1
|
Levy R. The prefrontal cortex: from monkey to man. Brain 2024; 147:794-815. [PMID: 37972282 PMCID: PMC10907097 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is so important to human beings that, if deprived of it, our behaviour is reduced to action-reactions and automatisms, with no ability to make deliberate decisions. Why does the prefrontal cortex hold such importance in humans? In answer, this review draws on the proximity between humans and other primates, which enables us, through comparative anatomical-functional analysis, to understand the cognitive functions we have in common and specify those that distinguish humans from their closest cousins. First, a focus on the lateral region of the prefrontal cortex illustrates the existence of a continuum between rhesus monkeys (the most studied primates in neuroscience) and humans for most of the major cognitive functions in which this region of the brain plays a central role. This continuum involves the presence of elementary mental operations in the rhesus monkey (e.g. working memory or response inhibition) that are constitutive of 'macro-functions' such as planning, problem-solving and even language production. Second, the human prefrontal cortex has developed dramatically compared to that of other primates. This increase seems to concern the most anterior part (the frontopolar cortex). In humans, the development of the most anterior prefrontal cortex is associated with three major and interrelated cognitive changes: (i) a greater working memory capacity, allowing for greater integration of past experiences and prospective futures; (ii) a greater capacity to link discontinuous or distant data, whether temporal or semantic; and (iii) a greater capacity for abstraction, allowing humans to classify knowledge in different ways, to engage in analogical reasoning or to acquire abstract values that give rise to our beliefs and morals. Together, these new skills enable us, among other things, to develop highly sophisticated social interactions based on language, enabling us to conceive beliefs and moral judgements and to conceptualize, create and extend our vision of our environment beyond what we can physically grasp. Finally, a model of the transition of prefrontal functions between humans and non-human primates concludes this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Levy
- AP–HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Department of Neurology, Sorbonne Université, Institute of Memory and Alzheimer’s Disease, 75013 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1127, CNRS 7225, Paris Brain Institute- ICM, 75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Günseli E, Foster JJ, Sutterer DW, Todorova L, Vogel EK, Awh E. Encoded and updated spatial working memories share a common representational format in alpha activity. iScience 2024; 27:108963. [PMID: 38333713 PMCID: PMC10850742 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) flexibly updates information to adapt to the dynamic environment. Here, we used alpha-band activity in the EEG to reconstruct the content of dynamic WM updates and compared this representational format to static WM content. An inverted encoding model using alpha activity precisely tracked both the initially encoded position and the updated position following an auditory cue signaling mental updating. The timing of the update, as tracked in the EEG, correlated with reaction times and saccade latency. Finally, cross-training analyses revealed a robust generalization of alpha-band reconstruction of WM contents before and after updating. These findings demonstrate that alpha activity tracks the dynamic updates to spatial WM and that the format of this activity is preserved across the encoded and updated representations. Thus, our results highlight a new approach for measuring updates to WM and show common representational formats during dynamic mental updating and static storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eren Günseli
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joshua J. Foster
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David W. Sutterer
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Lara Todorova
- Department of Psychology, Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edward K. Vogel
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Awh
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Delay activity during visual working memory: A meta-analysis of 30 fMRI experiments. Neuroimage 2022; 255:119204. [PMID: 35427771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual working memory refers to the temporary maintenance and manipulation of task-related visual information. Recent debate on the underlying neural substrates of visual working memory has focused on the delay period of relevant tasks. Persistent neural activity throughout the delay period has been recognized as a correlate of working memory, yet regions demonstrating sustained hemodynamic responses show inconsistency across individual studies. To develop a more precise understanding of delay-period activations during visual working memory, we conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis on 30 fMRI experiments involving 515 healthy adults with a mean age of 25.65 years. The main analysis revealed a widespread frontoparietal network associated with delay-period activity, as well as activation in the right inferior temporal cortex. These findings were replicated using different meta-analytical algorithms and were shown to be robust against between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Further meta-analyses on different subgroups of experiments with specific task demands and stimulus types revealed similar delay-period networks, with activations distributed across the frontal and parietal cortices. The roles of prefrontal regions, posterior parietal regions, and inferior temporal areas are reviewed and discussed in the context of content-specific storage. We conclude that cognitive operations that occur during the unfilled delay period in visual working memory tasks can be flexibly expressed across a frontoparietal-temporal network depending on experimental parameters.
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of item distinctiveness on the retrieval of objects and object-location bindings from visual working memory. Atten Percept Psychophys 2022; 84:2236-2254. [PMID: 35199322 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-022-02451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Visual working memory (VWM) is prone to interference from stored items competing for its limited capacity. Distinctiveness or similarity of the items is acknowledged to affect this competition, such that poor item distinctiveness causes a failure to discriminate between items sharing common features. In three experiments, we studied how the distinctiveness of studied real-world objects (i.e., whether the objects belong to the same or different basic categories) affects the retrieval of objects themselves (simple recognition) and object-location conjunctions (information about which object was where in a display, cued recall). In Experiments 1 and 2, we found that distinctiveness did not affect memories for objects or for locations, but low-distinctive objects were more frequently reported at "swapped" locations that originally contained other objects, showing object-location memory swaps. In Experiments 3 we found that observers swapped the location of a tested object with another object from the same category more frequently than with any of the objects from another category. This suggests that more similar studied objects cause more retrieval competition in object-location judgments than in simple recognition. Additionally, we discuss a possible role of categorical labeling of locations that can support object-location retrieval when the studied objects are highly distinct.
