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Lin CC, Law BF, Hettick JM. 4,4'-Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate exposure induces expression of alternatively activated macrophage-associated markers and chemokines partially through Krüppel-like factor 4 mediated signaling in macrophages. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:653-669. [PMID: 38014489 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2284867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to the most widely used monomeric diisocyanate (dNCO), 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), may lead to the development of occupational asthma (OA). Alveolar macrophages with alternatively activated (M2) phenotype have been implicated in allergic airway responses and the pathogenesis of asthma. Recent in vivo studies demonstrate that M2 macrophage-associated markers and chemokines are induced by MDI-exposure, however, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) by which this proceeds is unclear.Following MDI exposure (in vivo and in vitro) M2 macrophage-associated transcription factors (TFs), markers, and chemokines were determined by RT-qPCR, western blots, and ELISA.Expression of M2 macrophage-associated TFs and markers including Klf4/KLF4, Cd206/CD206, Tgm2/TGM2, Ccl17/CCL17, Ccl22/CCL22, and CCL24 were induced by MDI/MDI-GSH exposure in bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BALCs)/THP-1 macrophages. The expression of CD206, TGM2, CCL17, CCL22, and CCL24 are upregulated by 3.83-, 7.69-, 6.22-, 6.08-, and 1.90-fold in KLF4-overexpressed macrophages, respectively. Endogenous CD206 and TGM2 were downregulated by 1.65-5.17-fold, and 1.15-1.78-fold, whereas CCL17, CCL22, and CCL24 remain unchanged in KLF4-knockdown macrophages. Finally, MDI-glutathione (GSH) conjugate-treated macrophages show increased chemotactic ability to T-cells and eosinophils, which may be attenuated by KLF4 knockdown.Our data suggest that MDI exposure may induce M2 macrophage-associated markers partially through induction of KLF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chung Lin
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brandon F Law
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Justin M Hettick
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Haeggström JZ, Newcomer ME. Structures of Leukotriene Biosynthetic Enzymes and Development of New Therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:407-428. [PMID: 36130059 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-085014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are potent immune-regulating lipid mediators with patho-genic roles in inflammatory and allergic diseases, particularly asthma. These autacoids also contribute to low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic, and tumor diseases. Biosynthesis of leukotrienes involves release and oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid and proceeds via a set of cytosolic and integral membrane enzymes that are typically expressed by cells of the innate immune system. In activated cells, these enzymes traffic and assemble at the endoplasmic and perinuclear membrane, together comprising a biosynthetic complex. Here we describe recent advances in our molecular understanding of the protein components of the leukotriene-synthesizing enzyme machinery and also briefly touch upon the leukotriene receptors. Moreover, we discuss emerging opportunities for pharmacological intervention and development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Z Haeggström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Chemistry 2, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA;
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Cousins K, Chen CC, Sehanobish E, Jerschow E. The role of oxylipins in NSAID-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD). ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 97:423-444. [PMID: 37236766 PMCID: PMC10591515 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-exacerbated respiratory disease (N-ERD) is characterized by nasal polyp formation, adult-onset asthma, and hypersensitivity to all cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors. Oxygenated lipids are collectively known as oxylipins and are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) oxidation products. The most extensively researched oxylipins being the eicosanoids formed from arachidonic acid (AA). There are four major classes of eicosanoids including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and lipoxins. In N-ERD, the underlying inflammatory process of the upper and lower respiratory systems begins and occurs independently of NSAID consumption and is due to the overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes. Leukotriene mediators all induce edema, bronchoconstriction, and airway mucous secretion. Thromboxane A2 is a potent bronchoconstrictor and induces endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Elevated Prostaglandin D2 metabolites lead to vasoconstriction, additionally impaired up-regulation of prostaglandin E2 leads to symptoms seen in N-ERD as it is essential for maintaining homeostasis of inflammatory responses in the airway and has bronchoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. A characteristic feature of N-ERD is diminished lipoxin levels, this decreased capacity to form endogenous mediators with anti-inflammatory properties could facilitate local inflammatory response and expose bronchial smooth muscle to relatively unopposed actions of broncho-constricting substances. Treatment options, such as leukotriene modifying agents, aspirin desensitization, biologic agents and ESS, appear to influence eicosanoid pathways, however more studies need to be done to further understand the role of oxylipins. Besides AA-derived eicosanoids, other oxylipins may also pay a role but have not been sufficiently studied. Identifying pathogenic N-ERD mechanism is likely to define more effective treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Cousins
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chien-Chang Chen
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Esha Sehanobish
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Elina Jerschow
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
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Ban GY, Kim SH, Park HS. Persistent Eosinophilic Inflammation in Adult Asthmatics with High Serum and Urine Levels of Leukotriene E 4. J Asthma Allergy 2021; 14:1219-1230. [PMID: 34675552 PMCID: PMC8520485 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s325499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are key mediators for bronchoconstriction, eosinophil recruitment and mucus production in the airways of asthmatic patients. To better understand the role of CysLTs in different asthma phenotypes, we compared the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites in relation to asthma control status and phenotypes in adult asthmatics on regular anti-asthma medications. Methods A total of 137 adult asthmatics (47 with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease [AERD] and 90 asthmatics with aspirin-tolerant asthma [ATA]) and 20 healthy controls were enrolled. Arachidonic acid metabolites in serum and urine were analyzed using LC-MS/MS methods, and clinical data, including asthma control status, exhaled NO (FeNO) and lung function tests, were collected. Results Urine LTE4 levels were significantly higher in AERD patients on inhaled corticosteroid-long-acting β2- agonist plus leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) treatment than in ATA patients (P=0.001). No differences were found in the serum or urine levels of 15-HETE, TXB2, or PGF2α. High serum LTE4 levels were associated with lower FEV1% and uncontrolled status in AERD patients (P=0.006 and P=0.002, respectively), but not in ATA patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that blood eosinophil counts, FeNO levels and aspirin hypersensitivity were significant factors affecting urine LTE4 levels. Conclusion Despite LTRA treatment in AERD, the LTE4 levels remained high and showed close associations with blood eosinophilia, high FeNO levels and impaired disease control. Our real-world evidence indicates that control of asthma is not fully achieved by blocking the CysLT pathway with LTRA. Thus, introduction of treatment modalities targeting eosinophilia could be a better option for patients with high CysLTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Young Ban
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Translational Research Laboratory for Inflammatory Disease, Clinical Trial Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, 16499, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Eicosanoid receptors as therapeutic targets for asthma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1945-1980. [PMID: 34401905 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids comprise a group of oxidation products of arachidonic and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acids formed by oxygenases and downstream enzymes. The two major pathways for eicosanoid formation are initiated by the actions of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), leading to leukotrienes (LTs) and 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), and cyclooxygenase (COX), leading to prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane (TX). A third group (specialized pro-resolving mediators; SPMs), including lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and resolvins (Rvs), are formed by the combined actions of different oxygenases. The actions of the above eicosanoids are mediated by approximately 20 G protein-coupled receptors, resulting in a variety of both detrimental and beneficial effects on airway smooth muscle and inflammatory cells that are strongly implicated in asthma pathophysiology. Drugs targeting proinflammatory eicosanoid receptors, including CysLT1, the receptor for LTD4 (montelukast) and TP, the receptor for TXA2 (seratrodast) are currently in use, whereas antagonists of a number of other receptors, including DP2 (PGD2), BLT1 (LTB4), and OXE (5-oxo-ETE) are under investigation. Agonists targeting anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving eicosanoid receptors such as EP2/4 (PGE2), IP (PGI2), ALX/FPR2 (LXA4), and Chemerin1 (RvE1/2) are also being examined. This review summarizes the contributions of eicosanoid receptors to the pathophysiology of asthma and the potential therapeutic benefits of drugs that target these receptors. Because of the multifactorial nature of asthma and the diverse pathways affected by eicosanoid receptors, it will be important to identify subgroups of asthmatics that are likely to respond to any given therapy.
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Leukotriene D 4 paradoxically limits LTC 4-driven platelet activation and lung immunopathology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 148:195-208.e5. [PMID: 33285161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3 cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), leukotriene (LT) C4 (LTC4), LTD4, and LTE4, have different biologic half-lives, cellular targets, and receptor specificities. CysLT2R binds LTC4 and LTD4in vitro with similar affinities, but it displays a marked selectivity for LTC4in vivo. LTC4, but not LTD4, strongly potentiates allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia in mice through a CysLT2R-mediated, platelet- and IL-33-dependent pathway. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether LTD4 functionally antagonizes LTC4 signaling at CysLT2R. METHODS We used 2 different in vivo models of CysLT2R-dependent immunopathology, as well as ex vivo activation of mouse and human platelets. RESULTS LTC4-induced CD62P expression; HMGB1 release; and secretions of thromboxane A2, CXCL7, and IL-33 by mouse platelets were all were blocked by a selective CysLT2R antagonist and inhibited by LTD4. These effects did not depend on CysLT1R. Inhaled LTD4 blocked LTC4-mediated potentiation of ovalbumin-induced eosinophilic inflammation; recruitment of platelet-adherent eosinophils; and increases in IL-33, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in lung tissue. In contrast, the effect of administration of LTE4, the preferred ligand for CysLT3R, was additive with LTC4. The administration of LTD4 to Ptges-/- mice, which display enhanced LTC4 synthesis similar to that in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, completely blocked the physiologic response to subsequent lysine-aspirin inhalation challenges, as well as increases in levels of IL-33, type 2 cytokines, and biochemical markers of mast cell and platelet activation. CONCLUSION The conversion of LTC4 to LTD4 may limit the duration and extent of potentially deleterious signaling through CysLT2R, and it may contribute to the therapeutic properties of desensitization to aspirin in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.
