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Gal Y, Sapoznikov A, Falach R, Ehrlich S, Aftalion M, Kronman C, Sabo T. Total Body Irradiation Mitigates Inflammation and Extends the Therapeutic Time Window for Anti-Ricin Antibody Treatment against Pulmonary Ricinosis in Mice. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090278. [PMID: 28891987 PMCID: PMC5618211 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a highly toxic plant-derived toxin, is considered a potential weapon in biowarfare and bioterrorism due to its pronounced toxicity, high availability, and ease of preparation. Pulmonary exposure to ricin results in the generation of an acute edematous inflammation followed by respiratory insufficiency and death. Massive neutrophil recruitment to the lungs may contribute significantly to ricin-mediated morbidity. In this study, total body irradiation (TBI) served as a non-pharmacological tool to decrease the potential neutrophil-induced lung injury. TBI significantly postponed the time to death of intranasally ricin-intoxicated mice, given that leukopenia remained stable following intoxication. This increase in time to death coincided with a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory marker levels, and led to marked extension of the therapeutic time window for anti-ricin antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Sharon Ehrlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Moshe Aftalion
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
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Wang Q, Ding G, Xu X. Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells Regulate Apoptosis of Neutrophils. Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:19-23. [PMID: 28401196 PMCID: PMC5385971 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are promising cell resource for the cell-based therapy for periodontitis and regeneration of bio-root. In this study, we investigated the effect of PDLSCs on neutrophil, a critical constituent of innate immunity, and the underlying mechanisms. The effect of PDLSCs on the proliferation and apoptosis of resting neutrophils and IL-8 activated neutrophils was tested under cell-cell contact culture and Transwell culture, with or without anti-IL-6 neutralizing antibody. We found that PDLSCs could promote the proliferation and reduce the apoptosis of neutrophils whether under cell-cell contact or Transwell culture. Anti-IL-6 antibody reduced PDLSCs-mediated inhibition of neutrophil apoptosis. IL-6 at the concentration of 10ng/ml and 20ng/ml could inhibit neutrophil apoptosis statistically. Collectively, PDLSCs could reduce the apoptosis of neutrophils via IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Implantology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University School of Stomatology, Jinan250012, Republic of China; Department of Dentistry, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang261000, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Linglongshan South Road No.4138, Qingzhou262500, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Implantology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Shandong University School of Stomatology, Wenhua West Road No.44-1, Jinan250012, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Peptidoglycan from the gut microbiota governs the lifespan of circulating phagocytes at homeostasis. Blood 2016; 127:2460-71. [PMID: 26989200 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-675173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of myeloid cell homeostasis requires continuous turnover of phagocytes from the bloodstream, yet whether environmental signals influence phagocyte longevity in the absence of inflammation remains unknown. Here, we show that the gut microbiota regulates the steady-state cellular lifespan of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, the 2 most abundant circulating myeloid cells and key contributors to inflammatory responses. Treatment of mice with broad-spectrum antibiotics, or with the gut-restricted aminoglycoside neomycin alone, accelerated phagocyte turnover and increased the rates of their spontaneous apoptosis. Metagenomic analyses revealed that neomycin altered the abundance of intestinal bacteria bearing γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid, a ligand for the intracellular peptidoglycan sensor Nod1. Accordingly, signaling through Nod1 was both necessary and sufficient to mediate the stimulatory influence of the flora on myeloid cell longevity. Stimulation of Nod1 signaling increased the frequency of lymphocytes in the murine intestine producing the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 17A (IL-17A), and liberation of IL-17A was required for transmission of Nod1-dependent signals to circulating phagocytes. Together, these results define a mechanism through which intestinal microbes govern a central component of myeloid homeostasis and suggest perturbations of commensal communities can influence steady-state regulation of cell fate.
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Targeting IL-1β and IL-17A driven inflammation during influenza-induced exacerbations of chronic lung inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98440. [PMID: 24918427 PMCID: PMC4053370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with chronic lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exacerbations are life-threatening events causing acute respiratory distress that can even lead to hospitalization and death. Although a great deal of effort has been put into research of exacerbations and potential treatment options, the exact underlying mechanisms are yet to be deciphered and no therapy that effectively targets the excessive inflammation is available. In this study, we report that interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) are key mediators of neutrophilic inflammation in influenza-induced exacerbations of chronic lung inflammation. Using a mouse model of disease, our data shows a role for IL-1β in mediating lung dysfunction, and in driving neutrophilic inflammation during the whole phase of viral infection. We further report a role for IL-17A as a mediator of IL-1β induced neutrophilia at early time points during influenza-induced exacerbations. Blocking of IL-17A or IL-1 resulted in a significant abrogation of neutrophil recruitment to the airways in the initial phase of infection or at the peak of viral replication, respectively. Therefore, IL-17A and IL-1β are potential targets for therapeutic treatment of viral exacerbations of chronic lung inflammation
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Catecholamine stress alters neutrophil trafficking and impairs wound healing by β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated upregulation of IL-6. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:809-817. [PMID: 24121404 PMCID: PMC4013292 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced hormones can alter the inflammatory response to tissue injury, however, the precise mechanism by which epinephrine influences inflammatory response and wound healing is not well defined. Here we demonstrate that epinephrine alters the neutrophil (PMN)-dependent inflammatory response to a cutaneous wound. Using non-invasive real-time imaging of genetically-tagged PMNs in a murine skin wound, chronic, epinephrine-mediated stress was modeled by sustained delivery of epinephrine. Prolonged systemic exposure of epinephrine resulted in persistent PMN trafficking to the wound site via an IL-6 mediated mechanism, and this in turn impaired wound repair. Further, we demonstrate that β2 adrenergic receptor-dependent activation of pro-inflammatory macrophages is critical for epinephrine-mediated IL-6 production. This study expands our current understanding of stress hormone-mediated impairment of wound healing and provides an important mechanistic link to explain how epinephrine stress exacerbates inflammation via increased number and lifetime of PMNs.
