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Kirmse S. Structure and composition of a canopy-beetle community (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical lowland rainforest in southern Venezuela. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:240478. [PMID: 39156661 PMCID: PMC11330560 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.240478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Species richness, community structure and taxonomic composition are important characteristics of biodiversity. Beetle communities show distinct diversity patterns according to habitat attributes. Tropical rainforest canopies, which are well known for their richness in Coleoptera, represent such a conspicuous life zone. Here, I describe a canopy-inhabiting beetle community associated with 23 tree species in a Neotropical lowland rainforest. Adult beetles were sampled manually and in aerial traps using a large tower crane for a cumulative year. The sample revealed 6738 adult beetles, which were assigned to 862 (morpho-)species in 45 families. The most species-rich beetle families were Curculionidae (n = 246), Chrysomelidae (n = 121) and Cerambycidae (n = 89). The most abundant families were Curculionidae (n = 2746) and Chrysomelidae (n = 1409). Dominant beetle families were found in most assemblages. The beetle community consisted of 400 singletons (46.4%). A similar proportion was evident for assemblages of single tree species. I found that 74.5% of all beetle species were restricted in their occurrence on host trees to the phenological season and time of the day. This daily and seasonal migration causes patterns similar to mass effects and therefore accounts for the high proportion of singletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kirmse
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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2
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Sire L, Schmidt Yáñez P, Bézier A, Courtial B, Mbedi S, Sparmann S, Larrieu L, Rougerie R, Bouget C, Monaghan MT, Herniou EA, Lopez-Vaamonde C. Persisting roadblocks in arthropod monitoring using non-destructive metabarcoding from collection media of passive traps. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16022. [PMID: 37842065 PMCID: PMC10573316 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Broad-scale monitoring of arthropods is often carried out with passive traps (e.g., Malaise traps) that can collect thousands of specimens per sample. The identification of individual specimens requires time and taxonomic expertise, limiting the geographical and temporal scale of research and monitoring studies. DNA metabarcoding of bulk-sample homogenates has been found to be faster, efficient and reliable, but the destruction of samples prevents a posteriori validation of species occurrences and relative abundances. Non-destructive metabarcoding of DNA extracted from collection medium has been applied in a limited number of studies, but further tests of efficiency are required with different trap types and collection media to assess the consistency of the method. Methods We quantified the detection rate of arthropod species when applying non-destructive DNA metabarcoding with a short (127-bp) fragment of mitochondrial COI on two combinations of passive traps and collection media: (1) water with monopropylene glycol (H2O-MPG) used in window-flight traps (WFT, 53 in total); (2) ethanol with monopropylene glycol (EtOH-MPG) used in Malaise traps (MT, 27 in total). We then compared our results with those obtained for the same samples using morphological identification (for WFTs) or destructive metabarcoding of bulk homogenate (for MTs). This comparison was applied as part of a larger study of arthropod species richness in silver fir (Abies alba Mill., 1759) stands across a range of climate-induced tree dieback levels and forest management strategies. Results Of the 53 H2O-MPG samples from WFTs, 16 produced no metabarcoding results, while the remaining 37 samples yielded 77 arthropod MOTUs in total, of which none matched any of the 343 beetle species morphologically identified from the same traps. Metabarcoding of 26 EtOH-MPG samples from MTs detected more arthropod MOTUs (233) than destructive metabarcoding of homogenate (146 MOTUs, 8 orders), of which 71 were shared MOTUs, though MOTU richness per trap was similar between treatments. While we acknowledge the failure of metabarcoding from WFT-derived collection medium (H2O-MPG), the treatment of EtOH-based Malaise trapping medium remains promising. We conclude however that DNA metabarcoding from collection medium still requires further methodological developments and cannot replace homogenate metabarcoding as an approach for arthropod monitoring. It can be used nonetheless as a complementary treatment when enhancing the detection of soft-bodied arthropods like spiders and Diptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Sire
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Paul Schmidt Yáñez
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annie Bézier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Susan Mbedi
- Museum für Naturkunde –Leibniz Insitute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Sparmann
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurent Larrieu
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, UMR DYNAFOR, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CRPF Occitanie, Tarbes, France
| | - Rodolphe Rougerie
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), UMR7205 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Bouget
- INRAE ’Forest Ecosystems’ Research Unit Domaine des Barres, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity Research, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth A. Herniou
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte (IRBI), UMR7261 CNRS - Université de Tours, Tours, France
- INRAE, UR0633 Zoologie forestière, Orléans, France
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Sinclair BJ. Revision of New World species of Roederiodes Coquillett (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae). Zootaxa 2023; 5301:336-364. [PMID: 37518557 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The New World species of Roederiodes Coquillett, 1901 are revised and includes the following 13 species, of which eight are new to science: R. browni sp. nov., R. chillcotti sp. nov., R. costaricensis sp. nov., R. dedota sp. nov., R. distinctus Chillcott, 1961, R. junctus Coquillett, 1901, R. lawrencei sp. nov., R. moultoni sp. nov., R. notialis sp. nov., R. recurvatus Chillcott, 1961, R. wigginsi Wilder, 1981, R. wirthi Chillcott, 1961 and R. woodi sp. nov. The following new synonyms are proposed: Roederiodes petersoni Chillcott, 1966 and R. vockerothi Chillcott, 1961 = R. junctus Coquillett, 1901. A key to all New World species is provided and their distributions mapped. COI mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences were obtained for seven Nearctic species of Roederiodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Sinclair
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency; K.W. Neatby Bldg.; C.E.F.; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; Canada K1A 0C6; Canadian National Collection of Insects; Arachnids and Nematodes; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; K.W. Neatby Bldg.; C.E.F.; 960 Carling Ave.; Ottawa; ON; Canada K1A 0C6.
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Vandromme M, Van de Sande E, Pinceel T, Vanhove W, Trekels H, Vanschoenwinkel B. Resolving the identity and breeding habitats of cryptic dipteran cacao flower visitors in a neotropical cacao agroforestry system. Basic Appl Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Expanding the Fossil Record of Soldier Fly Larvae—An Important Component of the Cretaceous Amber Forest. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15020247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of soldier flies and their closest relatives (Diptera: Stratiomyomorpha) are important decomposers of organic material, including wood, that take part in carbon cycling. They also play a certain role in the modern-day animal and human food industry, representing economic value. Larvae of Stratiomyomorpha are considered to be rather rare in the fossil record. Indeed, only very few larvae have been reported so far. Here, we demonstrate that larvae of Stratiomyomorpha are in fact abundant in the Cretaceous, at least in Myanmar amber (about 100 million years old), based on more than 100 amber pieces containing larvae. The specimens could be differentiated into three morphotypes, two already described in a previous work, and a new one. For one morphotype, three larval stages could be distinguished by analysing the dimensions of the head capsules. A quantitative analysis of body shapes indicates a lower morphological diversity of the fossil sample in comparison to the extant fauna, but suggests that they might have had a different ecology in the past. It appears that the data set is not yet saturated, i.e., that more fossil larvae of this group, including different morphologies, are expected to be found.
