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Sharma M, Pal P, Gupta SK. Microglial mediators in autoimmune Uveitis: Bridging neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112309. [PMID: 38810304 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis, a severe inflammatory condition of the eye, poses significant challenges due to its complex pathophysiology and the critical balance between protective and detrimental immune responses. Central to this balance are microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, whose roles in autoimmune uveitis are multifaceted and dynamic. This review article delves into the dual nature of microglial functions, oscillating between neuroprotective and neurotoxic outcomes in the context of autoimmune uveitis. Initially, we explore the fundamental aspects of microglia, including their activation states and basic functions, setting the stage for a deeper understanding of their involvement in autoimmune uveitis. The review then navigates through the intricate mechanisms by which microglia contribute to disease onset and progression, highlighting both their protective actions in immune regulation and tissue repair, and their shift towards a pro-inflammatory, neurotoxic profile. Special emphasis is placed on the detailed pathways and cellular interactions underpinning these dual roles. Additionally, the review examines the potential of microglial markers as diagnostic and prognostic indicators, offering insights into their clinical relevance. The article culminates in discussing future research directions, and the ongoing challenges in translating these findings into effective clinical applications. By providing a comprehensive overview of microglial mechanisms in autoimmune uveitis, this review underscores the critical balance of microglial activities and its implications for disease management and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pankaj Pal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sukesh Kumar Gupta
- KIET School of Pharmacy, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences (OVAS), School of Medicine, Wayne State University, USA.
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2
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Tao Q, Wu L, An J, Liu Z, Zhang K, Zhou L, Zhang X. Proteomic analysis of human aqueous humor from fuchs uveitis syndrome. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109752. [PMID: 38123010 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Fuchs uveitis syndrome (FUS) is a commonly misdiagnosed uveitis syndrome often presenting as an asymptomatic mild inflammatory condition until complications arise. The diagnosis of this disease remains clinical because of the lack of specific laboratory tests. The aqueous humor (AH) is a complex fluid containing nutrients and metabolic wastes from the eye. Changes in the AH protein provide important information for diagnosing intraocular diseases. This study aimed to analyze the proteomic profile of AH in individuals diagnosed with FUS and to identify potential biomarkers of the disease. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic methods to evaluate the AH protein profiles of all 37 samples, comprising 15 patients with FUS, six patients with Posner-Schlossman syndrome (PSS), and 16 patients with age-related cataract. A total of 538 proteins were identified from a comprehensive spectral library of 634 proteins. Subsequent differential expression analysis, enrichment analysis, and construction of key sub-networks revealed that the inflammatory response, complement activation and hypoxia might be crucial in mediating the process of FUS. The hypoxia inducible factor-1 may serve as a key regulator and therapeutic target. Additionally, the innate and adaptive immune responses are considered dominant in the patients with FUS. A diagnostic model was constructed using machine-learning algorithm to classify FUS, PSS, and normal controls. Two proteins, complement C1q subcomponent subunit B and secretogranin-1, were found to have the highest scores by the Extreme Gradient Boosting, suggesting their potential utility as a biomarker panel. Furthermore, these two proteins as biomarkers were validated in a cohort of 18 patients using high resolution multiple reaction monitoring assays. Therefore, this study contributes to advancing of the current knowledge of FUS pathogenesis and promotes the development of effective diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqin Tao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingzi Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China; Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinying An
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Kai Zhang
- The Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School of Optometry, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Zhang Y, Han R, Xu S, Chen J, Zhong Y. Matrix Metalloproteinases in Glaucoma: An Updated Overview. Semin Ophthalmol 2023; 38:703-712. [PMID: 37224230 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2023.2211149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important regulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and are involved in many stages of cellular growth and development. An imbalance of MMP expression is also the basis of many diseases, including eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, dry eye, corneal ulcer, keratoconus. This paper describes the role of MMPs in the glaucoma and their role in the glaucomatous trabecular meshwork (TM), aqueous outflow channel, retina, and optic nerve (ON). This review also summarizes several treatments for glaucoma that target MMPs imbalance and suggests that MMPs may represent a viable therapeutic target for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjue Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisheng Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated Medical School, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Xu R, Zheng J, Liu L, Zhang W. Effects of inflammation on myopia: evidence and potential mechanisms. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260592. [PMID: 37849748 PMCID: PMC10577208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As the most common type of refractive error, myopia has become one of the leading causes of visual impairment. With the increasing prevalence of myopia, there is a growing need to better understand the factors involved in its development. Inflammation, one of the most fundamental pathophysiological processes in humans, is a rapid response triggered by harmful stimuli and conditions. Although controlled inflammatory responses are necessary, over-activated inflammation is the common soil for many diseases. The impact of inflammation on myopia has received rising attention in recent years. Elevated inflammation may contribute to myopia progression either directly or indirectly by inducing scleral remodeling, and myopia development may also increase ocular inflammation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the interplay between inflammation and myopia and the potential biological mechanisms, which may present new targets for understanding the pathology of myopia and developing myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqiu Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Batsos G, Christodoulou E, Christou EE, Galanis P, Katsanos A, Limberis L, Stefaniotou M. Vitreous inflammatory and angiogenic factors on patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy or diabetic macular edema: the role of Lipocalin2. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:496. [PMID: 36536319 PMCID: PMC9761947 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02733-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantitative analysis of vitreous inflammatory and angiogenic factors from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) or diabetic macular edema (DME). MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of undiluted vitreous samples from 20 diabetic patients: 13 with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and 7 with diabetic macular edema (DME). DME patients had suboptimal response to anti-VEGF treatment. Samples from 11 control patients, with vitreomacular interface pathology such as idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) (n = 4), vitreomacular traction syndrome (VMT) (n = 3) and full thickness macular hole (FTMH) (n = 3), were also collected. The levels of IL1b, IL6, IL8, IL27, TNFα, ICAM-1, VCAM, MCP-1, VEGFA and LCN2 were measured using cytometry flow analysis. Median values were compared with Mann-Whitney test since the distributions were skewed. Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (IBM Corp. Released 2012. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). RESULTS The median concentration of LCN2, IL6, IL8, IL1b, IL27, ICAM, VCAM-1, MCP-1, TNFa and VEGFA was higher in PDR patients than in controls. Similarly, the median concentration of LCN2, IL6, IL8, IL27, ICAM, VCAM-1, TNFa and VEGFA was higher in DME patients than in controls. In particular, median LCN2 concentration in diabetic patients was 5,711 pg/ml (interquartile range [IR] = 2,534), while in controls was 2,586 pg/ml (IR = 2,345). Moreover, median LCN2 was 6,534 pg/ml in the DME group (IR = 6,850) and 4,785 pg/ml in the PDR group (IR = 2,608), (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION Various inflammatory and angiogenic factors are involved in the pathophysiology of PDR and DME. Elevated vitreous levels of LCN2 in PDR and especially in DME patients reveal a potential pathogenic association. More extended studies could verify LCN2 as an alternative therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Batsos
- grid.9594.10000 0001 2108 7481Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni Christodoulou
- grid.9594.10000 0001 2108 7481Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evita Evangelia Christou
- grid.9594.10000 0001 2108 7481Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Petros Galanis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Clinical Epidemiology Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Katsanos
- grid.9594.10000 0001 2108 7481Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Loren Limberis
- grid.255364.30000 0001 2191 0423Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC USA
| | - Maria Stefaniotou
- grid.9594.10000 0001 2108 7481Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Kim MH, Lim SH. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Glaucoma. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101368. [PMID: 36291577 PMCID: PMC9599265 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that decompose extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. MMPs are thought to play important roles in cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration, apoptosis, and host defense. MMPs are distributed in almost all intraocular tissues and are involved in physiological and pathological mechanisms of the eye. MMPs are also associated with glaucoma, a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the eyes. MMP activity affects intraocular pressure control and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, which are the pathological mechanisms of glaucoma. It also affects the risk of glaucoma development based on genetic pleomorphism. In addition, MMPs may affect the treatment outcomes of glaucoma, including the success rate of surgical treatment and side effects on the ocular surface due to glaucoma medications. This review discusses the various relationships between MMP and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Premier Eye Center, Suseong-ro 197, Suseong-Gu, Daegu 42153, Korea
| | - Su-Ho Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Veterans Health Service Medical Center, 60 Wolgok-Ro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 42835, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-630-7572
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Hoffmann ALC, Hauck SM, Deeg CA, Degroote RL. Pre-Activated Granulocytes from an Autoimmune Uveitis Model Show Divergent Pathway Activation Profiles upon IL8 Stimulation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179555. [PMID: 36076947 PMCID: PMC9455241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pathophysiology of autoimmune-mediated uveitis, granulocytes have emerged as possible disease mediators and were shown to be pre-activated in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous disease model. We therefore used granulocytes from ERU horses to identify early molecular mechanisms involved in this dysregulated innate immune response. Primary granulocytes from healthy and ERU horses were stimulated with IL8, and cellular response was analyzed with differential proteomics, which revealed significant differences in protein abundance of 170 proteins in ERU. Subsequent ingenuity pathway analysis identified three activated canonical pathways “PKA signaling”, “PTEN signaling” and “leukocyte extravasation”. Clustered to the leukocyte extravasation pathway, we found the membrane-type GPI-anchored protease MMP25, which was increased in IL8 stimulated ERU granulocytes. These findings point to MMP25 as a possible regulator of granulocyte extravasation in uveitis and a role of this molecule in the impaired integrity of the blood-retina-barrier. In conclusion, our analyses show a clearly divergent reaction profile of pre-activated granulocytes upon IL8 stimulation and provide basic information for further in-depth studies on early granulocyte activation in non-infectious ocular diseases. This may be of interest for the development of new approaches in uveitis diagnostics and therapy. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD013648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L. C. Hoffmann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Roxane L. Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Hack Y, Henriksen MDL, Pihl TH, Nielsen RK, Dwyer AE, Bellone RR. A genetic investigation of equine recurrent uveitis in the Icelandic horse breed. Anim Genet 2022; 53:436-440. [PMID: 35451153 DOI: 10.1111/age.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is an autoimmune disease defined by inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye. The cause of ERU is thought to be complex, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential genetic risk factors for ERU in the Icelandic horse. Fifty-six Icelandic horses (11 affected with ERU and 45 controls) living in Denmark and the USA, eight years or older, were included in the study. A case-control GWAS was performed using the GGP Equine 80K array on the Illumina Infinium HD Beadchip using 40 horses. A mixed linear model analysis identified a single SNP on ECA 11 (BIEC2_141650; NC_009154.3:g.3817009A>G) that reached genome-wide significance (p = 1.79 × 10-7 ). This variant was within an intron of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), a gene previously implicated in ERU. Sanger sequencing identified a single coding variant in this gene; however it was a synonymous mutation (NC_009154.3:g.3858193C>T) and was not perfectly concordant with ERU phenotype (p = 0.68). Further investigation of TIMP2 is warranted. Additional horses and markers are needed to identify other potential loci worthy of further investigation as contributors to ERU risk in Icelandic horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Hack
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michala de Linde Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Tina Holberg Pihl
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Rikke Krarup Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Ann E Dwyer
- Genesee Valley Equine Clinic, LLC, Scottsville, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca R Bellone
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.,Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Degroote RL, Deeg CA. Immunological Insights in Equine Recurrent Uveitis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:609855. [PMID: 33488614 PMCID: PMC7821741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.609855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses worldwide suffer from equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), an organ-specific, immune-mediated disease with painful, remitting-relapsing inflammatory attacks alternating with periods of quiescence, which ultimately leads to blindness. In course of disease, both eyes can eventually be affected and since blind horses pose a threat to themselves and their surroundings, these animals have to be killed. Therefore, this disease is highly relevant for veterinary medicine. Additionally, ERU shows strong clinical and pathological resemblance to autoimmune uveitis in man. The exact cause for the onset of ERU is unclear to date. T cells are believed to be the main effector cells in this disease, as they overcome the blood retinal barrier to invade the eye, an organ physiologically devoid of peripheral immune cells. These cells cause severe intraocular inflammation, especially in their primary target, the retina. With every inflammatory episode, retinal degeneration increases until eyesight is completely lost. In ERU, T cells show an activated phenotype, with enhanced deformability and migration ability, which is reflected in the composition of their proteome and downstream interaction pathways even in quiescent stage of disease. Besides the dysregulation of adaptive immune cells, emerging evidence suggests that cells of the innate immune system may also directly contribute to ERU pathogenesis. As investigations in both the target organ and the periphery have rapidly evolved in recent years, giving new insights on pathogenesis-associated processes on cellular and molecular level, this review summarizes latest developments in ERU research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane L Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Rieger J, Kaessmeyer S, Al Masri S, Hünigen H, Plendl J. Endothelial cells and angiogenesis in the horse in health and disease-A review. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:656-678. [PMID: 32639627 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is the first functional organ in the embryo, and its blood vessels form a widespread conductive network within the organism. Blood vessels develop de novo, by the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (vasculogenesis) or by angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the horse including studies on equine endothelial cells. Principal study fields in equine angiogenesis research were identified: equine endothelial progenitor cells; equine endothelial cells and angiogenesis (heterogeneity, markers and assessment); endothelial regulatory molecules in equine angiogenesis; angiogenesis research in equine reproduction (ovary, uterus, placenta and conceptus, testis); angiogenesis research in pathological conditions (tumours, ocular pathologies, equine wound healing, musculoskeletal system and laminitis). The review also includes a table that summarizes in vitro studies on equine endothelial cells, either describing the isolation procedure or using previously isolated endothelial cells. A particular challenge of the review was that results published are fragmentary and sometimes even contradictory, raising more questions than they answer. In conclusion, angiogenesis is a major factor in several diseases frequently occurring in horses, but relatively few studies focus on angiogenesis in the horse. The challenge for the future is therefore to continue exploring new therapeutic angiogenesis strategies for horses to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Al Masri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hana Hünigen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Weinreb RN, Robinson MR, Dibas M, Stamer WD. Matrix Metalloproteinases and Glaucoma Treatment. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:208-228. [PMID: 32233938 PMCID: PMC7232675 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) components such as collagen and have important roles in multiple biological processes, including development and tissue remodeling, both in health and disease. The activity of MMPs is influenced by the expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs). In the eye, MMP-mediated ECM turnover in the juxtacanalicular region of the trabecular meshwork (TM) reduces outflow resistance in the conventional outflow pathway and helps maintain intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostasis. An imbalance in the MMP/TIMP ratio may be involved in the elevated IOP often associated with glaucoma. The prostaglandin analog/prostamide (PGA) class of topical ocular hypotensive medications used in glaucoma treatment reduces IOP by increasing outflow through both conventional and unconventional (uveoscleral) outflow pathways. Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies using animal models and anterior segment explant and cell cultures indicates that the mechanism of IOP lowering by PGAs involves increased MMP expression in the TM and ciliary body, leading to tissue remodeling that enhances conventional and unconventional outflow. PGA effects on MMP expression are dependent on the identity and concentration of the PGA. An intracameral sustained-release PGA implant (Bimatoprost SR) in development for glaucoma treatment can reduce IOP for many months after expected intraocular drug bioavailability. We hypothesize that the higher concentrations of bimatoprost achieved in ocular outflow tissues with the implant produce greater MMP upregulation and more extensive, sustained MMP-mediated target tissue remodeling, providing an extended duration of effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N. Weinreb
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center, Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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12
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Lipski DA, Foucart V, Dewispelaere R, Caspers LE, Defrance M, Bruyns C, Willermain F. Retinal endothelial cell phenotypic modifications during experimental autoimmune uveitis: a transcriptomic approach. BMC Ophthalmol 2020; 20:106. [PMID: 32183784 PMCID: PMC7076950 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-020-1333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-retinal barrier cells are known to exhibit a massive phenotypic change during experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) development. In an attempt to investigate the mechanisms of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown at a global level, we studied the gene regulation of total retinal cells and retinal endothelial cells during non-infectious uveitis. METHODS Retinal endothelial cells were isolated by flow cytometry either in Tie2-GFP mice (CD31+ CD45- GFP+ cells), or in wild type C57BL/6 mice (CD31+ CD45- endoglin+ cells). EAU was induced in C57BL/6 mice by adoptive transfer of IRBP1-20-specific T cells. Total retinal cells and retinal endothelial cells from naïve and EAU mice were sorted and their gene expression compared by RNA-Seq. Protein expression of selected genes was validated by immunofluorescence on retinal wholemounts and cryosections and by flow cytometry. RESULTS Retinal endothelial cell sorting in wild type C57BL/6 mice was validated by comparative transcriptome analysis with retinal endothelial cells sorted from Tie2-GFP mice, which express GFP under the control of the endothelial-specific receptor tyrosine kinase promoter Tie2. RNA-Seq analysis of total retinal cells mainly brought to light upregulation of genes involved in antigen presentation and T cell activation during EAU. Specific transcriptome analysis of retinal endothelial cells allowed us to identify 82 genes modulated in retinal endothelial cells during EAU development. Protein expression of 5 of those genes (serpina3n, lcn2, ackr1, lrg1 and lamc3) was validated at the level of inner BRB cells. CONCLUSION Those data not only confirm the involvement of known pathogenic molecules but further provide a list of new candidate genes and pathways possibly implicated in inner BRB breakdown during non-infectious posterior uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Lipski
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Foucart
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Brugmann, 4 Place Van Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rémi Dewispelaere
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laure E. Caspers
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Defrance
- Interuniversity Institute of Bioinformatics in Brussels, Université Libre de Bruxelles - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, La Plaine Campus, BC building, 6th floor, CP 263, Triomflaan, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Bruyns
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Willermain
- Ophthalmology Group, IRIBHM (Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Erasme Campus, Building C, Room C6.117, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Saint-Pierre, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Ophthalmology Department of CHU Brugmann, 4 Place Van Gehuchten, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Ghosh S, Stepicheva N, Yazdankhah M, Shang P, Watson AM, Hose S, Liu H, Weiss J, Zigler JS, Valapala M, Watkins SC, Sinha D. The role of lipocalin-2 in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:835-851. [PMID: 31901947 PMCID: PMC7079812 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalins are a family of secreted adipokines which play important roles in various biological processes. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) has been shown to be involved in acute and chronic inflammation. This particular protein is critical in the pathogenesis of several diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and multiple sclerosis. Herein, we discuss the general molecular basis for the involvement of LCN-2 in acute infections and chronic disease progression and also ascertain the probable role of LCN-2 in ocular diseases, particularly in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We elaborate on the signaling cascades which trigger LCN-2 upregulation in AMD and suggest therapeutic strategies for targeting such pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Nadezda Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Alan M Watson
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Simon C Watkins
- Center for Biologic Imaging and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cell Biology and Developmental Biology, Children's Hospital of University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, One Children's Hospital Drive, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
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14
