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Li J, Ge R, Lin K, Wang J, He Y, Lu H, Dong H. Advances in the Application of Microneedles in the Treatment of Local Organ Diseases. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306222. [PMID: 37786290 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microneedles (MNs) have attracted a lot of attention due to their microscale sizes and high surface area (500-1000 µm in length), allowing pain-free and efficient drug delivery through the skin. In addition to the great success of MNs based transdermal drug delivery, especially for skin diseases, increasing studies have indicated the expansion of MNs to diverse nontransdermal applications, including the delivery of therapeutics for hair loss, ocular diseases, and oral mucosal. Here, the current treatment of hair loss, eye diseases, and oral disease is discussed and an overview of recent advances in the application of MNs is provided for these three noncutaneous localized organ diseases. Particular emphasis is laid on the future trend of MNs technology development and future challenges of expanding the generalizability of MNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Li
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Rujiao Ge
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kai Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Junren Wang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Huiting Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Nano-Biosensing Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Guangdong, 518060, China
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Binkhathlan Z, Ali R, Alomrani AH, Abul Kalam M, Alshamsan A, Lavasanifar A. Role of Polymeric Micelles in Ocular Drug Delivery: An Overview of Decades of Research. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5359-5382. [PMID: 37769017 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Local drug delivery to the eye through conventional means has faced many challenges due to three essential barriers: (a) the complex structure of the cornea limiting drug absorption, (b) the capacity of ocular absorptive cells in drug metabolism, and (c) the washing effect of eye tears. Polymeric micelles (PMs) have been the focus of much interest for ocular drug delivery due to several advantages they provide for this application, including the capacity for the solubilization of hydrophobic drugs, nonirritability, nanoscopic diameter, and the clarity of their aqueous solution not interfering with vision. The potential to increase the release and residence time of incorporated medication at the site of absorption is also a bonus advantage for these delivery systems. This Review covers research conducted on single or mixed micelles prepared from small amphiphilic molecules, copolymers (diblock, triblock, and graft), and gel systems containing micelles. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the status of micellar ocular delivery systems for different indications, with a focus on preclinical and clinical drug development. In this context, we are discussing the anatomy of the eye, various ocular barriers, different micellar formulations, and their benefits in ocular drug delivery, as well as the role of PMs in the management of ocular diseases both in preclinical models and in clinic. The encouraging preclinical effectiveness findings from experiments conducted in both laboratory settings and live animals have paved the way for the advancement of micellar systems in clinical trials for ocular administration and the first nanomicallar formulation approved for clinical use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (marketed as Cequa by Sun Pharmaceuticals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyad Binkhathlan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raisuddin Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah H Alomrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afsaneh Lavasanifar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
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Mehr JA, Hatami-Marbini H. Finite Deformation of Scleral Tissue under Electrical Stimulation: An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Finite Element Method. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:920. [PMID: 37627805 PMCID: PMC10451613 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The sclera is considered as the principal load-bearing tissue within the eye. The sclera is negatively charged; thus, it exhibits mechanical response to electrical stimulation. We recently demonstrated the electroactive behavior of sclera by performing experimental measurements that captured the deformation of the tip of scleral strips subjected to electric voltage. We also numerically analyzed the electromechanical response of the tissue using a chemo-electro-mechanical model. In the pre-sent study, we extended our previous work by experimentally characterizing the deformation profile of scleral strips along their length under electrical stimulation. In addition, we improved our previous mathematical model such that it could numerically capture the large deformation of samples. For this purpose, we considered the transient variability of the fixed charge density and the coupling between mechanical and chemo-electrical phenomena. These improvements in-creased the accuracy of the computational model, resulting in a better numerical representation of experimentally measured bending angles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamed Hatami-Marbini
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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Tsui MC, Liu HY, Chu HS, Chen WL, Hu FR, Kao WWY, Wang IJ. The versatile roles of lumican in eye diseases: A review. Ocul Surf 2023; 29:388-397. [PMID: 37327869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lumican is a keratan sulfate proteoglycan that belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family. Research has lifted the veil on the versatile roles of lumican in the pathogenesis of eye diseases. Lumican has pivotal roles in the maintenance of physiological tissue homogenesis and is often upregulated in pathological conditions, e.g., fibrosis, scar tissue formation in injured tissues, persistent inflammatory responses and immune anomaly, etc. Herein, we will review literature regarding the role of lumican in pathogenesis of inherited congenital and acquired eye diseases, e.g., cornea dystrophy, cataract, glaucoma and chorioretinal diseases, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Tsui