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Leukotriene D 4 role in allergic asthma pathogenesis from cellular and therapeutic perspectives. Life Sci 2020; 260:118452. [PMID: 32956660 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory and allergic disease that is mainly characterized by reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The incidence of asthma is increasing with more than 350 million people worldwide are affected. Up to now, there is no therapeutic option for asthma and most of the prescribed drugs aim to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease especially during the acute exacerbations after trigger exposure. Asthma is a heterogonous disease that involves interactions between inflammatory mediators and cellular components within the disease microenvironment including inflammatory and structural cells. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are inflammatory lipid mediators that have potent roles in asthma pathogenesis. CysLTs consisting of LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 are mainly secreted by leukocytes and act through three main G-protein coupled receptors (CysLT1R, CysLT2R, and CysLT3R). LTD4 is the most potent bronchoconstrictor which gives it the priority to be discussed in detail in this review. LTD4 binds with high affinity to CysLT1R and many studies showed that using CysLT1R antagonists such as montelukast has a beneficial effect for asthmatics especially in corticosteroid refractory cases. Since asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease of many cell types involved in the disease pathogenies and LTD4 has a special role in inflammation and bronchoconstriction, this review highlights the role of LTD4 on each cellular component in asthma and the benefits of using CysLT1R antagonists in ameliorating LTD4-induced effects.
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Thulasingam M, Haeggström JZ. Integral Membrane Enzymes in Eicosanoid Metabolism: Structures, Mechanisms and Inhibitor Design. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:4999-5022. [PMID: 32745470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids are potent lipid mediators involved in central physiological processes such as hemostasis, renal function and parturition. When formed in excess, eicosanoids become critical players in a range of pathological conditions, in particular pain, fever, arthritis, asthma, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Eicosanoids are generated via oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid along the cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways. Specific lipid species are formed downstream of COX and LOX by specialized synthases, some of which reside on the nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum, including mPGES-1, FLAP, LTC4 synthase, and MGST2. These integral membrane proteins are members of the family "membrane-associated proteins in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism" (MAPEG). Here we focus on this enzyme family, which encompasses six human members typically catalyzing glutathione dependent transformations of lipophilic substrates. Enzymes of this family have evolved to combat the topographical challenge and unfavorable energetics of bringing together two chemically different substrates, from cytosol and lipid bilayer, for catalysis within a membrane environment. Thus, structural understanding of these enzymes are of utmost importance to unravel their molecular mechanisms, mode of substrate entry and product release, in order to facilitate novel drug design against severe human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuranayaki Thulasingam
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jesper Z Haeggström
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Leuti A, Fazio D, Fava M, Piccoli A, Oddi S, Maccarrone M. Bioactive lipids, inflammation and chronic diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:133-169. [PMID: 32628989 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous bioactive lipids are part of a complex network that modulates a plethora of cellular and molecular processes involved in health and disease, of which inflammation represents one of the most prominent examples. Inflammation serves as a well-conserved defence mechanism, triggered in the event of chemical, mechanical or microbial damage, that is meant to eradicate the source of damage and restore tissue function. However, excessive inflammatory signals, or impairment of pro-resolving/anti-inflammatory pathways leads to chronic inflammation, which is a hallmark of chronic pathologies. All main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids - namely eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophopsholipids and endocannabinoids - have been consistently involved in the chronic inflammation that characterises pathologies such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, asthma, as well as autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. This review gathers the current knowledge concerning the involvement of endogenous bioactive lipids in the pathogenic processes of chronic inflammatory pathologies.
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Abdelaziz MH, Abdelwahab SF, Wan J, Cai W, Huixuan W, Jianjun C, Kumar KD, Vasudevan A, Sadek A, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. Alternatively activated macrophages; a double-edged sword in allergic asthma. J Transl Med 2020; 18:58. [PMID: 32024540 PMCID: PMC7003359 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02251-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages are heterogenous phagocytic cells with an important role in the innate immunity. They are, also, significant contributors in the adaptive immune system. Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in the lung during allergic asthma, which is the most common chronic respiratory disease of both adults and children. Macrophages activated by Th1 cells are known as M1 macrophages while those activated by IL-4 and IL-13 are called alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) or M2 cells. AAM are subdivided into four distinct subtypes (M2a, M2b, M2c and M2d), depending on the nature of inducing agent and the expressed markers. BODY: IL-4 is the major effector cytokine in both alternative activation of macrophages and pathogenesis of asthma. Thus, the role of M2a macrophages in asthma is a major concern. However, this is controversial. Therefore, further studies are required to improve our knowledge about the role of IL-4-induced macrophages in allergic asthma, through precisive elucidation of the roles of specific M2a proteins in the pathogenesis of asthma. In the current review, we try to illustrate the different functions of M2a macrophages (protective and pathogenic roles) in the pathogenesis of asthma, including explanation of how different M2a proteins and markers act during the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. These include surface markers, enzymes, secreted proteins, chemokines, cytokines, signal transduction proteins and transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS AAM is considered a double-edged sword in allergic asthma. Finally, we recommend further studies that focus on increased selective expression or suppression of protective and pathogenic M2a markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Hamed Abdelaziz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt.
- Division of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Taif University, College of Pharmacy, Taif, 21974, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jie Wan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wang Huixuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Jianjun
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kesavan Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aparna Vasudevan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ahmed Sadek
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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Athari SS. Targeting cell signaling in allergic asthma. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:45. [PMID: 31637021 PMCID: PMC6799822 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is chronic inflammation of the airways characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness, wheezing, cough, and dyspnea. Asthma affects >350 million people worldwide. The Th2 immune response is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of asthma. Targeted therapy modulating cell signaling pathways can be a powerful strategy to design new drugs to treat asthma. The potential molecular pathways that can be targeted include IL-4-IL-13-JAK-STAT-MAP kinases, adiponectin-iNOS-NF-κB, PGD2-CRTH2, IFNs-RIG, Wnt/β-catenin-FAM13A, FOXC1-miR-PI3K/AKT, JNK-Gal-7, Nrf2-ROS, Foxp3-RORγt, CysLTR, AMP, Fas-FasL, PTHrP/PPARγ, PAI-1, FcɛRI-LAT-SLP-76, Tim-3-Gal-9, TLRs-MyD88, PAR2, and Keap1/Nrf2/ARE. Therapeutic drugs can be designed to target one or more of these pathways to treat asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Bankova LG, Dwyer DF, Yoshimoto E, Ualiyeva S, McGinty JW, Raff H, von Moltke J, Kanaoka Y, Frank Austen K, Barrett NA. The cysteinyl leukotriene 3 receptor regulates expansion of IL-25-producing airway brush cells leading to type 2 inflammation. Sci Immunol 2019; 3:3/28/eaat9453. [PMID: 30291131 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aat9453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory epithelial cells (EpCs) orchestrate airway mucosal inflammation in response to diverse environmental stimuli, but how distinct EpC programs are regulated remains poorly understood. Here, we report that inhalation of aeroallergens leads to expansion of airway brush cells (BrCs), specialized chemosensory EpCs and the dominant epithelial source of interleukin-25 (IL-25). BrC expansion was attenuated in mice lacking either LTC4 synthase, the biosynthetic enzyme required for cysteinyl leukotriene (CysLT) generation, or the EpC receptor for leukotriene E4 (LTE4), CysLT3R. LTE4 inhalation was sufficient to elicit CysLT3R-dependent BrC expansion in the murine airway through an IL-25-dependent but STAT6-independent signaling pathway. Last, blockade of IL-25 attenuated both aeroallergen and LTE4-elicited CysLT3R-dependent type 2 lung inflammation. These results demonstrate that CysLT3R senses the endogenously generated lipid ligand LTE4 and regulates airway BrC number and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora G Bankova
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel F Dwyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eri Yoshimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saltanat Ualiyeva
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John W McGinty
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Hannah Raff
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jakob von Moltke
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - K Frank Austen
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Munck Af Rosenschöld M, Johannesson P, Nikitidis A, Tyrchan C, Chang HF, Rönn R, Chapman D, Ullah V, Nikitidis G, Glader P, Käck H, Bonn B, Wågberg F, Björkstrand E, Andersson U, Swedin L, Rohman M, Andreasson T, Bergström EL, Jiang F, Zhou XH, Lundqvist AJ, Malmberg A, Ek M, Gordon E, Pettersen A, Ripa L, Davis AM. Discovery of the Oral Leukotriene C4 Synthase Inhibitor (1 S,2 S)-2-({5-[(5-Chloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)amino]-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl}carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid (AZD9898) as a New Treatment for Asthma. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7769-7787. [PMID: 31415176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids are the mainstay of asthma treatment, up to 50% of asthmatics remain uncontrolled. Many studies show that the cysteinyl leukotriene cascade remains highly activated in some asthmatics, even those on high-dose inhaled or oral corticosteroids. Hence, inhibition of the leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S) enzyme could provide a new and differentiated core treatment for patients with a highly activated cysteinyl leukotriene cascade. Starting from a screening hit (3), a program to discover oral inhibitors of LTC4S led to (1S,2S)-2-({5-[(5-chloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)(2-fluoro-2-methylpropyl)amino]-3-methoxypyrazin-2-yl}carbonyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (AZD9898) (36), a picomolar LTC4S inhibitor (IC50 = 0.28 nM) with high lipophilic ligand efficiency (LLE = 8.5), which displays nanomolar potency in cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cell, IC50,free = 6.2 nM) and good in vivo pharmacodynamics in a calcium ionophore-stimulated rat model after oral dosing (in vivo, IC50,free = 34 nM). Compound 36 mitigates the GABA binding, hepatic toxicity signal, and in vivo toxicology findings of an early lead compound 7 with a human dose predicted to be 30 mg once daily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Rönn