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Burgos RA, Conejeros I, Hidalgo MA, Werling D, Hermosilla C. Calcium influx, a new potential therapeutic target in the control of neutrophil-dependent inflammatory diseases in bovines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 143:1-10. [PMID: 21764141 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against pathogens in bovines; however, they are also one of the most aggressive cells during the inflammatory process, causing injury in surrounding tissues. At present, anti-inflammatory drugs are limited in acute diseases, such as pneumonia, mastitis and endometritis, because neutrophils are mostly insensitive. One of the earliest events during neutrophil activation is the increase in intracellular calcium concentration. The calcium movement is attributed to the release from intracellular stores and influx through the calcium channels in the plasma membrane, a process called store operated calcium entry (SOCE). Recently, several calcium influx blockers have been shown to have strong effects on bovine neutrophils, and this suggests that the manipulation of this pathway can be useful in the control of neutrophil functions during acute inflammatory processes. In this paper, we will review the role of calcium influx as a potential anti-inflammatory target and summarize the most recent evidences for this in bovine neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burgos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Strassburg A, Luers A, Dalhoff K. Decreased apoptosis of pulmonary PMN in COPD patients with community-acquired pneumonia. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2010; 4:111-9. [PMID: 20565485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2009.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) predisposes for the acquisition of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). OBJECTIVE/METHODS To assess clinically and scientifically suggested disorders in innate immune response during acute phrase and resolution CAP (T2), we evaluated peripheral and pulmonary polymorphnuclear neutrophils (PMN), recovered by induced sputum, from CAP patients with and without COPD with regard to cell activation, interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) and CXCL-8 receptor expression, and apoptosis rate. RESULTS At T1, COPD patients displayed significantly lower pulmonary PMN apoptosis rates, while total cell count, the amount of macrophages, and vital and necrotic neutrophils in sputum samples were similar between study groups. At T2, there were no differences between study groups or between pulmonary and peripheral compartment. While under systemic steroid treatment apoptosis rates of peripheral and pulmonary PMN at T1 were slightly decreased, there were no significant differences in intrapulmonary CXCL-8 levels. Regarding cell activation, no significant differences could be seen, neither in comparing study groups nor in pulmonary to peripheral PMN. CONCLUSION Elucidating the pathology of suspected disorder in innate immune response, we found decreased apoptosis rates of pulmonary neutrophils in COPD at the peak of CAP indicating an increased inflammatory response, which is independent from anti-apoptotic cytokines such as CXCL-8, severity of disease and isolation of bacteria from sputum cultures.
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Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the most abundant white cell in humans and an essential component of the innate immune system. PMNs are typically the first type of leukocyte recruited to sites of infection or areas of inflammation. Ingestion of microorganisms triggers production of reactive oxygen species and fusion of cytoplasmic granules with forming phagosomes, leading to effective killing of ingested microbes. Phagocytosis of bacteria typically accelerates neutrophil apoptosis, which ultimately promotes the resolution of infection. However, some bacterial pathogens alter PMN apoptosis to survive and thereby cause disease. Herein, we review PMN apoptosis and the ability of microorganisms to alter this important process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Kennedy
- Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Rennard S, Knobil K, Rabe KF, Morris A, Schachter N, Locantore N, Canonica WG, Zhu Y, Barnhart F. The efficacy and safety of cilomilast in COPD. Drugs 2009; 68 Suppl 2:3-57. [PMID: 19105585 DOI: 10.2165/0003495-200868002-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the clinical data on the efficacy and safety of cilomilast in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Over 6000 COPD patients received cilomilast during an extensive clinical development programme performed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).Five phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group pivotal studies were conducted in poorly reversible patients (<15% or <200 mL improvement over baseline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)) after salbutamol). Patients were randomized to receive oral cilomilast 15 mg (n = 2088) or placebo (n = 1408) twice daily for 24 weeks. The co-primary efficacy variables were changes from baseline in trough (predose) FEV(1) and in total score of the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).Additional studies were performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory actions of cilomilast by measuring inflammatory cells and mediators in biopsies and induced sputum; to assess the long-term effects of cilomilast; to assess the cardiac safety of cilomilast; and to assess the efficacy of cilomilast on hyperinflation. Results from one of the phase III and from one supportive study have been previously published.In the phase III pivotal studies, when averaged over 24 weeks, the mean change from baseline in FEV(1) in the cilomilast group showed improvement compared with placebo in all studies (range 24-44 mL treatment difference). When averaged over 24 weeks, there was a similar improvement in the mean total SGRQ score in both treatment groups with a decrease ranging from -1.8 to -4.2 units in the cilomilast group and 0.4 to -4.9 units in the placebo group. Only one study, however, showed both a statistically and clinically meaningful difference between the two treatment groups (treatment difference -4.1 units; p < 0.001). Although cilomilast was shown to reduce COPD exacerbations in some of these studies, there was no effect on the incidence of COPD exacerbations in a study specifically powered to detect a difference compared with placebo.No significant change was found in the primary endpoints of the anti-inflammatory studies, although some anti-inflammatory activity was detected, including a reduction in tissue CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages in airway biopsies. In addition, studies did not demonstrate a consistent significant effect of cilomilast on hyperinflation.In all studies, adverse events associated with the gastrointestinal body system were reported more frequently in the cilomilast group than the placebo group and predominantly occurred within the first 2 weeks of initiating cilomilast therapy.During the cilomilast development programme a number of different endpoints were investigated to characterize the efficacy and safety of this second-generation phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Safety assessments throughout the late-phase programme did not reveal any evidence of serious safety concerns with the use of cilomilast. Previous studies in phase II and early phase III had shown improvements in efficacy endpoints and some evidence of an anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. However, subsequent phase III studies failed to definitively confirm the earlier programme results, which led to termination of the development of cilomilast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Rennard
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, 68198-5885, USA.
