Interleukin-29 Accelerates Vascular Calcification via JAK2/STAT3/BMP2 Signaling

Expression level and clinical significance of IL-29 in serum of patients with coronary heart disease

BACKGROUND

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a chronic inflammatory disease carrying high morbidity and mortality. Interleukin (IL)-29 may be used as a biomarker for autoimmune diseases. This paper investigates the diagnostic value of serum IL-29 in CHD patients.

METHODS

A total of 90 CHD patients (39 mild and 51 severe patients) and 90 controls were included. Serum IL-29 levels were detected by ELISA, and the diagnostic value of IL-29 in CHD was analyzed by ROC curve. According to the median value of serum IL-29 level, CHD patients were categorized into IL-29 low-level group and high-level group. The correlation between IL-29 and pathological indexes of CHD patients was analyzed by chi-square test. SYNTAX score was used to classify CHD patients into mild CHD and moderate/severe CHD. Pearson coefficient analyzed the correlation between IL-29 and CHD severity. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed the risk factors for CHD exacerbation.

RESULTS

IL-29 serum levels were elevated in CHD patients. The AUC for CHD diagnosis by serum IL-29 was 0.789 (65.6% sensitivity and 76.7% specificity). IL-29 was correlated with BMI, PHASE score, and CRP. IL-29 serum level was positively correlated with CHD severity. The AUC for differentiating mild and moderate/severe CHD patients by IL-29 level was 0.739 (70.6% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity). IL-29 was an independent risk factor for CHD exacerbation, and each one-unit increase in IL-29 increased the risk of exacerbation in CHD patients by 1.065-fold.

CONCLUSION

IL-29 is highly expressed in CHD patients and has auxiliary diagnostic value for CHD.

Association between cardiometabolic index and abdominal aortic calcification in US adults from the NHANES

Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) and atherosclerosis are prevalent conditions among older adults, and recent research suggests that their association may extend beyond the effects of aging alone. An essential instrument for determining the possibility of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the cardiometabolic index (CMI), a new lipid-based index sensitive to visceral obesity. However, little has been established about the relationship between CMI and AAC. We examined CMI and AAC data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 2013-2014 for this study. The relationship between AAC, severe abdominal aortic calcification (SAAC), and CMI was assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression models. The overall trend was visualized using smoothed curve modeling. Subgroup analyses were conducted to find possible moderating factors. Among the 2704 participants included, those with higher CMI levels exhibited much greater AAC scores and a higher prevalence of SAAC. In model 3, elevated CMI positively correlated with AAC (0.25 (0.09, 0.41)) and with the odds of SAAC (OR = 1.35 (1.09, 1.67)). Participants in the highest CMI quartile had an AAC score that was 0.65 units higher (β = 0.65 (0.26, 1.04)) and an 114% higher risk of SAAC (OR = 2.14 (1.29, 3.54)). Subgroup analyses indicated sex and smoking status significantly modified the relationship between CMI, AAC, and SAAC, while previously diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF) and heart attack significantly moderated the association between CMI and AAC. These results imply that greater AAC scores and a higher risk of SAAC are linked to heightened CMI, which represents visceral fat storage and disturbed lipid metabolism. Our findings indicate that CMI is correlated with AAC in certain demographic and cardiovascular subgroups, suggesting its potential as an exploratory indicator of elevated AAC risk in these populations.

Hsa-miR-2113-5p is not a key indicator for coronary artery disease: a case-controlled observational study

INTRODUCTION

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a prevalent inflammatory disease. Interferon λ 1 (IFN-λ1) is a known factor that participates in the pathogenesis of proinflammatory diseases, but the roles of IFN-λ1 in CAD and its regulators have yet to be clarified. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that hsa-miR-2113-5p can target IFN-λ1 with a score of 84. Thus, this project was designed to explore the relative expression of hsa-miR-2113-5p in patients with CAD and its correlation with IFN-λ1 expression.

METHODS

In this project, 60 Iranian volunteers were enrolled, including 40 people with CAD and 20 people without CAD. Relative expression of hsa-miR-2113-5p and IFN-λ1 was explored using the real-time polymerase chain reaction technique.