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sang Chu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Advanced Ocular Surface and Corneal Nerve Regeneration Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Rong Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - I-Jong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Pandit J, Sultana Y, Aqil M. Chitosan coated nanoparticles for efficient delivery of bevacizumab in the posterior ocular tissues via subconjunctival administration. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 267:118217. [PMID: 34119171 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In several ocular diseases, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level has been found to be unregulated. Bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF drug, is the most commonly used off level drug for diabetic retinopathy (DR). The present study was to evaluate the chitosan-coated poly (lactide-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (CS-PLGA NPs) for sustained and effective delivery of bevacizumab to posterior ocular tissues. The penetration of NP through sclera was studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). For pharmacokinetic study, bevacizumab loaded NPs were administered into the rat eye through subconjunctival injection (SCJ) and pharmacokinetic parameters were compared to drug solution. CLSM and pharmacokinetic study showed better penetration of formulation and higher concentration of bevacizumab in posterior ocular tissues. In retinopathy model, CS-PLGA NPs by SCJ route showed more reduction of VEGF level in retina than the topical and intravitreal administration of formulation. Thus, CS-coated PLGA NPs can be potentially useful as carriers to target retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayamanti Pandit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Yasmin Sultana
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mohd Aqil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, India
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Transcriptomic analysis of the mouse retina after acute and chronic normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16666. [PMID: 34404875 PMCID: PMC8371159 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen delivery to the retinal pigment epithelium and the outer retina is essential for metabolism, function, and survival of photoreceptors. Chronically reduced oxygen supply leads to retinal pathologies in patients and causes age-dependent retinal degeneration in mice. Hypoxia can result from decreased levels of inspired oxygen (normobaric hypoxia) or reduced barometric pressure (hypobaric hypoxia). Since the response of retinal cells to chronic normobaric or hypobaric hypoxia is mostly unknown, we examined the effect of six hypoxic conditions on the retinal transcriptome and photoreceptor morphology. Mice were exposed to short- and long-term normobaric hypoxia at 400 m or hypobaric hypoxia at 3450 m above sea level. Longitudinal studies over 11 weeks in normobaric hypoxia revealed four classes of genes that adapted differentially to the hypoxic condition. Seventeen genes were specifically regulated in hypobaric hypoxia and may affect the structural integrity of the retina, resulting in the shortening of photoreceptor segment length detected in various hypoxic groups. This study shows that retinal cells have the capacity to adapt to long-term hypoxia and that consequences of hypobaric hypoxia differ from those of normobaric hypoxia. Our datasets can be used as references to validate and compare retinal disease models associated with hypoxia.
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Hatami-Marbini H, Pachenari M. Tensile Viscoelastic Properties of the Sclera after Glycosaminoglycan Depletion. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1299-1308. [PMID: 34325593 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1874026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibrillar collagen network and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the primary components of extracellular matrix (ECM) of the sclera. The main goal of this study was to investigate the possible structural roles of GAGs in the scleral tensile properties as a function of preconditioning and displacement rate. METHODS Four-step uniaxial stress-relaxation tests were used for characterizing the viscoelastic tensile response of the posterior porcine sclera with and without enzymatic GAG removal. The scleral strips were divided into different groups based on the displacement rate and the presence or absence of a preconditioning step in the loading protocol. The groups were (1) displacement rate of 0.2 mm/min without preconditioning, (2) displacement rate of 1 mm/min without preconditioning, (3) displacement rate of 0.2 mm/min with preconditioning, and (4) displacement rate of 1 mm/min with preconditioning. The peak stress, equilibrium stress, and the equilibrium elastic modulus were calculated for all specimens and compared against each other. RESULTS Increasing the displacement rate from 0.2 mm/min to 1.0 mm/min was found to cause an insignificant change in the equilibrium stress and equilibrium elastic modulus of porcine scleral strips. Removal of GAGs resulted in an overall stiffer tensile behavior independent of the displacement rate in samples that were not preconditioned (P < .05). The behavior of preconditioned samples with and without GAG removal was not significantly different from each other. CONCLUSIONS The experimental measurements of the present study showed that GAGs play an important role in the mechanical properties of the posterior porcine sclera. Furthermore, using a preconditioning step in the uniaxial testing protocol resulted in not being able to identify any significant difference in the tensile behavior of GAG depleted and normal scleral strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Hatami-Marbini
- Computational Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohammad Pachenari
- Computational Biomechanics Research Laboratory, Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Mutoji KN, Sun M, Elliott G, Moreno IY, Hughes C, Gesteira TF, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Extracellular Matrix Deposition and Remodeling after Corneal Alkali Burn in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5708. [PMID: 34071909 PMCID: PMC8199272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal transparency relies on the precise arrangement and orientation of collagen fibrils, made of mostly Type I and V collagen fibrils and proteoglycans (PGs). PGs are essential for correct collagen fibrillogenesis and maintaining corneal homeostasis. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and PGs after a chemical injury. The chemical composition of chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) were characterized in mouse corneas 5 and 14 days after alkali burn (AB), and compared to uninjured corneas. The expression profile and corneal distribution of CS/DSPGs and keratan sulfate (KS) PGs were also analyzed. We found a significant overall increase in CS after AB, with an increase in sulfated forms of CS and a decrease in lesser sulfated forms of CS. Expression of the CSPGs biglycan and versican was increased after AB, while decorin expression was decreased. We also found an increase in KS expression 14 days after AB, with an increase in lumican and mimecan expression, and a decrease in keratocan expression. No significant changes in HS composition were noted after AB. Taken together, our study reveals significant changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix following a corneal chemical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazadi N. Mutoji
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Mingxia Sun
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Garrett Elliott
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Isabel Y. Moreno
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
| | - Clare Hughes
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK;
| | - Tarsis F. Gesteira
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
- Optimvia, Batavia, OH 45103, USA
| | - Vivien J. Coulson-Thomas
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (K.N.M.); (M.S.); (G.E.); (I.Y.M.); (T.F.G.)