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Ocaña MG, Valle-Garay E, Montes AH, Meana A, Cartón JA, Fierer J, Celada A, Asensi V. Bax gene G(-248)A promoter polymorphism is associated with increased lifespan of the neutrophils of patients with osteomyelitis. Genet Med 2007; 9:249-55. [PMID: 17438390 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e318039b23d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with osteomyelitis have a decreased rate of spontaneous apoptosis of their peripheral blood neutrophils. The G(-248)A polymorphism in the promoter region of the bax gene is associated with prolonged peripheral blood neutrophil survival in leukemic patients and may play some role in osteomyelitis. METHODS Bax G(-248)A promoter polymorphism was detected by DNA amplification using polymerase chain reaction, followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Spontaneous apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils was measured by propidium iodide, annexin V, and flow cytometry, and Bax was quantified by Western blotting. RESULTS The bax promoter polymorphism A allele was significantly more frequent in 80 patients with osteomyelitis than in 220 healthy donors (18.1% vs. 10.6%, chi=4.84, odds ratio=1.81, 95% confidence interval=1.06-3.07, P=.028). Carriers of the A allele had a lower apoptotic rate of their peripheral blood neutrophils compared with noncarriers (33.3+/-16.7 vs. 43.1+/-3.1, P=.036). Patients with the AA genotype showed a lower expression of the Bax protein compared with carriers of other genotypes (P=.038). CONCLUSIONS Substitution of a nucleotide G-->A at position -248 in the bax gene was more frequent in patients with osteomyelitis and was associated with a longer lifespan of their peripheral blood neutrophils and lower Bax protein expression. These findings may play a role in the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Ocaña
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department and Infectious Diseases Services, Oviedo University Medical School and Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Bijuklic K, Jennings P, Kountchev J, Hasslacher J, Aydin S, Sturn D, Pfaller W, Patsch JR, Joannidis M. Migration of leukocytes across an endothelium-epithelium bilayer as a model of renal interstitial inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C486-92. [PMID: 17428840 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00419.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial inflammation has emerged as a key event in the development of acute renal failure. To gain better insight into the nature of these inflammatory processes, the interplay between tubular epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils (PMN) was investigated. A coculture transmigration model was developed, composed of human dermal microvascular endothelial (HDMEC) and human renal proximal tubular cells (HK-2) cultured on opposite sides of Transwell growth supports. Correct formation of an endoepithelial bilayer was verified by light and electron microscopy. The model was used to study the effects of endotoxin (LPS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) by measuring PMN migration and cytokine release. To distinguish between individual roles of microvascular endothelial and epithelial cells in transmigration processes, migration of PMN was investigated separately in HK-2 and HDMEC monolayers. Sequential migration of PMN through endothelium and epithelium could be observed and was significantly increased after proinflammatory stimulation with either TNF-α or LPS (3.5 ± 0.58 and 2.76 ± 0.64-fold vs. control, respectively). Coincubation with α-MSH inhibited the transmigration of PMN through the bilayer after proinflammatory stimulation with LPS but not after TNF-α. The bilayers produced significant amounts of IL-8 and IL-6 mostly released from the epithelial cells. Furthermore, α-MSH decreased LPS-induced IL-6 secretion by 30% but had no significant effect on IL-8 secretion. We established a transmigration model showing sequential migration of PMN across microvascular endothelial and renal tubular epithelial cells stimulated by TNF-α and LPS. Anti-inflammatory effects of α-MSH in this bilayer model are demonstrated by inhibition on PMN transmigration and IL-6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudija Bijuklic
- Clinical Dept. of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Blau H, Klein K, Shalit I, Halperin D, Fabian I. Moxifloxacin but not ciprofloxacin or azithromycin selectively inhibits IL-8, IL-6, ERK1/2, JNK, and NF-κB activation in a cystic fibrosis epithelial cell line. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L343-52. [PMID: 17012372 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00030.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with severe neutrophilic airway inflammation. We showed that moxifloxacin (MXF) inhibits IL-8 and MAPK activation in monocytic and respiratory epithelial cells. Azithromycin (AZM) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) are used clinically in CF. Thus we now examined effects of MXF, CIP, and AZM directly on CF cells. IB3, a CF bronchial cell line, and corrected C38 cells were treated with TNF-α, IL-1β, or LPS with or without 5–50 μg/ml MXF, CIP, or AZM. IL-6 and IL-8 secretion (ELISA), MAPKs ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and p65 NF-κB (Western blot) activation were measured. Baseline IL-6 was sixfold higher in IB3 than C38 cells but IL-8 was similar. TNF-α and IL-1β increased IL-6 and IL-8 12- to 67-fold with higher levels in IB3 than C38 cells post-TNF-α ( P < 0.05). Levels were unchanged following LPS. Baseline phosphorylated form of ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), JNK, and NF-κB p65 were higher in IB3 than C38 cells (5-, 1.4-, and 1.4-fold), and following TNF-α increased, as did the p-p38, by 1.6- to 2-fold. MXF (5–50 μg/ml) and CIP (50 μg/ml), but not AZM, suppressed IL-6 and IL-8 secretion by up to 69%. MXF inhibited TNF-α-stimulated MAPKs ERK1/2, 46-kDa JNK, and NF-κB up to 60%, 40%, and 40%, respectively. In contrast, MXF did not inhibit p38 activation, implying a highly selective pretranslational effect. In conclusion, TNF-α and IL-1β induce an exaggerated inflammatory response in CF airway cells, inhibited by MXF more than by CIP or AZM. Clinical trials are recommended to assess efficacy in CF and other chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Blau
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, 14 Kaplan Street, Petah Tikva, Israel 49202.