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Kawali A, Srinivasan S, Mohan A, Bavaharan B, Mahendradas P, Shetty B. Epidemic Retinitis with Macular Edema -Treatment Outcome with and without Steroids. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2020; 29:932-936. [PMID: 31961210 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1704792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To study treatment outcomes with and without oral corticosteroids in epidemic retinitis (ER).Method: A retrospective, observational study of 35 eyes of 29 patients diagnosed as ER. Days taken for resolution of macular edema and retinitis lesions were compared in patients treated with oral antibiotics (Group 1) and with corticosteroids-antibiotics combination (Group 2).Result: Eighteen eyes of 14 patients and 17 eyes of 15 patients formed Groups 1 and 2, respectively. At the presentation, mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 40 and 44 letters and mean central macular thickness was 648 (±243) and 626 (±256) microns in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Macular edema resolved in 30.83 and 31.94 days; retinitis lesions resolved in 36.71 and 41.41 days in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. BCVA improved to 74 and 77 letters in Groups 1 and 2, respectively.Conclusion: ER with macular edema can be well managed without corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Kawali
- Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjay Srinivasan
- Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Ashwin Mohan
- Vitreo Retina, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Bhujang Shetty
- General Ophthalmology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
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15
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Batsos G, Christodoulou E, Vartholomatos G, Galanis P, Stefaniotou M. Vitreous levels of Lipocalin-2 on patients with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227266. [PMID: 31891637 PMCID: PMC6938320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To measure vitreous levels of Lipocalin2 (LCN2) in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and investigate potential association with presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). Materials and methods Collection of undiluted vitreous samples from 24 patients suffering from RRD and 10 control patients undergoing vitrectomy for: vitreomacular traction (VMT) (n = 2), idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) (n = 6) and full thickness macular hole (FTMH) (n = 2). Quantitative analysis of LCN2 has been made with flow cytometry. Lens status, duration of symptoms, quadrants of detachment, as well as level of PVR, were assessed. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, t-test, Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Fisher's exact test. Results Median LCN2 was significantly higher in the RRD group as compared to control (p<0.001). Within the RRD group there was a positive correlation between LCN2 and PVR grade (rs = 0.94, p<0.001). Median LCN2 was 35,759 pg/ml (IR = 55,347) in grade C PVR, 9,387 pg/ml (IR = 3721) in grade B, 4,917 pg/ml (IR = non computable) in grade A and 3,921 pg/ml (2132) in the no PVR group. Median LCN2 was also significantly higher in pseudophakic patients as compared to phakic patients (p = 0.007). LCN2 also correlates with the extend of detachment (≤2 vs >2 quadrants, p<0.001) as well as with duration of symptoms (rs = 0.87, p<0.001). After multivariate linear regression analysis, only PVR was independently related with LCN2 concentration. In particular, increased PVR grading was associated with increased LCN2 concentration (coefficient b = 2.97, 95% confidence interval = 1.89 to 4.67, p<0.001). Conclusion A positive correlation between vitreous levels of LCN2 and PVR grading reveals a potential role in the pathogenesis and progression of PVR. Further studies could elucidate if LCN2 could be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Batsos
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Haematology Laboratory Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Petros Galanis
- Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stefaniotou
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital Of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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16
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Haneda S, Nagaoka K, Nambo Y, Kikuchi M, Nakano Y, Li J, Matsui M, Miyake YI, Imakawa K. Expression of uterine lipocalin 2 and its receptor during early- to mid-pregnancy period in mares. J Reprod Dev 2016; 63:127-133. [PMID: 27980236 PMCID: PMC5401805 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
From previous cDNA subtraction studies analyzing gene expression in equine endometrium, high lipocalin 2 (LCN2) mRNA expression was found in the gravid endometrium. In the uterus, LCN2 may transport hydrophobic
molecules and siderophores with iron, or may form a complex with another protein, however, the expression of uterine LCN2 beyond day 20 of equine pregnancy and its receptor has not been characterized. To study the expression and
potential roles of uterine LCN2 from pre-implantation to mid-gestation period, stage-specific endometrial samples were obtained from day 13 (day 0 = ovulation) cyclic and days 13, 19, 25, and 60 to 131 pregnant mares. Expression
of LCN2 mRNA increased in day 19 gravid endometrium and was abundant from day 60 onward. The expression of LCN2 mRNA was localized to the glandular epithelium. LCN2 protein was detected in day 25
gravid endometrium and luminal fluid, and the protein was localized to the glandular epithelium and luminal cavity, whereas LCN2 receptor expression was found in luminal and glandular epithelium and trophectoderm throughout the
experimental period. The presence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) was also examined because MMP9 is known to form a complex with LCN2. Although MMP9 and LCN2 were both found in luminal fluid from day 25 pregnant uterus, the
complex of these proteins was not detected. Localization of the receptor in the trophectoderm suggests that endometrial LCN2 could play a role in carrying small substances from the mother to fetus in the equine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Haneda
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo 183-0057, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Masato Kikuchi
- Chiba Agricultural Insurance Association, Chiba 260-0031, Japan
| | - Yasuko Nakano
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki 319-0206, Japan
| | - Junyou Li
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki 319-0206, Japan
| | - Motozumi Matsui
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yo-Ichi Miyake
- Department of Applied Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Imakawa
- Animal Resource Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Ibaraki 319-0206, Japan
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17