- Orexo AB , Virdings allé 32A , SE-75450 Uppsala , Sweden
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15
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Méndez-Enríquez E, Hallgren J. Mast Cells and Their Progenitors in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:821. [PMID: 31191511 PMCID: PMC6548814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells and their mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergy for decades. Allergic asthma is a complex chronic lung disease in which several different immune cells, genetic factors and environmental exposures influence the pathology. Mast cells are key players in the asthmatic response through secretion of a multitude of mediators with pro-inflammatory and airway-constrictive effects. Well-known mast cell mediators, such as histamine and bioactive lipids are responsible for many of the physiological effects observed in the acute phase of allergic reactions. The accumulation of mast cells at particular sites of the allergic lung is likely relevant to the asthma phenotype, severity and progression. Mast cells located in different compartments in the lung and airways have different characteristics and express different mediators. According to in vivo experiments in mice, lung mast cells develop from mast cell progenitors induced by inflammatory stimuli to migrate to the airways. Human mast cell progenitors have been identified in the blood circulation. A high frequency of circulating human mast cell progenitors may reflect ongoing pathological changes in the allergic lung. In allergic asthma, mast cells become activated mainly via IgE-mediated crosslinking of the high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI) with allergens. However, mast cells can also be activated by numerous other stimuli e.g. toll-like receptors and MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor X2. In this review, we summarize research with implications on the role and development of mast cells and their progenitors in allergic asthma and cover selected activation pathways and mast cell mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis. The review places an emphasis on describing mechanisms identified using in vivo mouse models and data obtained by analysis of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Méndez-Enríquez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Hallgren
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Trinh HKT, Suh DH, Nguyen TVT, Choi Y, Park HS, Shin YS. Characterization of cysteinyl leukotriene-related receptors and their interactions in a mouse model of asthma. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 141:17-23. [PMID: 30661601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of the characterization of cysteinyl leukotrienes receptor (CysLTRs) could facilitate our understanding of these receptors' role in asthma. We aimed to investigate the localization and interactions of CysLTRs using a mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mice were administered ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic asthma. Some mice were administered the antagonists of CysLTR1, CysLTR2, and purinergic receptor P2Y12 (P2Y12R) (montelukast, HAMI 3379 and clopidogrel, respectively). The expression levels of CysLTR1, CysLTR2, and P2Y12R on lung tissues and inflammatory cells were evaluated by western blot, flow cytometry, and immunochemistry. CysLTR1 and P2Y12R were significantly up-regulated in lung tissues (P < 0.05 for each) from mouse after being sensitized and challenged with OVA (OVA/OVA). The ratio of CysLTR1: CysLTR2: P2Y12R in lungs of negative control (NC) mice was shifted from 1:0.43:0.35 to 1:0.65:1.34 in OVA/OVA mice. Montelukast significantly diminished the up-regulation of CysLTR1, CysLTR2, and P2Y12R (P < 0.05 for each), while the effects of HAMI 3379 and clopidogrel were predominant on the expression of CysLTR2 and P2Y12R, respectively. Montelukast predominantly diminished the cell count, while clopidogrel potently inhibited the release of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Our study demonstrated the interactions between CysLTRs, thereby highlighting the potential synergistic effects of CysLTR antagonists in asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Kim Tu Trinh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hyeon Suh
- Department of Pharmacology, CKD Research institute, Yong-in, South Korea
| | - Thuy Van Thao Nguyen
- Pediatric Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
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Choi Y, Lee Y, Park HS. Which Factors Associated With Activated Eosinophils Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease? ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 11:320-329. [PMID: 30912322 PMCID: PMC6439191 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2019.11.3.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils have long been recognized as a central effector cell in the lungs of asthmatic patients. They contribute to airway inflammation and remodeling through releasing several molecules such as cytokines, granule proteins, lipid mediators and extracellular traps/vesicles. Repeated evidence reveals that intense eosinophil infiltration in upper and lower airway mucosae contributes to the pathogenesis of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD). Persistent eosinophilia is found to be associated with type 2 immune responses, cysteinyl leukotriene overproduction and eosinophil-epithelium interactions. This review highlights recent findings about key mechanisms of eosinophil activation in the airway inflammation of AERD. In addition, current biologics (targeting type 2 immune responses) were suggested to control eosinophilic inflammation for AERD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea.
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18
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Nolin JD, Murphy RC, Gelb MH, Altemeier WA, Henderson WR, Hallstrand TS. Function of secreted phospholipase A 2 group-X in asthma and allergic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:827-837. [PMID: 30529275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elevated secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity in the airways has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma and allergic disease for some time. The identity and function of these enzymes in asthma is becoming clear from work in our lab and others. We focused on sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) after identifying increased levels of this enzyme in asthma, and that it is responsible for a large portion of sPLA2 activity in the airways and that the levels are strongly associated with features of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In this review, we discuss studies that implicated sPLA2-X in human asthma, and murine models that demonstrate a critical role of this enzyme as a regulator of type-2 inflammation, AHR and production of eicosanoids. We discuss the mechanism by which sPLA2-X acts to regulate eicosanoids in leukocytes, as well as effects that are mediated through the generation of lysophospholipids and through receptor-mediated functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nolin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William A Altemeier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - William R Henderson
- Division of Allergy and Infectious DIseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Teal S Hallstrand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A White
- From the Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA
| | - Donald D Stevenson
- From the Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, Scripps Clinic, San Diego, CA
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20
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Laidlaw TM. Pathogenesis of NSAID-induced reactions in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. World J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 4:162-168. [PMID: 30506046 PMCID: PMC6251957 DOI: 10.1016/j.wjorl.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that following ingestion of aspirin or any other inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1, patients with Samter's disease, or aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) develop the sudden onset of worsening respiratory clinical symptoms, which usually involves nasal congestion, rhinorrhea, wheezing and bronchospasm. Gastrointestinal distress, nausea, a pruritic rash and angioedema can also occasionally develop. However, the underlying pathologic mechanism that drives these clinical reactions remains elusive. Pretreatment with medications that inhibit the leukotriene pathway decreases the severity of clinical reactions, which points to the involvement of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) in the pathogenesis of these aspirin-induced reactions. Furthermore, studies of aspirin challenges in carefully-phenotyped patients with AERD have confirmed that both proinflammatory lipid mediators, predominantly cysLTs and prostaglandin (PG) D2, and the influx of effector cells to the respiratory tissue, contribute to symptom development during aspirin-induced reactions. Mast cells, which have been identified as the major cellular source of cysLTs and PGD2, are likely to be major participants in the acute reactions, and are an attractive target for future pharmacotherapies in AERD. Although several recent studies support the role of platelets as inflammatory effector cells and as a source of cysLT overproduction in AERD, it is not yet clear whether platelet activation plays a direct role in the development of the aspirin-induced reactions. To further our understanding of the pathogenesis of aspirin-induced reactions in AERD, and to broaden the pharmacotherapeutic options available to these patients, additional investigations with targeted clinical trials will be required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Laidlaw
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Debeuf N, Lambrecht BN. Eicosanoid Control Over Antigen Presenting Cells in Asthma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2006. [PMID: 30233591 PMCID: PMC6131302 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a common lung disease affecting 300 million people worldwide. Allergic asthma is recognized as a prototypical Th2 disorder, orchestrated by an aberrant adaptive CD4+ T helper (Th2/Th17) cell immune response against airborne allergens, that leads to eosinophilic inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, and mucus overproduction. Other forms of asthma are controlled by an eosinophil-rich innate ILC2 response driven by epithelial damage, whereas in some patients with more neutrophilia, the disease is driven by Th17 cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are crucial regulators of type 2 immunity in asthma. Numerous lipid mediators including the eicosanoids prostaglandins and leukotrienes influence key functions of these cells, leading to either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects on disease outcome. In this review, we will discuss how eicosanoids affect the functions of DCs and macrophages in the asthmatic lung and how this leads to aberrant T cell differentiation that causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nincy Debeuf
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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22
