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Lambré CR, Aufderheide M, Bolton RE, Fubini B, Haagsman HP, Hext PM, Jorissen M, Landry Y, Morin JP, Nemery B, Nettesheim P, Pauluhn J, Richards RJ, Vickers AE, Wu R. In Vitro Tests for Respiratory Toxicity. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude R. Lambré
- Department of Toxicology-Ecotoxicology, INERIS, 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Michaela Aufderheide
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology & Aerosol Research, Nikola-Fuchs-Strasse 1, 3000 Hannover 61, Germany
| | - Robert E. Bolton
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 8 Roxburgh Place, Edinburgh EH8 9SU, UK
| | - Bice Fubini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica Chimica Fisica, Universitá di Torino, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M. Hext
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - Mark Jorissen
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Campus Gathuisberg, Herestraat 49, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Yves Landry
- CJF INSERM, N9105, Faculté de Pharmacie, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Paul Morin
- INSERM U295, Université de Rouen, 97 Avenue de l'Université, 76803 Saint Etienne de Rouvray, France
| | - Benoit Nemery
- Laboratorium voor Pneumologie, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Louvain, Belgium
| | - Paul Nettesheim
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jürgen Pauluhn
- Abtelung Inhalationstoxikologie, Pharma-Forschungszentrum, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg, 42096 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Roy J. Richards
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Wales, Cardiff CF1 1ST, UK
| | | | - Reen Wu
- California Regional Primate Research Center, Hutchison Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Costiniuk CT, Jenabian MA. The lungs as anatomical reservoirs of HIV infection. Rev Med Virol 2013; 24:35-54. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia T. Costiniuk
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH); Durban South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine; University of Ottawa; Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Chronic Viral Illnesses Service; Montreal Chest Institute; Montreal QC Canada
- Research Institute; McGill University Health Centre; Montreal QC Canada
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Emerson M, Renwick L, Tate S, Rhind S, Milne E, Painter HA, Boyd AC, McLachlan G, Griesenbach U, Cheng SH, Gill DR, Hyde SC, Baker A, Alton EW, Porteous DJ, Collie DDS. Transfection efficiency and toxicity following delivery of naked plasmid DNA and cationic lipid–DNA complexes to ovine lung segments. Mol Ther 2003; 8:646-53. [PMID: 14529838 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We defined, using a novel large animal model system, the acute pathologic response to localized pulmonary administration of either naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) or cationic lipid-pDNA complexes (pDNA:GL67) and related such responses to concomitant indicators of transfection efficiency, namely levels of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) protein and mRNA in specific lung tissue compartments. We instilled doses of 0.2, 1, and 5 mg pDNA to spatially distinct lung segments in six anesthetized sheep and doses of 0.2, 1, and 5 mg pDNA:GL67 to a further six sheep. Twenty-four hours after gene delivery the sheep were euthanized and necropsy examination with sampling of relevant tissues was carried out. Levels of plasmid-derived CAT-specific mRNA and CAT protein in samples derived from segments treated with either pDNA or pDNA:GL67 increased in relation to the administered dose. Levels of mRNA and protein expression were greater for pDNA:GL67 than for pDNA alone. A significant correlation was observed between mRNA and protein expression in samples derived from airways treated with pDNA:GL67. Histopathological changes following administration of both pDNA and pDNA:GL67 were characterized by a neutrophilic inflammation predominantly oriented on airways. The severity of the inflammatory response appeared to correlate with the administered dose of DNA and was generally more severe for pDNA:GL67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Emerson
- Medical Genetics Section, School of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, and Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburg, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom
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Collie DDS. Comparative, complementary and relevant: the immunological basis of ovine lung allergic responses. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:282-6. [PMID: 12614439 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wilson DR, Merrett TG, Varga EM, Smurthwaite L, Gould HJ, Kemp M, Hooper J, Till SJ, Durham SR. Increases in allergen-specific IgE in BAL after segmental allergen challenge in atopic asthmatics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165:22-6. [PMID: 11779725 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.165.1.2010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE is important in both early and late allergic responses. Increases in the numbers of RNA transcripts coding for IgE have been observed in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics and in the nasal mucosa of hay fever patients both during natural allergen exposure and after nasal allergen challenge, suggesting that IgE may be synthesized locally in the mucosa. In this study we have examined bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) taken before and 24 h after bronchoscopic segmental allergen challenge from 18 atopic asthmatic patients, looking for evidence of increases in IgE protein. Allergen-specific IgG and total and allergen-specific IgE were measured in BAL using a fluoroenzyme immunoassay. There was a significant increase in allergen-specific IgE (Ku/L) in the BAL after allergen challenge [before [median (interquartile range)] 0 (0, 0); after 0.35 (0, 1.87): p = 0.009] which was not observed for allergen-specific IgG (p = 1.0) or for IgE specific to an allergen to which the subject was sensitized but was not used for provocation (p = 1.0). Correction for corresponding increases in total IgE, albumin, and urea in BAL did not affect the observed changes in allergen-specific IgE. These data indicate that allergen provocation results in a selective local accumulation of isotype-specific and allergen-specific IgE antibody within the bronchi, independent of alterations in circulating IgE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan R Wilson
- Upper Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at the National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Collie DD, MacAldowie CN, Pemberton AD, Woodall CJ, McLean N, Hodgson C, Kennedy MW, Miller HR. Local lung responses following local lung challenge with recombinant lungworm antigen in systemically sensitized sheep. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:1636-47. [PMID: 11678866 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic mast cell-mediated inflammation may contribute significantly towards the extensive tissue remodelling that is a feature of lungworm infection in ruminants. Understanding the factors that control tissue remodelling is a necessary step toward effective management and treatment of conditions that feature such pathology. OBJECTIVE We sought to define in a novel ovine model system, the cellular, immune and mast cell phenotypic events that occur following local lung challenge with a recombinant protein antigen, DvA-1, derived from the ruminant lungworm nematode, Dictyocaulus viviparus. METHODS Two spatially disparate lung segments in systemically sensitized sheep were challenged on three occasions with DvA-1 (3xDVA) and two further segments were challenged with saline (3xSAL). Two months after the third challenge, one of the two segments previously repeatedly challenged with DvA-1 was challenged again with DvA-1 (3xDVA:DVA) whilst the other was challenged with saline (3xDVA:SAL). A similar protocol was followed with the saline challenged segments (3xSAL:SAL and 3xSAL:DVA). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (n = 16) and tissue (n = 3) were collected after the last challenge. RESULTS Cellular changes 24 h after the fourth challenge were characterized by an increase in the absolute numbers of neutrophils and eosinophils in BALF from 3xDVA:DVA and 3xSAL:DVA segments. Local antibody production was implied through increased levels of antibody in both 3xDVA:DVA and 3xDVA:SAL segments, with the latter being unaffected by inflammation. Levels of active transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta(1)) were significantly increased in 3xDVA:SAL segments and a trend towards an increase was apparent in 3xDVA:DVA segments. Total TGF-beta1 levels were significantly correlated with eosinophil counts in all except the 3xDVA:SAL segments. Such changes in the bronchoalveolar space were complemented by increased ratios of sheep mast cell proteinase-1 expressing cells and tryptase expressing cells, to toluidine blue positive cells in airways from 3xDVA:DVA segments. CONCLUSION Mast cell phenotypic events occurring as a consequence of antigen challenge were limited to segments in which changes in BALF were characterized by neutrophil influx and increased local antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Collie
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Research in Comparative Respiratory Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, UK.