RESULTS

The results showed that neither hsa-miR-2113-5p nor IFN-λ1 expression levels were different between individuals with CAD and control individuals. There were no correlations among hsa-miR-2113-5p, IFN-λ1, and age in control individuals or individuals with CAD.

DISCUSSION

Because individuals with CAD have chronic inflammation and alteration of several genes, no alterations in the molecules demonstrated that chronic inflammation associated with CAD is independent of hsa-miR-2113-5p and IFN-λ1.

STING Facilitates Vascular Calcification via p-STAT1/NLRP3 Signal

Vascular calcification is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), yet no approved treatment exists. The cGAS-STING signaling participates in various cardiovascular diseases. Notably, DNA damage, an important regulator of vascular calcification, activates the cGAS-STING signaling. However, it remains poorly understood whether STING regulates vascular calcification under CKD conditions. In the current study, we showed that the expression of STING was elevated during vascular calcification. STING knockdown or pharmacological inhibition decreased calcium deposits in vascular smooth muscle cells and human arterial rings, while its activation exacerbated calcification. Furthermore, STING knockout mice exhibited reduced aortic calcification. RNA sequencing analysis suggested that the STAT1 signaling pathway may mediate STING-induced vascular calcification. STING knockdown decreased phosphorylated STAT1 (p-STAT1) levels, and inhibition of p-STAT1 mitigated STING-induced calcification in VSMCs and human arterial tissues. Additionally, STING knockdown downregulated NLRP3 expression, and inhibiting NLRP3 further attenuated STING-induced VSMC calcification, indicating STING accelerates vascular calcification via NLRP3 activation. Altogether, our study highlights the STING/p-STAT1/NLRP3 signaling axis as a key mediator in vascular calcification, suggesting that targeting STING may represent a promising therapeutic approach for vascular calcification in CKD patients.

TRIM21 Promotes Endothelial Cell Activation via Accelerating SOCS3 Ubiquitination Degradation in Atherosclerosis

Activated endothelial cells play an important role in the beginning of atherosclerotic disease by secreting various proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Ubiquitination is one of the most common post-translational changes in cells. However, the role and mechanisms of ubiquitination in endothelial cell activation remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified TRIM21 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase with increased expression in atherosclerotic disease and activated endothelial cells. Knockdown of TRIM21 resulted in reduced secretion of inflammatory factors and attenuated the pyroptosis of endothelial cells, inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, TRIM21 could bind and ubiquitinate SOCS3, thereby enhancing NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. Taken together, we found that endothelial TRIM21 activated the JAK/STAT3 pathway by degrading SOCS3, which in turn promoted NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis and aggravated atherosclerosis, revealing that TRIM21 may be a promising treatment target for the medical management of atherosclerosis.

Interleukin 29 is a novel antiangiogenic factor in angiogenesis

AIMS

Angiogenesis is tightly controlled by growth factors and cytokines in pathophysiological settings. Despite the importance of Interleukin 29 (IL-29), a newly identified cytokine of type III interferon family, its role in angiogenesis remains unknown. We aimed to elucidate IL-29's impact on angiogenesis under both and physiological and pathological conditions.

METHODS

We employed various assays to evaluate IL-29's effect on proliferation, apoptosis, migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. IL-29's angiogenic effect was assessed using mouse aortic rings ex vivo, and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) mouse model in vivo. Signaling pathways possibly involved in IL-29-induced angiogenesis were investigated by Western blot. Finally, IL-29's impact on tube formation was blocked by inhibiting IL-29/interleukin 10 receptor 2 (IL-10R2) binding.

RESULTS

IL-29 treatment inhibited endothelial cell migration, tube formation and vessel sprouting, without affecting proliferation or apoptosis. Notably, IL-29 (100 ng/ml) attenuated vessel growth in pathological angiogenesis in OIR mice, accompanied by decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). Mechanistically, IL-29 activated Stat3 signaling pathway, and blocking IL-29/IL-10R2 binding remarkably reversed IL-29's anti-angiogenic effect on tube formation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings demonstrated that IL-29, at a relative low concentration, modulates angiogenesis in both physiological and pathological contexts. Targeting IL-29 or its receptor IL-10R2 offers a promising strategy for angiogenesis regulation in various conditions.