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Laidlaw TM, Cahill KN, Cardet JC, Murphy K, Cui J, Dioneda B, Kothari P, Raby BA, Israel E, Boyce JA. A trial of type 12 purinergic (P2Y 12) receptor inhibition with prasugrel identifies a potentially distinct endotype of patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:316-324.e7. [PMID: 29890239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by asthma, recurrent nasal polyposis, and respiratory reactions on ingestion of COX-1 inhibitors. Increased numbers of platelet-leukocyte aggregates are present in the sinus tissue and blood of patients with AERD compared with that of aspirin-tolerant patients, and platelet activation can contribute to aspirin-induced reactions. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether treatment with prasugrel, which inhibits platelet activation by blocking the type 12 purinergic (P2Y12) receptor, would attenuate the severity of sinonasal and respiratory symptoms induced during aspirin challenge in patients with AERD. METHODS Forty patients with AERD completed a 10-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of prasugrel. All patients underwent oral aspirin challenges after 4 weeks of prasugrel and after 4 weeks of placebo. The primary outcome was a change in the provocative dose of aspirin that would elicit an increase in Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) of 2 points. Changes in lung function, urinary eicosanoids, plasma tryptase, platelet-leukocyte aggregates, and platelet activation were also recorded. RESULTS Prasugrel did not significantly change the mean increase in TNSS of 2 points (79 ± 15 for patients receiving placebo and 139 ± 32 for patients receiving prasugrel, P = .10), platelet-leukocyte aggregates, or increases in urinary leukotriene E4 and prostaglandin D2 metabolite levels during aspirin-induced reactions in the study population as a whole. Five subjects (responders) reacted to aspirin while receiving placebo but did not have any reaction to aspirin challenge after the prasugrel arm. In contrast to prasugrel nonresponders (35 subjects), the prasugrel responders had smaller reaction-induced increases in TNSS; did not have significant aspirin-induced increases in urinary leukotriene E4, prostaglandin D2 metabolite, or thromboxane B2 levels; and did not display increases in serum tryptase levels during aspirin reactions on the placebo arm, all of which were observed in the nonresponders. CONCLUSION In the overall study population, prasugrel did not attenuate aspirin-induced symptoms, possibly because it failed to decrease the frequencies of platelet-adherent leukocytes or to diminish aspirin-induced mast cell activation. In a small subset of patients with AERD who had greater baseline platelet activation and milder upper respiratory symptoms during aspirin-induced reactions, P2Y12 receptor antagonism with prasugrel completely inhibited all aspirin-induced reaction symptoms, suggesting a contribution from P2Y12 receptor signaling in this subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center, Boston, Mass.
| | - Katherine N Cahill
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Juan Carlos Cardet
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, and the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Katherine Murphy
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Brittney Dioneda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Parul Kothari
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center, Boston, Mass
| | - Benjamin A Raby
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, and the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Elliot Israel
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass, and the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, the Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and the Jeff and Penny Vinik Center, Boston, Mass
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23
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Yokomizo T, Nakamura M, Shimizu T. Leukotriene receptors as potential therapeutic targets. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:2691-2701. [PMID: 29757196 DOI: 10.1172/jci97946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotrienes, a class of arachidonic acid-derived bioactive molecules, are known as mediators of allergic and inflammatory reactions and considered to be important drug targets. Although an inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis and antagonists of the cysteinyl leukotriene receptor are clinically used for bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis, these medications were developed before the molecular identification of leukotriene receptors. Numerous studies using cloned leukotriene receptors and genetically engineered mice have unveiled new pathophysiological roles for leukotrienes. This Review covers the recent findings on leukotriene receptors to revisit them as new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Yokomizo
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motonao Nakamura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipidomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipid Signaling, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Leukotriene E 4 induces airflow obstruction and mast cell activation through the cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29518425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotriene (LT) E4 is the final active metabolite among the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). Animal studies have identified a distinct LTE4 receptor, suggesting that current cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 (CysLT1) receptor antagonists can provide incomplete inhibition of CysLT responses. OBJECTIVE We tested this hypothesis by assessing the influence of the CysLT1 antagonist montelukast on responses induced by means of inhalation of LTE4 in asthmatic patients. METHODS Fourteen patients with mild intermittent asthma and 2 patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease received 20 mg of montelukast twice daily and placebo for 5 to 7 days in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study (NCT01841164). The PD20 value was determined at the end of each treatment period based on an increasing dose challenge. Measurements included lipid mediators in urine and sputum cells 4 hours after LTE4 challenge. RESULTS Montelukast completely blocked LTE4-induced bronchoconstriction. Despite tolerating an at least 10 times higher dose of LTE4 after montelukast, there was no difference in the percentage of eosinophils in sputum. Urinary excretion of all major lipid mediators increased after LTE4 inhalation. Montelukast blocked release of the mast cell product prostaglandin (PG) D2, as well as release of PGF2α and thromboxane (Tx) A2, but not increased excretion of PGE2 and its metabolites or isoprostanes. CONCLUSION LTE4 induces airflow obstruction and mast cell activation through the CysLT1 receptor.
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Lexmond AJ, Singh D, Frijlink HW, Clarke GW, Page CP, Forbes B, van den Berge M. Realising the potential of various inhaled airway challenge agents through improved delivery to the lungs. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 49:27-35. [PMID: 29331645 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled airway challenges provoke bronchoconstriction in susceptible subjects and are a pivotal tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of obstructive lung diseases, both in the clinic and in the development of new respiratory medicines. This article reviews the main challenge agents that are in use today (methacholine, mannitol, adenosine, allergens, endotoxin) and emphasises the importance of controlling how these agents are administered. There is a danger that the optimal value of these challenge agents may not be realised due to suboptimal inhaled delivery; thus considerations for effective and reproducible challenge delivery are provided. This article seeks to increase awareness of the importance of precise delivery of inhaled agents used to challenge the airways for diagnosis and research, and is intended as a stepping stone towards much-needed standardisation and harmonisation in the administration of inhaled airway challenge agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Lexmond
- King's College London, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom; University of Groningen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester Foundation Trust, The Langley Building, Southmoor Road, Wythenshawe, Manchester M23 9QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Henderik W Frijlink
- University of Groningen, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Graham W Clarke
- hVIVO, Queen Mary BioEnterprises Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom; Imperial College, Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Guy Scadding Building, Cale Street, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Clive P Page
- King's College London, Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Forbes
- King's College London, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Hanzeplein 1, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Shirasaki H, Kanaizumi E, Himi T. Leukotriene D 4 induces chemotaxis in human eosinophilc cell line, EoL-1 cells via CysLT1 receptor activation. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00464. [PMID: 29264420 PMCID: PMC5727546 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous reports have shown that cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) contribute to tissue accumulation of eosinophils in allergic airway inflammation. To date, only a few studies have reported that CysLTs promote chemotactic activity of human eosinophils in vitro. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether CysLTs promote chemotaxis in the human eosinophilic cell line, EoL-1. EoL-1 cells were induced to differentiate into mature eosinophil-like cells via incubation with butyric acid and cytokines (IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF). The chemotactic activity of the differentiated EoL-1 cells was assessed using the commercial cell migration assay kit. LTD4 elicited dose-related chemotactic activity in the differntiated EoL-1 cells in the range of 1–100 nM. A typical bell-shaped dose-response curve was observed with optimal activity at 10 nM. The chemotactic activity elicited by LTD4 (10 nM) was significantly inhibited by montelukast (control, 345 ± 19.2 × 103 RFU; LTD4 10 nM alone, 511 ± 39.2 × 103 RFU; LTD4 10 nM plus montelukast 100 nM, 387 ± 28.2 × 103 RFU). LTD4 induces migration in eosinophilic cells via activation of CysLT1 receptor. The present in vitro model may be useful for elucidation of the mechanism underlying CysLT-induced tissue eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shirasaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, S-1 W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Etsuko Kanaizumi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, S-1 W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, S-1 W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
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Nolin JD, Lai Y, Ogden HL, Manicone AM, Murphy RC, An D, Frevert CW, Ghomashchi F, Naika GS, Gelb MH, Gauvreau GM, Piliponsky AM, Altemeier WA, Hallstrand TS. Secreted PLA2 group X orchestrates innate and adaptive immune responses to inhaled allergen. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94929. [PMID: 29093264 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes regulate the formation of eicosanoids and lysophospholipids that contribute to allergic airway inflammation. Secreted PLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) was recently found to be increased in the airways of asthmatics and is highly expressed in airway epithelial cells and macrophages. In the current study, we show that allergen exposure increases sPLA2-X in humans and in mice, and that global deletion of Pla2g10 results in a marked reduction in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), eosinophil and T cell trafficking to the airways, airway occlusion, generation of type-2 cytokines by antigen-stimulated leukocytes, and antigen-specific immunoglobulins. Further, we found that Pla2g10-/- mice had reduced IL-33 levels in BALF, fewer type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lung, less IL-33-induced IL-13 expression in mast cells, and a marked reduction in both the number of newly recruited macrophages and the M2 polarization of these macrophages in the lung. These results indicate that sPLA2-X serves as a central regulator of both innate and adaptive immune response to proteolytic allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Nolin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Ying Lai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | | | - Anne M Manicone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Ryan C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Dowon An
