center retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

This present research was designed for comparing coronary artery disease (CAD) patient outcomes following minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (MICS) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS

From 2014-2017, 679 CAD patients underwent MICS (n=281) or CABG (n=398) and were evaluated for the present study. Patient data were analyzed using 1:1 propensity score-matched assessment and a multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model, and primary study achievements comprised major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac death, heart failure (HF), revascularization, and stroke. The median follow-up period was 2.68 years.

RESULTS

CABG patients exhibited a trend towards higher cumulative overall rates of MACCEs at 2 years (CABG: 6.2% vs. MICS: 3.8%) and 4 years (CABG: 9.3% vs. MICS: 7.6%) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33-5.39 for CABG vs. MICS; P=0.687], although this difference was not significant. No significant differences in 2- or 4-year cardiac death rates were observed between groups (CABG: 3.5%, 5.6% vs. MICS 2.8%, 2.8%; adjusted HR: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.03-1.81 for CABG vs. MICS; P=0.160). Further, there existed no discrepancies in rates of MI (P=1.000), HF (adjusted HR: 4.76; 95% CI: 0.01-6.40 for CABG vs. MICS; P=0.996), stroke (adjusted HR: 9.58; 95% CI: 0.11-25.24 for CABG vs. MICS; P=0.320), or repeated revascularization (adjusted HR: 1.71; 95% CI: 0.01-7.21 for CABG vs. MICS; P=0.631) when comparing these patient groups. In a multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, patients that were male (adjusted HR: 5.28; 95% CI: 1.48-18.83; P=0.010) and cases with a history of previous MI epsiodes (adjusted HR: 3.20; 95% CI: 1.09-9.37; P=0.034) were found to be at a higher risk of MACCEs.

CONCLUSIONS

Follow-up data indicated that the MICS and CABG treatments could achieve similar outcomes.

Sutureless repair techniques for post-infarction left ventricular free wall rupture

Left ventricular free wall rupture after acute myocardial infarction is uncommon but lethal and is still associated with high mortality rates. This paper presents the surgical treatment options and clinical management for post-infarction left ventricular free wall rupture. Various types of techniques, specifically sutureless repair using TachoComb/TachoSil, and intraoperative video images are discussed. Currently, sutureless repair is the most recommended treatment option when possible. However, appropriate selection of the surgical procedure remains important.

Uncommon post-infarction pseudoaneurysms: A case report

BACKGROUND

Mechanical complications are a rare presentation in chronic coronary syndromes, which have significantly decreased in the primary coronary intervention era. Incomplete rupture may occur, resulting in pseudoaneurysms (PANs). Early reperfusion decreases the risk of this complication. Echocardiography is the method of choice for diagnosis.

CASE SUMMARY

A 54-year-old female hypertensive patient, with a history of non-revascularized inferior and anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) 4 years prior, was admitted to the cardiac unit of the hospital with complaints of abdominal pain and dyspnea lasting 2 mo. The patient was hemodynamically stable, and 12-lead electrocardiogram showed persistent ST elevation and Q wave in the inferior and apical regions. Transthoracic echocardiogram in the two-chamber view showed a narrow neck of a wide PAN in the distal apical left ventricular inferior wall. In addition, the apical four-chamber and subcostal views revealed a second bulky PAN of the apical wall separated from the first by a common organizing thrombus. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the coexistence of more than one PAN. The patient received conservative medical treatment, and surgery was scheduled for outside the country. The patient had worsening multiple organ failure and died 4 wk after presentation.

CONCLUSION

Multifocal PANs rarely occur in chronic MI. Attention should be paid to patients with pain and cardiovascular risk factors.

Sex-Related Effects on Cardiac Development and Disease

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Interestingly, male and female patients with CVD exhibit distinct epidemiological and pathophysiological characteristics, implying a potentially important role for primary and secondary sex determination factors in heart development, aging, disease and therapeutic responses. Here, we provide a concise review of the field and discuss current gaps in knowledge as a step towards elucidating the “sex determination–heart axis”. We specifically focus on cardiovascular manifestations of abnormal sex determination in humans, such as in Turner and Klinefelter syndromes, as well as on the differences in cardiac regenerative potential between species with plastic and non-plastic sexual phenotypes. Sex-biased cardiac repair mechanisms are also discussed with a focus on the role of the steroid hormone 17β-estradiol. Understanding the “sex determination–heart axis” may offer new therapeutic possibilities for enhanced cardiac regeneration and/or repair post-injury.