Moscatilin inhibits vascular calcification by activating IL13RA2-dependent inhibition of STAT3 and attenuating the WNT3/β-catenin signalling pathway

INTRODUCTION

Vascular calcification, a devastating vascular complication accompanying atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, increases the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events and compromises the efficacy of vascular interventions. However, effective therapeutic drugs and treatments to delay or prevent vascular calcification are lacking.

OBJECTIVES

This study was designed to test the therapeutic effects and mechanism of Moscatilin (also known as dendrophenol) from Dendrobium huoshanense (an eminent traditional Chinese medicine) in suppressing vascular calcification in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo.

METHODS

Male C57BL/6J mice (25-week-old) were subjected to nicotine and vitamin D3 (VD3) treatment to induce vascular calcification. In vitro, we established the cellular model of osteogenesis of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) under phosphate conditions.

RESULTS

By utilizing an in-house drug screening strategy, we identified Moscatilin as a new naturally-occurring chemical entity to reduce HASMC calcium accumulation. The protective effects of Moscatilin against vascular calcification were verified in cultured HASMCs. Unbiased transcriptional profiling analysis and cellular thermal shift assay suggested that Moscatilin suppresses vascular calcification via binding to interleukin 13 receptor subunit A2 (IL13RA2) and augmenting its expression. Furthermore, IL13RA2 was reduced during HASMC osteogenesis, thus promoting the secretion of inflammatory factors via STAT3. We further validated the participation of Moscatilin-inhibited vascular calcification by the classical WNT/β-catenin pathway, among which WNT3 played a key role in this process. Moscatilin mitigated the crosstalk between WNT3/β-catenin and IL13RA2/STAT3 to reduce osteogenic differentiation of HASMCs.

CONCLUSION

This study supports the potential of Moscatilin as a new naturally-occurring candidate drug for treating vascular calcification via regulating the IL13RA2/STAT3 and WNT3/β-catenin signalling pathways.

From Cells to Plaques: The Molecular Pathways of Coronary Artery Calcification and Disease

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and a critical factor in the development and progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). This review aims to address the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying CAC and its relationship with CAD. We examine the cellular and molecular processes that drive the formation of calcified plaques, highlighting the roles of inflammation, lipid accumulation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Additionally, we explore the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the heterogeneity in CAC and CAD presentation among individuals. Understanding these intricate mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapeutic strategies and improving diagnostic accuracy. By integrating current research findings, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathways linking CAC to CAD, offering insights into potential interventions to mitigate the burden of these interrelated conditions.

Augmentative effects of leukemia inhibitory factor reveal a critical role for TYK2 signaling in vascular calcification

Medial vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) involves pro-inflammatory pathways induced by hyperphosphatemia. Several interleukin 6 family members have been associated with pro-calcific effects in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and are considered as therapeutic targets. Therefore, we investigated the role of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) during VSMC calcification. LIF expression was found to be increased following phosphate exposure of VSMCs. LIF supplementation aggravated, while silencing of endogenous LIF or LIF receptor (LIFR) ameliorated the pro-calcific effects of phosphate in VSMCs. The soluble LIFR mediated antagonistic effects towards LIF and reduced VSMC calcification. Mechanistically, LIF induced phosphorylation of the non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase 2 (TYK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) in VSMCs. TYK2 inhibition by deucravacitinib, a selective, allosteric oral immunosuppressant used in psoriasis treatment, not only blunted the effects of LIF, but also interfered with the pro-calcific effects induced by phosphate. Conversely, TYK2 overexpression aggravated VSMC calcification. Ex vivo calcification of mouse aortic rings was ameliorated by Tyk2 pharmacological inhibition and genetic deficiency. Cholecalciferol-induced vascular calcification in mice was improved by Tyk2 inhibition and in the Tyk2-deficient mice. Similarly, calcification was ameliorated in Abcc6/Tyk2-deficient mice after adenine/high phosphorus-induced CKD. Thus, our observations indicate a role for LIF in CKD-associated vascular calcification. Hence, the effects of LIF identify a central pro-calcific role of TYK2 signaling, which may be a future target to reduce the burden of vascular calcification in CKD.