Collapse
|
5
|
Target familiarity and visual working memory do not influence familiarity effect in visual search. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7560. [PMID: 33828108 PMCID: PMC8027860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Familiarity effect refers to the phenomenon that searching for a novel target among familiar distractors is more efficient than that searching for a familiar target among novel distractors. While the familiarity of distractors is considered as a key role on familiarity effect, the familiarity of targets contribute to this asymmetric visual search is unclear. The present study investigated how target familiarity influences visual search efficiency from the perspective of perceptual load. Experiment 1 using two similar Chinese characters (“甲” and “由”) suggested that searching for a familiar target from familiar distractors is an inefficient search process in Chinese context. Experiment 2 adopted a dual-task paradigm with a visual working memory task to increase the perceptual load and attempt to affect the efficiency of searching a novel target (mirrored “舌”) from familiar distractors (“舌”). Results demonstrated no difference in the search efficiency between single and dual-task conditions. The present study suggests that the familiarity of target does not influence the search efficiency with familiar distractors when involving semantic processing of Chinese characters. Additionally, the interference of extra working memory load would not impair the efficiency of searching target among familiar distractors, supporting the critical effect of distractor familiarity on the efficiency of visual search.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chung A, Busseri MA, Arnell KM. Between-person variation in naturally occurring affect does not relate to working memory performance: a latent variable modelling study. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 85:1866-1884. [PMID: 33387021 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have shown that induced positive and negative affective states have differential effects on verbal and spatial working memory (WM) performance, such that positive affect improves verbal WM and impairs spatial WM, while negative affect improves spatial WM and impairs verbal WM. However, other evidence based on mood induction procedures or clinical levels of negative affect has supported a nonspecific influence of affect on WM performance where negative affect impairs, and positive affect improves, both verbal and spatial WM. The present study employed a latent variable approach to investigate whether differences in naturally occurring affect between individuals are related to verbal and spatial WM performance across six WM tasks in an unselected sample of undergraduate students (N = 112, M age = 20; 84% female). Results were consistent with previous evidence demonstrating a hierarchical model of WM. Naturally occurring positive and negative affect were not significantly related to WM performance on each task, and this lack of significant association held for the overall WM latent variable, verbal and spatial WM latent variables, as well as complex span and 2-back latent variables. In contrast to research demonstrating a relationship between induced affect or clinical levels of negative affect and WM, the non-significant relationship between naturally occurring affect and WM performance in the current nonclinical unselected sample suggests that typical levels of affect are not related to WM differences across individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chung
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Michael A Busseri
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Karen M Arnell
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeong HJ, Lee H, Lee SY, Seo S, Park KH, Lee YB, Shin DJ, Kang JM, Yeon BK, Kang SG, Cho J, Seong JK, Okamura N, Villemagne VL, Na DL, Noh Y. [¹⁸F]THK5351 PET Imaging in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Clin Neurol 2020; 16:202-214. [PMID: 32319236 PMCID: PMC7174126 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2020.16.2.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition with diverse clinical outcomes and subgroups. Here we investigated the topographic distribution of tau in vivo using the positron emission tomography (PET) tracer [18F]THK5351 in MCI subgroups. Methods This study included 96 participants comprising 38 with amnestic MCI (aMCI), 21 with nonamnestic MCI (naMCI), and 37 with normal cognition (NC) who underwent 3.0-T MRI, [18F]THK5351 PET, and detailed neuropsychological tests. [18F]flutemetamol PET was also performed in 62 participants. The aMCI patients were further divided into three groups: 1) verbal-aMCI, only verbal memory impairment; 2) visual-aMCI, only visual memory impairment; and 3) both-aMCI, both visual and verbal memory impairment. Voxel-wise statistical analysis and region-of-interest -based analyses were performed to evaluate the retention of [18F]THK5351 in the MCI subgroups. Subgroup analysis of amyloid-positive and -negative MCI patients was also performed. Correlations between [18F]THK5351 retention and different neuropsychological tests were evaluated using statistical parametric mapping analyses. Results [18F]THK5351 retention in the lateral temporal, mesial temporal, parietal, frontal, posterior cingulate cortices and precuneus was significantly greater in aMCI patients than in NC subjects, whereas it did not differ significantly between naMCI and NC participants. [18F] THK5351 retention was greater in the both-aMCI group than in the verbal-aMCI and visualaMCI groups, and greater in amyloid-positive than amyloid-negative MCI patients. The cognitive function scores were significantly correlated with cortical [18F]THK5351 retention. Conclusions [18F]THK5351 PET might be useful for identifying distinct topographic patterns of [18F]THK5351 retention in subgroups of MCI patients who are at greater risk of the progression to Alzheimer's dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Jeong
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seongho Seo
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kee Hyung Park
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yeong Bae Lee
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Shin
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae Myeong Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Byeong Kil Yeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jaelim Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joon Kyung Seong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Molecular Imaging & Therapy, Centre for PET, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Duk L Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Health Science and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Linking the impact of aging on visual short-term memory capacity with changes in the structural connectivity of posterior thalamus to occipital cortices. Neuroimage 2019; 208:116440. [PMID: 31841682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging impacts both visual short-term memory (vSTM) capacity and thalamo-cortical connectivity. According to the Neural Theory of Visual Attention, vSTM depends on the structural connectivity between posterior thalamus and visual occipital cortices (PT-OC). We tested whether aging modifies the association between vSTM capacity and PT-OC structural connectivity. To do so, 66 individuals aged 20-77 years were assessed by diffusion-weighted imaging used for probabilistic tractography and performed a psychophysical whole-report task of briefly presented letter arrays, from which vSTM capacity estimates were derived. We found reduced vSTM capacity, and aberrant PT-OC connection probability in aging. Critically, age modified the relationship between vSTM capacity and PT-OC connection probability: in younger adults, vSTM capacity was negatively correlated with PT-OC connection probability while in older adults, this association was positive. Furthermore, age modified the microstructure of PT-OC tracts suggesting that the inversion of the association between PT-OC connection probability and vSTM capacity with aging might reflect age-related changes in white-matter properties. Accordingly, our results demonstrate that age-related differences in vSTM capacity links with the microstructure and connectivity of PT-OC tracts.
Collapse
|
9
|
Moss A, Miles C, Elsley J, Johnson AJ. Olfactory working memory: exploring the differences in n-back memory for high and low verbalisable odorants. Memory 2019; 27:1319-1344. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1653469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Moss
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Christopher Miles
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Jane Elsley
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Andrew J. Johnson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science & Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fastame MC, Pilia A. Enhancing visuospatial skills in second graders: An exploratory follow‐up study. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Fastame
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, PhilosophyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Annalisa Pilia
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology, PhilosophyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Treviño M, Breitmeyer BG, Ris MD, Fletcher JM, Kamdar K, Okcu MF, Parke EM, Raghubar KP. Interactions between visual working memory and visual attention among survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and their healthy peers. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:974-986. [PMID: 31327287 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1643453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: There is increasing concern for adverse cognitive late effects among survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) given the widespread impact they have on academic achievement, particularly working memory and attention. We assessed performance among survivors and their healthy peers on a dual task paradigm measuring visual working memory (VWM) and visual attention independently and the dynamic relationship between the two. Assessing specific subsets within cognitive domains allows for understanding the distinct nature of cognitive impairments. Method: Participants were 34 survivors of ALL who have been off-treatment and disease free for 7.5 years; and 20 healthy controls, all between the ages of 10 and 18 years. We utilized behavioral single- and dual-task paradigms. In the dual tasks, participants maintained several items in VWM while performing a visual attention task (Eriksen Flanker Task) that required processing of a target stimulus while inhibiting the processing of distractor stimuli. The single tasks involved performing only the VWM task or only the visual attention task. Results: Results revealed survivors of ALL performed significantly worse than their healthy peers on the single visual attention task but not the single VWM task. Of particular interest, group differences were obtained on the dual VWM and visual attention tasks, such that the VWM and attention tasks reciprocally interfered with each other only among survivors and not their healthy peers. Conclusions: Our results highlight a core deficit in visual attention that is exacerbated by VWM demands among survivors of ALL. The implementation of tasks from cognitive neuroscience paradigms may be sensitive to cognitive impairments experienced by cancer survivors. Assessment and intervention practices among survivors of pediatric ALL are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Treviño