The Predictive Value of the Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Monocyte-to-Haematocrit Ratio for Cardiac Rupture Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis

Background

Cardiac rupture (CR) is a serious complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We aimed to explore the predictive value of blood cell parameters for identifying CR in patients with AMI using the introduction of propensity score matching (PSM).

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled patients who were diagnosed with AMI from January 2013 to May 2020. A total of 109 patients with CR were included, and 327 hospitalized non-CR patients were randomly selected at a 1:3 ratio. Based on the 1:1 nearest neighbour matching method by using SPSS, the covariances of the two groups were balanced. After PSM, the independent risk factors for CR were selected by using multivariate logistic regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to evaluate the predictive value of blood cell parameters for CR. Ninety cases were matched successfully in each of the two groups.

Results

Among the 180 patients with AMI after PSM, the results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) (OR = 3.57, 95% CI: 1.28–9.97, P = 0.015) and monocyte-to-haematocrit ratio (MHR) (OR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.02–3.20, P = 0.043) were independently related to the risk of CR. Additionally, the MLR (area under the curve (AUC): 0.74) and MHR (AUC: 0.73) were useful for distinguishing CR patients after PSM. To differentiate CR patients from the control subjects, the optimal cut-offs of the MLR and MHR were 0.61 (63% sensitivity and 80% specificity) and 2.06 (57% sensitivity and 81% specificity), respectively.

Conclusion

The blood cell parameters MLR and MHR were independently correlated with CR. Additional, the MLR and MHR were useful to predict CR in patients with AMI.

[Mechanical complications after myocardial infarction in a National Reference Hospital]

Objective

To determine the clinical characteristics, therapeutic and in-hospital mortality of patients with mechanical complications post myocardial infarction.

Materials and methods

Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. We included patients >18 years old with a diagnosis of mechanical complication post myocardial infarction hospitalized at the Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular- INCOR in Lima -Peru, from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021. Variables like clinical characteristics, treatments, complications, and in-hospital mortality were studied.

Results

We found 37 cases, with a predominance of males (73.0%) and a median age of 73 years old. The location of the myocardial infarction was 51.4% in the anterior wall and 43.2% in the inferior wall. The patients received reperfusion therapy with fibrinolysis in 5 cases (13.5%), coronary angioplasty in 5 (13.5%), and 73% received only medical management prior to the diagnosis of mechanical complications. Of the 37 patients, 13 (35.1%) presented isolated ventricular free wall rupture, 12 (32.4%) isolated interventricular septum rupture, 10 (27.0%) the combination of ventricular free wall rupture and interventricular septum, and 2 (5.4%) papillary muscle rupture. In-hospital mortality was 51.4%.

Conclusions

The ventricular free wall rupture was the most frequent complication, patients with mechanical complications after myocardial infarction still maintain high intra-hospital mortality rates, mainly in those who did not have adequate surgical treatment.

Post-infarction ventricular septal rupture with a contained right ventricular pseudoaneurysm formation

Mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction, such as left ventricular free-wall or septal rupture, pseudo-aneurysm or true aneurysm, are uncommon but potentially fatal conditions, that require an early diagnosis and management. We describe a case of post-infarction ventricular septal rupture with pseudoaneurysm formation included in the right ventricle.

Mechanical complications in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: The impact of pre-hospital delay

AIMS

Mechanical complications (MC) (i.e., free wall rupture (FWR), papillary muscle rupture (PMR) and ventricular septal rupture (VSR)) are rare complications of ST- elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). Incidence of MC according to pre-hospital delay remains unknown. We aimed to determine the rates of MC according to pre-hospital delay.

METHODS

Analysis was conducted on the MODIF registry data. Patients were allocated to four groups according to pre-hospital delay: 0 to 12 h, 12 to 24 h, 24 to 36 h and 36 to 48 h.