ATG10S promotes IFNL1 expression and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins mediated by IFNL1

ATG10S is a newly discovered subtype of the autophagy protein ATG10. It promotes complete macroautophagy/autophagy, degrades multiple viral proteins, and increases the expression of type III interferons. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of ATG10S cooperation with IFNL1 to degrade viral proteins from different viruses. Using western blot, immunoprecipitation (IP), tandem sensor RFP-GFP-LC3B and in situ proximity ligation assays, we showed that exogenous recombinant ATG10S protein (rHsATG10S) could enter into cells through clathrin, and ATG10S combined with ATG7 with IFNL1 assistance to facilitate ATG12-ATG5 conjugation, thereby contributing to the autophagosome formation in multiple cell lines containing different virions or viral proteins. The results of DNA IP and luciferase assays also showed that ATG10S was able to directly bind to a core motif (CAAGGG) within a binding site of transcription factor ZNF460 on the IFNL1 promoter, by which IFNL1 transcription was activated. These results clarified that ATG10S promoted autophagosome formation with the assistance of IFNL1 to ensure autophagy flux and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins and that ATG10S could also act as a novel transcription factor to promote IFNL1 gene expression. Importantly, this study further explored the antiviral mechanism of ATG10S interaction with type III interferon and provided a theoretical basis for the development of ATG10S into a new broad-spectrum antiviral protein drug.Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy related; ATG10S: the shorter isoform of autophagy-related 10; CC50: half cytotoxicity concentration; CCV: clathrin-coated transport vesicle; CLTC: clathrin heavy chain; CM: core motif; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CPZ: chlorpromazine; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HsCoV-OC43: Human coronavirus OC43; IFN: interferon; PLA: proximity ligation assay; rHsATG10S: recombinant human ATG10S protein; RLU: relative light unit; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ZNF: zinc finger protein.

Current Understanding of Cardiovascular Calcification in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing, posing a serious threat to human health. Cardiovascular calcification (CVC) is one of the most common manifestations of CKD, which significantly influences the morbidity and mortality of patients. The manifestation of CVC is an unusual accumulation of mineral substances containing calcium and phosphate. The main component is hydroxyapatite. Many cells are involved in this process, such as smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells. CVC is an osteogenic process initiated by complex mechanisms such as metabolic disorders of calcium and phosphorus minerals, inflammation, extracellular vesicles, autophagy, and micro-RNAs with a variety of signaling pathways like Notch, STAT, and JAK. Although drug therapy and dialysis technology continue to advance, the survival time and quality of life of CVC patients still face challenges. Therefore, early diagnosis and prevention of CKD-related CVC, reducing its mortality rate, and improving patients' quality of life have become urgent issues in the field of public health. In this review, we try to summarize the state-of-the-art understanding of the progression of CVC and hope that it will help in the prevention and treatment of CVC in CKD.

Vascular Impairment, Muscle Atrophy, and Cognitive Decline: Critical Age-Related Conditions

The triad of vascular impairment, muscle atrophy, and cognitive decline represents critical age-related conditions that significantly impact health. Vascular impairment disrupts blood flow, precipitating the muscle mass reduction seen in sarcopenia and the decline in neuronal function characteristic of neurodegeneration. Our limited understanding of the intricate relationships within this triad hinders accurate diagnosis and effective treatment strategies. This review analyzes the interrelated mechanisms that contribute to these conditions, with a specific focus on oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and impaired nutrient delivery. The aim is to understand the common pathways involved and to suggest comprehensive therapeutic approaches. Vascular dysfunctions hinder the circulation of blood and the transportation of nutrients, resulting in sarcopenia characterized by muscle atrophy and weakness. Vascular dysfunction and sarcopenia have a negative impact on physical function and quality of life. Neurodegenerative diseases exhibit comparable pathophysiological mechanisms that affect cognitive and motor functions. Preventive and therapeutic approaches encompass lifestyle adjustments, addressing oxidative stress, inflammation, and integrated therapies that focus on improving vascular and muscular well-being. Better understanding of these links can refine therapeutic strategies and yield better patient outcomes. This study emphasizes the complex interplay between vascular dysfunction, muscle degeneration, and cognitive decline, highlighting the necessity for multidisciplinary treatment approaches. Advances in this domain promise improved diagnostic accuracy, more effective therapeutic options, and enhanced preventive measures, all contributing to a higher quality of life for the elderly population.