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
| | - Charles W Frevert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care.,Department of Comparative Medicine
| | | | | | - Michael H Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian M Piliponsky
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Pavón-Romero GF, Ramírez-Jiménez F, Roldán-Alvarez MA, Terán LM, Falfán-Valencia R. Physiopathology and genetics in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Exp Lung Res 2017; 43:327-335. [PMID: 29035123 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2017.1358776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a clinical entity characterized by hypersensitivity to aspirin leading to asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasosinusal polyposis. The pathophysiology of the disease involves disruption at the level of arachidonic acid metabolism. Therefore, genetic association studies have been focused on the genes coding this pathway. As other mechanisms involved in the genesis of the disease were elucidated, the corresponding genes were also explored. AIM To describe the association reported in the literature between gene polymorphisms involved in the pathophysiology or therapeutic processes of AERD. RESULTS There is a genetic association between polymorphisms of genes involved in the synthesis of proteins related to arachidonic acid metabolism (LTC4S, ALOX5), antigen presentation (HLA), inflammation (IL5, IL17), and aspirin metabolism (CYP2C19). CONCLUSIONS Genetic association research in AERD has evaluated studies of SNPs in metabolic pathways related to arachidonic acid. Recently, whole genome analysis strategies have allowed the detection of new genetic variants that were previously not considered. Furthermore, these studies have identified SNPs that are associated with inflammatory processes, which could serve as diagnostic markers or predictors of the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luis M Terán
- a Departamento de Investigación en Inmunogenética y Alergia.,b Biomedicine In the Post-Genomic Era , Tlalpan , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- c HLA Laboratory , Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas , Mexico City , Mexico
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Tamada T, Ichinose M. Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Antiallergy Drugs. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 237:153-169. [PMID: 27826703 DOI: 10.1007/164_2016_72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As one of the candidates of the therapeutic strategy for asthma in addition to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) are known to be useful for long-term management of asthma patients complicated by allergic rhinitis (AR) or exercise-induced asthma (EIA). Currently available LTRAs are pranlukast hydrate, zafirlukast, and montelukast. These LTRAs have a bronchodilator action and inhibit airway inflammation, resulting in a significant improvement of asthma symptoms, respiratory function, inhalation frequency of as-needed inhaled β2-agonist, airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, dosage of ICSs, asthma exacerbations, and patients' QOL. Although cys-LTs are deeply associated with the pathogenesis of asthma, LTRAs alone are less effective compared with ICS. However, the effects of LTRAs in combination with ICS are the same as those of LABAs in combination with ICS in steroid-naïve asthmatic patients. Concerning antiallergy drugs other than LTRAs, some mediator-release suppressants, H1 histamine receptor antagonists (H1RAs), thromboxane A2 (TXA2) inhibitors/antagonists, and Th2 cytokine inhibitor had been used mainly in Japan until the late 1990s. However, the use of these agents rapidly decreased after ICS/long acting beta agonist (LABA) combination was introduced and recommended for the management of asthma in the early 2000s. The effectiveness of other antiallergic agents on asthma management seems to be quite limited, and the safety of oral antiallergic agents has not been demonstrated in fetuses during pregnancy. Further effectiveness studies are needed to determine the true value of these orally administered agents in combination with ICS as an anti-asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Ichinose
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
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Thompson-Souza GA, Gropillo I, Neves JS. Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Eosinophil Biology: Functional Roles and Therapeutic Perspectives in Eosinophilic Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:106. [PMID: 28770202 PMCID: PMC5515036 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), LTC4, and its extracellular metabolites, LTD4 and LTE4, have varied and multiple roles in mediating eosinophilic disorders including host defense against parasitic helminthes and allergic inflammation, especially in the lung and in asthma. CysLTs are known to act through at least 2 receptors termed cysLT1 receptor (CysLT1R) and cysLT2 receptor (CysLT2R). Eosinophils contain a dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid granules that store various preformed proteins. Human eosinophils are sources of cysLTs and are known to express the two known cysLTs receptors (CysLTRs). CysLTs can have varied functions on eosinophils, ranging from intracrine regulators of secretion of granule-derived proteins to paracrine/autocrine roles in eosinophil chemotaxis, differentiation, and survival. Lately, it has been recognized the expression of CysLTRs in the membranes of eosinophil granules. Moreover, cysLTs have been shown to evoke secretion from isolated cell-free eosinophil granules operating through their receptors expressed on granule membranes. In this work, we review the functional roles of cysLTs in eosinophil biology. We review cysLTs biosynthesis, their receptors, and argue the intracrine and paracrine/autocrine responses induced by cysLTs in eosinophils and in isolated free extracellular eosinophil granules. We also examine and speculate on the therapeutic relevance of targeting CysLTRs in the treatment of eosinophilic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabella Gropillo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Josiane S Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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31
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Group 2 innate lymphoid cells are recruited to the nasal mucosa in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:101-108.e3. [PMID: 28279492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by tissue eosinophilia and mast cell activation, including abundant production of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), which promote tissue eosinophilia and mast cell responses, undergo chemotaxis and cytokine production in response to PGD2, but it is unknown whether ILC2s are active in patients with AERD. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether ILC2 numbers change in peripheral blood and the nasal mucosa during COX-1 inhibitor-induced reactions in patients with AERD. METHODS Blood and nasal scrapings were collected at baseline, during reactions, and after completion of ketorolac/aspirin challenge/desensitization in 12 patients with AERD. ILC2s and eosinophils were quantitated by means of flow cytometry. Urine was also collected, and quantification of PGD2 metabolite and leukotriene E4 levels was done by using ELISA. Baseline and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug reaction clinical data were correlated with cell changes. RESULTS ILC2 numbers significantly increased in nasal mucosal samples and decreased in blood at the time of COX-1 inhibitor reactions in 12 patients with AERD. These changes were not observed in 2 patients without AERD. Furthermore, eosinophil numbers decreased in blood concurrently with significant increases in urinary PGD2 metabolite and leukotriene E4 levels. The magnitude of increases in nasal mucosal ILC2 numbers positively correlated with maximum symptom scores during challenges. Furthermore, blood ILC2 numbers during the reaction correlated with time for the reaction to resolve, possibly reflecting reaction severity. CONCLUSIONS ILC2s are recruited to the nasal mucosa during COX-1 inhibitor-induced reactions in patients with AERD, correlating with enhanced production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
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Gauvreau GM, Boulet LP, FitzGerald JM, Cockcroft DW, Davis BE, Leigh R, Tanaka M, Fourre JA, Tanaka M, Nabata T, O'Byrne PM. A dual CysLT 1/2 antagonist attenuates allergen-induced airway responses in subjects with mild allergic asthma. Allergy 2016; 71:1721-1727. [PMID: 27444660 DOI: 10.1111/all.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) play a key role in the pathophysiology of asthma. In addition to functioning as potent bronchoconstrictors, cysLTs contribute to airway inflammation through eosinophil and neutrophil chemotaxis, plasma exudation, and mucus secretion. We tested the activity of the dual cysLT1/2 antagonist, ONO-6950, against allergen-induced airway responses. METHODS Subjects with documented allergen-induced early (EAR) and late asthmatic response (LAR) were randomized in a three-way crossover study to receive ONO-6950 (200 mg) or montelukast (10 mg) or placebo q.d. on days 1-8 of the three treatment periods. Allergen was inhaled on day 7 two hours postdose, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ) was measured for 7 h following challenge. Sputum eosinophils and airway hyperresponsiveness were measured before and after allergen challenge. The primary outcome was the effect of ONO-6950 vs placebo on the EAR and LAR. RESULTS Twenty-five nonsmoking subjects with mild allergic asthma were enrolled and 20 subjects completed all three treatment periods per protocol. ONO-6950 was well tolerated. Compared to placebo, ONO-6950 significantly attenuated the maximum % fall in FEV1 and area under the %FEV1 /time curve during the EAR and LAR asthmatic responses (P < 0.05) and allergen-induced sputum eosinophils. There were no significant differences between ONO-6950 and montelukast. CONCLUSIONS Attenuation of EAR, LAR, and airway inflammation is consistent with cysLT1 blockade. Whether dual cysLT1/2 antagonism offers additional benefit for treatment of asthma requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - L.-P. Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec; Quebec City QC Canada
| | - J. M. FitzGerald
- Department of Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - D. W. Cockcroft
- Department of Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - B. E. Davis
- Department of Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - R. Leigh
- Department of Medicine; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - M. Tanaka
- ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Osaka Japan
| | | | - M. Tanaka
- ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Osaka Japan
| | - T. Nabata
- ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Osaka Japan
| | - P. M. O'Byrne
- Department of Medicine; McMaster University; Hamilton ON Canada
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Eosinophils and Mast Cells in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2016; 36:719-734. [PMID: 27712766 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) involves overexpression of proinflammatory mediators, including 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthase (LTC4S), resulting in constitutive overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes. Mast cells and eosinophils have roles in mediating many of the observed effects. Increased levels of both interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon (IFN)-γ are present in the tissue of patients with AERD. Previous studies showed that IL-4 is primarily responsible for the upregulation of LTC4S by mast cells. Our studies show that IFN-γ, but not IL-4, drives this process in eosinophils. This article examines the overall role that eosinophils and mast cells contribute to the pathophysiology of AERD.