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Kumar RK, Temelkovski J, McNeil HP, Hunter N. Airway inflammation in a murine model of chronic asthma: evidence for a local humoral immune response. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30:1486-92. [PMID: 10998027 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00911.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is an acute-on-chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recruitment of eosinophils into the epithelial layer, chronic inflammation in the lamina propria, as well as variable accumulation of mast cells in the airway wall. The role of local production of allergen-specific immunoglobulins in triggering mast cell-mediated asthmatic inflammation is unknown. METHODS We used a chronic inhalational exposure model of asthma in ovalbumin-sensitized BALB/c mice to examine the phenotype of immunoglobulin-secreting cells and mast cells in the airway wall. In parallel, we assayed ovalbumin-specific IgG and total IgE in the plasma of these animals. RESULTS In sensitized mice exposed to aerosolized ovalbumin for 6 weeks, aggregates of chronic inflammatory cells consisted of a majority of plasmacytoid cells, including numerous IgG-synthesizing cells, which were significantly increased in sensitized animals compared to controls. IgA-synthesizing cells were also present, but were not increased in the sensitized exposed mice. Immunoglobulins in the cytoplasm of the plasma cells were demonstrated to be antigen-specific. No IgM-or IgE-synthesizing cells were observed, although levels of total IgE in the plasma were significantly increased. There was no recruitment of mast cells of either the mucosal or the connective tissue phenotype into the lamina propria or the epithelium. CONCLUSION In this experimental model of chronic asthma, the pattern of inflammation in the airway wall is consistent with development of a local IgG-mediated humoral immune response. However, there is no evidence of local production of IgE or recruitment of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Kumar
- Inflammation Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052
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Bice DE, Seagrave J, Green FH. Animal models of asthma: potential usefulness for studying health effects of inhaled particles. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12:829-62. [PMID: 10989366 DOI: 10.1080/08958370050123207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is now recognized to be a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the whole lung. Incidence appears to be increasing despite improved treatment regimens. There is substantial epidemiological evidence suggesting a relationship between the incidence and severity of asthma (e.g., hospitalizations) and exposure to increased levels of air pollution, especially fine and ultrafine particulate material, in susceptible individuals. There have been a few studies in animal models that support this concept, but additional animal studies to test this hypothesis are needed. However, such studies must be performed with awareness of the strengths and weaknesses of the currently available animal models. For studies in mice, the most commonly used animal, a broad spectrum of molecular and immunological tools is available, particularly to study the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses, and inbred strains may be useful for genetic dissection of susceptibility to the disease. However, the mouse is a poor model for bronchoconstriction or localized immune responses that characterize the human disease. In contrast, allergic lung diseases in dogs and cats may more accurately model the human condition, but fewer tools are available for characterization of the mechanisms. Finally, economic issues as well as reagent availability limit the utility of horses, sheep, and primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Bice
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, PO Box 5890, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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Selgrade MK, Lawrence DA, Ullrich SE, Gilmour MI, Schuyler MR, Kimber I. Modulation of T-helper cell populations: potential mechanisms of respiratory hypersensitivity and immune suppression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 145:218-29. [PMID: 9221840 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Information presented at this symposium indicates that modulation of Th cell responses is one means by which xenobiotics may cause immunotoxicity. A shift from Th1 to Th2 responses can enhance both infectious and allergic disease. Hence, in some cases, a common mechanism may be responsible for effects that are generally considered to be very different. Because cytokines produced in the inflammatory process play a role in modulation of Th cell responses, there is a mechanism by which agents that appear to have only local effects at the portal of entry may, in fact, affect immune responses systemically. An understanding of conditions which trigger certain cytokine responses may be useful not only in understanding inflammation but also in predicting certain kinds of immunosuppressive and allergic responses. Future studies in this area are likely to provide insights into many areas of immunotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Selgrade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA
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10