Suppression of FOXC1 induces pyroptosis of the coronary artery through activation of JAK2

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) triggers endothelial pyroptosis and is associated with a multitude of pathological cardiovascular manifestations, including atherosclerosis. However, the associated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated a novel transcriptional regulator upstream of JAK2.

METHODS

We validated the binding and regulation of Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) and JAK2 using chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. Immunofluorescence was used to detect protein localization in cells and tissues. Immunohistochemistry, hematoxylin-eosin (HE), Masson's trichrome, and Oil Red O staining were used to identify tissue lesions. Transcriptional functions were investigated using in vitro and in vivo coronary artery disease (CAD) atherosclerosis models.

RESULTS

The mRNA levels of JAK2 were considerably higher in both the cardiac tissues of mice and the peripheral blood of patients with CAD than in equivalent controls. JAK2 expression increased markedly in the coronary arteries of ApoeKO mice, whereas FOXC1 expression exhibited a decreasing trend. In vitro, FOXC1 bound to the JAK2 promoter region and inversely regulated the expression of JAK2. Mechanistic studies have revealed that the FOXC1-JAK2 pathway regulates pyroptosis and participates in the pathogenesis of human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs). In vivo, the suppression of FOXC1 was confirmed to stimulate the levels of JAK2 and pyroptosis, contributing to the pathological progression of aortic and coronary artery damage.

CONCLUSIONS

We established the FOXC1-JAK2 regulatory pathway and verified its reverse-regulatory function in CAD pyroptosis. Our data emphasizes that FOXC1 is critical for the treatment of pyroptosis-induced injury in patients with CAD.

Role of post-translational modifications of Sp1 in cardiovascular diseases

Specific protein 1 (Sp1) is pivotal in sustaining baseline transcription as well as modulating cell signaling pathways and transcription factors activity. Through interactions with various proteins, especially transcription factors, Sp1 controls the expression of target genes, influencing numerous biological processes. Numerous studies have confirmed Sp1's significant regulatory role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Sp1, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, glycosylation, SUMOylation, and S-sulfhydration, can enhance or modify its transcriptional activity and DNA-binding stability. These modifications also regulate Sp1 expression across different cell types. Sp1 is crucial in regulating non-coding gene expression and the activity of proteins in response to pathophysiological stimuli. Understanding Sp1 PTMs advances our knowledge of cell signaling pathways in controlling Sp1 stability during cardiovascular disease onset and progression. It also aids in identifying novel pharmaceutical targets and biomarkers essential for preventing and managing cardiovascular diseases.

Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase Overexpression Inhibits Ferroptosis to Repress Calcification of Human Coronary Artery Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells via the P53/SLC7A11 Pathway

Background

Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is in almost all patients with coronary artery disease and requires more effective therapies. We aim to explore the effects of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) on CAC.

Methods

We identified the differentially expressed genes through bioinformatic analysis and selected PHGDH for further verification. Human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) cultured with calcifying medium were used as models of CAC in vitro. Erastin was administered to induce ferroptosis. We determined the cell viability by the cell count kit-8 assay. The alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, and the expression of glutathione were evaluated by the corresponding detection kits. The calcification level was detected by alizarin red staining. Then we performed Western blot to examine the expression of runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein 2, cyclooxygenase 2, glutathione peroxidase 4, P53, and solute carrier family 7a member 11 (SLC7A11).

Results

We acquired 201 differentially expressed genes and selected PHGDH to verify. In calcifying medium-induced HCASMCs, PHGDH overexpression increased the cell viability and decreased the alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium content, calcification level, and the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and runt-related transcription factor 2. Additionally, we found higher levels of glutathione, glutathione peroxidase 4, and SLC7A11 and lower levels of cyclooxygenase 2 and P53 after up-regulating PHGDH. Erastin reversed the effects of PHGDH on calcification of HCASMCs.