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Fatima N, Yang D. An updated catalogue of true flies (Insecta: Diptera) from northern Pakistan. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7841.14.12.22232-22259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the first comprehensive catalogue of true flies from the northernmost territories of Pakistan, including Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. In the current inventory, 64 genera and 153 species in 16 families are being documented. The total number of known species has been updated based on the availability of taxonomic literatures from Pakistan. In 2007, Insect Fauna of Azad Jammu & Kashmir was updated and it lists only 16 known species in order Diptera where as there is no such documented information so far available on the dipterous fauna of Gilgit-Baltistan. However, during the last few decades, relatively a few studies have been conducted on some major group of flies, i.e., Syrphidae, Sepsidae, Calliphoridae, and Tephritidae from Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Among these, Syrphidae represents 53 species which is the highest number of species recorded, followed by Sepsidae and Calliphoridae with 20 and 18 species, respectively. The present diversity does not reflect the true species account in the northern areas; the important biogeographic area that exhibits a very heterogeneous fauna, not only because of the high mountains with valleys (the Hindu Kush and Karakoram ranges of the Western Himalayas) but also the junction points of the world’s two largest zoogeographical regions (the Oriental and Palaearctic). Some common families, i.e., Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Bombyliidae, Muscidae, Conopidae, Pipinculidae, Tachinidae, and some other families which are common in high mountainous regions of northern Pakistan still need to be explored in the future studies. The complete locality data for each valid species are presented as the baseline for future studies from northern areas of Pakistan, i.e., Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan.
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Hernández-Ortiz V, Dzul-Cauich JF, Madora M, Coates R. Local Climate Conditions Shape the Seasonal Patterns of the Diptera Community in a Tropical Rainforest of the Americas. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:499-513. [PMID: 35575877 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00965-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Insect life cycles are short-term and therefore sensitive to immediate changes triggered by climate, vegetation structure, or land use management; hence, the insect populations shape the communities and functional relationships in tropical forests. In this study, we hypothesized that seasonal variations of the dipteran families respond in different ways to changes of weather conditions, thereby affecting their population dynamics. In a one-hectare plot, we surveyed the fly community inhabiting the understory of a Neotropical rainforest. Over a yearly cycle, we used three Malaise traps operated continuously for 365 days and recorded a total of 68,465 fly specimens belonging to 48 families of Diptera, 15 of which were most abundant, accounting for 99.2% of all sampled individuals. The results of the trapping frequency indices (TFIs) exhibited significant population fluctuations in 12 of the 15 most abundant families, which were particularly correlated with temperature or precipitation. Based on such variations, we identified four seasonal patterns as follows: (i) Spring-Autumn bimodal pattern (Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae, Phoridae, Stratiomyidae); (ii) Spring pattern (Mycetophilidae, Dolichopodidae, Ceratopogonidae); (iii) Autumn pattern (Chironomidae, Psychodidae); (iv) Winter pattern (Empididae, Tipulidae, Ditomyiidae). From a functional perspective, we found the prevalence of families with saprophagous larvae, in addition to phytophagous, fungivores, and predacious. Our results suggest a key role played by the Diptera community on structuring the functional clusters, both in terms of taxonomic composition and on seasonal shifts of abundance, thus influencing the dynamic processes of nutrient cycling in the understory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José F Dzul-Cauich
- Red de Interacciones Multitróficas, Instituto de Ecología A.C. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Martha Madora
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz, San Andrés Tuxtla, Mexico
| | - Rosamond Coates
- Estación de Biología Tropical Los Tuxtlas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz, San Andrés Tuxtla, Mexico
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Laina D, Gfrerer E, Scheurecker V, Fuchs R, Schleifer M, Zittra C, Wagner R, Gibernau M, Comes HP, Hörger AC, Dötterl S. Local Insect Availability Partly Explains Geographical Differences in Floral Visitor Assemblages of Arum maculatum L. (Araceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:838391. [PMID: 35350299 PMCID: PMC8957888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.838391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Geographical variation in abundance and composition of pollinator assemblages may result in variable selection pressures among plant populations and drive plant diversification. However, there is limited knowledge on whether differences in local visitor and pollinator assemblages are the result of site-specific strategies of plants to interact with their pollinators and/or merely reflect the pollinator availability at a given locality. To address this question, we compared locally available insect communities obtained by light-trapping with assemblages of floral visitors in populations of Arum maculatum (Araceae) from north vs. south of the Alps. We further investigated whether and how the abundance of different visitors affects plants' female reproductive success and examined the pollen loads of abundant visitors. Local insect availability explained inter-regional differences in total visitor abundance, but only partly the composition of visitor assemblages. Northern populations predominantly attracted females of Psychoda phalaenoides (Psychodidae, Diptera), reflecting the high availability of this moth fly in this region. More generalized visitor assemblages, including other psychodid and non-psychodid groups, were observed in the south, where the availability of P. phalaenoides/Psychodidae was limited. Fruit set was higher in the north than in the south but correlated positively in both regions with the abundance of total visitors and psychodids; in the north, however, this relationship disappeared when visitor abundances were too high. High pollen loads were recorded on both psychodids and other Diptera. We demonstrate for the first time that the quantitative assessment of floral visitor assemblages in relation to locally available insect communities is helpful to understand patterns of geographical variation in plant-pollinator interactions. This combined approach revealed that geographical differences in floral visitors of A. maculatum are only partly shaped by the local insect availability. Potential other factors that may contribute to the geographical pattern of visitor assemblages include the region-specific attractiveness of this plant species to flower visitors and the population-specific behavior of pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Laina
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eva Gfrerer
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Valerie Scheurecker
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roman Fuchs
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marielle Schleifer
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Carina Zittra
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rüdiger Wagner
- Department of Limnology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Marc Gibernau
- Laboratory of Sciences for the Environment, CNRS – University of Corsica, Ajaccio, France
| | - Hans Peter Comes
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja C. Hörger
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Dötterl
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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de Souza Amorim D, Brown BV, Boscolo D, Ale-Rocha R, Alvarez-Garcia DM, Balbi MIPA, de Marco Barbosa A, Capellari RS, de Carvalho CJB, Couri MS, de Vilhena Perez Dios R, Fachin DA, Ferro GB, Flores HF, Frare LM, Gudin FM, Hauser M, Lamas CJE, Lindsay KG, Marinho MAT, Marques DWA, Marshall SA, Mello-Patiu C, Menezes MA, Morales MN, Nihei SS, Oliveira SS, Pirani G, Ribeiro GC, Riccardi PR, de Santis MD, Santos D, Dos Santos JR, Silva VC, Wood EM, Rafael JA. Vertical stratification of insect abundance and species richness in an Amazonian tropical forest. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1734. [PMID: 35110598 PMCID: PMC8810858 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical forests are among the most biodiverse biomes on the planet. Nevertheless, quantifying the abundance and species richness within megadiverse groups is a significant challenge. We designed a study to address this challenge by documenting the variability of the insect fauna across a vertical canopy gradient in a Central Amazonian tropical forest. Insects were sampled over two weeks using 6-m Gressitt-style Malaise traps set at five heights (0 m–32 m–8 m intervals) on a metal tower in a tropical forest north of Manaus, Brazil. The traps contained 37,778 specimens of 18 orders of insects. Using simulation approaches and nonparametric analyses, we interpreted the abundance and richness of insects along this gradient. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera had their greatest abundance at the ground level, whereas Lepidoptera and Hemiptera were more abundant in the upper levels of the canopy. We identified species of 38 of the 56 families of Diptera, finding that 527 out of 856 species (61.6%) were not sampled at the ground level. Mycetophilidae, Tipulidae, and Phoridae were significantly more diverse and/or abundant at the ground level, while Tachinidae, Dolichopodidae, and Lauxaniidae were more diverse or abundant at upper levels. Our study suggests the need for a careful discussion of strategies of tropical forest conservation based on a much more complete understanding of the three-dimensional distribution of its insect diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton de Souza Amorim
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Brian V Brown
- Urban Nature Research Center and Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danilo Boscolo
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosaly Ale-Rocha
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Isabel P A Balbi
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alan de Marco Barbosa
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcia Souto Couri
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Diego Aguilar Fachin
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Heloísa Fernandes Flores
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Livia Maria Frare
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Filipe Macedo Gudin
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martin Hauser
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Kate G Lindsay
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Marco Antonio Tonus Marinho
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cátia Mello-Patiu
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Mírian Nunes Morales
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Nihei
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Siqueira Oliveira
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Goiás, Goiás, GO, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pirani
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Raille Riccardi
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Daubian Santos
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vera Cristina Silva
- Entomology Grad Program, Department of Biology, FFCLRP, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Matthew Wood
- California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Ornithology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - José Albertino Rafael
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Veroy K, Orozco J, Henriques AL. First records of two genera and thirteen species of Tabanidae (Diptera) from Honduras. Zookeys 2022; 1084:27-42. [PMID: 35173517 PMCID: PMC8810656 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1084.77038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This works presents information on the diversity of the Tabanidae of Honduras as a product of the examination of 386 specimens and a literature review. Thirteen species and two genera (Bolbodimyia and Dasychela) are recorded from the country for the first time. Eighty-five species distributed in 22 genera, five tribes, and three subfamilies are now known from Honduras. A key to the subfamilies, tribes, and genera of the known Honduran species is also included. All new records are mapped and illustrated to aid in the identification of the species.