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Filer A, Parsonage G, Smith E, Osborne C, Thomas AMC, Curnow SJ, Rainger GE, Raza K, Nash GB, Lord J, Salmon M, Buckley CD. Differential survival of leukocyte subsets mediated by synovial, bone marrow, and skin fibroblasts: site-specific versus activation-dependent survival of T cells and neutrophils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2096-108. [PMID: 16802344 PMCID: PMC3119431 DOI: 10.1002/art.21930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synovial fibroblasts share a number of phenotype markers with fibroblasts derived from bone marrow. In this study we investigated the role of matched fibroblasts obtained from 3 different sources (bone marrow, synovium, and skin) to test the hypothesis that synovial fibroblasts share similarities with bone marrow-derived fibroblasts in terms of their ability to support survival of T cells and neutrophils. METHODS Matched synovial, bone marrow, and skin fibroblasts were established from 8 different patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were undergoing knee or hip surgery. Resting or activated fibroblasts were cocultured with either CD4 T cells or neutrophils, and the degree of leukocyte survival, apoptosis, and proliferation were measured. RESULTS Fibroblasts derived from all 3 sites supported increased survival of CD4 T cells, mediated principally by interferon-beta. However, synovial and bone marrow fibroblasts shared an enhanced site-specific ability to maintain CD4 T cell survival in the absence of proliferation, an effect that was independent of fibroblast activation or proliferation but required direct T cell-fibroblast cell contact. In contrast, fibroblast-mediated neutrophil survival was less efficient, being independent of the site of origin of the fibroblast but dependent on prior fibroblast activation, and mediated solely by soluble factors, principally granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. CONCLUSION These results suggest an important functional role for fibroblasts in the differential accumulation of leukocyte subsets in a variety of tissue microenvironments. The findings also provide a potential explanation for site-specific differences in the pattern of T cell and neutrophil accumulation observed in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filer
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Greg Parsonage
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emily Smith
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chloe Osborne
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - S. John Curnow
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G. Ed Rainger
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karim Raza
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerard B. Nash
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Janet Lord
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Salmon
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Bijuklic K, Sturn DH, Jennings P, Kountchev J, Pfaller W, Wiedermann CJ, Patsch JR, Joannidis M. Mechanisms of neutrophil transmigration across renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2006; 17:233-44. [PMID: 16790999 DOI: 10.1159/000094128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adhesion of intratubular leukocytes to proximal tubules in biopsies of patients with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and the appearance of leukocytes in the urine in interstitial nephritis suggest interactions between leukocytes and tubular epithelia in renal diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cytokines and endotoxin on leukocyte migration through proximal tubular epithelial cells and also to determine the role of the transmembrane adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and CD47 in this process. METHODS Experiments determined transepithelial migration (TEM) of PMN (polymorphonuclear) leukocytes through monolayers of HK-2. Expression of ICAM-1 and CD47 was assessed via confocal immunofluorescence, FACS analysis and western blotting. The effect of antibodies against ICAM-1 and CD47 on TEM was examined. Furthermore measurements of cytokine release (IL- 6 and IL-8) were performed. RESULTS Preincubation of HK-2 cells with either TNFalpha or LPS resulted in stimulation of PMN migration through monolayers of HK-2 cells. There was no preferred direction of transmigration. ICAM-1 was expressed by HK-2 cells and expression was increased after 4 h stimulation with TNFalpha or LPS. Application of ICAM-1 antibodies inhibited TEM. CD47 was expressed in both HK-2 cells and PMN. CD47 antibodies inhibited predominantly basolateral-to-apical TEM. HK-2 cells released IL-8 and IL-6 preferably into the apical compartment. Additionally, we showed that fMLP induced transmigration through monolayers of HK-2 cells was associated with significant increased CD47 expression on PMN cell surfaces. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory mediators stimulate TEM of PMN through monolayers of HK-2 cells without a clearly discernible preference of direction. Mechanisms involved in TEM stimulated by cytokines or endotoxin appear to be mainly changes in surface receptor densities of HK-2 cells with ICAM-1 and CD47 playing an essential role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudija Bijuklic
- Clinical Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Division of General Internal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Jones MR, Quinton LJ, Simms BT, Lupa MM, Kogan MS, Mizgerd JP. Roles of interleukin-6 in activation of STAT proteins and recruitment of neutrophils during Escherichia coli pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2005; 193:360-9. [PMID: 16388483 PMCID: PMC2674298 DOI: 10.1086/499312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations are positively associated with the severity of pneumonia, and this cytokine is essential to surviving experimental pneumococcal pneumonia. The role that IL-6 plays during pneumonia and its impact during gram-negative bacterial pneumonia remain to be determined. During Escherichia coli pneumonia, IL-6-deficient mice had increased bacterial burdens in their lungs, indicating compromised host defenses. Decreased neutrophil counts in alveolar air spaces, despite normal blood neutrophil counts and survival of emigrated neutrophils, suggested that defective neutrophil recruitment was responsible for exacerbating the infection. Neutrophil recruitment requires nuclear factor (NF)- kappa B, but IL-6 was neither sufficient nor essential to induce NF- kappa B-mediated gene expression in the lungs. In contrast, IL-6 induced the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT3 in the lungs, and STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation during E. coli pneumonia was decreased by IL-6 deficiency. Thus, IL-6 plays essential roles in activating STAT transcription factors, enhancing neutrophil recruitment, and decreasing bacterial burdens during E. coli pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Jones