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Schuyler M, Lyons CR, Masten B, Bice D. Immunoglobulin response to intrapulmonary immunization of asthmatics. Immunology 1997; 91:167-75. [PMID: 9227313 PMCID: PMC1363843 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1997.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic asthmatics, compared to non-atopic individuals, exhibit an increased amount of serum antigen-specific IgE and IgG4 antibody directed toward many aeroallergens. We tested the hypothesis that this difference between atopics and non-atopics extends to the response to intrapulmonary deposition of a neoantigen, keyhole limpets haemocyanin (KLH). We immunized nine atopic asthmatics and nine non-atopic controls with 500 micrograms KLH instilled into a subsegment of the lingula and examined serum anti-KLH, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, IgA2, and IgM and specific antibody production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 25 days. We also determined specific antibody in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in both the immunized and a non-immunized lobe 11 days after immunization. We found specific serum antibody in all immunized subjects with no difference between atopics and normals in the amount or kinetics of anti-KLH IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgA1, IgA2 and IgM. However, the atopics exhibited more anti-KLH IgG4 than the normal controls. Specific anti-KLH antibody-producing cells were detected in peripheral blood in most subjects at day 8 to 12 after immunization with no difference between atopics and normals. Specific IgA1, IgA2, IgG1 and IgM antibodies were detected in BALF from the immunized lobes but not from the non-immunized lobes of both groups of subjects with no difference between atopics and normals. We conclude that atopic asthmatics respond to intrapulmonary KLH with more serum anti-KLH IgG4 than normal controls, consistent with a bias toward a Th2 response to intrapulmonary exposure to antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schuyler
- Albuquerque VA Medical Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Department of Medicine 87108, USA
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Pabst R, Tschernig T. Lymphocytes in the lung: an often neglected cell. Numbers, characterization and compartmentalization. ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY 1995; 192:293-9. [PMID: 8554162 DOI: 10.1007/bf00710098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The lung is continuously in contact with inhaled particles, some of which are of microbial origin. This requires adequate defence mechanisms in the form of immune reactions. These can be subdivided into the afferent and efferent limb. Specific immune reactions depend on the interactions between lymphoid and accessory cells. Therefore, the local histotopographic localization of lymphocyte subsets has to be known to understand pulmonary immune reactions. As lymphocytes have often not been mentioned when cells in the respiratory tract have been characterized, their compartmentalization, number and subset composition in the lung are outlined here. Lymphocytes are found in the epithelium and lamina propria of the bronchi with different subset compositions. In some species, like the rabbit, bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) is found as follicle-like aggregations with lymphocytes infiltrating the epithelium, which shows specialized epithelial cells. BALT, however, is not a constitutive structure in all species, e.g. in humans. Nevertheless, certain (probably) microbial stimuli can induce BALT in adult humans. In contrast to many other organs, the lung vascular bed contains large numbers of lymphocytes. Little is known about the adhesion molecules that make this margination possible. In the lung interstitium about 10 x 10(9) lymphocytes have been calculated for healthy adults. The most easily accessible pool of lymphocytes in the human lung are those recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. The vast majority of such lymphocytes express markers typical for "memory lymphocytes". The intrapulmonary migratory routes of lymphocytes and the integration of the lung in the common mucosal immune system are described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pabst
- Centre of Anatomy 4120, Medical School of Hannover, Germany
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Lipscomb MF, Bice DE, Lyons CR, Schuyler MR, Wilkes D. The regulation of pulmonary immunity. Adv Immunol 1995; 59:369-455. [PMID: 7484463 PMCID: PMC7131473 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/1995] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
No evidence has emerged which suggests that the principles of immunity derived from studies on cells from other body sites are contradicted in the lung and its associated lymphoid tissue. What is clear, however, is that the environment dictates the types of cells, their relationship to one another, and what perturbing events will set in motion either the development of an "active" immune response or tolerance. Investigating mechanisms for the development of lung immunity has increased our understanding of how human diseases develop and is continuing to suggest new ways to manipulate pulmonary immune responses. Demonstration that lung cells regulate both nonspecific inflammation and immunity through the expression of adhesion molecules and the secretion of cytokines offers hope for ways to design more effective vaccines, enhance microbial clearance in immunosuppressed hosts, and to suppress manifestations of immunologically mediated lung disease. Important lung diseases targeted for intensive research efforts in the immediate future are tuberculosis, asthma, and fibrotic lung disease. Perhaps even the common cold might be conquered. Considering the pace of current research on lung immunity, it may not be too ambitious to predict that these diseases may be conquered in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Lipscomb
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131, USA
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