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11
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Hidden Diversity—A New Speciose Gall Midge Genus (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Associated with Succulent Aizoaceae in South Africa. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010075. [PMID: 35055918 PMCID: PMC8781207 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Succulent Aizoaceae (often called “mesembs” or ice plants) form a dominant component of the Succulent Karoo in southern Africa, constituting one of the most species-rich families within the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR). Despite the diversity and abundance of these plants, the diversity of insects specialized on them has never been surveyed methodically prior to this study. In a three-year study of the galling insects associated with succulent Aizoaceae in South Africa, we found that they support a rich community of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), virtually all of which are new to science. This is not surprising, given that knowledge of the Afrotropical fauna of gall midges is scarce, with most species described in the 1900s. Here, we describe the new genus Ruschiola with ten species from succulent Aizoaceae in Namaqualand, the Knersvlakte and the Cedarberg regions of South Africa based on morphological, molecular and life history data. The genetic data were particularly important in this study for differentiating taxa, given that Ruschiola species are very similar morphologically. Members of this genus develop in leaf galls or in plant tissues without visible gall formation, and are highly host specific. Abstract Aizoaceae (Caryophyllales) constitute one of the major floral components of the unique Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR), with more than 1700 species and 70% endemism. Within succulent Aizoaceae, the subfamily Ruschioideae is the most speciose and rapidly diversifying clade, offering potential niches for the diversification of specialized herbivorous insects. Nevertheless, insect diversity on these plants has not been studied to date, and knowledge of gall-inducing insects in the Afrotropics is generally scarce. Our recent observations indicate that succulent Aizoaceae in the GCFR support a rich and largely unstudied community of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Here, we provide a first report of their diversity with a description of a new genus, Ruschiola Dorchin, and ten new species, based on morphological and molecular analyses of material collected during a three-year targeted survey across major GCFR vegetation types. A high degree of morphological uniformity in Ruschiola suggests recent diversification and necessitated the use of molecular data and laboratory rearing from host plants to verify species boundaries and host ranges.
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Huang J, Miao X, Wang Q, Menzel F, Tang P, Yang D, Wu H, Vogler AP. Metabarcoding reveals massive species diversity of Diptera in a subtropical ecosystem. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8535. [PMID: 35127039 PMCID: PMC8796913 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Diptera is often considered to be the richest insect group due to its great species diversity and broad ecological versatility. However, data on dipteran diversity from subtropical ecosystems have hitherto been scarce, due to the lack of studies conducted at an appropriate large scale. We investigated the diversity and composition of Diptera communities on Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang, China, using DNA metabarcoding technology, and evaluated their dynamic responses to the effects of slope aspect, season, and altitudinal zone. A total of 5,092 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were discovered and tentatively assigned to 72 dipteran families, including 2 family records new for China and 30 family records new for the locality. Cecidomyiidae, Sciaridae, and Phoridae were the predominant families, representing 53.6% of total OTUs, while 52 families include >95% unidentified and presumed undescribed species. We found that the community structure of Diptera was significantly affected by aspect, seasonality (month) and elevation, with richer diversity harbored in north-facing than south-facing slopes, and seasonality a more profound driver of community structure and diversity than elevation. Overall, massive species diversity of Diptera communities was discovered in this subtropical ecosystem of east China. The huge diversity of potentially undescribed species only revealed by metabarcoding now requires more detailed taxonomic study, as a step toward an evolutionary integration that accumulates information on species' geographic ranges, ecological traits, functional roles, and species interactions, and thus places the local communities in the context of the growing knowledge base of global biodiversity and its response to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Huang
- Department of Forestry ProtectionSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoqian Miao
- Department of Forestry ProtectionSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qingyun Wang
- Department of Forestry ProtectionSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Frank Menzel
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches InstitutMünchebergGermany
| | - Pu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural EntomologyInstitute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ding Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Forestry ProtectionSchool of Forestry and BiotechnologyZhejiang A&F UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Alfried P. Vogler
- Department of Life SciencesNatural History MuseumLondonUK
- Department of Life SciencesImperial College LondonAscotUK
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13
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Pei W, Yan L, Pape T, Wang Q, Zhang C, Yang N, Du F, Zhang D. High species richness of tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Calyptratae) sampled with a Malaise trap in Baihua Mountain Reserve, Beijing, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22193. [PMID: 34773050 PMCID: PMC8590053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tachinidae are one of the most speciose families of Diptera and the largest group of non-hymenopteran parasitoids. Little is known about their diversity, distribution patterns, and seasonal variation in most ecosystems. This study reports on tachinid flies collected by a Malaise trap over 73 weeks in Baihua Mountain Reserve, northern China, and investigates the patterns of local species richness and its temporal distribution. The most species-rich season was summer, but the majority of specimens were recovered in spring. A total of 755 tachinid specimens were collected, consisting of 144 species in 85 genera, comprising 26.5% of the species and 49.7% of the genera recorded from northern China. A total species richness of 243 was estimated, indicating that only a portion of the community of tachinid flies was collected at this location and suggesting that the diversity of tachinids might be underestimated across Beijing and northern China. This work is a first step in assessing patterns of tachinid diversity in China using quantitative sampling and establishes a baseline for comprehending the temporal and spatial diversity of these ecologically significant parasitoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Pei
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Yan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Qike Wang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chuntian Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Serving Officer in Administration Department of Baihua Mountain Reserve, Beijing, China
| | - Fuxin Du
- Serving Officer in Administration Department of Baihua Mountain Reserve, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance E. Jones
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amy Berkov
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Grimaldi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
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15
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Hayford B, Förster T, Patel VN, Chaboo CS. Aquatic flies (Diptera) in phytotelmata of Neotropical Zingiberales plants. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1871522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hayford
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Invertebrate Taxonomy, Rhithron Associates, Inc, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Timo Förster
- Allgemeine Und Systematische Zoologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universitaet, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Vivek N. Patel
- Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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16
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Kurina O. A contribution towards checklist of fungus gnats (Diptera, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Bolitophilidae, Keroplatidae, Mycetophilidae) in Georgia, Transcaucasia. Zookeys 2021; 1026:69-142. [PMID: 33850419 PMCID: PMC8018941 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1026.63749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus gnats of Georgia are studied based on 2682 specimens collected from 57 localities during 2011–2019. Altogether, 245 species are recorded including four species of Bolitophilidae, three species of Diadocidiidae, two species of Ditomyiidae, 34 species of Keroplatidae and 202 species of Mycetophilidae. 230 and 188 species are recorded from Georgia and the whole of Transcaucasia for the first time, respectively. Three new species – Sciophilageorgei sp. nov., Leiakatae sp. nov. and Anatellametae sp. nov. – are described including detailed illustrations of the male terminalia. Photographs are provided for an additional 38 species to highlight a variability of their general facies. Combined with earlier published data, the number of fungus gnat species in Georgia is set at 246. The estimated diversity of fungus gnats in Georgia is calculated using non-parametric methods and discussed with respect to other Western Palaearctic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Kurina