- Physiology Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Tintinger G, Steel HC, Anderson R. Taming the neutrophil: calcium clearance and influx mechanisms as novel targets for pharmacological control. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:191-200. [PMID: 15996182 PMCID: PMC1809444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are relatively insensitive to the anti-inflammatory actions of conventional chemotherapeutic agents, including corticosteroids, emphasizing the requirement for novel pharmacological strategies to control the potentially harmful proinflammatory activities of these cells. In the case of commonly-occurring inflammatory diseases of the airways, the neutrophil is the primary mediator of inflammation in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, bronchiectasis and non-eosinophilic bronchial asthma. Recent insights into the mechanisms utilized by neutrophils to restore Ca(2+) homeostasis following activation with Ca(2+)-mobilizing, proinflammatory stimuli have facilitated the identification of novel targets for anti-inflammatory chemotherapy in these cells. The most amenable of these from a chemotherapeutic perspective, is the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase-modulated endomembrane Ca(2+)-ATPase which promotes clearance of the cation from the cytosol of activated neutrophils. Second generation type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors and adenosine receptor agonists operative at the level of subtype A2A adenosine receptors, which are currently undergoing clinical and preclinical assessment respectively, hold promise as pharmacologic modulators during the restoration of Ca(2+) homeostasis. If this promise is realized, it may result in novel chemotherapeutic strategies for the control of hyperacute and chronic inflammatory conditions in which neutrophils are primary offenders. Alternative, potential future targets include the Na(+), Ca(2+)-exchanger and store-operated Ca(2+) channels, which cooperate in the refilling of intracellular Ca(2+) stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tintinger
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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17
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Suska F, Gretzer C, Esposito M, Emanuelsson L, Wennerberg A, Tengvall P, Thomsen P. In vivo cytokine secretion and NF-kappaB activation around titanium and copper implants. Biomaterials 2005; 26:519-27. [PMID: 15276360 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Accepted: 02/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The early biological response at titanium (Ti), copper (Cu)-coated Ti and sham sites was evaluated in an in vivo rat model. Material surface chemical and topographical properties were characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and interferometry, respectively. The number of leukocytes, cell types and cell viability (release of lactate dehydrogenase) were determined in the implant-interface exudate. The contents of activated nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. An increase in the number of leukocytes, in particular, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, was observed between 12 and 48 h around Cu. A marked decrease of exudate cell viability was found around Cu after 48 h. The total amounts of activated NF-kappaB after 12 h was highest in Ti exudates whereas after 48 h the highest amount of NF-kappaB was detected around Cu. The levels of cytokine IL-6 were consistently high around Cu at both time periods. No differences in IL-10 contents were detected, irrespective of material/sham and time. The results show that materials with different toxicity grades (titanium with low and copper with high toxicity) exhibit early differences in the activation of NF-kappaB, extracellular expression and secretion of mediators, causing major differences in inflammatory cell accumulation and death in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Suska
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Surgical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Medicinaregatan 8B, Box 412, SE-40531 Göteborg, Sweden.
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18
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Desmet C, Warzée B, Gosset P, Mélotte D, Rongvaux A, Gillet L, Fiévez L, Seumois G, Vanderplasschen A, Staels B, Lekeux P, Bureau F. Pro-inflammatory properties for thiazolidinediones. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 69:255-65. [PMID: 15627478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are pharmacological ligands of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma that are extensively used in the treatment of type II diabetes. Recently, an anti-inflammatory potential for TZDs has been suggested, based on observations that these compounds may inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro and may attenuate the inflammatory response in vivo. Here, we show that the TZDs rosiglitazone (RSG) and troglitazone (TRO) do not inhibit the inflammatory response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in various epithelial cell types. On the contrary, both RSG and TRO significantly potentiated TNF-alpha-induced production of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, interleukin (IL)-6 and/or IL-8 in these cells. This increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression was functionally significant as supernatants from cells co-treated with TNF-alpha and TZDs displayed increased neutrophil pro-survival activity when compared with supernatants from cells treated with TNF-alpha alone. Additionally, it was shown that TZDs enhance cytokine expression at the transcriptional level, but that the pro-inflammatory effects of TZDs are independent on PPARgamma, nuclear factor kappaB or mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Our study shows that TZDs may potentiate the inflammatory response in epithelial cells, a previously unappreciated effect of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Desmet
- Department of Physiology, Bât. B42, Molecular and Cellular Therapy Center, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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19
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Kuroishi T, Komine KI, Asai KI, Kobayashi J, Watanabe K, Yamaguchi T, Kamata SI, Kumagai K. Inflammatory responses of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin C via stimulation of mononuclear cells. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 10:1011-8. [PMID: 14607860 PMCID: PMC262437 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.6.1011-1018.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the pathological roles of staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) in bovine staphylococcal mastitis, a histopathological analysis of SEC-inoculated mammary glands was performed. SEC-inoculated mammary glands exhibited interstitial inflammation, and the leukocytes that migrated into the gland were predominantly polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). In the gland cistern tissues dissected from SEC-inoculated mammary glands, epithelial cellular degeneration was observed. We also investigated the physiological effects of SEC on PMN in vitro. PMN migration was induced by culture supernatant of SEC-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (S-PBMC sup) but not by that of nonstimulated PBMC (N-PBMC sup). The concentration of interleukin-8 was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in S-PBMC sup than N-PBMC sup, and a significantly (P < 0.05) higher mRNA expression of growth-regulated oncogenes was detected in SEC-stimulated PBMC than in nonstimulated PBMC. Milk PMN collected from SEC-inoculated mammary glands produced more than 2 times the amount of superoxide at 1 day postinoculation (dpi) than at 0 dpi in the presence of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). PMN cultured with S-PBMC sup for 24 h also produced significantly (P < 0.05) larger amounts of superoxide than those cultured with N-PBMC sup in the presence of PMA. Moreover, S-PBMC sup induced the long-time survival of PMN. These results indicate that SEC induces the activation of PMN via the stimulation of mononuclear cells.