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Bruno G Breitmeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA.,Center for Neuro-engineering & Cognitive Science, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - M Douglas Ris
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Jack M Fletcher
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Kala Kamdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - M Fatih Okcu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Elyse M Parke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Kimberly P Raghubar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Psychology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , TX , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Menegaux A, Napiorkowski N, Neitzel J, Ruiz-Rizzo AL, Petersen A, Müller HJ, Sorg C, Finke K. Theory of visual attention thalamic model for visual short-term memory capacity and top-down control: Evidence from a thalamo-cortical structural connectivity analysis. Neuroimage 2019; 195:67-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
13
|
Soni S, Muthukrishnan SP, Samanchi R, Sood M, Kaur S, Sharma R. Pre-trial and pre-response EEG microstates in schizophrenia: An endophenotypic marker. Behav Brain Res 2019; 371:111964. [PMID: 31129232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in Schizophrenia interfere with everyday functioning and social functioning. Strong familial associations in schizophrenia might serve to establish cognitive impairments as endophenotypic markers. Therefore, visuo-spatial working memory simulating day-to-day activities at high memory load was assessed in patients with schizophrenia, their first-degree relatives and healthy controls to explore pre-trial and pre-response EEG microstates and their intracranial generators. Twenty-eight patients with schizophrenia, first-degree relatives and matched healthy controls participated in the study. Brain activity during visuo-spatial working memory task was recorded using 128-channel electroencephalography. Pre-trial and pre-response microstate maps of correct and error trials were clustered across groups according to their topography. Microstate map parameters and underlying cortical sources were compared among groups. Pre-trial (correct) microstate Map 1 was significantly different between controls and patients which could qualify it as a state marker with its intracranial generator localized to right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG). Pre-response (correct) microstate map was significantly different between controls and first-degree relatives which could be considered an endophenotypic marker for schizophrenia. No significant differences were observed for error trials between groups. rIFG which is involved in the execution of multi-component behaviour and selective inhibitory control could distinguish patients with schizophrenia from their first-degree relatives and healthy controls. Further, microstate based biomarkers have the potential to facilitate diagnosis of schizophrenia at a preclinical stage resulting in efficient diagnosis and better prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Soni
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Suriya Prakash Muthukrishnan
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rupesh Samanchi
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mamta Sood
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Simran Kaur
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ratna Sharma
- Stress and Cognitive Electroimaging Laboratory, Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The phonological loop as a buffer store: An update. Cortex 2019; 112:91-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
15
|
Hatta T, Yukiharu H, Katoh K, Hotta C, Iwahara A, Hatta T, Hatta J, Fujiwara K, Ito E. Relation between cognitive and cerebello-thalamo-cortical functions in healthy elderly people: Evidence from the Yakumo Study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2019; 27:345-352. [PMID: 30689412 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2018.1550410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Relations between cognitive and cerebello-thalamo-cortical functions in healthy elderly people (65-75 years old) were examined by longitudinal behavioral data. Based on the individually calculated cognitive decline ratio in D-CAT (digit cancelation test) and in LMT (Logical Memory Test) during the period of 11 years, participants were classified into the Decline and the Maintain groups and group differences in the postural tremor measures (Quotient of Romberg) were compared. Significant group differences were shown in the postural tremor measure in D-CAT that reflects prefrontal function, but it was not the case in LMT. These results strengthened our previous findings that suggest a strong relation between the cerebello-thalamo-cortical function and the prefrontal cortex function using behavioral measures. Findings provide evidence that to strengthen postural function such as physical exercise is effective for slowing cognitive decline with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hatta
- Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, Japan.,Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hasegawa Yukiharu
- Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, Japan.,Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Chie Hotta
- Kansai University of Welfare Sciences, Kashiwara, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Emi Ito
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Demeusy EM, Handley ED, Rogosch FA, Cicchetti D, Toth SL. Early Neglect and the Development of Aggression in Toddlerhood: The Role of Working Memory. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2018; 23:344-354. [PMID: 29874924 DOI: 10.1177/1077559518778814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has provided evidence for the robust relation between maltreatment and the development of externalizing behavior, including aggression. However, less empirical attention has been given to the specific role of neglect. The current study aimed to examine the role of working memory in the association between early neglect and aggression in toddlerhood. Longitudinal data were collected from 89 infants and their biological mothers when the infant was approximately 12, 26, and 38 months old. History of neglect was assessed at 12 months using official Child Protective Service records. Working memory and mental development were assessed at 26 months. Aggression was measured using maternal report at 38 months. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, and mediation was tested using 95% asymmetric confidence intervals. Results indicated that infants who experienced neglect exhibited poorer working memory abilities, specifically spatial working memory, and higher rates of aggression in toddlerhood. In addition, spatial working memory mediated the relation between neglect and aggression, suggesting that this may be one promising target for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fred A Rogosch
- 1 Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dante Cicchetti
- 1 Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- 2 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sheree L Toth
- 1 Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Renner E, White JP, Hamilton AFDC, Subiaul F. Neural responses when learning spatial and object sequencing tasks via imitation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201619. [PMID: 30075020 PMCID: PMC6075756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans often learn new things via imitation. Here we draw on studies of imitation in children to characterise the brain system(s) involved in the imitation of different sequence types using functional magnetic resonance imaging. On each trial, healthy adult participants learned one of two rule types governing the sequencing of three pictures: a motor-spatial rule (in the spatial task) or an object-based rule (in the cognitive task). Sequences were learned via one of three demonstration types: a video of a hand selecting items in the sequence using a joystick (Hand condition), a computer display highlighting each item in order (Ghost condition), or a text-based demonstration of the sequence (Text condition). Participants then used a joystick to execute the learned sequence. Patterns of activation during demonstration observation suggest specialisation for object-based imitation in inferior frontal gyrus, specialisation for spatial sequences in anterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and a general preference for imitation in middle IPS. Adult behavioural performance contrasted with that of children in previous studies—indicating that they experienced more difficulty with the cognitive task—while neuroimaging results support the engagement of different neural regions when solving these tasks. Further study is needed on whether children’s differential performance is related to delayed IPS maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Renner
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.,Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica P White
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia F de C Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francys Subiaul
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.,Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America.,Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kozhevnikov M, Hegarty M, Mayer RE. Revising the Visualizer-Verbalizer Dimension: Evidence for Two Types of Visualizers. COGNITION AND INSTRUCTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1207/s1532690xci2001_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
19
|