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Shirasaki H, Kanaizumi E, Himi T. Expression and localization of GPR99 in human nasal mucosa. Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 44:162-167. [PMID: 27324180 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are lipid mediators that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. Pharmacological studies of CysLTs indicate that two classes of receptors, CysLT1R and CysLT2R exist. CysLT1R is a high affinity LTD4 receptor with lower affinity for LTC4, and a CysLT1R antagonist is currently used to treat asthma and allergic rhinitis. CysLT2R binds to LTC4 and LTD4 with equal affinity. GPR99 (also called GPR80), previously described as an oxoglutarate receptor (OXGR1), has recently emerged as a potential novel receptor with LTE4. The purpose of this study was to determine the expression and localization of GPR99 protein in the human nasal mucosa. METHODS Human turbinates were obtained after turbinectomy from 12 patients with nasal obstruction refractory to medical therapy. GPR99 protein expression was evaluated by western blotting, and the specific cells expressing GPR99 protein identified by immunostaining using a commercial anti-GPR99 (OXGR1) monoclonal antibody. RESULTS A 38-kDa band was detected in the western blots of human nasal samples by using the anti-GPR99 monoclonal antibody. We did not find any differences in GPR99 protein levels between allergic and non-allergic nasal mucosa. The immunohistochemical studies revealed that the anti-GPR99 monoclonal antibody mainly labeled vascular smooth muscle cells in the nasal mucosa. CONCLUSION These immunohistochemical results suggest that GPR99 may play some roles in the vascular response. Further functional studies will be necessary to clarify the biological significance of the GPR99 receptor in nasal vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shirasaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, S-1 W-16, Chu-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Etsuko Kanaizumi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, S-1 W-16, Chu-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Himi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Sapporo Medical University, School of Medicine, S-1 W-16, Chu-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
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Pham DL, Kim JH, Trinh THK, Park HS. What we know about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug hypersensitivity. Korean J Intern Med 2016; 31:417-32. [PMID: 27030979 PMCID: PMC4855107 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2016.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inf lammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, but their use is frequently related to hypersensitivity reactions. This review outlines our current knowledge of NSAID hypersensitivity (NHS) with regard to its pathogenic, molecular, and genetic mechanisms, as well as diagnosis and treatment. The presentation of NHS varies from a local (skin and/or airways) reaction to systemic reactions, including anaphylaxis. At the molecular level, NHS reactions can be classified as cross-reactive (mediated by cyclooxygenase inhibition) or selective (specific activation of immunoglobulin E antibodies or T cells). Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic factors have been shown to be closely associated with NHS, and may be useful as predictive markers. To diagnose NHS, inhalation or oral challenge tests are applied, with the exclusion of any cross-reactive NSAIDs. For patients diagnosed with NHS, absolute avoidance of NSAIDs/aspirin is essential, and pharmacological treatment, including biologics, is often used to control their respiratory and cutaneous symptoms. Finally, desensitization is recommended only for selected patients with NHS. However, further research is required to develop new diagnostic methods and more effective treatments against NHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Le Pham
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Tu Hoang Kim Trinh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Graduate School, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
- Correspondence to Hae-Sim Park, M.D. Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University Hospital, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea Tel: +82-31-219-5150 Fax: +82-31-219-5154 E-mail:
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36
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Leukotriene E4 is a full functional agonist for human cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor-dependent gene expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20461. [PMID: 26830450 PMCID: PMC4735867 DOI: 10.1038/srep20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) the most stable of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) binds poorly to classical type 1 (CysLT1) and 2 (CysLT2) receptors although it induces potent responses in human airways in vivo, such as bronchoconstriction, airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammatory cell influx suggesting the presence of a novel receptor that preferentially responds to LTE4. To identify such a receptor two human mast cell lines, LAD2 and LUVA, were selected that differentially responded to LTE4 when analysed by intracellular signalling and gene expression. Comparative transcriptome analysis and recombinant gene overexpression experiments revealed CysLT1 as a receptor responsible for potent LTE4-induced response in LAD2 but not in LUVA cells, an observation confirmed further by gene knockdown and selective inhibitors. Lentiviral overexpression of CysLT1 in LUVA cells augmented intracellular calcium signalling induced by LTE4 but did not restore full agonist responses at the gene expression level. Our data support a model where both an increased expression of Gαq-coupled CysLT1, and sustained intracellular calcium mobilisation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) activation, are required for LTE4-mediated regulation of gene expression in human cells. Our study shows for the first time that CysLT1 expression is critically important for responsiveness to LTE4 within a human cell system.
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Eiymo Mwa Mpollo MS, Brandt EB, Shanmukhappa SK, Arumugam PI, Tiwari S, Loberg A, Pillis D, Rizvi T, Lindsey M, Jonck B, Carmeliet P, Kalra VK, Le Cras TD, Ratner N, Wills-Karp M, Hershey GKK, Malik P. Placenta growth factor augments airway hyperresponsiveness via leukotrienes and IL-13. J Clin Invest 2015; 126:571-84. [PMID: 26690703 DOI: 10.1172/jci77250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) affects 55%-77% of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and occurs even in the absence of asthma. While asthma increases SCD morbidity and mortality, the mechanisms underlying the high AHR prevalence in a hemoglobinopathy remain unknown. We hypothesized that placenta growth factor (PlGF), an erythroblast-secreted factor that is elevated in SCD, mediates AHR. In allergen-exposed mice, loss of Plgf dampened AHR, reduced inflammation and eosinophilia, and decreased expression of the Th2 cytokine IL-13 and the leukotriene-synthesizing enzymes 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene-C4-synthase. Plgf-/- mice treated with leukotrienes phenocopied the WT response to allergen exposure; conversely, anti-PlGF Ab administration in WT animals blunted the AHR. Notably, Th2-mediated STAT6 activation further increased PlGF expression from lung epithelium, eosinophils, and macrophages, creating a PlGF/leukotriene/Th2-response positive feedback loop. Similarly, we found that the Th2 response in asthma patients is associated with increased expression of PlGF and its downstream genes in respiratory epithelial cells. In an SCD mouse model, we observed increased AHR and higher leukotriene levels that were abrogated by anti-PlGF Ab or the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton. Overall, our findings indicate that PlGF exacerbates AHR and uniquely links the leukotriene and Th2 pathways in asthma. These data also suggest that zileuton and anti-PlGF Ab could be promising therapies to reduce pulmonary morbidity in SCD.