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20
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Sengupta S, Wasylyk B. Physiological and pathological consequences of the interactions of the p53 tumor suppressor with the glucocorticoid, androgen, and estrogen receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1024:54-71. [PMID: 15265773 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1321.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor plays a key role in protection from the effects of different physiological stresses (DNA damage, hypoxia, transcriptional defects, etc.), and loss of its activity has dire consequences, such as cancer. Its activity is finely tuned through interactions with other important regulatory circuits in the cell. Recently, striking evidence has emerged for crosstalk with another class of important regulators, the steroid hormone receptors, and in particular the glucocorticoid (GR), androgen (AR), and estrogen (ER) receptors. These receptors are important in maintaining homeostasis in response to internal and external stresses (GR) and in the development, growth, and maintenance of the male and female reproductive systems (AR and ER, respectively). We review how p53 interacts closely with these receptors, to the extent that they share the same E3 ubiquitin ligase, the MDM2 oncoprotein. We discuss the different physiological contexts in which such interactions occur, and also how these interactions have been undermined in various pathological situations. We will describe future areas for research, with special emphasis on GR, and how certain common features, such as cytoplasmic anchoring of p53 by the receptors, may become targets for the development of therapeutic interventions. Given the importance of GR in inflammation, erythropoiesis, and autoimmune diseases, and the importance of AR and ER in prostate and breast cancer (respectively), the studies on p53 interactions with the steroid receptors will be an important domain in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Sengupta
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Yamasawa H, Oshikawa K, Ohno S, Sugiyama Y. Macrolides inhibit epithelial cell-mediated neutrophil survival by modulating granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor release. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 30:569-75. [PMID: 14551160 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0105oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolides have been shown to be effective in treating diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB), although the precise modes of action remain unclear. At sites of airway inflammation, respiratory epithelium is considered an active participant in regulating neutrophil survival. We therefore examined the effect of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and josamycin on both neutrophil survival and on epithelial-derived factors, which influence neutrophil longevity. Media conditioned with transiently tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-stimulated A549 human airway epithelial cells prolonged neutrophil survival compared with control media. The presence of dexamethasone during neutrophil culture led to further prolongation of neutrophil survival. In contrast, none of the tested macrolides modulated neutrophil survival, suggesting a lack of direct effect of these drugs. On the other hand, pretreatment of TNF-alpha-stimulated A549 cells by erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, or dexamethasone, but not josamycin, decreased the neutrophil survival-enhancing effects in a dose-dependent manner. Neutralizing antibodies to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) dampened the prolonged neutrophil survival observed in TNF-alpha-stimulated A549 conditioned media. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and dexamethasone inhibited TNF-alpha-induced GM-CSF expression in A549 cells at both the protein and messenger RNA levels. These results suggest that macrolides inhibit epithelial cell-mediated neutrophil survival by modulating GM-CSF release, which may, at least in part, explain the effectiveness of this family of drugs on DPB.