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Dry eye disease and uveitis: A closer look at immune mechanisms in animal models of two ocular autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 15:1181-1192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Velez G, Roybal CN, Colgan D, Tsang SH, Bassuk AG, Mahajan VB. Precision Medicine: Personalized Proteomics for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Idiopathic Inflammatory Disease. JAMA Ophthalmol 2016; 134:444-8. [PMID: 26848019 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.5934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE To better characterize posterior uveitis, vitreous samples from 15 patients were subjected to antibody arrays, and the expression levels of 200 human cytokines were evaluated. Expression was analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (significance at P < .01), unsupervised cluster algorithm, and pathway analysis. OBSERVATIONS Unbiased clustering of patients, based on their cytokine expression profile, suggested that particular protein networks and molecular pathways are altered in various forms of uveitis. Expression of interleukin 23 (IL-23), IL-1 receptor I (IL-1RI), IL-17R, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), insulinlike growth factor-binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2), nerve growth factor (b-NGF), platelet-derived growth factor receptor β polypeptide (PDGFRb), bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP-4), and stem cell factor (SCF) constituted a common cytokine signature in the vitreous of patients with uveitis. In 1 patient with progressive, idiopathic visual loss, this last-line analysis implicated retinal autoimmunity, a diagnosis that was validated when her serum sample was found to contain antibodies to S-arrestin, a retinal protein and potent cause of autoimmune retinal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The analysis identifies a common cytokine signature for posterior uveitis and guides the diagnosis of a patient with idiopathic uveitis. Personalized treatment reversed the visual loss, illustrating how proteomic tools may individualize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Velez
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City3Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa Carver College of M
| | - C Nathaniel Roybal
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Diana Colgan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Barbara and Donald Jonas Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York5Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of P
| | - Alexander G Bassuk
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City
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19
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Zhou YS, Xu J, Peng J, Li P, Wen XJ, Liu Y, Chen KZ, Liu JQ, Wang Y, Peng QH. Research progress of stem cells on glaucomatous optic nerve injury. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:1226-9. [PMID: 27588279 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.08.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness, is an irreversible optic neuropathy. The mechanism of optic nerve injury caused by glaucoma is undefined at present. There is no effective treatment method for the injury. Stem cells have the capacity of self-renewal and differentiation. These two features have made them become the research focus on improving the injury at present. This paper reviews the application progress on different types of stem cells therapy for optic nerve injury caused by glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Sha Zhou
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the No.1 People's Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ping Li
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Wen
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ke-Zhu Chen
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ophthalmology of Integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qing-Hua Peng
- Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China; Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410007, Hunan Province, China
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20
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De Groef L, Andries L, Lemmens K, Van Hove I, Moons L. Matrix metalloproteinases in the mouse retina: a comparative study of expression patterns and MMP antibodies. BMC Ophthalmol 2015; 15:187. [PMID: 26714639 PMCID: PMC4696081 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-015-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of Zn(2+)-dependent endoproteases, have been shown to act as fine regulators of both health and disease. Limited research revealed that they are essential to maintaining ocular physiology and inordinate MMP activities have been linked to several neurodegenerative disorders of the retina, including age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy and glaucomatous optic neuropathies (GONs). Nevertheless, a clear definition of their pathology-exacerbating and/or -resolving actions is lacking, especially in the context of GONs, as most studies thus far merely focused on expression profiling in human patients. Therefore, in an initial step towards an improved understanding of MMP functions in the retina, we studied the spatial expression pattern of MMP-2, -3, -9 and MT1-MMP in the healthy mouse retina. METHODS The spatial expression pattern of MMP-2, -3, -9 and MT1-MMP was studied in the healthy mouse retina via immunohistochemical stainings, and immunoreactivity profiles were compared to existing literature. Moreover, we considered sensitivity and specificity issues with commercially available MMP antibodies via Western blot. RESULTS Basal expression of MMP-2,-3, -9 and MT1-MMP was found in the retina of healthy, adult mice. MMP-2 expression was seen in Müller glia, predominantly in their end feet, which is in line with available literature. MMP-3 expression was described for the first time in the retina, and was observed in vesicle-like structures along the radial fibers of Müller glia. MMP-9 expression, about which still discords exists, was seen in microglia and in a sparse subset of (apoptosing) RGCs. MT1-MMP localization was for the first time studied in adult mice and was found in RGC axons and Müller glia, mimicking the MT1-MMP expression pattern seen in rabbits and neonatal mice. Moreover, one antibody was selected for each MMP, based on its staining pattern in Western blot. CONCLUSIONS The present MMP immunoreactivity profiles in the mouse retina and validation of MMP antibodies, can be instrumental to study MMP expression in mouse models of ocular pathologies and to compare these expression profiles to observations from clinical studies, which would be a first step in the disentanglement of the exact role MMPs in ocular/retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Groef
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology; KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lien Andries
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology; KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kim Lemmens
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology; KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Inge Van Hove