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Nirmal J, Barathi VA, Dickescheid A, Wey YS, Nirmal S, Raja MM, Venkatraman S, Agrawal R. Potential of subconjunctival aflibercept in treating choroidal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108187. [PMID: 32795527 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the intraocular pharmacokinetics and efficacy of aflibercept after subconjunctival injection in animal models for treating choroidal neovascularization (CNV) associated with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). New Zealand albino rabbits received aflibercept (2000 μg/50 μl) in one eye, and the other eye was used as control. At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, the animals were sacrificed to dissect the ocular tissues, and serum was collected at 1hr, 3 h, 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The concentration of aflibercept in various ocular tissues and serum were measured using the immunoassay technique. The concentration maximum (Cmax) at the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE)-choroid complex and retina in treated eyes was 261.55 and 33.83 ng/gm, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC0-last) for RPE-Choroid and retina were 2094.02 and 290.33 days. ng/gm respectively. The time maximum (Tmax) for the ocular tissues was reached on day 7. In the vitreous humour, a lower level of aflibercept was retrieved. The Cmax (1766.84 ng/mL) in the serum was reached on day 1, followed by a decline in the concentration till the end of the study period. In treated eyes, the levels of aflibercept in most of the ocular tissues were maintained for at least 21 days above the invitro IC50 concentration. The results of the efficacy study show that subconjunctival aflibercept could reach the therapeutic target to inhibit CNV. The subconjunctival aflibercept could be a less invasive route for treating CNV with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayabalan Nirmal
- Translational Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad, India; Nanyang Technological University-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, School of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
| | - Veluchamy A Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Andreas Dickescheid
- Nanyang Technological University-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, School of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | | | - Sonali Nirmal
- Nanyang Technological University-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, School of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Miguel Moreno Raja
- Nanyang Technological University-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, School of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Subbu Venkatraman
- Nanyang Technological University-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, School of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- Nanyang Technological University-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, School of Material Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
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Applications of microneedles in delivering drugs for various ocular diseases. Life Sci 2019; 237:116907. [PMID: 31606378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of majority of eye diseases involve the use of eye drops or eye ointments, which have major drawbacks of needing frequent administration, lower bioavailability and inability to cross the various eye barriers. This necessitates the use of novel delivery systems. Microneedles (MNs) as an alternate novel delivery system facilitate drug delivery to various ocular diseases with promising approaches in healthcare. Advances in pharmaceutical technology have made MNs provide localized, effective, less invasive and targeted drug delivery in the eye. The purpose of this review is to provide an insight to efficacious therapeutic applications the MNs can bring in various ocular diseases. Out of which, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, retinal vascular occlusion and retinitis pigmentosa are majorly discussed. Among the various types of MNs; solid coated, hollow and dissolving polymeric MNs are specifically focused for their applications in ocular diseases. In addition, MNs shows improvement in the visual acuity and decreases the progression of the different ocular diseases.
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Abstract
Although the eye is an accessible organ for direct drug application, ocular drug delivery remains a major challenge due to multiple barriers within the eye. Key barriers include static barriers imposed by the cornea, conjunctiva, and retinal pigment epithelium and dynamic barriers including tear turnover and blood and lymphatic clearance mechanisms. Systemic administration by oral and parenteral routes is limited by static blood-tissue barriers that include epithelial and endothelial layers, in addition to rapid vascular clearance mechanisms. Together, the static and dynamic barriers limit the rate and extent of drug delivery to the eye. Thus, there is an ongoing need to identify novel delivery systems and approaches to enhance and sustain ocular drug delivery. This chapter summarizes current and recent experimental approaches for drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, 12850 East Montview Blvd., C238-V20, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a rise in the number of clinical cases of moderate to severe anterior segment ocular diseases. Conventional topical ophthalmic formulations have several limitations - to address which, novel drug-delivery systems are needed. Additionally, formidable physiological barriers limit ocular bioavailability through the topical route of application. During the last decade, various nano-scaled ocular drug-delivery strategies have been reported. Some of these exploratory, topical, noninvasive approaches have shown promise in improving penetration into the anterior segment tissues of the eye. In this article, we review the available literature with respect to the safety, efficiency and effectiveness of these nano systems.