Conclusion

PHGDH overexpression suppresses the calcification level of HCASMCs by inhibiting ferroptosis through the P53/SLC7A11 signaling pathway, suggesting PHGDH as a promising therapeutic target of CAC.

Empagliflozin ameliorates vascular calcification in diabetic mice through inhibiting Bhlhe40-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients exhibit greater susceptibility to vascular calcification (VC), which has a higher risk of death and disability. However, there is no specific drug for VC therapy. NLRP3 inflammasome activation as a hallmark event of medial calcification leads to arterial stiffness, causing vasoconstrictive dysfunction in T2DM. Empagliflozin (EMPA), a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), restrains hyperglycemia with definite cardiovascular benefits. Given the anti-inflammatory activity of EMPA, herein we investigated whether EMPA protected against VC in the aorta of T2DM mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Since db/db mice receiving a normal diet developed VC at the age of about 20 weeks, we administered EMPA (5, 10, 20 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g) to 8 week-old db/db mice for 12 weeks. We showed that EMPA intervention dose-dependently ameliorated the calcium deposition, accompanied by reduced expression of RUNX2 and BMP2 proteins in the aortas. We found that EMPA (10 mg·kg-1·d-1 for 6 weeks) also protected against VC in vitamin D3-overloaded mice, suggesting the protective effects independent of metabolism. We showed that EMPA (10 mg·kg-1·d-1) inhibited the abnormal activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in aortic smooth muscle layer of db/db mice. Knockout (KO) of NLRP3 significantly alleviated VC in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The protective effects of EMPA were verified in high glucose (HG)-treated mouse aortic smooth muscle cells (MOVASs). In HG-treated NLRP3 KO MOVASs, EMPA (1 μM) did not cause further improvement. Bioinformatics and Western blot analysis revealed that EMPA significantly increased the expression levels of basic helix-loop-helix family transcription factor e40 (Bhlhe40) in HG-treated MOVASs, which served as a negative transcription factor directly binding to the promotor of Nlrp3. We conclude that EMPA ameliorates VC by inhibiting Bhlhe40-dpendent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These results might provide potential significance for EMPA in VC therapy of T2DM patients.

Associations between pan-immune-inflammation value and abdominal aortic calcification: a cross-sectional study

Background

Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) pathogenesis is intricately linked with inflammation. The pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) emerges as a potential biomarker, offering reflection into systemic inflammatory states and assisting in the prognosis of diverse diseases. This research aimed to explore the association between PIV and AAC.

Methods

Employing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this cross-sectional analysis harnessed weighted multivariable regression models to ascertain the relationship between PIV and AAC. Trend tests probed the evolving relationship among PIV quartiles and AAC. The study also incorporated subgroup analysis and interaction tests to determine associations within specific subpopulations. Additionally, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and multivariable logistic regression were used for characteristics selection to construct prediction model. Nomograms were used for visualization. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve, calibration plot and decision curve analysis were applied for evaluate the predictive performance.

Results

From the cohort of 3,047 participants, a distinct positive correlation was observed between PIV and AAC. Subsequent to full adjustments, a 100-unit increment in PIV linked to an elevation of 0.055 points in the AAC score (β=0.055, 95% CI: 0.014-0.095). Categorizing PIV into quartiles revealed an ascending trend: as PIV quartiles increased, AAC scores surged (β values in Quartile 2, Quartile 3, and Quartile 4: 0.122, 0.437, and 0.658 respectively; P for trend <0.001). Concurrently, a marked rise in SAAC prevalence was noted (OR values for Quartile 2, Quartile 3, and Quartile 4: 1.635, 1.842, and 2.572 respectively; P for trend <0.01). Individuals aged 60 or above and those with a history of diabetes exhibited a heightened association. After characteristic selection, models for predicting AAC and SAAC were constructed respectively. The AUC of AAC model was 0.74 (95%CI=0.71-0.77) and the AUC of SAAC model was 0.84 (95%CI=0.80-0.87). According to the results of calibration plots and DCA, two models showed high accuracy and clinical benefit.