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi st 5 D, 51006 Tartu, Estonia Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia
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17
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Brown BV, Wong MA. Identification of Megaselia (Diptera: Phoridae) species using wing vein landmarking. J NAT HIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2020.1856431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian V. Brown
- Entomology Section and Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maria A. Wong
- Entomology Section and Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Runyon JB. The Dolichopodidae (Diptera) of Montserrat, West Indies. Zookeys 2020; 966:57-151. [PMID: 32982546 PMCID: PMC7494662 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.966.55192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-legged flies (Dolichopodidae) of the island of Montserrat in the Lesser Antilles have been surveyed and include 63 species in 27 genera. The following eleven new species are described and illustrated: Amblypsilopusmarskeaesp. nov., Medeteraivieisp. nov., Medeteramontserratensissp. nov., Systenusladonnaesp. nov., Thrypticusmediofuscussp. nov., Chrysotusantillensissp. nov., Chrysotuscallichromoidessp. nov., Chrysotusinterfronssp. nov., Chrysotusmontserratensissp. nov., Diaphorusrobinsonisp. nov., and Sympycnusmontserratensissp. nov. Six species have only been found on Montserrat (ca. 10% endemicity). Keys are provided to the genera and species on Montserrat, their known distribution summarized, and additional new island records provided for many species. Asyndetuswirthi Robinson is synonymized with A.interruptus (Loew) and Achradoceraapicalis (Aldrich) is removed from synonymy with A.barbata (Loew). Diaphorusflavipes Aldrich is transferred to Chrysotus as a new combination. A new replacement name, Chrysotusmilvadunom. nov., is provided for the Nearctic Chrysotusparvulus Van Duzee. Lectotypes are designated for Achradoceraapicalis (Aldrich) and Asyndetusfratellus Aldrich. The fauna of Montserrat is summarized and compared with that of Dominica. Collecting methods are compared and threats to the dolichopodid fauna of Montserrat discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA USDA Forest Service Bozeman United States of America.,Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State University, Room 50 Marsh Laboratory, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA Montana State University Bozeman United States of America
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19
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Lira-Olguin AZ, Guzmán-Cornejo C, León-Paniagua L. Bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) associated with phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in caves in Mexico. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2020.1783478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Zeltzin Lira-Olguin
- Laboratorio de Acarología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carmen Guzmán-Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Acarología, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Livia León-Paniagua
- Museo de Zoología “Alfonso L. Herrera”, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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20
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Ronquist F, Forshage M, Häggqvist S, Karlsson D, Hovmöller R, Bergsten J, Holston K, Britton T, Abenius J, Andersson B, Buhl PN, Coulianos CC, Fjellberg A, Gertsson CA, Hellqvist S, Jaschhof M, Kjærandsen J, Klopfstein S, Kobro S, Liston A, Meier R, Pollet M, Riedel M, Roháček J, Schuppenhauer M, Stigenberg J, Struwe I, Taeger A, Ulefors SO, Varga O, Withers P, Gärdenfors U. Completing Linnaeus's inventory of the Swedish insect fauna: Only 5,000 species left? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228561. [PMID: 32130216 PMCID: PMC7055846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite more than 250 years of taxonomic research, we still have only a vague idea about the true size and composition of the faunas and floras of the planet. Many biodiversity inventories provide limited insight because they focus on a small taxonomic subsample or a tiny geographic area. Here, we report on the size and composition of the Swedish insect fauna, thought to represent roughly half of the diversity of multicellular life in one of the largest European countries. Our results are based on more than a decade of data from the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative and its massive inventory of the country's insect fauna, the Swedish Malaise Trap Project The fauna is considered one of the best known in the world, but the initiative has nevertheless revealed a surprising amount of hidden diversity: more than 3,000 new species (301 new to science) have been documented so far. Here, we use three independent methods to analyze the true size and composition of the fauna at the family or subfamily level: (1) assessments by experts who have been working on the most poorly known groups in the fauna; (2) estimates based on the proportion of new species discovered in the Malaise trap inventory; and (3) extrapolations based on species abundance and incidence data from the inventory. For the last method, we develop a new estimator, the combined non-parametric estimator, which we show is less sensitive to poor coverage of the species pool than other popular estimators. The three methods converge on similar estimates of the size and composition of the fauna, suggesting that it comprises around 33,000 species. Of those, 8,600 (26%) were unknown at the start of the inventory and 5,000 (15%) still await discovery. We analyze the taxonomic and ecological composition of the estimated fauna, and show that most of the new species belong to Hymenoptera and Diptera groups that are decomposers or parasitoids. Thus, current knowledge of the Swedish insect fauna is strongly biased taxonomically and ecologically, and we show that similar but even stronger biases have distorted our understanding of the fauna in the past. We analyze latitudinal gradients in the size and composition of known European insect faunas and show that several of the patterns contradict the Swedish data, presumably due to similar knowledge biases. Addressing these biases is critical in understanding insect biomes and the ecosystem services they provide. Our results emphasize the need to broaden the taxonomic scope of current insect monitoring efforts, a task that is all the more urgent as recent studies indicate a possible worldwide decline in insect faunas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ronquist
- Dept. Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Forshage
- Dept. Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rasmus Hovmöller
- Dept. Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kevin Holston
- Dept. Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tom Britton
- Dept. Mathematics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jostein Kjærandsen
- Tromsø University Museum, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, Langnes, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Sverre Kobro
- Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby, Färjestaden, Sweden
| | - Andrew Liston
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum and Dept. Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marc Pollet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Research Group Terrestrial Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | | | - Meike Schuppenhauer
- Dept. Soil Zoology, Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Julia Stigenberg
- Dept. Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Taeger
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
| | | | - Oleksandr Varga
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Phil Withers
- Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby, Färjestaden, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gärdenfors
- Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Garcia CDA, Lamas CJE, Urso-Guimarães MV. Cladistic analysis of the genus Bruggmanniella Tavares (Diptera, Cecicomyiidae, Asphondyliini) with evolutionary inferences on the gall inducer-host plant association and description of a new Brazilian species. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227853. [PMID: 32023290 PMCID: PMC7001989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Bruggmanniella Tavares based on morphological features. Cladistic analyses were conducted using 57 characters from 26 species. All species of Bruggmanniella except for B. byrsonimae were selected as ingroup and the genera Asphondylia Loew, Bruggmannia Tavares, Illiciomyia Tokuda, Parazalepidota Maia, Pseudasphondylia Monzen, Schizomyia Kieffer, and Lopesia Rübsaamen as outgroup. We used characters from larvae, pupae, adults, and galls. The results of this study supported Bruggmanniella as the sister group of Pseudasphondylia. Bruggmanniella actinodaphnes Tokuda and Yukawa and B. cinnamomi Tokuda and Yukawa have been moved to genus Pseudasphondylia (Pseudasphondylia actinodaphnes (Tokuda and Yukawa) comb. nov. and Pseudasphondylia cinnamomi (Tokuda and Yukawa) comb. nov.). The new genus Odontokeros gen. nov. has been erected for the single species Odontokeros brevipes (Lin, Yang & Tokuda) comb. nov. In addition, we described a new Brazilian species, Bruggmanniella miconia Garcia, Lamas and Urso-Guimarães sp. nov. Identification keys to the New World species of Bruggmanniella are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Virginia Urso-Guimarães