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology; KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Moons
- Laboratory of Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, Department of Biology; KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 61, Box 2464, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Witkowski L, Cywinska A, Paschalis-Trela K, Crisman M, Kita J. Multiple etiologies of equine recurrent uveitis--A natural model for human autoimmune uveitis: A brief review. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 44:14-20. [PMID: 26851589 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) has various etiologies, with Leptospira infection and genetic predisposition being the leading risk factors. Regardless of etiology, expression of ocular proteins associated with maintenance of the blood-ocular barrier is impaired in ERU. The recurring-remitting cycle of ERU repeatedly disrupts the blood-ocular barrier, allowing the previously immune-privileged ocular environment to become the site of a progressive local autoimmune pathology that ultimately results in tissue destruction and vision loss. The immune-mediated process involves humoral and cellular mechanisms. Intraocular antibodies either produced in the eye or that leak through the blood-ocular barrier, are often present at higher levels than in serum and react with antigens in ocular tissue of horses with ERU. Ocular infiltration of auto-aggressive lymphocytes occurs with each uveitis episode and is the most crucial contributor to inflammation and eye damage. Recurring uveitis episodes may be initiated when epitopes of an ocular antigen become visible to the immune system (intramolecular spreading) or another autoantigen (intermolecular spreading), resulting in a new inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucjan Witkowski
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Cywinska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paschalis-Trela
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mark Crisman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jerzy Kita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Gupta B, Mai K, Lowe SB, Wakefield D, Di Girolamo N, Gaus K, Reece PJ, Gooding JJ. Ultrasensitive and Specific Measurement of Protease Activity Using Functionalized Photonic Crystals. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9946-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bakul Gupta
- School
of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre
of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Kelly Mai
- School
of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart B. Lowe
- School
of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre
of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Denis Wakefield
- School
of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nick Di Girolamo
- School
of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL
Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences
and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Peter J. Reece
- School
of Physics, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- School
of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre
of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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23
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Malalana F, Stylianides A, McGowan C. Equine recurrent uveitis: Human and equine perspectives. Vet J 2015; 206:22-9. [PMID: 26188862 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a spontaneous disease characterised by repeated episodes of intraocular inflammation. The epidemiology of ERU has not been fully elucidated, but the condition appears to be much more common in horses than is recurrent uveitis in humans, especially in certain breeds and geographical regions. Both humans and horses show a similarly altered immune response and a marked autoimmune response as the primary disease pathophysiology. However, an inciting cause is not always clear. Potential inciting factors in horses include microbial agents such as Leptospira spp. Microbial factors and genetic predisposition to the disease may provide clues as to why the horse appears so susceptible to this disease. The aim of this review is to discuss the immunology and genetics of ERU, compare the disease in horses with autoimmune anterior uveitis in humans, and discuss potential reasons for the increased prevalence in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Malalana
- The Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK.
| | - Amira Stylianides
- St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Catherine McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic disease, The University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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Uhl PB, Amann B, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Novel localization of peripherin 2, the photoreceptor-specific retinal degeneration slow protein, in retinal pigment epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:2678-92. [PMID: 25629227 PMCID: PMC4346858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16022678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) builds the outer blood-retinal barrier of the eye. Since one typical feature of the autoimmune disease, equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), is the breakdown of this barrier, we recently performed comparative analysis of healthy and uveitic RPE. We identified for the first time peripherin 2, which is responsible for visual perception and retina development, to be localized in RPE. The purpose of this study was therefore to validate our findings by characterizing the expression patterns of peripherin 2 in RPE and retina. We also investigated whether peripherin 2 expression changes in ERU and if it is expressed by the RPE itself. Via immunohistochemistry, significant downregulation of peripherin 2 in uveitic RPE compared to the control was detectable, but there was no difference in healthy and uveitic retina. A further interesting finding was the clear distinction between peripherin 2 and the phagocytosis marker, rhodopsin, in healthy RPE. In conclusion, changes in the expression pattern of peripherin 2 selectively affect RPE, but not retina, in ERU. Moreover, peripherin 2 is clearly detectable in healthy RPE due to both phagocytosis and the expression by the RPE cells themselves. Our novel findings are very promising for better understanding the molecular mechanisms taking place on RPE in uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia B Uhl
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Barbara Amann
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute for Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Veterinärstraße 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany.