Conclusion

The research findings illuminate the potential correlation between elevated PIV and AAC presence. Our models indicate the potential utility of PIV combined with other simple predictors in the assessment and management of individuals with AAC.

Vascular calcification and cellular signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets

Increased vascular calcification (VC) is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. VC is divided into three types according to its location: intimal, medial, and valvular. Various cellular signaling pathways are associated with VC, including the Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, Ras homologous GTPase, apoptosis, Notch, and cytokine signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the literature concerning the key cellular signaling pathways associated with VC and their role as potential therapeutic targets. Inhibitors to these pathways represent good candidates for use as potential therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of VC.

Aortic calcification accelerates cardiac dysfunction via inducing apoptosis of cardiomyocytes

Vascular calcification (VC) is a known predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis and chronic renal disease. However, the exact relationship between VC and cardiovascular mortality remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the underlying mechanisms between VC progression, arterial stiffness, and cardiac dysfunction. C57BL/6 mice were administered intraperitoneally vitamin D3 (VD3) at a dosage of 35×104 IU/day for 14 days. At day 42, VC extent, artery elasticity, carotid artery blood flow, aorta pulse propagation velocity, cardiac function, and pathological changes were evaluated. Heart apoptosis was detected using TUNEL and immunohistochemistry staining. In vitro, rat cardiomyocytes H9C2 were exposed to media from calcified rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) cultured in calcification medium, and then H9C2 apoptosis and gene expression related to cardiac function were assessed. VD3-treated mice displayed a significant aortic calcification, increased pulse propagation velocity of aortae, and reduced cardiac function. Aortae showed increased calcification and elastolysis, with increased heart apoptosis. Hearts demonstrated higher levels of ANP, BNP, MMP2, and lower levels of bcl2/bax. Moreover, calcified rat VSMC media induced H9C2 apoptosis and upregulated genes expression linked to cardiac dysfunction. Our data provide evidence that VC accelerates cardiac dysfunction, partially by inducing cardiomyocytes apoptosis.

High Phosphate-Induced JAK-STAT Signalling Sustains Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Inflammation and Limits Calcification

Vascular calcification (VC) is an age-related complication characterised by calcium-phosphate deposition in the arterial wall driven by the osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The JAK-STAT pathway is an emerging target in inflammation. Considering the relationship between VC and inflammation, we investigated the role of JAK-STAT signalling during VSMC calcification. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were cultured in high-inorganic phosphate (Pi) medium for up to 7 days; calcium deposition was determined via Alizarin staining and colorimetric assay. Inflammatory factor secretion was evaluated via ELISA and JAK-STAT members' activation using Western blot or immunohistochemistry on HASMCs or calcified aortas of Vitamin D-treated C57BL6/J mice, respectively. The JAK-STAT pathway was blocked by JAK Inhibitor I and Von Kossa staining was used for calcium deposits in murine aortic rings. During Pi-induced calcification, HASMCs released IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 and activated JAK1-JAK3 proteins and STAT1. Phospho-STAT1 was detected in murine calcified aortas. Blocking of the JAK-STAT cascade reduced HASMC proliferation and pro-inflammatory factor expression and release while increasing calcium deposition and osteogenic transcription factor RUNX2 expression. Consistently, JAK-STAT pathway inhibition exacerbates mouse aortic ring calcification ex vivo. Intriguingly, our results suggest an alternative link between VSMC inflammation and VC.

DNA Methylation of the IL-17A Gene Promoter Is Associated with Subclinical Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease: The Genetics of Atherosclerotic Disease Mexican Study

The interleukin-17 (IL-17) has a crucial role during inflammation and has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, but its role in epigenetics is still poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the DNA methylation status of the IL-17A gene promoter to establish whether it may represent a risk factor for subclinical atherosclerosis (SA) or clinical coronary artery disease (CAD). We included 38 patients with premature CAD (pCAD), 48 individuals with SA, and 43 healthy controls. Methylation in the CpG region of the IL-17A gene promoter was assessed via methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Individuals with SA showed increased methylation levels compared to healthy controls and pCAD patients, with p < 0.001 for both. Logistic regression analysis showed that high methylation levels represent a significant risk for SA (OR = 5.68, 95% CI = 2.38-14.03, p < 0.001). Moreover, low methylation levels of the IL-17A gene promoter DNA represent a risk for symptomatic pCAD when compared with SA patients (OR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.06-0.41, p < 0.001). Our data suggest that the increased DNA methylation of the IL-17A gene promoter is a risk factor for SA but may be a protection factor for progression from SA to symptomatic CAD.