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Suh DH, Trinh HKT, Liu JN, Pham LD, Park SM, Park HS, Shin YS. P2Y12 antagonist attenuates eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of asthma. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 20:333-41. [PMID: 26612496 PMCID: PMC4727565 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) that plays a key role in airway inflammation is expressed on platelets and eosinophils. We investigated whether blocking of the P2Y12 receptor can suppress eosinophilic inflammation in a mouse model of asthma because platelets and eosinophils share this receptor to be activated. BALB/c mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA), followed by OVA nebulization. On each challenge day, clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist was administered 30 min. before each challenge. Forty‐eight hours after the last OVA challenge, mice were assessed for airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), cell composition and cytokine levels, including chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. EOL cells were treated with LTE4, with or without clopidogrel treatment, and intracellular and extracellular eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) expressions were measured to find the inhibiting function of P2Y12 antagonist on eosinophilic activation. The levels of P2Y12 expression were increased markedly in the lung homogenates of OVA‐sensitized and ‐challenged mice after platelet depletion. Administration of clopidogrel decreased AHR and the number of airway inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, in BAL fluid following OVA challenge. These results were associated with decreased levels of Th2 cytokines and CCL5. Histological examination showed that inflammatory cells as well as mucus‐containing goblet cells were reduced in clopidogrel‐administered mice compared to vehicle‐treated mice. Clopidogrel inhibited extracellular ECP secretion after LTE4 stimulation in EOL‐1 cells. Clopidogrel could prevent development of AHR and airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. P2Y12 can be a novel therapeutic target to the suppression of eosinophils in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyeon Suh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hoang Kim Tu Trinh
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jing-Nan Liu
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Le Duy Pham
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
Environmental allergens are an important cause of asthma and can contribute to loss of asthma control and exacerbations. Allergen inhalation challenge has been a useful clinical model to examine the mechanisms of allergen-induced airway responses and inflammation. Allergen bronchoconstrictor responses are the early response, which reaches a maximum within 30 min and resolves by 1-3 h, and late responses, when bronchoconstriction recurs after 3-4 h and reaches a maximum over 6-12 h. Late responses are followed by an increase in airway hyperresponsiveness. These responses occur when IgE on mast cells is cross-linked by an allergen, causing degranulation and the release of histamine, neutral proteases and chemotactic factors, and the production of newly formed mediators, such as cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2. Allergen-induced airway inflammation consists of an increase in airway eosinophils, basophils and, less consistently, neutrophils. These responses are mediated by the trafficking and activation of myeloid dendritic cells into the airways, probably as a result of the release of epithelial cell-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from type 2 helper T-cells. Allergen inhalation challenge has also been a widely used model to study potential new therapies for asthma and has an excellent negative predictive value for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Amani I El-Gammal
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Paul M O'Byrne
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health and the Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Endogenous secreted phospholipase A2 group X regulates cysteinyl leukotrienes synthesis by human eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 137:268-277.e8. [PMID: 26139511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phospholipase A2s mediate the rate-limiting step in the formation of eicosanoids such as cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). Group IVA cytosolic PLA2α (cPLA2α) is thought to be the dominant PLA2 in eosinophils; however, eosinophils also have secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) activity that has not been fully defined. OBJECTIVES To examine the expression of sPLA2 group X (sPLA2-X) in eosinophils, the participation of sPLA2-X in the formation of CysLTs, and the mechanism by which sPLA2-X initiates the synthesis of CysLTs in eosinophils. METHODS Peripheral blood eosinophils were obtained from volunteers with asthma and/or allergy. A rabbit polyclonal anti-sPLA2-X antibody identified sPLA2-X by Western blot. We used confocal microscopy to colocalize the sPLA2-X to intracellular structures. An inhibitor of sPLA2-X (ROC-0929) that does not inhibit other mammalian sPLA2s, as well as inhibitors of the mitogen-activated kinase cascade (MAPK) and cPLA2α, was used to examine the mechanism of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-mediated formation of CysLT. RESULTS Eosinophils express the mammalian sPLA2-X gene (PLA2G10). The sPLA2-X protein is located in the endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, and granules of eosinophils and moves to the granules and lipid bodies during fMLP-mediated activation. Selective sPLA2-X inhibition attenuated the fMLP-mediated release of arachidonic acid and CysLT formation by eosinophils. Inhibitors of p38, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p44/42 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and cPLA2α also attenuated the fMLP-mediated formation of CysLT. The sPLA2-X inhibitor reduced the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p44/42 MAPK) as well as cPLA2α during cellular activation, indicating that sPLA2-X is involved in activating the MAPK cascade leading to the formation of CysLT via cPLA2α. We further demonstrate that sPLA2-X is activated before secretion from the cell during activation. Short-term priming with IL-13 and TNF/IL-1β increased the expression of PLA2G10 by eosinophils. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that sPLA2-X plays a significant role in the formation of CysLTs by human eosinophils. The predominant role of the enzyme is the regulation of MAPK activation that leads to the phosphorylation of cPLA2α. The sPLA2-X protein is regulated by proteolytic cleavage, suggesting that an inflammatory environment may promote the formation of CysLTs through this mechanism. These results have important implications for the treatment of eosinophilic disorders such as asthma.
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Liu T, Garofalo D, Feng C, Lai J, Katz H, Laidlaw TM, Boyce JA. Platelet-driven leukotriene C4-mediated airway inflammation in mice is aspirin-sensitive and depends on T prostanoid receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5061-8. [PMID: 25904552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are bronchoconstricting lipid mediators that amplify eosinophilic airway inflammation by incompletely understood mechanisms. We recently found that LTC4, the parent cysLT, potently activates platelets in vitro and induces airway eosinophilia in allergen-sensitized and -challenged mice by a platelet- and type 2 cysLT receptor-dependent pathway. We now demonstrate that this pathway requires production of thromboxane A2 and signaling through both hematopoietic and lung tissue-associated T prostanoid (TP) receptors. Intranasal administration of LTC4 to OVA-sensitized C57BL/6 mice markedly increased the numbers of eosinophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, while simultaneously decreasing the percentages of eosinophils in the blood by a TP receptor-dependent mechanism. LTC4 upregulated the expressions of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in an aspirin-sensitive and TP receptor-dependent manner. Both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic TP receptors were essential for LTC4 to induce eosinophil recruitment. Thus, the autocrine and paracrine functions of thromboxane A2 act downstream of LTC4/type 2 cysLT receptor signaling on platelets to markedly amplify eosinophil recruitment through pulmonary vascular adhesion pathways. The findings suggest applications for TP receptor antagonists in cases of asthma with high levels of cysLT production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Denise Garofalo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Chunli Feng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Juying Lai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Howard Katz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and
| | - Tanya M Laidlaw
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; and Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115
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Leukotriene E4 induces MUC5AC release from human airway epithelial NCI-H292 cells. Allergol Int 2015; 64:169-74. [PMID: 25838093 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypersecretion of mucin in the airway epithelium is an important feature of allergic airway diseases. Of the 3 cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs; LTC4 LTD4 and LTE4), only LTE4 is sufficiently stable to be detectable in extracellular fluids. However, LTE4 has received little attention because it binds poorly to the CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors; therefore, little is known about the effects of LTE4 on mucous secretion. Recently, studies have focused on the P2Y12 receptor as a potential receptor for LTE4, because this receptor is required for LTE4-mediated pulmonary inflammation. In our previous study, we confirmed the expression of P2Y12 receptor in human airway epithelial cells. To clarify the roles of LTE4 in airway epithelial cells, we investigated mucus secretion by LTE4 in vitro. METHODS Confluent NCI-H292 cells were stimulated with LTE4 (0.01-1 μM) for 24 h. The release and production of MUC5AC protein, a gel-forming mucin, were evaluated with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Western blot analysis revealed that NCI-H292 cells expressed P2Y12 receptor protein. LTE4 significantly induced the release of MUC5AC mucin in a dose-dependent manner. Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 (10 ng/mL) and IL-13 (10 ng/mL) accelerated the LTE4-induced release of MUC5AC protein. MRS2935, a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, partially inhibited the LTE4-induced release of MUC5AC protein in the airway. In contrast, MK571, a CysLT1 receptor antagonist, did not affect the release of MUC5AC protein elicited by LTE4. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that LTE4 may play some important roles in allergic mucus secretion partially via activation of P2Y12 receptor.
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Multifaceted roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:848762. [PMID: 25866815 PMCID: PMC4383494 DOI: 10.1155/2015/848762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) are cell membrane-impermeant lipid mediators that play major roles in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic inflammation and are recognized to act via at least 2 receptors, namely, cysLT1 receptor (cysLT1R) and cysLT2 receptor (cysLT2R). Eosinophils, which are granulocytes classically associated with host defense against parasitic helminthes and allergic conditions, are distinguished from leukocytes by their dominant population of cytoplasmic crystalloid (also termed secretory, specific, or secondary) granules that contain robust stores of diverse preformed proteins. Human eosinophils are the main source of cysLTs and are recognized to express both cysLTs receptors (cysLTRs) on their surface, at the plasma membrane. More recently, we identified the expression of cysLTRs in eosinophil granule membranes and demonstrated that cysLTs, acting via their granule membrane-expressed receptors, elicit secretion from cell-free human eosinophil granules. Herein, we review the multifaceted roles of cysLTs in eliciting eosinophil granule protein secretion. We discuss the intracrine and autocrine/paracrine secretory responses evoked by cysLTs in eosinophils and in cell-free extracellular eosinophil crystalloid granules. We also discuss the importance of this finding in eosinophil immunobiology and speculate on its potential role(s) in eosinophilic diseases.
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Steinke JW, Negri J, Payne SC, Borish L. Biological effects of leukotriene E4 on eosinophils. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91:105-10. [PMID: 24768603 PMCID: PMC4127125 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies demonstrate the existence of novel receptors for cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) that are responsive to leukotriene (LT) E4 and might be pathogenic in asthma. Given the eosinophilic infiltration in this disorder, we investigated eosinophil expression of P2Y12 and gpr99 and their capacity to respond to LTE4. Receptor transcript expression was investigated via quantitative PCR and surface protein expression via flow cytometry. We investigated LTE4 influences on eosinophils including Ca(+2) flux, cAMP induction, modulation of adhesion molecule expression, apoptosis and degranulation. Eosinophils displayed both transcript and surface protein expression of P2Y12 and gpr99. We could not find evidence of LTE4 activation of eosinophils, however, LTE4 induced cAMP expression, and preincubation of eosinophils with LTE4 inhibited degranulation. Even though eosinophils are an important source of CysLTs in AERD, eosinophils are not themselves the pro-inflammatory biological target and, in contrast, LTE4 via cAMP primarily elicits anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steinke
- Carter Immunology Center Asthma and Allergic Disease Center Departments of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
| | - Julie Negri
- Carter Immunology Center Asthma and Allergic Disease Center Departments of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
| | - Spencer C Payne
- Carter Immunology Center Asthma and Allergic Disease Center Departments of Medicine, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA; Carter Immunology Center Asthma and Allergic Disease Center Departments of Otolaryngology, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
| | - Larry Borish
- Carter Immunology Center Asthma and Allergic Disease Center Departments of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA.