- Departamento de Biologia, Laboratório de Sistemática de Diptera, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Karlsson D, Hartop E, Forshage M, Jaschhof M, Ronquist F. The Swedish Malaise Trap Project: A 15 Year Retrospective on a Countrywide Insect Inventory. Biodivers Data J 2020; 8:e47255. [PMID: 32015667 PMCID: PMC6987249 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.8.e47255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Swedish Malaise Trap Project (SMTP) is one of the most ambitious insect inventories ever attempted. The project was designed to target poorly known insect groups across a diverse range of habitats in Sweden. The field campaign involved the deployment of 73 Malaise traps at 55 localities across the country for three years (2003-2006). Over the past 15 years, the collected material has been hand sorted by trained technicians into over 300 taxonomic fractions suitable for expert attention. The resulting collection is a tremendous asset for entomologists around the world, especially as we now face a desperate need for baseline data to evaluate phenomena like insect decline and climate change. Here, we describe the history, organisation, methodology and logistics of the SMTP, focusing on the rationale for the decisions taken and the lessons learned along the way. The SMTP represents one of the early instances of community science applied to large-scale inventory work, with a heavy reliance on volunteers in both the field and the laboratory. We give estimates of both staff effort and volunteer effort involved. The project has been funded by the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative; in total, the inventory has cost less than 30 million SEK (approximately 3.1 million USD). Based on a subset of the samples, we characterise the size and taxonomic composition of the SMTP material. Several different extrapolation methods suggest that the material comprises around 20 million specimens in total. The material is dominated by Diptera (75% of the specimens) and Hymenoptera (15% of specimens). Amongst the Diptera, the dominant groups are Chironomidae (37% of specimens), Sciaridae (15%), Phoridae (13%), Cecidomyiidae (9.5%) and Mycetophilidae (9.4%). Within Hymenoptera, the major groups are Ichneumonidae (44% of specimens), Diaprioidea (19%), Braconidae (9.6%), Platygastroidea (8.5%) and Chalcidoidea (7.9%). The taxonomic composition varies with latitude and season. Several Diptera and Hymenoptera groups are more common in non-summer samples (collected from September to April) and in the North, while others show the opposite pattern. About 1% of the total material has been processed and identified by experts so far. This material represents over 4,000 species. One third of these had not been recorded from Sweden before and almost 700 of them are new to science. These results reveal the large amounts of taxonomic work still needed on Palaearctic insect faunas. Based on the SMTP experiences, we discuss aspects of planning and conducting future large-scale insect inventory projects using mainly traditional approaches in relation to more recent approaches that rely on molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave Karlsson
- Station Linné, Färjestaden, SwedenStation LinnéFärjestadenSweden
| | - Emily Hartop
- Station Linné, Färjestaden, SwedenStation LinnéFärjestadenSweden
- Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, SwedenStockholms UniversitetStockholmSweden
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, SwedenSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Mattias Forshage
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, SwedenSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
| | - Mathias Jaschhof
- Station Linné, Färjestaden, SwedenStation LinnéFärjestadenSweden
| | - Fredrik Ronquist
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, SwedenSwedish Museum of Natural HistoryStockholmSweden
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MARTINEZ FERNANDOJ, NORRBOM ALLENL, SCHLISERMAN PABLO, CAMPANELLA MARÍAVICTORIA. Tephritidae flies associated with Chuquiraga avellanedae (Asteraceae) in Patagonia, Argentina. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191524. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- FERNANDO J. MARTINEZ
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Argentina
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24
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Santarém MCA, Borkent A, Felippe-Bauer ML. Taxonomic Revision of Neotropical Downeshelea Wirth and Grogan Predaceous Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). INSECTS 2019; 11:E9. [PMID: 31861882 PMCID: PMC7023372 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genus Downeshelea was described by Wirth and Grogan based on the diagnostic characters of the Monohelea multilineata species group. The first descriptions of species were based on body coloration, which resulted in confusion and misunderstanding of their identification. The aim of this study was to provide an updated diagnosis and description of Downeshelea, describe 18 new species, and redescribe 10 previously poorly described species. New records of species, a key for identification of all New World species, and a table with important morphometric data to distinguish both males and females of the various species are provided along with distribution maps of the 46 known New World species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara A. Santarém
- Coleção de Ceratopogonidae, Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040–900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040–900, Brazil
| | - Art Borkent
- Research Associate American Museum of Natural History, 691–8 th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC V1 E 2 C2, Canada;
| | - Maria Luiza Felippe-Bauer
- Coleção de Ceratopogonidae, Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21040–900, Brazil;
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Tlapaya-Romero L, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Santos-Moreno A. New records of bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) in Oaxaca, Mexico. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.22201/ib.20078706e.2019.90.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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26
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Srivathsan A, Hartop E, Puniamoorthy J, Lee WT, Kutty SN, Kurina O, Meier R. Rapid, large-scale species discovery in hyperdiverse taxa using 1D MinION sequencing. BMC Biol 2019; 17:96. [PMID: 31783752 PMCID: PMC6884855 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80% of all animal species remain unknown to science. Most of these species live in the tropics and belong to animal taxa that combine small body size with high specimen abundance and large species richness. For such clades, using morphology for species discovery is slow because large numbers of specimens must be sorted based on detailed microscopic investigations. Fortunately, species discovery could be greatly accelerated if DNA sequences could be used for sorting specimens to species. Morphological verification of such "molecular operational taxonomic units" (mOTUs) could then be based on dissection of a small subset of specimens. However, this approach requires cost-effective and low-tech DNA barcoding techniques because well-equipped, well-funded molecular laboratories are not readily available in many biodiverse countries. RESULTS We here document how MinION sequencing can be used for large-scale species discovery in a specimen- and species-rich taxon like the hyperdiverse fly family Phoridae (Diptera). We sequenced 7059 specimens collected in a single Malaise trap in Kibale National Park, Uganda, over the short period of 8 weeks. We discovered > 650 species which exceeds the number of phorid species currently described for the entire Afrotropical region. The barcodes were obtained using an improved low-cost MinION pipeline that increased the barcoding capacity sevenfold from 500 to 3500 barcodes per flowcell. This was achieved by adopting 1D sequencing, resequencing weak amplicons on a used flowcell, and improving demultiplexing. Comparison with Illumina data revealed that the MinION barcodes were very accurate (99.99% accuracy, 0.46% Ns) and thus yielded very similar species units (match ratio 0.991). Morphological examination of 100 mOTUs also confirmed good congruence with morphology (93% of mOTUs; > 99% of specimens) and revealed that 90% of the putative species belong to the neglected, megadiverse genus Megaselia. We demonstrate for one Megaselia species how the molecular data can guide the description of a new species (Megaselia sepsioides sp. nov.). CONCLUSIONS We document that one field site in Africa can be home to an estimated 1000 species of phorids and speculate that the Afrotropical diversity could exceed 200,000 species. We furthermore conclude that low-cost MinION sequencers are very suitable for reliable, rapid, and large-scale species discovery in hyperdiverse taxa. MinION sequencing could quickly reveal the extent of the unknown diversity and is especially suitable for biodiverse countries with limited access to capital-intensive sequencing facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Srivathsan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Emily Hartop
- Zoology Department, Stockholms Universitet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Station Linné, Öland, Sweden
| | - Jayanthi Puniamoorthy
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sujatha Narayanan Kutty
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olavi Kurina
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5D, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, Singapore.
- Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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McGlynn TP, Meineke EK, Bahlai CA, Li E, Hartop EA, Adams BJ, Brown BV. Temperature accounts for the biodiversity of a hyperdiverse group of insects in urban Los Angeles. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191818. [PMID: 31575368 PMCID: PMC6790764 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The urban heat island effect is a worldwide phenomenon that has been linked to species distributions and abundances in cities. However, effects of urban heat on biotic communities are nearly impossible to disentangle from effects of land cover in most cases because hotter urban sites also have less vegetation and more impervious surfaces than cooler sites within cities. We sampled phorid flies, one of the largest, most biologically diverse families of true flies (Insecta: Diptera: Phoridae), at 30 sites distributed within the central Los Angeles Basin, where we found that temperature and the density of urban land cover are decoupled. Abundance, richness, and community composition of phorids inside urban Los Angeles were most parsimoniously accounted for by mean air temperature in the week preceding sampling. Sites with intermediate mean temperatures had more phorid fly individuals and higher richness. Communities were more even at urban sites with lower minimum temperatures and sites located further away from natural areas, suggesting that communities separated from natural source populations may be more homogenized. Species composition was best explained by minimum temperature. Inasmuch as warmer areas within cities can predict future effects of climate change, phorid fly communities are likely to shift nonlinearly under future climates in more natural areas. Exhaustive surveys of biotic communities within cities, such as the one we describe here, can provide baselines for determining the effects of urban and global climate warming as they intensify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence P McGlynn
- Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA.,Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Emily K Meineke
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christie A Bahlai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Enjie Li
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Emily A Hartop
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.,Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benjamin J Adams
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
| | - Brian V Brown
- Urban Nature Research Center, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA
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Dorchin N, Harris KM, Stireman JO. Phylogeny of the gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiinae): Systematics, evolution of feeding modes and diversification rates. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 140:106602. [PMID: 31449853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) constitute one of the largest and most diverse families of Diptera, with close to 6600 described species and thousands of undescribed species worldwide. The family is divided into six subfamilies, the five basal ones comprising only fungivorous taxa, whereas the largest, youngest and most diverse subfamily Cecidomyiinae includes fungivorous as well as herbivorous and predatory species. The currently accepted classification of the Cecidomyiinae is morphology-based, and the few phylogenetic inferences that have previously been suggested for it were based on fragmentary or limited datasets. In a first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Cecidomyiinae we sampled 142 species representing 88 genera of 13 tribes from all feeding guilds and zoogeographic regions in order to test the validity of the systematic division of the subfamily and gain insight into patterns of diversification and the evolution of feeding modes. We used sequences from five mitochondrial and nuclear genes to reconstruct maximum likelihood and Bayesian, time-calibrated phylogenies and conducted ancestral state reconstruction of feeding modes. Our results corroborate to a great extent the morphology-based classification of the Cecidomyiinae, with strong support for all supertribes and tribes, all were apparently established in the Upper Cretaceous concordant with the major radiation of angiosperms. We infer that transitions from fungus-feeding to plant-feeding occurred only once or twice in the evolution of the subfamily and that predation evolved only once, contrary to previous hypotheses. All herbivorous clades in the subfamily are very species rich and have diversified at a significantly greater rate than expected, but we found no support for the assertion that herbivorous clades associated with symbiotic fungi in their galls diversify faster than clades that do not have such associations. Currently available data also do not support the hypothesis that symbiotic clades have broader host ranges than non-symbiotic clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netta Dorchin
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | | | - John O Stireman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy., Dayton, OH 45435, USA.
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29
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Runyon JB, Pollet M. The Genus Enlinia Aldrich in Chile (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), with the Description of Four New Species. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:604-613. [PMID: 30569389 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Four new species of Enlinia Aldrich are described from Chile: Enlinia biobio n. sp., Enlinia chilensis n. sp., Enlinia enormis n. sp., and Enlinia isoloba n. sp. These specimens were collected during a 2013 invertebrate survey in sclerophyll and Valdivian temperate rain forest habitats of the central and southern Chilean Andes. The only other species of Enlinia recorded from Chile is E. atrata (Van Duzee). Photos of holotypes and type localities and a key to the five species known to occur in Chile are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Runyon
- Rocky Mountain Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, Montana and Montana Entomology Collection, Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - M Pollet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC), Ghent Univ, Ghent, Belgium
- Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Morinière J, Balke M, Doczkal D, Geiger MF, Hardulak LA, Haszprunar G, Hausmann A, Hendrich L, Regalado L, Rulik B, Schmidt S, Wägele JW, Hebert PDN. A DNA barcode library for 5,200 German flies and midges (Insecta: Diptera) and its implications for metabarcoding-based biomonitoring. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:900-928. [PMID: 30977972 PMCID: PMC6851627 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study summarizes results of a DNA barcoding campaign on German Diptera, involving analysis of 45,040 specimens. The resultant DNA barcode library includes records for 2,453 named species comprising a total of 5,200 barcode index numbers (BINs), including 2,700 COI haplotype clusters without species‐level assignment, so called “dark taxa.” Overall, 88 out of 117 families (75%) recorded from Germany were covered, representing more than 50% of the 9,544 known species of German Diptera. Until now, most of these families, especially the most diverse, have been taxonomically inaccessible. By contrast, within a few years this study provided an intermediate taxonomic system for half of the German Dipteran fauna, which will provide a useful foundation for subsequent detailed, integrative taxonomic studies. Using DNA extracts derived from bulk collections made by Malaise traps, we further demonstrate that species delineation using BINs and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) constitutes an effective method for biodiversity studies using DNA metabarcoding. As the reference libraries continue to grow, and gaps in the species catalogue are filled, BIN lists assembled by metabarcoding will provide greater taxonomic resolution. The present study has three main goals: (a) to provide a DNA barcode library for 5,200 BINs of Diptera; (b) to demonstrate, based on the example of bulk extractions from a Malaise trap experiment, that DNA barcode clusters, labelled with globally unique identifiers (such as OTUs and/or BINs), provide a pragmatic, accurate solution to the “taxonomic impediment”; and (c) to demonstrate that interim names based on BINs and OTUs obtained through metabarcoding provide an effective method for studies on species‐rich groups that are usually neglected in biodiversity research projects because of their unresolved taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthias F Geiger
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig - Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Björn Rulik
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig - Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Johann-Wolfgang Wägele