The pterostilbene-dihydropyrazole derivative Ptd-1 ameliorates vascular calcification by regulating inflammation

Vascular calcification is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. However, there is still a lack of adequate treatment. This study aimed to examine the potential of (E)-1-(5-(2-(4-fluorobenzyloxy)Styryl)-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-yl) ethyl ketone (Ptd-1) to alleviate vascular calcification. ApoE-deficient mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12/16 weeks to induce intimal calcification, and wild-type mice were induced with a combination of nicotine and vitamin D3 to induce medial calcification. Human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and aortic osteogenic differentiation were induced in vitro with phosphate. In the mouse model of atherosclerosis, Ptd-1 significantly ameliorated the progression of atherosclerosis and intimal calcification, and there were significant reductions in lipid deposition and calcium salt deposition in the aorta and aortic root. In addition, Ptd-1 significantly improved medial calcification in vivo and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Mechanistically, Ptd-1 reduced the levels of the inflammatory factors IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ptd-1 could attenuate the expression of p-ERK1/2 and β-catenin, and that the levels of inflammatory factors were elevated in the presence of ERK1/2 and β-catenin agonists. Interestingly, we determined that activation of the ERK1/2 pathway promoted β-catenin expression, which further regulated the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Ptd-1 blocked ERK1/2 signaling, leading to decreased expression of inflammatory factors, which in turn improved vascular calcification. Taken together, our study reveals that Ptd-1 ameliorates vascular calcification by regulating the production of inflammatory factors, providing new ideas for the treatment of vascular calcification.

Transcription factor 21 accelerates vascular calcification in mice by activating the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway and the interplay between VSMCs and ECs

Vascular calcification is caused by the deposition of calcium salts in the intimal or tunica media layer of the aorta, which increases the risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. However, the mechanisms underlying vascular calcification are not fully clarified. Recently it has been shown that transcription factor 21 (TCF21) is highly expressed in human and mouse atherosclerotic plaques. In this study we investigated the role of TCF21 in vascular calcification and the underlying mechanisms. In carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques collected from 6 patients, we found that TCF21 expression was upregulated in calcific areas. We further demonstrated TCF21 expression was increased in an in vitro vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) osteogenesis model. TCF21 overexpression promoted osteogenic differentiation of VSMC, whereas TCF21 knockdown in VSMC attenuated the calcification. Similar results were observed in ex vivo mouse thoracic aorta rings. Previous reports showed that TCF21 bound to myocardin (MYOCD) to inhibit the transcriptional activity of serum response factor (SRF)-MYOCD complex. We found that SRF overexpression significantly attenuated TCF21-induced VSMC and aortic ring calcification. Overexpression of SRF, but not MYOCD, reversed TCF21-inhibited expression of contractile genes SMA and SM22. More importantly, under high inorganic phosphate (3 mM) condition, SRF overexpression reduced TCF21-induced expression of calcification-related genes (BMP2 and RUNX2) as well as vascular calcification. Moreover, TCF21 overexpression enhanced IL-6 expression and downstream STAT3 activation to facilitate vascular calcification. Both LPS and STAT3 could induce TCF21 expression, suggesting that the inflammation and TCF21 might form a positive feedback loop to amplify the activation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. On the other hand, TCF21 induced production of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in endothelial cells (ECs) to promote VSMC osteogenesis. In EC-specific TCF21 knockout (TCF21ECKO) mice, VD3 and nicotine-induced vascular calcification was significantly reduced. Our results suggest that TCF21 aggravates vascular calcification by activating IL-6/STAT3 signaling and interplay between VSMC and EC, which provides new insights into the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. TCF21 enhances vascular calcification by activating the IL-6-STAT3 signaling pathway. TCF21 inhibition may be a new potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of vascular calcification.