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22
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Bureau F, Desmet C, Mélotte D, Jaspar F, Volanti C, Vanderplasschen A, Pastoret PP, Piette J, Lekeux P. A proinflammatory role for the cyclopentenone prostaglandins at low micromolar concentrations: oxidative stress-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation without NF-kappa B inhibition. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5318-25. [PMID: 11994490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.10.5318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An anti-inflammatory role and therapeutic potential for cyclopentenone PGs (cyPGs) has been suggested, based on observations that levels of cyPGs in exudates increase during the resolution phase of inflammation, and that exogenous cyPGs may attenuate the inflammatory response in vivo and in vitro mainly through inhibition of NF-kappaB, a critical activator of inflammatory gene expression. However, exogenous cyPGs inhibit NF-kappaB only at concentrations substantially higher than those of endogenous cyPGs present in inflammatory fluids, thus challenging the hypothesis that cyPGs are naturally occurring inhibitors of inflammation and suggesting that cyPGs at low concentrations might have previously unappreciated effects. In this study, using various cell types, we report that cyPGs, when used at concentrations substantially lower than required for NF-kappaB inhibition (viz, low micromolar concentrations), significantly potentiate the inflammatory response to TNF-alpha. At these concentrations, cyPGs induce production of reactive oxygen species, thereby synergizing with TNF-alpha to activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, an activation which in turn potentiates proinflammatory cytokine expression at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Our study establishes a proinflammatory role for cyPGs at low micromolar concentrations, raises the possibility that cyPGs do not act as physiologic anti-inflammatory mediators, and questions the therapeutic potential of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bureau
- Department of Physiology and Laboratory of Fundamental Virology and Immunology, Molecular and Cellular Therapy Center, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, Bâtiment B42, Sart-Tilman, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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23
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Ogura T, Ueda H, Hosohara K, Tsuji R, Nagata Y, Kashiwamura S, Okamura H. Interleukin-18 stimulates hematopoietic cytokine and growth factor formation and augments circulating granulocytes in mice. Blood 2001; 98:2101-7. [PMID: 11567996 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.7.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because interleukin-18 (IL-18) is similar to IL-1 and is known to be involved in the hematopoietic progenitor cell growth, the effect of IL-18 on circulating cell populations was examined. Repeated administration of IL-18 induced significant amounts of neutrophilia in mice. In parallel, high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were detected in the serum of these mice. Interestingly, the cytokine profiles as well as the cell populations in circulation altered around 2 weeks after the beginning of IL-18 administration. A weak but definite eosinophilia was observed concurrently with the appearance of serum IL-5. Consistent with these observations, IL-18 induced secretion of IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and IL-6 from splenocytes in culture. IL-18 also induced low levels of IL-5 in the splenocyte culture, which was inhibited by IL-12. However, markedly high levels of IL-5 were secreted into the culture medium when splenocytes from IFN-gamma-deficient mice were stimulated by IL-18. CD4(+) T cells strongly responded to IL-18 to secrete IL-5 and GM-CSF. IL-18 stimulated secretion of IL-6 and expression of G-CSF mRNA in splenic adherent cells. Expression of IL-18 receptors was detected in CD4(+) T cells and splenic adherent cells (macrophages). These results show that IL-18 stimulates CD4(+) T cells and macrophages to secrete IL-5, GM-CSF, IL-6, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor in the absence of IL-12, which in turn induces hematopoietic cell proliferation causing neutrophilia and eosinophilia in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogura
- Biochemistry II group, Research Department, Sawai Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan
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24
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Wislez M, Fleury-Feith J, Rabbe N, Moreau J, Cesari D, Milleron B, Mayaud C, Antoine M, Soler P, Cadranel J. Tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor prolong the survival of neutrophils infiltrating bronchoalveolar subtype pulmonary adenocarcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:1423-33. [PMID: 11583970 PMCID: PMC1850503 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the role of the tumor environment in the regulation of apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, the number of which correlates negatively with outcome, in patients with adenocarcinoma of the bronchioloalveolar (BAC) subtype. We examined three different parameters of apoptosis, namely morphological aspect, annexin-V expression, and DNA fragmentation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatants from patients with BAC significantly inhibited the 24-hour spontaneous apoptosis of normal peripheral blood neutrophils in vitro compared to BALF supernatants from control patients (64 +/- 4% versus 90 +/- 2% measured by annexin-V flow cytometry, P = 0.04). The alveolar neutrophil count correlated positively with the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) concentrations in the patient's BALF. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies (Abs) against GM-CSF and G-CSF significantly inhibited BALF anti-apoptotic activity (15 to 40% and 34 to 63% inhibition, respectively), whereas neutralizing Abs against interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had no significant effect. In an attempt to identify the cell origin of anti-apoptotic cytokines, we tested in vitro the effect of BAC cells (A549 cell line and primary culture derived from a patient's BAC tumor) on the apoptosis of peripheral blood neutrophils. Cell-free supernatants from tumor cells did not inhibit neutrophil apoptosis. In contrast, cell-free supernatants from tumor cells previously exposed to conditioned media from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and alveolar macrophages significantly inhibited spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis. This inhibition was partially lifted when conditioned media from mononuclear cells were previously treated with Abs against IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. As in vivo, neutralizing Abs against GM-CSF significantly inhibited the anti-apoptotic activity of cell culture supernatants, and combination with Abs against G-CSF had an additive effect. In vivo, GM-CSF and G-CSF were strongly expressed by tumor cells and moderately or not expressed by the normal epithelium, as assessed by immunohistochemical studies. These findings demonstrate that the tumor environment generates local conditions that prolong alveolar neutrophil survival through the production of soluble factors, thereby contributing to the persistence of the neutrophil alveolitis observed in BAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathalie Rabbe
- Université Paris VI, Unité de formation et de Recherche Saint-Antoine; and the Unité Inserm 408,§
| | | | | | | | | | - Martine Antoine
- Assistance Publique des hopitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Paris; the Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et d’Immunopathologie Pulmonaire,†
| | - Paul Soler
- Université Paris VII, Bichat, Paris, France
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25