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Depthwise-controlled scleral insertion of microneedles for drug delivery to the back of the eye. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:31-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Yasmin, Maskari RA, McEniery CM, Cleary SE, Li Y, Siew K, Figg NL, Khir AW, Cockcroft JR, Wilkinson IB, O'Shaughnessy KM. The matrix proteins aggrecan and fibulin-1 play a key role in determining aortic stiffness. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8550. [PMID: 29867203 PMCID: PMC5986773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stiffening of the aorta is an important independent risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke. Yet its genetics is complex and little is known about its molecular drivers. We have identified for the first time, tagSNPs in the genes for extracellular matrix proteins, aggrecan and fibulin-1, that modulate stiffness in young healthy adults. We confirmed SNP associations with ex vivo stiffness measurements and expression studies in human donor aortic tissues. Both aggrecan and fibulin-1 were found in the aortic wall, but with marked differences in the distribution and glycosylation of aggrecan reflecting loss of chondroitin-sulphate binding domains. These differences were age-dependent but the striking finding was the acceleration of this process in stiff versus elastic young aortas. These findings suggest that aggrecan and fibulin-1 have critical roles in determining the biomechanics of the aorta and their modification with age could underpin age-related aortic stiffening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Raya Al Maskari
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Carmel M McEniery
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah E Cleary
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ye Li
- Brunel Institute of Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - Keith Siew
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nichola L Figg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashraf W Khir
- Brunel Institute of Bioengineering, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
| | - John R Cockcroft
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M O'Shaughnessy
- Division of Experimental Medicine & Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Pavlatos E, Perez BC, Morris HJ, Chen H, Palko JR, Pan X, Weber PA, Hart RT, Liu J. Three-Dimensional Strains in Human Posterior Sclera Using Ultrasound Speckle Tracking. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:021015. [PMID: 26632258 DOI: 10.1115/1.4032124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) induced strains in the peripapillary sclera may play a role in glaucoma progression. Using inflation testing and ultrasound speckle tracking, the 3D strains in the peripapillary sclera were measured in nine human donor globes. Our results showed that the peripapillary sclera experienced through-thickness compression and meridional stretch during inflation, while minimal circumferential dilation was observed when IOP was increased from 10 to 19 mmHg. The maximum shear was primarily oriented in the through-thickness, meridional cross sections and had a magnitude slightly larger than the first principal strain. The tissue volume had minimal overall change, confirming near-incompressibility of the sclera. Substantial strain heterogeneity was present in the peripapillary region, with local high strain areas likely corresponding to structural heterogeneity caused by traversing blood vessels. These 3D strain characteristics provide new insights into the biomechanical responses of the peripapillary sclera during physiological increases of IOP. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and investigate the role of these biomechanical characteristics in ocular diseases.
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Enlargement of the Axial Length and Altered Ultrastructural Features of the Sclera in a Mutant Lumican Transgenic Mouse Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163165. [PMID: 27711221 PMCID: PMC5053428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumican (LUM) is a candidate gene for myopia in the MYP3 locus. In this study, a mutant lumican (L199P) transgenic mouse model was established to investigate the axial length changes and ultrastructural features of the sclera. The mouse model was established by pronuclear microinjection. Transgenic mice and wild-type B6 mice were killed at eight weeks of age. Gene expression levels of LUM and collagen type I (COL1) in the sclera were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the protein levels were assessed by Western blot analysis. Ocular axial lengths were measured on the enucleated whole eye under a dissecting microscope. Ultrastructural features of collagen fibrils in the sclera were examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lumican and collagen type I were both elevated at the transcriptional and protein levels. The mean axial length of eyes in the transgenic mice was significantly longer than that in the wild-type mice (3,231.0 ± 11.2 μm (transgenic group) vs 3,199.7 ± 11.1 μm (controls), p<0.05 =). Some ultrastructural changes were observed in the sclera of the transgenic mice under TEM, such as evident lamellar disorganizations and abnormal inter-fibril spacing. The average collagen fibril diameter was smaller than that in their wild-type counterparts. These results indicate that the ectopic mutant lumican (L199P) may induce enlargement of axial lengths and abnormal structures and distributions of collagen fibrils in mouse sclera. This transgenic mouse model can be used for the mechanistic study of myopia.
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Thakur Singh RR, Tekko I, McAvoy K, McMillan H, Jones D, Donnelly RF. Minimally invasive microneedles for ocular drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:525-537. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1218460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Raj Thakur Singh
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ismaiel Tekko
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kathryn McAvoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Hannah McMillan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - David Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Reinhard J, Joachim SC, Faissner A. Extracellular matrix remodeling during retinal development. Exp Eye Res 2015; 133:132-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Molokhia SA, Thomas SC, Garff KJ, Mandell KJ, Wirostko BM. Anterior eye segment drug delivery systems: current treatments and future challenges. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29:92-105. [PMID: 23485091 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2012.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