RESULTS

6185 patients with complete data were analyzed. Mean age was 64.1 years old and 75.7% of patients were males. Eighty-three patients (1.34%) presented with MC: 44 (0.71%) experienced a FWR, 17 (0.27%) a PMR, and 22 (0.36%) a VSR. Global rates of MC were 0.82%, 1.43%, 1.24% and 5.07% in the four groups of pre-hospital delays - 0 to 12 h, 12 to 24 h, 24 to 36 h and 36 to 48 h - respectively (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality rates were high: 44.2%, 47.1% and 54.6% for FWR, PMR and VSR, respectively. In multivariate analysis, factors independently related to the occurrence of MC were older age, female sex, simultaneous COVID-19 infection, absence of dyslipidemia, initial TIMI flow 0 or 1 in the culprit artery, 36 to 48 h-pre-hospital delay and absence of revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation.

CONCLUSION

The probability of MC in STEMI increases with pre-hospital delay. Mechanical complications of STEMI remain associated with a very poor prognosis.

Myocardial infarction with non obstructive coronary arteries complicated with ventricular septal rupture: A case report and literature review

Ventricular septal rupture represents one of the most serious complications after an acute coronary syndrome. Nowadays this condition is rare due to early revascularization, but is still associated with high mortality rate. In this case report, we present an unusual case of a woman suffering an acute myocardial infarction with normal coronary arteries complicated with a ventricular septal rupture, which required surgical correction.

New risk factors for early- and late-onset cardiac rupture in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients after primary percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND

Cardiac rupture (CR) is a catastrophic complication of acute myocardial infarction. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) reduces the incidence of CR. This study aimed to investigate the clinical risk factors and characteristics of CR after pPCI.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, case-control, multicenter study. We enrolled 2444 consecutive patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who had undergone pPCI between 2009 and 2015; 33 patients experienced CR (1.35%): 19 were assigned as early CR (≤72 h) and 14 as late CR (>72 h). The 132 controls were randomly selected from the 2411 STEMI patients without CR, by matching institutions at a 1:4 ratio.

RESULTS

Multivariate logistic regression revealed that female sex, acute hyperglycemia, thrombocytopenia (platelets <15 × 10⁴/µL), and incomplete revascularization [post-PCI thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) <3] were independent risk factors for CR (p<0.05). Older age, female sex, and emergency surgical repair were strongly associated with in-hospital death, which occurred in 66.7% of CR patients (p<0.05). Univariate logistic regression adjusted for age and sex revealed that low systolic blood pressure, anterior infarction, acute hyperglycemia, Killip class >1, and post-PCI TIMI <3 were significantly associated with early CR, and that Killip class >1 and thrombocytopenia were strongly associated with late CR. Early CR occurred more frequently between 12:00 and 21:00 h, whereas the peak incidence of late CR was bimodal between 6:00-12:00 and 21:00-24:00 h.

CONCLUSIONS

In STEMI patients after pPCI, acute hyperglycemia and thrombocytopenia are new risk factors for early and late CR, respectively. Clinical risk factors and time of occurrence of early and late CR may differ in the PCI era.

Mechanical Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Over the past few decades, advances in pharmacological, catheter-based, and surgical reperfusion have improved outcomes for patients with acute myocardial infarctions. However, patients with large infarcts or those who do not receive timely revascularization remain at risk for mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction. The most commonly encountered mechanical complications are acute mitral regurgitation secondary to papillary muscle rupture, ventricular septal defect, pseudoaneurysm, and free wall rupture; each complication is associated with a significant risk of morbidity, mortality, and hospital resource utilization. The care for patients with mechanical complications is complex and requires a multidisciplinary collaboration for prompt recognition, diagnosis, hemodynamic stabilization, and decision support to assist patients and families in the selection of definitive therapies or palliation. However, because of the relatively small number of high-quality studies that exist to guide clinical practice, there is significant variability in care that mainly depends on local expertise and available resources.