Delvenne JF, Bruyer R. A configural effect in visual short-term memory for features from different parts of an object. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 59:1567-80. [PMID: 16873109 DOI: 10.1080/17470210500256763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that change detection performance is improved when the visual display holds features (e.g., a colour and an orientation) that are grouped into different parts of the same object compared to when they are all spatially separated (Xu, 2002a, 2002b). These findings indicate that visual short-term memory (VSTM) encoding can be “object based”. Recently, however, it has been demonstrated that changing the orientation of an item could affect the spatial configuration of the display (Jiang, Chun, & Olson, 2004), which may have an important influence on change detection. The perceptual grouping of features into an object obviously reduces the amount of distinct spatial relations in a display and hence the complexity of the spatial configuration. In the present study, we ask whether the object-based encoding benefit observed in previous studies may reflect the use of configural coding rather than the outcome of a true object-based effect. The results show that when configural cues are removed, the object-based encoding benefit remains for features (i.e., colour and orientation) from different parts of an object, but is significantly reduced. These findings support the view that memory for features from different parts of an object can benefit from object-based encoding, but the use of configural coding significantly helps enlarge this effect.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Although reasoning seems to be inextricably linked to seeing in the “mind's eye”, the evidence is equivocal. In three experiments, sighted, blindfolded sighted, and congenitally totally blind persons solved deductive inferences based on three sorts of relation: (a) visuo-spatial relations that are easy to envisage either visually or spatially, (b) visual relations that are easy to envisage visually but hard to envisage spatially, and (c) control relations that are hard to envisage both visually and spatially. In absolute terms, congenitally totally blind persons performed less accurately and more slowly than the sighted on all such tasks. In relative terms, however, the visual relations in comparison with control relations impeded the reasoning of sighted and blindfolded participants, whereas congenitally totally blind participants performed the same with the different sorts of relation. We conclude that mental images containing visual details that are irrelevant to an inference can even impede the process of reasoning. Persons who are blind from birth—and who thus do not tend to construct visual mental images—are immune to this visual-impedance effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Knauff
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologische Kybernetik, Human Spatial Reasoning Laboratory, Spemannstrasse 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Paulesu E, Shallice T, Danelli L, Sberna M, Frackowiak RSJ, Frith CD. Anatomical Modularity of Verbal Working Memory? Functional Anatomical Evidence from a Famous Patient with Short-Term Memory Deficits. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:231. [PMID: 28567009 PMCID: PMC5434108 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive skills are the emergent property of distributed neural networks. The distributed nature of these networks does not necessarily imply a lack of specialization of the individual brain structures involved. However, it remains questionable whether discrete aspects of high-level behavior might be the result of localized brain activity of individual nodes within such networks. The phonological loop of working memory, with its simplicity, seems ideally suited for testing this possibility. Central to the development of the phonological loop model has been the description of patients with focal lesions and specific deficits. As much as the detailed description of their behavior has served to refine the phonological loop model, a classical anatomoclinical correlation approach with such cases falls short in telling whether the observed behavior is based on the functions of a neural system resembling that seen in normal subjects challenged with phonological loop tasks or whether different systems have taken over. This is a crucial issue for the cross correlation of normal cognition, normal physiology, and cognitive neuropsychology. Here we describe the functional anatomical patterns of JB, a historical patient originally described by Warrington et al. (1971), a patient with a left temporo-parietal lesion and selective short phonological store deficit. JB was studied with the H215O PET activation technique during a rhyming task, which primarily depends on the rehearsal system of the phonological loop. No residual function was observed in the left temporo-parietal junction, a region previously associated with the phonological buffer of working memory. However, Broca's area, the major counterpart of the rehearsal system, was the major site of activation during the rhyming task. Specific and autonomous activation of Broca's area in the absence of afferent inputs from the other major anatomical component of the phonological loop shows that a certain degree of functional independence or modularity exists in this distributed anatomical-cognitive system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eraldo Paulesu
- Psychology Department and Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy.,fMRI Unit, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilan, Italy
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,Cognitive Neuroscience Sector, SISSA, International School for Advanced StudiesTrieste, Italy
| | - Laura Danelli
- Psychology Department and Milan Centre for Neuroscience, University of Milano-BicoccaMilan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sberna
- Department of Diagnostic Neuroradiology, Niguarda Ca' Granda HospitalMilan, Italy
| | - Richard S J Frackowiak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland.,Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, BioTech CampusGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris D Frith
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondon, United Kingdom.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Studies, University of LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Task-irrelevant distractors in the delay period interfere selectively with visual short-term memory for spatial locations. Atten Percept Psychophys 2017; 79:1384-1392. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-017-1320-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Wu L, Hu Y, Zhu T, Liu H. Investigating the Effects of Visuospatial Memory Secondary Tasks on LCT Driving Performance. INT J PATTERN RECOGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218001417590200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Memory demand is associated with increased mental workload. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of visuospatial memory secondary tasks on driving performance. Memory tasks for the unknown word-figure pairs and recognition tasks for word-figure pairs at two-level difficulties were employed separately to represent working memory’s process and long-term memory’s process. A simulator study was conducted based on the simulation of the standard environment of Lane change test (LCT). The performance of lane keeping, lane change, and secondary tasks was measured by statistical methods. The comprehensive appraisal model was constructed to quantify total driving performance. The results showed that the mean path deviation, steering angle, and lane excursion times increased, and the proportion of correct lane change decreased, with the perceived workload increasing and the total driving performance decreasing in dual-task driving condition. Compared with the simple working memory group, as the difficulty of tasks increased in difficult working memory group, lane change performance degraded and the perceived workload increased. In contrast to difficult working memory group, the performance of lane keeping and lane change increased, while the perceived workload decreased and the total performance increased by about 50% in difficult recognition group. There were few differences between the simple working memory group and simple recognition group. The difficult working memory group had the lowest total driving performance. The results indicate that as the secondary task’s difficulty increases, driving performance will degrade. Performance improves significantly when the working memory process is converted to the recognition process. This trend is more obvious when the memory task assumes to be more difficult.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wu
- School of Automobiles, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yueqi Hu
- School of Automobiles, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Automotive Transportation Safety, Enhancement Technology of the Ministry of Communication, Xi’an 710064, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haoxue Liu
- Key Laboratory for Automotive Transportation Safety, Enhancement Technology of the Ministry of Communication, Xi’an 710064, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rabbitt LR, Roberts DM, McDonald CG, Peterson MS. Neural activity reveals perceptual grouping in working memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 113:40-45. [PMID: 28088351 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that the contralateral delay activity (CDA), a scalp recorded event-related brain potential, provides a reliable index of the number of objects held in visual working memory. Here we present evidence that the CDA not only indexes visual object working memory, but also the number of locations held in spatial working memory. In addition, we demonstrate that the CDA can be predictably modulated by the type of encoding strategy employed. When individual locations were held in working memory, the pattern of CDA modulation mimicked previous findings for visual object working memory. Specifically, CDA amplitude increased monotonically until working memory capacity was reached. However, when participants were instructed to group individual locations to form a constellation, the CDA was prolonged and reached an asymptote at two locations. This result provides neural evidence for the formation of a unitary representation of multiple spatial locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Rabbitt
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, United States
| | - Daniel M Roberts
- Human Factors and Applied Cognition Program, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, United States
| | - Craig G McDonald
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, United States; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, George Mason University, United States.