New technologies for delivery of drugs, such as small molecules and biologics, are of growing interest among clinical and pharmaceutical researchers for use in treating anterior segment eye disease. The challenge is to deliver effective drugs at therapeutic concentrations to the targeted ocular tissue with minimal side effects. To achieve this, a better understanding of the unmet needs, what is required of the various methods of delivery to achieve successful delivery, and the potential challenges of anterior segment drug delivery is necessary and the primarily aim of this review. This review covers the various physiological and anatomical barriers that exist for effective delivery to the targeted tissue of the eye, the pathological conditions of the anterior segment, and the unmet needs for treatment of these ocular diseases. Second, it reviews the novel delivery technologies that have the potential to maintain and/or improve the drug's therapeutic index and improving both patient adherence for chronic therapy and potential patient outcomes. This review bridges the pharmaceutical and clinical research/challenges and provides a detailed overview of anterior segment drug delivery accomplishments thus far, for researchers and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Molokhia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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Liao X, Yang XB, Liao M, Lan CJ, Liu LQ. Association between lumican gene -1554 T/C polymorphism and high myopia in Asian population: a meta-analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2013; 6:696-701. [PMID: 24195052 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2013.05.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the association between lumican gene -1554 T/C polymorphism and high myopia susceptibility. METHODS We searched the published literature in the Medline, Embase, and CBM databases from inception to July 2013. A meta-analysis was performed by the programs RevMan 5.1 and Stata 12.0, and the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated in fixed or random effect model based on heterogeneity test among studies. RESLUTS Seven case-control studies with a total of 1 233 cases and 936 controls were included. A statistical significant association with high myopia was observed in the recessive model (TT vs CT+CC: OR=1.92; 95%CI=1.14-3.23) and codominant model (TT vs CT: OR=1.81, 95%CI=1.19-2.75). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis suggested that lumican -1554 T/C polymorphism might be moderately associated with high myopia susceptibility. This conclusion warrants confirmation by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China ; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637007, Sichuan Province, China
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21
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The role of lumican in ocular disease. ISRN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2013; 2013:632302. [PMID: 24558602 PMCID: PMC3914189 DOI: 10.1155/2013/632302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lumican is keratan sulfate proteoglycan of the small leucine rich proteoglycan family. Through studies in animal models lumican has been found to be critical in maintaining corneal clarity. It maintains ordered collagen fibrils which are vital in keeping the cornea transparent. It may also be important in primary open angle glaucoma influencing aqueous outflow. Lumican deficiency in mice results in increased axial length with fibromodulin deficiency and thinner sclerae. There is evidence suggesting that this characteristic may be pertinent in humans and lumican gene polymorphisms could be related to high myopia. Lumican plays a fundamental role in inflammation and wound healing. It localises macrophages to the site of corneal injury and recruits neutrophils in lipopolysaccharide-induced keratitis in mice. It has also been shown to bind lipopolysaccharide which may be critical in inflammatory diseases such as uveitis. Lumican is also important in wound healing revealing decreased synthesis in scar tissue and mediating Fas-Fas ligand interactions. It is present in human placenta and amniotic membrane suggesting that it may ensure viable amniotic membrane grafts. Lumican may also be involved in the formation of posterior capsular opacification following cataract surgery. Research into the pivotal role of lumican in the pathogenesis of ocular disease has resulted in greater understanding of the key role which proteoglycans play in human disease.
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Wakefield D, Di Girolamo N, Thurau S, Wildner G, McCluskey P. Scleritis: Immunopathogenesis and molecular basis for therapy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 35:44-62. [PMID: 23454614 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scleritis is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation of the sclera, which may be due to local or systemic infections or immune mediated diseases. Numerous studies over the last decade have lead to significant progress in understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of this severe and potentially blinding disease. Immunological investigations of non-infectious scleritis and associated diseases have indicated that scleritis is an autoimmune disease and studies on the nature of the local inflammatory response have revealed the prominent role of T and B cells and cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, which in turn has resulted in clinical trials showing the effectiveness of local steroid treatment, anti-TNF and anti-B cell therapy. The widespread use of imaging has led to the realization that posterior scleritis is more common than previously recognized and testing for ANCA antibodies has revealed the prominent role of immune mechanisms in a subset of patients with scleritis and associated systemic vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Wakefield
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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23
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Chen S, Birk DE. The regulatory roles of small leucine-rich proteoglycans in extracellular matrix assembly. FEBS J 2013; 280:2120-37. [PMID: 23331954 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) are involved in a variety of biological and pathological processes. This review focuses on their regulatory roles in matrix assembly. SLRPs have protein cores and hypervariable glycosylation with multivalent binding abilities. During development, differential interactions of SLRPs with other molecules result in tissue-specific spatial and temporal distributions. The changing expression patterns play a critical role in the regulation of tissue-specific matrix assembly and therefore tissue function. SLRPs play significant structural roles within extracellular matrices. In addition, they play regulatory roles in collagen fibril growth, fibril organization and extracellular matrix assembly. Moreover, they are involved in mediating cell-matrix interactions. Abnormal SLRP expression and/or structures result in dysfunctional extracellular matrices and pathophysiology. Altered expression of SLRPs has been found in many disease models, and structural deficiency also causes altered matrix assembly. SLRPs regulate assembly of the extracellular matrix, which defines the microenvironment, modulating both the extracellular matrix and cellular functions, with an impact on tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Chen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612-4799, USA
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24