Left ventricular free wall rupture: A real nightmare

Left ventricular free wall rupture (LVFWR) is a rarest but often lethal mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The mortality rate for LVFWR is described from 75% to 90% and it is the cause for 20% of in-hospital deaths after AMI. Death results essentially from the limited time available for emergent intervention after onset of symptoms. Emergency surgery is indicated and normally the rupture site is easily identified, but it may not be apparent macroscopically, corresponding to transmyocardial or subepicardial dissection with an external rupture far from the infarction site, or already thrombosed and contained. Repair of the ventricular wall is usually achieved either by suturing the edges of the tear or closing it with patches of artificial material or biological tissues, usually using some kind of biological glue. However, several cases of successful conservative management have been described. In this Editorial, I comment on the metanalysis conducted by Matteucci et al, published in this issue of the Journal, including 11 nonrandomized studies and enrolling a total of 363 patients, which brings a great deal of new knowledge that can help not only in the prevention but also in the management of this dreadful complication of AMI.

Association between acute myocardial infarction-to-cardiac rupture time and in-hospital mortality risk: a retrospective analysis of multicenter registry data from the Cardiovascular Research Consortium-8 Universities (CIRC-8U)

Despite the known association of cardiac rupture with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), it is still unclear whether the clinical characteristics are associated with the risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with AMI complicated by cardiac rupture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the time of cardiac rupture occurrence and the risk of in-hospital mortality after AMI. We conducted a retrospective analysis of multicenter registry data from eight medical universities in Eastern Japan. From 10,278 consecutive patients with AMI, we included 183 patients who had cardiac rupture after AMI, and examined the incidence of in-hospital deaths during a median follow-up of 26 days. Patients were stratified into three groups according to the AMI-to-cardiac rupture time, namely the > 24-h group (n = 111), 24-48-h group (n = 20), and < 48-h group (n = 52). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and the confidence interval (CI) for in-hospital mortality. Around 87 (48%) patients experienced in-hospital death and 126 (67%) underwent a cardiac surgery. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed a non-linear association across the three groups for mortality (HR [CI]; < 24 h: 1.0, reference; 24-48 h: 0.73 [0.27-1.86]; > 48 h: 2.25 [1.22-4.15]) after adjustments for age, sex, Killip classification, percutaneous coronary intervention, blood pressure, creatinine, peak creatine kinase myocardial band fraction, left ventricular ejection fraction, and type of rupture. Cardiac surgery was independently associated with a reduction in the HR of mortality (HR [CI]: 0.27 [0.12-0.61]) and attenuated the association between the three AMI-to-cardiac rupture time categories and mortality (statistically non-significant) in the Cox model. These data suggest that the AMI-to-cardiac rupture time contributes significantly to the risk of in-hospital mortality; however, rapid diagnosis and prompt surgical interventions are crucial for improving outcomes in patients with cardiac rupture after AMI.

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: Management and association with prognosis during the COVID-19 pandemic in France

BACKGROUND

Systems of care have been challenged to control progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. Whether this has been associated with delayed reperfusion and worse outcomes in French patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is unknown.

AIM

To compare the rate of STEMI admissions, treatment delays, and outcomes between the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in France and the equivalent period in 2019.

METHODS

In this nationwide French survey, data from consecutive STEMI patients from 65 centres referred for urgent revascularization between 1 March and 31 May 2020, and between 1 March and 31 May 2019, were analysed. The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital death or non-fatal mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction.

RESULTS

A total of 6306 patients were included. During the pandemic peak, a 13.9±6.6% (P=0.003) decrease in STEMI admissions per week was observed. Delays between symptom onset and percutaneous coronary intervention were longer in 2020 versus 2019 (270 [interquartile range 150-705] vs 245 [140-646]min; P=0.013), driven by the increase in time from symptom onset to first medical contact (121 [60-360] vs 150 [62-420]min; P=0.002). During 2020, a greater number of mechanical complications was observed (0.9% vs 1.7%; P=0.029) leading to a significant difference in the primary outcome (112 patients [5.6%] in 2019 vs 129 [7.6%] in 2020; P=0.018). No significant difference was observed in rates of orotracheal intubation, in-hospital cardiac arrest, ventricular arrhythmias and cardiogenic shock.

CONCLUSIONS

During the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in France, there was a decrease in STEMI admissions, associated with longer ischaemic time, exclusively driven by an increase in patient-related delays and an increase in mechanical complications. These findings suggest the need to encourage the population to seek medical help in case of symptoms.