| | - Matthew S Peterson
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, United States; Human Factors and Applied Cognition Program, Department of Psychology, George Mason University, United States; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, George Mason University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Serences JT. Neural mechanisms of information storage in visual short-term memory. Vision Res 2016; 128:53-67. [PMID: 27668990 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to briefly memorize fleeting sensory information supports visual search and behavioral interactions with relevant stimuli in the environment. Traditionally, studies investigating the neural basis of visual short term memory (STM) have focused on the role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) in exerting executive control over what information is stored and how it is adaptively used to guide behavior. However, the neural substrates that support the actual storage of content-specific information in STM are more controversial, with some attributing this function to PFC and others to the specialized areas of early visual cortex that initially encode incoming sensory stimuli. In contrast to these traditional views, I will review evidence suggesting that content-specific information can be flexibly maintained in areas across the cortical hierarchy ranging from early visual cortex to PFC. While the factors that determine exactly where content-specific information is represented are not yet entirely clear, recognizing the importance of task-demands and better understanding the operation of non-spiking neural codes may help to constrain new theories about how memories are maintained at different resolutions, across different timescales, and in the presence of distracting information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John T Serences
- Department of Psychology, Neurosciences Graduate Program, and the Kavli Institute for Mind and Brain, University of California, San Diego, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Konstantinou N, Constantinidou F, Kanai R. Discrete capacity limits and neuroanatomical correlates of visual short-term memory for objects and spatial locations. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:767-778. [PMID: 27684499 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is responsible for keeping information in mind when it is no longer in view, linking perception with higher cognitive functions. Despite such crucial role, short-term maintenance of visual information is severely limited. Research suggests that capacity limits in visual short-term memory (VSTM) are correlated with sustained activity in distinct brain areas. Here, we investigated whether variability in the structure of the brain is reflected in individual differences of behavioral capacity estimates for spatial and object VSTM. Behavioral capacity estimates were calculated separately for spatial and object information using a novel adaptive staircase procedure and were found to be unrelated, supporting domain-specific VSTM capacity limits. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses revealed dissociable neuroanatomical correlates of spatial versus object VSTM. Interindividual variability in spatial VSTM was reflected in the gray matter density of the inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, object VSTM was reflected in the gray matter density of the left insula. These dissociable findings highlight the importance of considering domain-specific estimates of VSTM capacity and point to the crucial brain regions that limit VSTM capacity for different types of visual information. Hum Brain Mapp 38:767-778, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Konstantinou
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fofi Constantinidou
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, United Kindgom.,School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, Japan.,YHouse Inc, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Simic N, Rovet J. Dorsal and ventral visual streams: Typical and atypical development. Child Neuropsychol 2016; 23:678-691. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2016.1186616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Simic
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Joanne Rovet
- Neurosciences & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Perlman SB, Huppert TJ, Luna B. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Evidence for Development of Prefrontal Engagement in Working Memory in Early Through Middle Childhood. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:2790-9. [PMID: 26115660 PMCID: PMC4869813 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural underpinnings of working memory are hypothesized to develop incrementally across preschool and early school age, coinciding with the rapid maturation of executive function occurring during this period. This study investigates the development of prefrontal cortex function between the ages of 3 and 7. Children (n = 68) participated in a novel spatial working memory task while their middle and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) was monitored using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We found increased activation of the LPFC when comparing working memory to rest. Greater LPFC increase was noted for longer compared with shorter delay periods. Increase in LPFC activation, accuracy, and response speed were positively correlated with child age, suggesting that developmental changes in prefrontal function might underlie effective development of executive function in this age range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodore J. Huppert
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Palermo L, Piccardi L, Nori R, Giusberti F, Guariglia C. The impact of ageing and gender on visual mental imagery processes: A study of performance on tasks from the Complete Visual Mental Imagery Battery (CVMIB). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:752-63. [PMID: 27134072 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1161735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we aim to evaluate the impact of ageing and gender on different visual mental imagery processes. Two hundred and fifty-one participants (130 women and 121 men; age range = 18-77 years) were given an extensive neuropsychological battery including tasks probing the generation, maintenance, inspection, and transformation of visual mental images (Complete Visual Mental Imagery Battery, CVMIB). Our results show that all mental imagery processes with the exception of the maintenance are affected by ageing, suggesting that other deficits, such as working memory deficits, could account for this effect. However, the analysis of the transformation process, investigated in terms of mental rotation and mental folding skills, shows a steeper decline in mental rotation, suggesting that age could affect rigid transformations of objects and spare non-rigid transformations. Our study also adds to previous ones in showing gender differences favoring men across the lifespan in the transformation process, and, interestingly, it shows a steeper decline in men than in women in inspecting mental images, which could partially account for the mixed results about the effect of ageing on this specific process. We also discuss the possibility to introduce the CVMIB in clinical assessment in the context of theoretical models of mental imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Palermo
- a School of Life & Health Sciences , Aston University , Birmingham , UK.,b Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- b Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy.,c Life, Health and Environmental Science Department , University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila , Italy
| | - Raffaella Nori
- d Psychology Department , Bologna University , Bologna , Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Guariglia
- b Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia , Rome , Italy.,e Psychology Department , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Jeong E, Ryu H. Nonverbal auditory working memory: Can music indicate the capacity? Brain Cogn 2016; 105:9-21. [PMID: 27031677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Different working memory (WM) mechanisms that underlie words, tones, and timbres have been proposed in previous studies. In this regard, the present study developed a WM test with nonverbal sounds and compared it to the conventional verbal WM test. A total of twenty-five, non-music major, right-handed college students were presented with four different types of sounds (words, syllables, pitches, timbres) that varied from two to eight digits in length. Both accuracy and oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) were measured. The results showed significant effects of number of targets on accuracy and sound type on oxyHb. A further analysis showed prefrontal asymmetry with pitch being processed by the right hemisphere (RH) and timbre by the left hemisphere (LH). These findings suggest a potential for employing musical sounds (i.e., pitch and timbre) as a complementary stimuli for conventional nonverbal WM tests, which can additionally examine its asymmetrical roles in the prefrontal regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Jeong
- Department of Arts & Technology, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyoung Ryu
- Department of Arts & Technology, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ng HBT, Kao KLC, Chan YC, Chew E, Chuang KH, Chen SHA. Modality specificity in the cerebro-cerebellar neurocircuitry during working memory. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:164-73. [PMID: 26930173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested cerebro-cerebellar circuitry in working memory. The present fMRI study aims to distinguish differential cerebro-cerebellar activation patterns in verbal and visual working memory, and employs a quantitative analysis to deterimine lateralization of the activation patterns observed. Consistent with Chen and Desmond (2005a,b) predictions, verbal working memory activated a cerebro-cerebellar circuitry that comprised left-lateralized language-related brain regions including the inferior frontal and posterior parietal areas, and subcortically, right-lateralized superior (lobule VI) and inferior cerebellar (lobule VIIIA/VIIB) areas. In contrast, a distributed network of bilateral inferior frontal and inferior temporal areas, and bilateral superior (lobule VI) and inferior (lobule VIIB) cerebellar areas, was recruited during visual working memory. Results of the study verified that a distinct cross cerebro-cerebellar circuitry underlies verbal working memory. However, a neural circuitry involving specialized brain areas in bilateral neocortical and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres subserving visual working memory is observed. Findings are discussed in the light of current models of working memory and data from related neuroimaging studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Tommy Ng