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Bouhenni R, Hart M, Al-Jastaneiah S, AlKatan H, Edward DP. Immunohistochemical expression and distribution of proteoglycans and collagens in sclerocornea. Int Ophthalmol 2013; 33:691-700. [PMID: 23325424 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-012-9710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To immunolocalize corneal keratan sulfate (KS) and its core protein lumican, aggrecan, type I and type III collagens in sclerocornea specimens and compare their expression and distribution to age-matched healthy corneas and scleras. Sclerocornea specimens (n = 3) and age-matched normal corneoscleral rim specimens (n = 3) were studied by light microscopy and histochemically. KS, lumican, aggrecan, type I and type III collagens were immunolocalized in the specimens using indirect immunofluorescence. The fluorescence intensity in each specimen was scored from 0 to 4, with 0 representing no fluorescence and 4 representing intense fluorescence. The sclerocornea specimens showed histologic features typical of sclerocornea. KS and lumican immunolabeling in the corneal stroma in sclerocornea was decreased, whereas aggrecan immunolabeling was increased compared to that seen in normal cornea and normal sclera. KS and lumican staining was more intense in the posterior part of sclerocornea specimens, whereas aggrecan staining was distributed throughout the stroma. The staining intensity and distribution of type I collagen in sclerocornea was similar to that seen in normal cornea. Type III collagen was faint to absent in both normal cornea and sclerocornea but strong labeling was noted in normal sclera. The immunophenotype of sclerocornea is similar to that of normal cornea but with reduced labeling intensity of KS and lumican and increased labeling intensity of aggrecan. This change could potentially contribute to the abnormal fibril assembly in sclerocornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Bouhenni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Summa Health System, Akron, OH, USA
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25
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Cholkar K, Patel A, Vadlapudi AD, Mitra AK. Novel Nanomicellar Formulation Approaches for Anterior and Posterior Segment Ocular Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 2:82-95. [PMID: 25400717 DOI: 10.2174/1877912311202020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the most challenging areas of pharmaceutical research is ocular drug delivery. The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye impedes drug permeation to deeper ocular tissues. Nanosized carrier systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, suspensions, dendrimers, and nanomicelles are being explored for ocular drug delivery. In this review, we have focused on application of emerging nanomicellar carrier systems in ocular drug delivery. Nanomicelles are nanosized vesicular carriers formed from amphiphilic monomer units. Surfactant and polymeric micellar nanocarriers provide an amenable means to improve drug solubilization, develop clear aqueous formulations and deliver drugs to anterior and posterior ocular tissues. Nanomicelles due to their amphiphilic nature encapsulate hydrophobic drugs and aid in drug delivery. Various methods are employed to develop nanosized micellar formulations depending upon the physicochemical properties of the drug. Nanomicellar carriers appear to be promising vehicles with potential applications in ocular drug delivery. In this review, we attempted to discuss about the progress in ocular drug delivery research using nanomicelles as carriers from the published literature and issued patents. Also, with regards to ocular static and dynamic barriers which prevent drug permeation, a brief discussion about nanomicelles, types of nanomicelles, their methods of preparation and micellar strategy to overcome ocular barriers, delivering therapeutic levels of drugs to anterior and posterior ocular tissues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Cholkar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Science Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashaben Patel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Science Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Aswani Dutt Vadlapudi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Science Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Ashim K Mitra
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, 5258 Health Science Building, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 2464 Charlotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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Pickrell A, Harris A, Ngo S, Amireskandari A, Stewart E, Siesky B. Delivery of intraocular triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of macular edema. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:230-42. [PMID: 24300190 PMCID: PMC3834899 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Macular edema (ME) is one of the eventual outcomes of various intraocular and systemic pathologies. The pathogenesis for ME is not yet entirely understood; however, some of the common risk factors for its development have been identified. While this investigation will not discuss the numerous etiologies of ME in detail, it appraises the two most widely studied delivery modalities of intraocular corticosteroids in the treatment of ME—intravitreal injection (IVI) and sub-Tenon’s infusion (STI). A thorough review of the medical literature was conducted to identify the efficacy and safety of IVI and STI, specifically for the administration of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), in the setting of ME in an attempt to elucidate a preferred steroid delivery modality for treatment of ME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Pickrell
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1160 W. Michigan Street, Room 205Q, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Chang PC, Chen Y, Lai MT, Chang HY, Huang CM, Liu HP, Lin WY, Lai CH, Sheu JJC, Tsai FJ. Association analysis of polymorphisms in lumican gene and systemic lupus erythematosus in a Taiwan Chinese Han population. J Rheumatol 2011; 38:2376-81. [PMID: 21885486 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.101310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lumican (LUM) is predominantly localized in areas of pathological fibrosis. To determine whether polymorphisms in LUM gene are associated with development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we analyzed 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of LUM in a Taiwan Chinese Han population. METHODS Participants included 168 patients with SLE and 192 age-matched controls in whom examinations had excluded SLE. Genotyping of -628 A/-(rs17018757) and c.1567 T/C polymorphisms in LUM were carried out in each patient and control using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism method, and validated by Taqman SNP genotyping assay. Data were correlated with the development of SLE and various clinical symptoms by chi-square analysis. RESULTS Frequencies of C/C genotype and the C allele at c.1567 T/C were significantly higher in patients than controls. Polymorphism at c.1567 C/T was found to be associated with arthritis and photosensitivity in patients with SLE, which are both connective tissue-related symptoms. CONCLUSION The c.1567 T/C polymorphism of LUM is related to the development and clinical symptoms of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics, and Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Fullwood NJ, Martin FL, Bentley AJ, Lee JP, Lee SJ. Imaging sclera with hard X-ray microscopy. Micron 2011; 42:506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Beattie JR, Pawlak AM, McGarvey JJ, Stitt AW. Sclera as a surrogate marker for determining AGE-modifications in Bruch's membrane using a Raman spectroscopy-based index of aging. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:1593-8. [PMID: 21398274 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Raman spectroscopy is an effective probe of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in Bruch's membrane. However, because it is the outermost layer of the retina, this extracellular matrix is difficult to analyze in vivo with current technology. The sclera shares many compositional characteristics with Bruch's membrane, but it is much easier to access for in vivo Raman analysis. This study investigated whether sclera could act as a surrogate tissue for Raman-based investigation of pathogenic AGEs in Bruch's membrane. METHODS Human sclera and Bruch's membrane were dissected from postmortem eyes (n = 67) across a wide age range (33-92 years) and were probed by Raman spectroscopy. The biochemical composition, AGEs, and their age-related trends were determined from data reduction of the Raman spectra and compared for the two tissues. RESULTS Raman microscopy demonstrated that Bruch's membrane and sclera are composed of a similar range of biomolecules but with distinct relative quantities, such as in the heme/collagen and the elastin/collagen ratios. Both tissues accumulated AGEs, and these correlated with chronological age (R(2) = 0.824 and R(2) = 0.717 for sclera and Bruch's membrane, respectively). The sclera accumulated AGE adducts at a lower rate than Bruch's membrane, and the models of overall age-related changes exhibited a lower rate (one-fourth that of Bruch's membrane) but a significant increase with age (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the sclera is a viable surrogate marker for estimating AGE accumulation in Bruch's membrane and for reliably predicting chronological age. These findings also suggest that sclera could be a useful target tissue for future patient-based, Raman spectroscopy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Renwick Beattie
- Centre for Vision and Vascular Science, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Kiga N, Tojyo I, Matsumoto T, Hiraishi Y, Shinohara Y, Fujita S. Expression of lumican in the articular disc of the human temporomandibular joint. Eur J Histochem 2010; 54:e34. [PMID: 20819773 PMCID: PMC3167310 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2010.e34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumican belongs to the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan (SLRP) gene family and has been reported to exist in the cornea, intervertebral disc and tendon. Lumican plays a significant role in the assembly and regulation of collagen fibres. The human temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is made up of fibrocartilage with an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of collagen and proteoglycans. The existence and behaviour of lumican have not been studied in the human TMJ disc. Therefore, we used immunohistochemical methods to detect lumican, CD34 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and histochemical staining with toluidine blue in 13 human TMJ specimens (10 surgically removed and 3 obtained from autopsy). In both normal and deformed discs we observed staining with toluidine blue. We found that the area of metachromasia inside the deformed disc was uneven and expression of lumican was strong in the areas negative for metachromasia. Staining of VEGF and CD34 inside the deformed disc was seen. We confirmed the expression of lumican in the human TMJ disc and showed that a large number of fibroblast-like cells existed in the area of strong lumican expression. These new findings about the behaviour of lumican suggest that it may play a key role in the generation of a new collagen network by fibroblast-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kiga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Japan.
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Lin HJ, Wan L, Tsai Y, Chen WC, Tsai SW, Tsai FJ. The association between lumican gene polymorphisms and high myopia. Eye (Lond) 2009; 24:1093-101. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Alyahya GA. Melanoma associated spongiform scleropathy: characterization, biochemical and immunohistochemical studies. Acta Ophthalmol 2008; 86 Thesis 3:1-21. [PMID: 18826517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2008.1436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Melanoma associated spongiform scleropathy (MASS) is a non-inflammatory scleral change with a spongiotic morphology seen in association with uveal melanoma. MASS is seen as whitish spindle shaped areas within the sclera that is adjacent to and in contact with a choroidal or ciliary body melanoma. This change can be seen as small scattered lesions in the inner scleral layers or as extensive areas along the whole extent of contact between the tumour and the sclera and involves most of the scleral thickness. MASS changes of different grades of severity were seen in 38% of 363 melanoma eyes investigated. The presence of MASS showed a statistical correlation with age. A significant high incidence of MASS was found in old age groups. This might due to the fact that MASS needs a longer period of contact between the tumour and the sclera to develop. It is also possible that age-related changes of the extracellular matrix might alter its response to melanoma produced factors leading to the development of MASS. The development of MASS and its severity are influenced by the extent of contact between the tumour and the sclera. This is supported by the significant statistical relation between the largest basal diameter of the tumours and the severity of MASS. Statistical correlation was found between MASS and scleral and extrascleral tumour extension. More than 90% of 82 specimens that showed tumour extension were associated with MASS. A biochemical analysis of scleral samples taken from areas with severe MASS showed a significant reduction of the main amino acids of collagen type I, which is the main scleral collagen. The amounts of total scleral proteins were significantly reduced. This scleral protein reduction is associated with an increase in glycosaminoglycans. These findings indicate a collagen degradation process. Immunohistochemical studies were performed to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In situ hybridization showed a significantly more frequent and more intense expression of MMP-2 by scleral fibroblasts in areas with MASS compared with areas without MASS. This was also seen by immunohistochemical staining. Similar high frequency and intense expression of MMP-2 were seen in tumour infiltrating macrophages. The results of biochemical and immunohistochemical studies indicate a collagen degradation process. This