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig - Leibniz Institute for Animal Biodiversity, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Savage J, Borkent A, Brodo F, Cumming JM, Gregory Curler, Currie DC, deWaard JR, Gibson JF, Hauser M, Laplante L, Lonsdale O, Marshall SA, O’Hara JE, Sinclair BJ, Skevington JH. Diptera of Canada. Zookeys 2019; 819:397-450. [PMID: 30713456 PMCID: PMC6355757 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.819.27625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The Canadian Diptera fauna is updated. Numbers of species currently known from Canada, total Barcode Index Numbers (BINs), and estimated numbers of undescribed or unrecorded species are provided for each family. An overview of recent changes in the systematics and Canadian faunistics of major groups is provided as well as some general information on biology and life history. A total of 116 families and 9620 described species of Canadian Diptera are reported, representing more than a 36% increase in species numbers since the last comparable assessment by JF McAlpine et al. (1979). Almost 30,000 BINs have so far been obtained from flies in Canada. Estimates of additional number of species remaining to be documented in the country range from 5200 to 20,400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Savage
- Bishop’s University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, CanadaBishop's UniversitySherbrookeCanada
| | - Art Borkent
- Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaCanadian Museum of NatureOttawaCanada
| | - Fenja Brodo
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaCanadian Food Inspection AgencyOttawaCanada
| | - Jeffrey M. Cumming
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaRoyal British Columbia MuseumSalmon ArmCanada
| | - Gregory Curler
- Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University, Starksville, Mississippi, USAAgriculture and Agri-Food CanadaOttawaCanada
| | - Douglas C. Currie
- Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaMississippi State UniversityStarksvilleUnited States of America
| | - Jeremy R. deWaard
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaRoyal Ontario MuseumTorontoCanada
| | - Joel F. Gibson
- Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, CanadaCanadian Museum of NatureOttawaCanada
| | - Martin Hauser
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USAUniversity of GuelphGuelphCanada
| | - Louis Laplante
- Unaffiliated, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaRoyal British Columbia MuseumVictoriaCanada
| | - Owen Lonsdale
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaRoyal British Columbia MuseumSalmon ArmCanada
| | - Stephen A. Marshall
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, CanadaCalifornia Department of Food and AgricultureSacramentoUnited States of America
| | - James E. O’Hara
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaRoyal British Columbia MuseumSalmon ArmCanada
| | - Bradley J. Sinclair
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaUnaffiliatedMontrealCanada
| | - Jeffrey H. Skevington
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, CanadaRoyal British Columbia MuseumSalmon ArmCanada
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32
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Trujillo-Pahua L, Ibáñez-Bernal S. New Geographical Records of Bat Flies (Diptera: Streblidae) Associated With Phyllostomid Bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the West Highlands of Mexico. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:18-28. [PMID: 30247709 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Streblidae are ectoparasites exclusive to bats and feed only on their blood. Studies on ectoparasite fauna have increased our ecological knowledge of the parasitic relationship between streblids and their bat hosts. We evaluate assemblages of phyllostomid bats and their ectoparasitic flies in three scenarios with different types of anthropogenic use: pine-oak forest, avocado orchards, and an urban park during an annual cycle in the highlands of Michoacan, Mexico. We recorded a total of 325 bats belonging to nine species in three subfamilies: Glossophaginae, Desmodontinae, and Stenodermatinae, and obtained 225 bat flies belonging to seven species. The nectivorous bat Anoura geoffroyi Gray, 1838, had the highest prevalence of infestation and the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus (É. Geoffroy, 1810) was the host with the highest mean parasite abundance and mean intensity. Aspidoptera delatorrei Wenzel, 1966, Megistopoda proxima (Séguy, 1926), Paratrichobius longicrus (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907), Trichobius brennani Wenzel, 1966, and T. parasiticus Gervais, 1844, are new records for the state of Michoacan reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Trujillo-Pahua
- Instituto de Ecología A. C. (INECOL), Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera antigua a Coatepec, Col. El Haya Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - S Ibáñez-Bernal
- Instituto de Ecología A. C. (INECOL), Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera antigua a Coatepec, Col. El Haya Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
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Grimaldi DA. Basal Cyclorrhapha in Amber from the Cretaceous and Tertiary(Insecta: Diptera), and Their Relationships: Brachycera in Cretaceous Amber Part IX. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2018. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-423.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Grimaldi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, New York
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Grimaldi DA. First Tropical American Species of the “Relict” GenusLitoleptis,and Relationships in Spaniinae (Diptera: Rhagionidae). AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1206/3909.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Grimaldi
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History
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35
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Pollet M, Stark A. The quest for the identity of Orthoceratiumlacustre (Scopoli, 1763) reveals centuries of misidentifications (Diptera, Dolichopodidae). Zookeys 2018; 782:49-79. [PMID: 30275719 PMCID: PMC6160834 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.782.26329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a species of Orthoceratium was collected in Greece that differs morphologically from the European species commonly presumed to be Orthoceratiumlacustre (Scopoli, 1763). Verification of the identity of the Greek species through comparison with 460 specimens of Orthoceratium from 17 West Palaearctic and one Afrotropical country, and examination of existing type material, revealed that the species recognized as O.lacustre in northwestern Europe for over 250 years is actually O.sabulosum (Becker, 1907), the other known species in the genus, which was originally described from Tunisia. Although the types of O.lacustre have been lost, a comparison of the distribution ranges of both species in Europe provided evidence that the species collected in Greece is conspecific with O.lacustre. Both species have distinct distributions in the West Palaearctic, with O.lacustre largely restricted to the northern border of the Mediterranean basin, and O.sabulosum more widespread, occurring in northwestern Europe, the western, southern, and eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East, and the Afrotropical Region (Tanzania). Both species are redescribed and fully illustrated, a neotype is designated for O.lacustre and a lectotype for O.sabulosum, and a key to males and females is provided. The misidentifications that lasted for over two centuries are explained by the omission by previous authors to study the type specimens, and inaccuracies in species descriptions and keys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pollet
- Research Team Species Diversity (SPECDIV), Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Herman Teirlinckgebouw, Havenlaan 88 bus 73, B-1000 Brussels, BelgiumResearch Institute for Nature and ForestBrusselsBelgium
- Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC), University of Ghent (UGent), K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, BelgiumUniversity of GhentGhentBelgium
- Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, BelgiumRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Andreas Stark
- Seebener Straße 190, 06114 Halle/Saale, Germany (also freelance collaborator at Senckenberg German Entomological Institute Müncheberg, Germany)UnaffiliatedHalle/SaaleGermany
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Forbes AA, Bagley RK, Beer MA, Hippee AC, Widmayer HA. Quantifying the unquantifiable: why Hymenoptera, not Coleoptera, is the most speciose animal order. BMC Ecol 2018; 18:21. [PMID: 30001194 PMCID: PMC6042248 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-018-0176-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We challenge the oft-repeated claim that the beetles (Coleoptera) are the most species-rich order of animals. Instead, we assert that another order of insects, the Hymenoptera, is more speciose, due in large part to the massively diverse but relatively poorly known parasitoid wasps. The idea that the beetles have more species than other orders is primarily based on their respective collection histories and the relative availability of taxonomic resources, which both disfavor parasitoid wasps. Though it is unreasonable to directly compare numbers of described species in each order, the ecology of parasitic wasps-specifically, their intimate interactions with their hosts-allows for estimation of relative richness. RESULTS We present a simple logical model that shows how the specialization of many parasitic wasps on their hosts suggests few scenarios in which there would be more beetle species than parasitic wasp species. We couple this model with an accounting of what we call the "genus-specific parasitoid-host ratio" from four well-studied genera of insect hosts, a metric by which to generate extremely conservative estimates of the average number of parasitic wasp species attacking a given beetle or other insect host species. CONCLUSIONS Synthesis of our model with data from real host systems suggests that the Hymenoptera may have 2.5-3.2× more species than the Coleoptera. While there are more described species of beetles than all other animals, the Hymenoptera are almost certainly the larger order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Forbes