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637332, Singapore
| | - K-L Cathy Kao
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637332, Singapore
| | - Y C Chan
- Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Effie Chew
- Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - K H Chuang
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S H Annabel Chen
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637332, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Duggirala SX, Saharan S, Raghunathan P, Mandal PK. Stimulus-dependent modulation of working memory for identity monitoring: A functional MRI study. Brain Cogn 2016; 102:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
33
|
Dumitru ML. Coherence across consciousness levels: Symmetric visual displays spare working memory resources. Conscious Cogn 2015; 38:139-49. [PMID: 26609805 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two studies demonstrate that the need for coherence could nudge individuals to use structural similarities between binary visual displays and two concurrent cognitive tasks to unduly solve the latter in similar fashion. In an overt truth-judgement task, participants decided whether symmetric colourful displays matched conjunction or disjunction descriptions (e.g., "the black and/or the orange"). In the simultaneous covert categorisation task, they decided whether a colour name (e.g., "black") described a two-colour object or half of a single-colour object. Two response patterns emerged as follows. Participants either acknowledged or rejected matches between disjunction descriptions and two visual stimuli and, similarly, either acknowledged or rejected matches between single colour names and two-colour objects or between single colour names and half of single-colour objects. These findings confirm the coherence hypothesis, highlight the role of coherence in preserving working-memory resources, and demonstrate an interaction between high-level and low-level consciousness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magda L Dumitru
- Department of Cognitive Science, 16 University Avenue, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Cognitive Science, Dumlupinar Bulvari 06800, METU Informatics Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen CC, Chen CJ, Wu D, Chi NF, Chen PC, Liao YP, Chiu HW, Hu CJ. BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on Functional MRI During n-Back Working Memory Tasks. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1586. [PMID: 26496261 PMCID: PMC4620795 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Val66Met polymorphism on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene is associated with hippocampal pathology and impaired episodic memory. However, the influence of this polymorphism on working memory (WM) performance and patterns of brain activation is controversial. This study investigated the effects of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during n-back WM tasks in healthy middle-aged adults.A total of 110 participants without subjective or objective cognitive impairment underwent BDNF genotyping. Eleven Met allele carriers and 9 noncarriers underwent fMRI during WM tasks.The WM performance was similar between the 2 groups. Increased brain activation in response to increases in WM loads was observed in both groups. The Met allele carrier group showed consistently lower brain activation in the right superior frontal gyrus (SFG) and the middle occipital gyrus than that of the noncarrier group (P < 0.001). No brain region showed increased activation during WM tasks in the Met allele group.BDNF Val66Met polymorphism may affect the WM network. Met allele carriers have lower brain activation in the right SFG and middle occipital gyrus than do noncarriers during WM tasks. Defective development of the WM network during brain maturation or differentiation is a possible mechanism. Additional studies with a larger sample and longer follow-up period are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Chen
- From the Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei (CCC, HWC); Department of Neurology (CCC, DW, NFC, PCC, CJH); Department of Radiology, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (CJC, YPL); Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan (YPL); Department of Neurology, Medical School, Taipei Medical University, Taipei (CJH); and Brain and Consciousness Research Center, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan (CJH)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sobczak-Edmans M, Ng THB, Chan YC, Chew E, Chuang KH, Chen SHA. Temporal dynamics of visual working memory. Neuroimage 2015; 124:1021-1030. [PMID: 26427643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of the human cerebellum in working memory has been well established in the last decade. However, the cerebro-cerebellar network for visual working memory is not as well defined. Our previous fMRI study showed superior and inferior cerebellar activations during a block design visual working memory task, but specific cerebellar contributions to cognitive processes in encoding, maintenance and retrieval have not yet been established. The current study examined cerebellar contributions to each of the components of visual working memory and presence of cerebellar hemispheric laterality was investigated. 40 young adults performed a Sternberg visual working memory task during fMRI scanning using a parametric paradigm. The contrast between high and low memory load during each phase was examined. We found that the most prominent activation was observed in vermal lobule VIIIb and bilateral lobule VI during encoding. Using a quantitative laterality index, we found that left-lateralized activation of lobule VIIIa was present in the encoding phase. In the maintenance phase, there was bilateral lobule VI and right-lateralized lobule VIIb activity. Changes in activation in right lobule VIIIa were present during the retrieval phase. The current results provide evidence that superior and inferior cerebellum contributes to visual working memory, with a tendency for left-lateralized activations in the inferior cerebellum during encoding and right-lateralized lobule VIIb activations during maintenance. The results of the study are in agreement with Baddeley's multi-component working memory model, but also suggest that stored visual representations are additionally supported by maintenance mechanisms that may employ verbal coding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sobczak-Edmans
- Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - T H B Ng
- Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Y C Chan
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - E Chew
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - K H Chuang
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia; The Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - S H A Chen
- Division of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rau HK, Suchy Y, Butner JE, Williams PG. Latent profiles of executive functioning in healthy young adults: evidence of individual differences in hemispheric asymmetry. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 80:997-1019. [PMID: 26409468 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-015-0706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two competing theoretical models of individual differences in executive functioning (EF) were examined: the Prefrontal Convexity Model and the Hemispheric Asymmetry Model. Neurologically healthy individuals (N = 315; mean age 20.8) completed a modified switching task (MST) and the Attention Network Test (ANT) in a single testing session. Data analysis was conducted in two phases. In the first phase (model identification), latent profile analysis was applied to MST variables measuring the abilities to form, switch, and maintain mental sets under conditions designed to tax left or right hemisphere resources. In the second phase (model validation), participant clusters obtained from the first phase were compared on the ANT. The Model Identification phase yielded a 3-profile solution consistent with the Hemispheric Asymmetry Model. Profile 1 (N = 203) was characterized by average EF performances. Profile 2 (N = 43) revealed a set maintenance weakness under non-verbal conditions. Profile 3 (N = 38) demonstrated weaknesses in cognitive flexibility combined with poor executive performances under verbal conditions. The Model Validation phase confirmed group differences. Profile 1 demonstrated average EF performances. Profile 2 demonstrated distractibility and decreased alertness, consistent with a right hemisphere weakness. Profile 3 demonstrated cognitive rigidity in the absence of external cues, consistent with a left hemisphere weakness. Individual differences in EF appear to follow a Hemispheric Asymmetry Model of EF among neurologically healthy adults. Investigating the relationship between hemispherically mediated executive functions and other individual difference factors known to confer health risk or resilience could inform numerous disciplines within the field of psychology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Rau
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Yana Suchy
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jonathan E Butner
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Paula G Williams
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, 380 South 1530 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hubert-Wallander B, Boynton GM. Not all summary statistics are made equal: Evidence from extracting summaries across time. J Vis 2015; 15:5. [PMID: 26053144 DOI: 10.1167/15.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, a number of behavioral studies have shown that the human visual system can extract the average value of a set of items along a variety of feature dimensions, often with great facility and accuracy. These efficient representations of sets of items are commonly referred to as summary representations, but very little is known about whether their computation constitutes a single unitary process or if it involves different mechanisms in different domains. Here, we asked participants to report the average value of a set of items presented serially over time in four different feature dimensions. We then measured the contribution of different parts of the information stream to the reported summaries. We found that this temporal weighting profile differs greatly across domains. Specifically, summaries of mean object location (Experiment 1) were influenced approximately 2.5 times more by earlier items than by later items. Summaries of mean object size (Experiment 1), mean facial expression (Experiment 2), and mean motion direction (Experiment 3), however, were more influenced by later items. These primacy and recency effects show that summary representations computed across time do not incorporate all items equally. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that summary representations operate differently in different feature domains, and may be subserved by distinct mechanisms.