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Sengupta S, Wasylyk B. Ligand-dependent interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with p53 enhances their degradation by Hdm2. Genes Dev 2001; 15:2367-80. [PMID: 11562347 PMCID: PMC312780 DOI: 10.1101/gad.202201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the tumor suppressor p53 mediate different stress responses. We have studied the mechanism of their mutual inhibition in normal endothelial cells (HUVEC) in response to hypoxia, a physiological stress, and mitomycin C, which damages DNA. Dexamethasone (Dex) stimulates the degradation of endogenous GR and p53 by the proteasome pathway in HUVEC under hypoxia and mitomycin C treatments, and also in hepatoma cells (HepG2) under normoxia. Dex inhibits the functions of p53 (apoptosis, Bax, and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression) and GR (PEPCK and G-6-Pase expression). Endogenous p53 and GR form a ligand-dependent trimeric complex with Hdm2 in the cytoplasm. Disruption of the p53-HDM2 interaction prevents Dex-induced ubiquitylation of GR and p53. The ubiquitylation of GR requires p53, the interaction of p53 with Hdm2, and E3 ligase activity of Hdm2. These results provide a mechanistic basis for GR and p53 acting as opposing forces in the decision between cell death and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sengupta
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
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26
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Stanford SJ, Pepper JR, Burke-Gaffney A, Mitchell JA. Cytokine-activated human vascular smooth muscle delays apoptosis of neutrophils: relevance of interactions between cyclo-oxygenase-2 and colony-stimulating factors. FASEB J 2001; 15:1813-5. [PMID: 11481239 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0670fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Stanford
- Unit of Critical Care, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Royal Brompton and Harefield N.H.S. Trust, Imperial College School of Medicine, London SW3 6NP, UK
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27
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Stecenko AA, King G, Torii K, Breyer RM, Dworski R, Blackwell TS, Christman JW, Brigham KL. Dysregulated cytokine production in human cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. Inflammation 2001; 25:145-55. [PMID: 11403205 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011080229374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although pulmonary inflammation is an important pathologic event in cystic fibrosis (CF), the relationship between expression of the CF gene and the inflammatory response is unclear. We studied tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and IL-1beta stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-8 by CF, corrected CF, and normal human bronchial epithelial cells in culture. During the first 24 hours of TNFalpha stimulation, CF cells produced significantly more IL-8 than normal or corrected CF cells. In the second 24 hours of TNFalpha stimulation, IL-6 and IL-8 generation ceased in normal and corrected CF cells but accelerated in CF cells, resulting in marked IL-6 and IL-8 accumulation in CF cells. Similar results were found when cells were stimulated with IL-1beta. Finally, when CF cells were grown at 27 degrees C (a culture condition which results in transport of CF transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR, to the cell membrane and normalization of chloride conductance) TNFalpha-stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-8 reverted to normal. We conclude that dysregulation of cytokine generation by CF bronchial epithelial cells is directly related to expression of mutant CFTR and these observations provide a potential mechanism for persistence of airway inflammation in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Stecenko
- Center for Lung Research and Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2650, USA
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28
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Sengupta S, Vonesch JL, Waltzinger C, Zheng H, Wasylyk B. Negative cross-talk between p53 and the glucocorticoid receptor and its role in neuroblastoma cells. EMBO J 2000; 19:6051-64. [PMID: 11080152 PMCID: PMC305812 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.22.6051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) respond to different types of stress. We found that dexamethasone-activated endogenous and exogenous GR inhibit p53-dependent functions, including transactivation, up- (Bax and p21(WAF1/CIP1)) and down- (Bcl2) regulation of endogenous genes, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. GR forms a complex with p53 in vivo, resulting in cytoplasmic sequestration of both p53 and GR. In neuroblastoma (NB) cells, cytoplasmic retention and inactivation of wild-type p53 involves GR. p53 and GR form a complex that is dissociated by GR antagonists, resulting in accumulation of p53 in the nucleus, activation of p53-responsive genes, growth arrest and apoptosis. These results suggest that molecules that efficiently disrupt GR-p53 interactions would have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroblastoma and perhaps other diseases in which p53 is sequestered by GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sengupta
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, BP 163, 67404 Illkirch cedex, France
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29
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Mul FPJ, Zuurbier AEM, Janssen H, Calafat J, van Wetering S, Hiemstra PS, Roos D, Hordijk PL. Sequential migration of neutrophils across monolayers of endothelial and epithelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.68.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik P. J. Mul
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Blood Transfusion Service and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid E. M. Zuurbier
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Blood Transfusion Service and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Jero Calafat
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Sandra van Wetering
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Blood Transfusion Service and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter L. Hordijk
- Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Blood Transfusion Service and Laboratory for Experimental and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Asensi V, Valle E, Meana A, Fierer J, Celada A, Alvarez V, Paz J, Coto E, Carton JA, Maradona JA, Dieguez A, Sarasúa J, Ocaña MG, Arribas JM. Use of car headlamps. BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1979; 72:3823-8. [PMID: 15213123 PMCID: PMC427428 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.7.3823-3828.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils are critical for resolution of bacterial infections. In tissues, most of the neutrophils quickly die through apoptosis. Using propidium iodide DNA staining and DNA gel electrophoresis, we found that spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils from patients suffering osteomyelitis (n = 52) was significantly decreased in relation to control neutrophils (n = 20) (40.2% +/- 25.2% versus 54.5% +/- 23.5%; P < 0.03). Incubation of neutrophils from normal volunteers with sera from patients with osteomyelitis reduced apoptosis from 79.1% +/- 14.8% in control sera to 62.2% +/- 18.7% in osteomyelitis sera. A significant increase of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-1alpha was found in osteomyelitis (IL-6, 8.8 +/- 11.9 pg/ml versus 1.8 +/- 1.2 pg/ml in controls [P < 0.004]; IL-1alpha, 3.8 +/- 6.4 pg/ml versus 1.0 +/- 2.2 pg/ml in controls [P < 0.02]). No differences in the levels of other cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, were found. There was an inverse correlation between IL-6 levels and neutrophil apoptosis (r = -0.855; P < 0.007), but this was not the case for other cytokines. The antiapoptotic effect of the osteomyelitis sera was reversed with anti-IL-6 antibodies (P < 0.03) and was reproduced with recombinant human IL-6 (P < 0.001). The longer life span of neutrophils in osteomyelitis induced by IL-6 could contribute to the tissue damage that occurs in these chronic bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Asensi
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo University Medical School, C/Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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