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Robin K Bagley
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Marc A Beer
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Alaine C Hippee
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Heather A Widmayer
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 434 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Sikora T, Jaschhof M, Mantič M, Kaspřák D, ševčík J. Considerable congruence, enlightening conflict: molecular analysis largely supports morphology-based hypotheses on Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) phylogeny. Zool J Linn Soc 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Sikora
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michal Mantič
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - David Kaspřák
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan ševčík
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Brown BV, Borkent A, Adler PH, Amorim DDS, Barber K, Bickel D, Boucher S, Brooks SE, Burger J, Burington ZL, Capellari RS, Costa DNR, Cumming JM, Curler G, Dick CW, Epler JH, Fisher E, Gaimari SD, Gelhaus J, Grimaldi DA, Hash J, Hauser M, Hippa H, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Jaschhof M, Kameneva EP, Kerr PH, Korneyev V, Korytkowski CA, Kung GA, Kvifte GM, Lonsdale O, Marshall SA, Mathis W, Michelsen V, Naglis S, Norrbom AL, Paiero S, Pape T, Pereira-Colavite A, Pollet M, Rochefort S, Rung A, Runyon JB, Savage J, Silva VC, Sinclair BJ, Skevington JH, Stireman Iii JO, Swann J, Thompson FC, Vilkamaa P, Wheeler T, Whitworth T, Wong M, Wood DM, Woodley N, Yau T, Zavortink TJ, Zumbado MA. Comprehensive inventory of true flies (Diptera) at a tropical site. Commun Biol 2018; 1:21. [PMID: 30271908 PMCID: PMC6123690 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimations of tropical insect diversity generally suffer from lack of known groups or faunas against which extrapolations can be made, and have seriously underestimated the diversity of some taxa. Here we report the intensive inventory of a four-hectare tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica for one year, which yielded 4332 species of Diptera, providing the first verifiable basis for diversity of a major group of insects at a single site in the tropics. In total 73 families were present, all of which were studied to the species level, providing potentially complete coverage of all families of the order likely to be present at the site. Even so, extrapolations based on our data indicate that with further sampling, the actual total for the site could be closer to 8000 species. Efforts to completely sample a site, although resource-intensive and time-consuming, are needed to better ground estimations of world biodiversity based on limited sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Brown
- Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA.
| | - Art Borkent
- Royal British Columbia Museum and the American Museum of Natural History, 691-8th Ave. SE, Salmon Arm, BC, V1E 2C2, Canada
| | - Peter H Adler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, 130 McGinty Court, E-143 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634-0310, USA
| | - Dalton de Souza Amorim
- Depto. de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14.040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kevin Barber
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 1219 Queen St. E., Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, P6A 2E5, Canada
| | - Daniel Bickel
- Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Stephanie Boucher
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Scott E Brooks
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - John Burger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Spaulding Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Zelia L Burington
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45431, USA
| | - Renato S Capellari
- Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro - Campus Uberaba. Rua João Batista Ribeiro 4000, Distrito Industrial II, 38064-790, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel N R Costa
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Jardim das Américas, 81531-980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey M Cumming
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Greg Curler
- Mississippi Entomological Museum, Mississippi State University, 100 Old Highway 12, P.O. Drawer 9775, Mississippi State, MS, 39762-9775, USA
| | - Carl W Dick
- Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - John H Epler
- Independent Investigator, Crawfordville, FL, USA
| | - Eric Fisher
- California State Collection of Arthropods, 2683 Tam O' Shanter Dr., El Dorado Hills, California, CA, 95762, USA
| | - Stephen D Gaimari
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Jon Gelhaus
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA, 19103-1195, USA
| | - David A Grimaldi
- American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA
| | - John Hash
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Martin Hauser
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Heikki Hippa
- Zoological Museum, Biodiversity Unit, FI-20014, University of Turku, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergio Ibáñez-Bernal
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. (INECOL), Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, Col El Haya, Xalapa, CP, 91070, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Mathias Jaschhof
- Station Linné, Ölands Skogsby 161, SE-38693, Färjestaden, Sweden
| | - Elena P Kameneva
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15, 01030, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Peter H Kerr
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Valery Korneyev
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bogdan Chmielnicki St. 15, 01030, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Giar-Ann Kung
- Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Gunnar Mikalsen Kvifte
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5040, Bergen, Norway
| | - Owen Lonsdale
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Stephen A Marshall
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wayne Mathis
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, USA
| | - Verner Michelsen
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan Naglis
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Allen L Norrbom
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, c/o National Museum of Natural History, MRC-168, P.O. Box 37012, Washington DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Steven Paiero
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandre Pereira-Colavite
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Castelo Branco, s/n, CEP 58.051-900, João Pessoa/PB, Brazil
| | - Marc Pollet
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, B-1070, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Group Terrestrial Ecology (TEREC), Ghent University, K.L.Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
- Entomology Unit, Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences (RBINS), Vautierstraat 29, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Rochefort
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Alessandra Rung
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, California State Collection of Arthropods, 3294 Meadowview Rd., Sacramento, CA, 95832-1448, USA
| | - Justin B Runyon
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1648 S. 7th Avenue, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jade Savage
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bishop's University, 2600 College Street, Sherbrooke, QC, J1M 1Z7, Canada
| | - Vera C Silva
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal; Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Bradley J Sinclair
- Canadian National Collection of Insects & Canadian Food Inspection Agency, OPL-Entomology, K.W. Neatby Bldg., C.E.F., 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey H Skevington
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - John O Stireman Iii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45431, USA
| | - John Swann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - F Christian Thompson
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC 169, Washington, D.C., 20013-7012, USA
| | - Pekka Vilkamaa
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoology Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Terry Wheeler
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Terry Whitworth
- Washington State University, 2533 Inter Avenue, Puyallup, WA, 98372, USA
| | - Maria Wong
- Entomology Section, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - D Monty Wood
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Invertebrate Biodiversity, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, K.W. Neatby Building, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | | | - Tiffany Yau
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas J Zavortink
- Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Manuel A Zumbado
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INBio), 22-3100, Santo Domingo, Heredia, Costa Rica
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