Collapse
|
38
|
van Dam WO, Decker SL, Durbin JS, Vendemia JMC, Desai RH. Resting state signatures of domain and demand-specific working memory performance. Neuroimage 2015; 118:174-82. [PMID: 25980975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is one of the key constructs in understanding higher-level cognition. We examined whether patterns of activity in the resting state of individual subjects are correlated with their off-line working and short-term memory capabilities. Participants completed a resting-state fMRI scan and off-line working and short-term memory (STM) tests with both verbal and visual materials. We calculated fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF) from the resting state data, and also computed connectivity between seeds placed in frontal and parietal lobes. Correlating fALFF values with behavioral measures showed that the fALFF values in a widespread fronto-parietal network during rest were positively correlated with a combined memory measure. In addition, STM showed a significant correlation with fALFF within the right angular gyrus and left middle occipital gyrus, whereas WM was correlated with fALFF values within the right IPS and left dorsomedial cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, verbal and visuospatial memory capacities were associated with dissociable patterns of low-frequency fluctuations. Seed-based connectivity showed correlations with the verbal WM measure in the left hemisphere, and with the visual WM measure in the right hemisphere. These findings contribute to our understanding of how differences in spontaneous low-frequency fluctuations at rest are correlated with differences in cognitive performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott L Decker
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Rutvik H Desai
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mo C, Yu M, Seger C, Mo L. Holistic neural coding of Chinese character forms in bilateral ventral visual system. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 141:28-34. [PMID: 25528286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
How are Chinese characters recognized and represented in the brain of skilled readers? Functional MRI fast adaptation technique was used to address this question. We found that neural adaptation effects were limited to identical characters in bilateral ventral visual system while no activation reduction was observed for partially overlapping characters regardless of the spatial location of the shared sub-character components, suggesting highly selective neuronal tuning to whole characters. The consistent neural profile across the entire ventral visual cortex indicates that Chinese characters are represented as mutually distinctive wholes rather than combinations of sub-character components, which presents a salient contrast to the left-lateralized, simple-to-complex neural representations of alphabetic words. Our findings thus revealed the cultural modulation effect on both local neuronal activity patterns and functional anatomical regions associated with written symbol recognition. Moreover, the cross-language discrepancy in written symbol recognition mechanism might stem from the language-specific early-stage learning experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ce Mo
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Carol Seger
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lei Mo
- Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Evidence for working memory storage operations in perceptual cortex. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:117-28. [PMID: 24436009 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Isolating the short-term storage component of working memory (WM) from the myriad of associated executive processes has been an enduring challenge. Recent efforts have identified patterns of activity in visual regions that contain information about items being held in WM. However, it remains unclear (1) whether these representations withstand intervening sensory input and (2) how communication between multimodal association cortex and the unimodal perceptual regions supporting WM representations is involved in WM storage. We present evidence that the features of a face held in WM are stored within face-processing regions, that these representations persist across subsequent sensory input, and that information about the match between sensory input and a memory representation is relayed forward from perceptual to prefrontal regions. Participants were presented with a series of probe faces and indicated whether each probe matched a target face held in WM. We parametrically varied the feature similarity between the probe and target faces. Activity within face-processing regions scaled linearly with the degree of feature similarity between the probe face and the features of the target face, suggesting that the features of the target face were stored in these regions. Furthermore, directed connectivity measures revealed that the direction of information flow that was optimal for performance was from sensory regions that stored the features of the target face to dorsal prefrontal regions, supporting the notion that sensory input is compared to representations stored within perceptual regions and is subsequently relayed forward. Together, these findings indicate that WM storage operations are carried out within perceptual cortex.
Collapse
|
41
|
Plank M, Snider J, Kaestner E, Halgren E, Poizner H. Neurocognitive stages of spatial cognitive mapping measured during free exploration of a large-scale virtual environment. J Neurophysiol 2014; 113:740-53. [PMID: 25376779 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00114.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a novel, fully mobile virtual reality paradigm, we investigated the EEG correlates of spatial representations formed during unsupervised exploration. On day 1, subjects implicitly learned the location of 39 objects by exploring a room and popping bubbles that hid the objects. On day 2, they again popped bubbles in the same environment. In most cases, the objects hidden underneath the bubbles were in the same place as on day 1. However, a varying third of them were misplaced in each block. Subjects indicated their certainty that the object was in the same location as the day before. Compared with bubble pops revealing correctly placed objects, bubble pops revealing misplaced objects evoked a decreased negativity starting at 145 ms, with scalp topography consistent with generation in medial parietal cortex. There was also an increased negativity starting at 515 ms to misplaced objects, with scalp topography consistent with generation in inferior temporal cortex. Additionally, misplaced objects elicited an increase in frontal midline theta power. These findings suggest that the successive neurocognitive stages of processing allocentric space may include an initial template matching, integration of the object within its spatial cognitive map, and memory recall, analogous to the processing negativity N400 and theta that support verbal cognitive maps in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Plank
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph Snider
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Erik Kaestner
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| | - Eric Halgren
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Departments of Radiology, Neurosciences, and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Howard Poizner
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Bonnì S, Perri R, Fadda L, Tomaiuolo F, Koch G, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA. Selective deficit of spatial short-term memory: Role of storage and rehearsal mechanisms. Cortex 2014; 59:22-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
43
|
Jones KT, Gözenman F, Berryhill ME. Enhanced long-term memory encoding after parietal neurostimulation. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:4043-54. [PMID: 25200180 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurostimulation, e.g., transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), shows promise as an effective cognitive intervention. In spite of low spatial resolution, limited penetration, and temporary influence, evidence highlights tDCS-linked cognitive benefits in a range of cognitive domains. The left posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is an accessible node in frontoparietal networks engaged during long-term memory (LTM). Here, we tested the hypothesis that tDCS can facilitate LTM by pairing LTM encoding and retrieval with PPC stimulation. Healthy young adults performed a verbal LTM task (California Verbal Learning Task) with four different stimulation parameters. In Experiment 1, we applied tDCS to left PPC during LTM encoding. In Experiment 2, we applied tDCS just prior to retrieval to test the temporal specificity of tDCS during a LTM task. In later experiments, we tested hemispheric specificity by replicating Experiment 1 while stimulating the right PPC. Experiment 1 showed that tDCS applied during LTM encoding improved the pace of list learning and enhanced retrieval after a short delay. Experiment 2 indicated anodal left PPC tDCS only improved LTM when applied during encoding, and not during maintenance. Experiments 3 and 4 confirmed that tDCS effects were hemisphere specific and that no effects were found after right PPC stimulation during encoding. These findings indicate that anodal tDCS to the PPC helps verbal LTM in healthy young adults under certain conditions. First, when it is applied to the left, not the right, PPC and second, when it is applied during encoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Jones