degradation may be the result of the proteolytic enzyme MMP-2 expressed by scleral fibroblasts under the effect of tumour humeral factors and/or tumour infiltrating macrophages. This scleral degradation results in fragmentation of the scleral collagen fibrils. This along with the accumulation of water in the sclera, as a result of the increase in the production of glycosaminoglycans, results in increase of scleral thickness in MASS areas and forms the histopathological picture of MASS. The scleral degradation may facilitate tumour invasion and may explain the statistical relation between MASS and scleral tumour invasion. MASS was found in a few of the eyes that had received pre-enucleation radiation. The possible explanation is that radiation might cause destruction of scleral fibroblasts reducing their ability to produce MMP-2, thus decreasing the development of MASS. No relation between MASS and survival was found. This is probably explained by the fact that the main cause of death due to uveal melanoma is distant metastasis. MASS changes are found to be associated with local tumour invasion but not statistically correlated to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Ayish Alyahya
- Eye Pathology section, Institute of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen
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Hsiang HW, Ohno-Matsui K, Shimada N, Hayashi K, Moriyama M, Yoshida T, Tokoro T, Mochizuki M. Clinical characteristics of posterior staphyloma in eyes with pathologic myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146:102-110. [PMID: 18455142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the morphologic features (grade and type) of posterior staphylomas and to analyze the relationship between the morphologic features and the incidence of myopic macular lesions. DESIGN Observational case series. METHODS Two hundred and nine eyes of 108 consecutive patients with high myopia were studied. The grade of staphylomas was determined from B-scan ultrasonographic images across the optic disk. The type of staphyloma was determined by binocular funduscopy and was classified according to the criteria of Curtin. The participants were divided into two groups: younger than 50 years and 50 years and older. The long-term morphologic progression of staphylomas was analyzed in nine patients who were followed up for more than 20 years. RESULTS Ninety percent of 209 eyes had a staphyloma. The prevalence of staphylomas and more advanced grades of staphylomas (> grade 2) were significantly higher in the older than in the younger patients. The higher grades of staphylomas were associated with more severe myopic retinal degeneration. Type II staphyloma was the most prominent overall; however, in older subjects, the incidence of type II was decreased significantly, and that of type IX was increased significantly. The eyes with type IX staphyloma tended to have more severe myopic retinal degeneration than eyes with type II staphylomas. The long-term follow-up study demonstrated a progression from type II to type IX with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the morphologic features of staphylomas worsens as the patient ages. The progression from type II to type IX probably increases the mechanical tension on the macular area of highly myopic eyes, which then leads to myopic fundus lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Wei Hsiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim SH, Lutz RJ, Wang NS, Robinson MR. Transport barriers in transscleral drug delivery for retinal diseases. Ophthalmic Res 2007; 39:244-54. [PMID: 17851264 DOI: 10.1159/000108117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transscleral delivery has emerged as an attractive method for treating retinal disorders because it offers localized delivery of drugs as a less invasive method compared to intravitreal administration. Numerous novel transscleral drug delivery systems ranging from microparticles to implants have been reported. However, transscleral delivery is currently not as clinically effective as intravitreal delivery in the treatment of retinal diseases. Transscleral drug delivery systems require drugs to permeate through several layers of ocular tissue (sclera, Bruch's membrane-choroid, retinal pigment epithelium) to reach the neuroretina. As a result, a steep drug concentration gradient from the sclera to the retina is established, and very low concentrations of drug are detected in the retina. This steep gradient is created by the barriers to transport that hinder drug molecules from successfully reaching the retina. A review of the literature reveals 3 types of barriers hindering transscleral drug delivery: static, dynamic and metabolic. While static barriers have been examined in detail, the literature on dynamic and metabolic barriers is lacking. These barriers must be investigated further to gain a more complete understanding of the transport barriers involved in transscleral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20892-5766, USA.
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Majava M, Bishop PN, Hägg P, Scott PG, Rice A, Inglehearn C, Hammond CJ, Spector TD, Ala-Kokko L, Männikkö M. Novel mutations in the small leucine-rich repeat protein/proteoglycan (SLRP) genes in high myopia. Hum Mutat 2007; 28:336-44. [PMID: 17117407 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The importance of the genetic component in high myopia has been well established in population and family studies, but only a few candidate genes have been explored to date. The extracellular matrix small leucine-rich repeat proteins/proteoglycans (SLRPs) regulate collagen fibril diameter and spacing. Given their role in extracellular matrix assembly and expression in the eye, they are likely to regulate its shape and size. Analysis of 85 English and 40 Finnish subjects with high myopia (refractive error of -6 diopters [D] or greater) resulted in 23 sequence variations in four SLRP genes, LUM, FMOD, PRELP, and OPTC. We observed higher number of variations in OPTC in English patients than in controls (p=0.042), and a possibly protective variation in LUM (c.893-105G>A) with p-value of 0.0043. Two intronic variations, six nonsynonymous and one synonymous amino acid changes, were not found in any of the nonmyopic controls. Five changes were detected in opticin, Thr177Arg, Arg229His, Arg325Trp, Gly329Ser, and Arg330His, and all but one (Arg229His) were shown to cosegregate with high myopia in families with incomplete penetrance. A homology model for opticin revealed that Arg229His and Arg325Trp are likely to disrupt the protein structure, and PolyPhen analysis suggested that Thr177Arg, Arg325Trp, and Gly329Ser changes may be damaging. A Leu199Pro change in lumican and Gly147Asp and Arg324Thr variations in fibromodulin are located in the highly conserved leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains. This study provides new insight into the genetics of high myopia, suggesting that sequence variations in the SLRP genes expressed in the eye may be among the genetic risk factors underlying the pathogenesis of high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Majava
- Collagen Research Unit, Biocenter and Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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