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Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA. Cysteinyl leukotrienes and their receptors; emerging concepts. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2014; 6:288-95. [PMID: 24991451 PMCID: PMC4077954 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2014.6.4.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cysteinyl leukotrienes (cys-LTs) are potent mediators of inflammation derived from arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase/leukotriene C4 synthase pathway. The derivation of their chemical structures and identification of their pharmacologic properties predated the cloning of their classical receptors and the development of drugs that modify their synthesis and actions. Recent studies have revealed unanticipated insights into the regulation of cys-LT synthesis, the function of the cys-LTs in innate and adaptive immunity and human disease, and the identification of a new receptor for the cys-LTs. This review highlights these studies and summarizes their potential pathobiologic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Kanaoka
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA, United States. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joshua A Boyce
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA, United States. ; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Cummings HE, Liu T, Feng C, Laidlaw TM, Conley PB, Kanaoka Y, Boyce JA. Cutting edge: Leukotriene C4 activates mouse platelets in plasma exclusively through the type 2 cysteinyl leukotriene receptor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5807-10. [PMID: 24244016 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and its extracellular metabolites, LTD4 and LTE4, mediate airway inflammation. They signal through three specific receptors (type 1 cys-LT receptor [CysLT1R], CysLT2R, and GPR99) with overlapping ligand preferences. In this article, we demonstrate that LTC4, but not LTD4 or LTE4, activates mouse platelets exclusively through CysLT2R. Platelets expressed CysLT1R and CysLT2R proteins. LTC4 induced surface expression of CD62P by wild-type mouse platelets in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and caused their secretion of thromboxane A2 and CXCL4. LTC4 was fully active on PRP from mice lacking either CysLT1R or GPR99, but completely inactive on PRP from CysLT2R-null (Cysltr2(-/-)) mice. LTC4/CysLT2R signaling required an autocrine ADP-mediated response through P2Y12 receptors. LTC4 potentiated airway inflammation in a platelet- and CysLT2R-dependent manner. Thus, CysLT2R on platelets recognizes LTC4 with unexpected selectivity. Nascent LTC4 may activate platelets at a synapse with granulocytes before it is converted to LTD4, promoting mediator generation and the formation of leukocyte-platelet complexes that facilitate inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Cummings
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Boston, MA 02115
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Prostaglandin E2 deficiency causes a phenotype of aspirin sensitivity that depends on platelets and cysteinyl leukotrienes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16987-92. [PMID: 24085850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1313185110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by asthma, tissue eosinophilia, overproduction of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs), and respiratory reactions to nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. Ex vivo studies suggest that functional abnormalities of the COX-2/microsomal prostaglandin (PG)E2 synthase-1 system may underlie AERD. We demonstrate that microsomal PGE2 synthase-1 null mice develop a remarkably AERD-like phenotype in a model of eosinophilic pulmonary inflammation. Lysine aspirin (Lys-ASA)-challenged PGE2 synthase-1 null mice exhibit sustained increases in airway resistance, along with lung mast cell (MC) activation and cysLT overproduction. A stable PGE2 analog and a selective E prostanoid (EP)2 receptor agonist blocked the responses to Lys-ASA by ∼90%; EP3 and EP4 agonists were also active. The increases in airway resistance and MC products were blocked by antagonists of the type 1 cysLT receptor or 5-lipoxygenase, implying that bronchoconstriction and MC activation were both cysLT dependent. Lys-ASA-induced cysLT generation and MC activation depended on platelet-adherent granulocytes and T-prostanoid (TP) receptors. Thus, lesions that impair the inducible generation of PGE2 remove control of platelet/granulocyte interactions and TP-receptor-dependent cysLT production, permitting MC activation in response to COX-1 inhibition. The findings suggest applications of antiplatelet drugs or TP receptor antagonists for the treatment of AERD.
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Rabinovitch N, Mauger DT, Reisdorph N, Covar R, Malka J, Lemanske RF, Morgan WJ, Guilbert TW, Zeiger RS, Bacharier LB, Szefler SJ. Predictors of asthma control and lung function responsiveness to step 3 therapy in children with uncontrolled asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 133:350-6. [PMID: 24084071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictors of improvement in asthma control and lung function to step 3 therapy in children with persistent asthma have not been identified despite reported heterogeneity in responsiveness. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate potential predictors of asthma control and lung function responsiveness to step 3 therapy. METHODS A post hoc analysis from the Best Add-On Giving Effective Response (BADGER) study tested the association between baseline biological, asthma control, pulmonary function, and demographic markers and responsiveness to step-up to a higher dose of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS step-up therapy) or addition of leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA step-up therapy) or long-acting β₂-agonist (LABA step-up therapy). RESULTS In multivariate analyses higher impulse oscillometry reactance area was associated (P = .048) with a differential FEV₁ response favoring LABA over ICS step-up therapy, whereas higher urinary leukotriene E₄ levels were marginally (P = .053) related to a differential FEV₁ response favoring LTRA over LABA step-up therapy. Predictors of differential responses comparing ICS with LTRA step-up therapy were not apparent, probably because of suppression of allergic markers with low-dose ICS treatment. Minimal overlap was seen across FEV₁ and asthma control day predictors, suggesting distinct mechanisms related to lung function and asthma control day responses. CONCLUSION Levels of impulse oscillometry reactance area indicating peripheral airway obstruction and urinary leukotriene E₄ levels indicating cysteinyl leukotriene inflammation can differentiate LABA step-up responses from responses to LTRA or ICS step-up therapy. Further studies with physiologic, genetic, and biological markers related to these phenotypes will be needed to predict individual responses to LABA step-up therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Rabinovitch
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colo.
| | - David T Mauger
- Department of Health Evaluation Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pa
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colo
| | - Ronina Covar
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colo
| | - Jonathan Malka
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colo
| | - Robert F Lemanske
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Wayne J Morgan
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz
| | - Theresa W Guilbert
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wis
| | - Robert S Zeiger
- Department of Allergy, Kaiser Permanente, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, Calif
| | | | - Stanley J Szefler
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colo
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Edward JA, Sanyal M, Ramakrishnan VR, Le W, Nguyen AL, Kingdom TT, Hwang PH, Nayak JV. Systemic prednisone administration selectively alters granulocyte subsets in nasal polyps from aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease and chronic rhinosinusitis patients. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013; 3:866-76. [PMID: 24106221 DOI: 10.1002/alr.21221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasal polyps (NPs) are hallmark inflammatory lesions of sinusitis. Despite the spectrum of NP conditions, cellular differences between NPs from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with NPs (CRSwNP) and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) are poorly understood. NPs are associated with abundant eosinophils; the contributions of neutrophil and basophil granulocytes are less defined. We therefore sought to assess granulocyte subpopulations, and differential effects following prednisone pretreatment, within NPs of CRSwNP and AERD patients. METHODS NPs, adjacent ethmoid sinus tissue, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery. Samples from 5 cohorts: CRSwNP ± prednisone (n = 6 each), AERD ± prednisone (n = 6 each), and controls (n = 9), were analyzed by high-dimensional flow cytometry to gate granulocyte populations. Specimens were also assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. RESULTS Systemic prednisone administration was associated with a lower frequency of eosinophils (p < 0.0001, n = 6) in NPs in both CRSwNP and AERD patients, whereas a decrease in neutrophils (p = 0.0070, n = 6) in NPs was only observed in CRSwNP patients after prednisone treatment. In contrast, steroids do not alter basophil proportions (p = 0.48, n = 6) within NPs from either group. No significant shift in granulocyte subsets after steroid treatment was identified in the adjacent ethmoid mucosa or PBMCs from the same patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining supported these findings. CONCLUSION Granulocyte subpopulations are focally affected within NPs by systemic steroid exposure, without notable granulocyte alterations in the surrounding regional tissues. These data provide direct insights into the cellular effects of routine prednisone exposure in CRS patients, and highlight a unique microenvironment present within NP lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Edward
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Demin O, Karelina T, Svetlichniy D, Metelkin E, Speshilov G, Demin O, Fairman D, van der Graaf PH, Agoram BM. Systems pharmacology models can be used to understand complex pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic behavior: an example using 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2:e74. [PMID: 24026253 PMCID: PMC4026633 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) inhibitor, displays complex pharmaokinetic (PK)-pharmacodynamic (PD) behavior. Available clinical data indicate a lack of dose–bronchodilatory response during initial treatment, with a dose response developing after ~1–2 weeks. We developed a quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model to understand the mechanism behind this phenomenon. The model described the release, maturation, and trafficking of eosinophils into the airways, leukotriene synthesis by the 5LO enzyme, leukotriene signaling and bronchodilation, and the PK of zileuton. The model provided a plausible explanation for the two-phase bronchodilatory effect of zileuton–the short-term bronchodilation was due to leukotriene inhibition and the long-term bronchodilation was due to inflammatory cell infiltration blockade. The model also indicated that the theoretical maximum bronchodilation of both 5LO inhibition and leukotriene receptor blockade is likely similar. QSP modeling provided interesting insights into the effects of leukotriene modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Demin
- Institute for Systems Biology SPb, Moscow, Russia
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