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 North Virginia Street, Mail Stop 296, Reno, NV, 89557, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tanaka LL, Dessing JC, Malik P, Prime SL, Crawford JD. The effects of TMS over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on trans-saccadic memory of multiple objects. Neuropsychologia 2014; 63:185-93. [PMID: 25192630 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Humans typically make several rapid eye movements (saccades) per second. It is thought that visual working memory can retain and spatially integrate three to four objects or features across each saccade but little is known about this neural mechanism. Previously we showed that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the posterior parietal cortex and frontal eye fields degrade trans-saccadic memory of multiple object features (Prime, Vesia, & Crawford, 2008, Journal of Neuroscience, 28(27), 6938-6949; Prime, Vesia, & Crawford, 2010, Cerebral Cortex, 20(4), 759-772.). Here, we used a similar protocol to investigate whether dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), an area involved in spatial working memory, is also involved in trans-saccadic memory. Subjects were required to report changes in stimulus orientation with (saccade task) or without (fixation task) an eye movement in the intervening memory interval. We applied single-pulse TMS to left and right DLPFC during the memory delay, timed at three intervals to arrive approximately 100 ms before, 100 ms after, or at saccade onset. In the fixation task, left DLPFC TMS produced inconsistent results, whereas right DLPFC TMS disrupted performance at all three intervals (significantly for presaccadic TMS). In contrast, in the saccade task, TMS consistently facilitated performance (significantly for left DLPFC/perisaccadic TMS and right DLPFC/postsaccadic TMS) suggesting a dis-inhibition of trans-saccadic processing. These results are consistent with a neural circuit of trans-saccadic memory that overlaps and interacts with, but is partially separate from the circuit for visual working memory during sustained fixation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L L Tanaka
- Centre for Vision Research and Canadian Action and Perception Network, York University, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program and Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - J C Dessing
- Centre for Vision Research and Canadian Action and Perception Network, York University, Toronto, Canada; School of Psychology, Queen׳s University Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - P Malik
- Centre for Vision Research and Canadian Action and Perception Network, York University, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program and Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - S L Prime
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - J D Crawford
- Centre for Vision Research and Canadian Action and Perception Network, York University, Toronto, Canada; Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program and Departments of Psychology, Biology, and Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Paul B, Appelbaum M, Carapetian S, Hesselink J, Nass R, Trauner D, Stiles J. Face and location processing in children with early unilateral brain injury. Brain Cogn 2014; 88:6-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
46
|
Frisch C, Helmstaedter C. Object location performance: detection of functional impairment in right temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2014; 35:28-33. [PMID: 24792097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A prominent role of the right temporal lobe in nonverbal memory and visuospatial memory is widely accepted. A variety of neuropsychological tests have been shown to be sensitive to functional deficits related to right temporal lobe epilepsies mainly after surgical interventions, whereas preoperative deficits were seldom used to demonstrate test sensitivities. Furthermore, compensation processes or additional cognitive deficits related to left temporal or extratemporal dysfunctions are often not adequately taken into account. We used a modified object location task to demarcate preoperative visuospatial memory deficits of right temporal origin against such processes in patients with clinically verified right temporal, left temporal, or extratemporal lobe epilepsies. Healthy subjects served as controls. By using 8 "unnameable" objects, the positional memory accuracy of patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy was significantly lower than the positional memory performance of patients with left temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsies, while object location memory performance differentiated patients with right temporal and extratemporal lobe epilepsies from patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy. Our version of a classical object location task might be a useful tool to detect mnestic deficits specifically related to right temporal lobe dysfunction. Future studies should focus on the refinement of testing conditions in order to detect differences induced by more distinct structural or functional deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Frisch
- University of Bonn Medical Center, Department of Epileptology, Sigmund Freud-Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Helmstaedter
- University of Bonn Medical Center, Department of Epileptology, Sigmund Freud-Straße 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Visual-spatial attention aids the maintenance of object representations in visual working memory. Mem Cognit 2014; 41:698-715. [PMID: 23371773 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-013-0296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Theories have proposed that the maintenance of object representations in visual working memory is aided by a spatial rehearsal mechanism. In this study, we used two different approaches to test the hypothesis that overt and covert visual-spatial attention mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of object representations in visual working memory. First, we tracked observers' eye movements while they remembered a variable number of objects during change-detection tasks. We observed that during the blank retention interval, participants spontaneously shifted gaze to the locations that the objects had occupied in the memory array. Next, we hypothesized that if attention mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of object representations, then drawing attention away from the object locations during the retention interval should impair object memory during these change-detection tasks. Supporting this prediction, we found that attending to the fixation point in anticipation of a brief probe stimulus during the retention interval reduced change-detection accuracy, even on the trials in which no probe occurred. These findings support models of working memory in which visual-spatial selection mechanisms contribute to the maintenance of object representations.
Collapse
|
48
|
Qu J, Rizak JD, Zhao L, Li M, Ma Y. Effects of visual working memory on brain information processing of irrelevant auditory stimuli. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89989. [PMID: 24587170 PMCID: PMC3935952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective attention has traditionally been viewed as a sensory processing modulator that promotes cognitive processing efficiency by favoring relevant stimuli while inhibiting irrelevant stimuli. However, the cross-modal processing of irrelevant information during working memory (WM) has been rarely investigated. In this study, the modulation of irrelevant auditory information by the brain during a visual WM task was investigated. The N100 auditory evoked potential (N100-AEP) following an auditory click was used to evaluate the selective attention to auditory stimulus during WM processing and at rest. N100-AEP amplitudes were found to be significantly affected in the left-prefrontal, mid-prefrontal, right-prefrontal, left-frontal, and mid-frontal regions while performing a high WM load task. In contrast, no significant differences were found between N100-AEP amplitudes in WM states and rest states under a low WM load task in all recorded brain regions. Furthermore, no differences were found between the time latencies of N100-AEP troughs in WM states and rest states while performing either the high or low WM load task. These findings suggested that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) may integrate information from different sensory channels to protect perceptual integrity during cognitive processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiagui Qu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Joshua D. Rizak
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lun Zhao
- Psychological Research Center, Beijing Yiran Sunny Technology Co. Lt, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Minghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YM); (ML)
| | - Yuanye Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YM); (ML)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pazzaglia F, Moè A. Cognitive styles and mental rotation ability in map learning. Cogn Process 2013; 14:391-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10339-013-0572-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
50
|
Seidler RD, Bo J, Anguera JA. Neurocognitive contributions to motor skill learning: the role of working memory. J Mot Behav 2013; 44:445-53. [PMID: 23237467 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2012.672348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have begun to delineate the precise nature and neural correlates of the cognitive processes that contribute to motor skill learning. The authors review recent work from their laboratory designed to further understand the neurocognitive mechanisms of skill acquisition. The authors have demonstrated an important role for spatial working memory in 2 different types of motor skill learning, sensorimotor adaptation and motor sequence learning. They have shown that individual differences in spatial working memory capacity predict the rate of motor learning for sensorimotor adaptation and motor sequence learning, and have also reported neural overlap between a spatial working memory task and the early, but not late, stages of adaptation, particularly in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and bilateral inferior parietal lobules. The authors propose that spatial working memory is relied on for processing motor error information to update motor control for subsequent actions. Further, they suggest that working memory is relied on during learning new action sequences for chunking individual action elements together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|