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Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Zhang X, Li X. Therapeutic effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on laser-induced retinal injury in mice. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9372-85. [PMID: 24871366 PMCID: PMC4100100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy has shown encouraging results for neurodegenerative diseases. The retina provides a convenient locus to investigate stem cell functions and distribution in the nervous system. In the current study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by systemic transplantation in a laser-induced retinal injury model. MSCs from C57BL/6 mice labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were injected via the tail vein into mice after laser photocoagulation. We found that the average diameters of laser spots and retinal cell apoptosis were decreased in the MSC-treated group. Interestingly, GFP-MSCs did not migrate to the injured retina. Further examination revealed that the mRNA expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein and matrix metalloproteinase-2 were lower in the injured eyes after MSC transplantation. Our results suggest that intravenously injected MSCs have the ability to inhibit retinal cell apoptosis, reduce the inflammatory response and limit the spreading of damage in the laser-injured retina of mice. Systemic MSC therapy might play a role in neuroprotection, mainly by regulation of the intraocular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Jiang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Eye Institute, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Eye Institute, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Lingjun Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Eye Institute, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Meiyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Haibin People's Hospital of Tianjin, No. 400, Chuangye Road, Binhai New District, Tianjin 300280, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Eye Institute, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital and Eye Institute, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300384, China.
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Merl J, Deeg CA, Swadzba ME, Ueffing M, Hauck SM. Identification of autoantigens in body fluids by combining pull-downs and organic precipitations of intact immune complexes with quantitative label-free mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5656-65. [PMID: 24059262 DOI: 10.1021/pr4005986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Most autoimmune diseases are multifactorial diseases and are caused by the immunological reaction against a number of autoantigens. Key for understanding autoimmune pathologies is the knowledge of the targeted autoantigens, both initially and during disease progression. We present an approach for autoantigen identification based on isolation of intact autoantibody-antigen complexes from body fluids. After organic precipitation of high molecular weight proteins and free immunoglobulins, released autoantigens were identified by quantitative label-free liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. We confirmed feasibility of target enrichment and identification from highly complex body fluid proteomes by spiking of a predefined antibody-antigen complex at low level of abundance. As a proof of principle, we studied the blinding disease autoimmune uveitis, which is caused by autoreactive T-cells attacking the inner eye and is accompanied by autoantibodies. We identified three novel autoantigens in the spontaneous animal model equine recurrent uveitis (secreted acidic phosphoprotein osteopontin, extracellular matrix protein 1, and metalloproteinase inhibitor 2) and confirmed the presence of the corresponding autoantibodies in 15-25% of patient samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thus, this workflow led to the identification of novel autoantigens in autoimmune uveitis and may provide a versatile and useful tool to identify autoantigens in other autoimmune diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Merl
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH) , D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Label-free LC-MSMS analysis of vitreous from autoimmune uveitis reveals a significant decrease in secreted Wnt signalling inhibitors DKK3 and SFRP2. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4545-54. [PMID: 22634081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Equine recurrent uveitis is a severe and frequent blinding disease in horses which presents with auto-reactive invading T-cells, resulting in the destruction of the inner eye. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the retina and vitreous is driven by currently unknown guidance cues, however surgical removal of the vitreous (vitrectomy) has proven therapeutically successful. Therefore, proteomic analyses of vitrectomy samples are likely to result in detection of proteins contributing to disease pathogenesis. Vitreous from healthy and ERU diseased horses were directly compared by quantitative mass spectrometry based on label-free quantification of peak intensities across samples. We found a significant upregulation of complement and coagulation cascades and downregulation of negative paracrine regulators of canonical Wnt signalling including the Wnt signalling inhibitors DKK3 and SFRP2. Based on immunohistochemistry, both proteins are expressed in equine retina and suggest localisation to retinal Müller glial cells (RMG), which may be the source cells for these proteins. Furthermore, retinal expression levels and patterns of DKK3 change in response to ERU. Since many other regulated proteins identified here are associated with RMG cells, these cells qualify as the prime responders to autoimmune triggers.
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Zipplies JK, Hauck SM, Eberhardt C, Hirmer S, Amann B, Stangassinger M, Ueffing M, Deeg CA. Miscellaneous vitreous-derived IgM antibodies target numerous retinal proteins in equine recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 15 Suppl 2:57-64. [PMID: 22432720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), immune reactions are directed toward known antigens like S-antigen, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein, and cellular retinalaldehyde-binding protein, and anti-retinal antibodies were detected in vitreous samples. The aim of this study was the investigation of intraocular immunoglobulin M (IgM) reactivities to retinal proteome. PROCEDURES Retina was separated by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and blotted semidry on PVDF membranes. To identify intraocular IgM antibody responses to retinal tissue, blots were incubated with vitreous samples of ERU-diseased horses (n = 50) and healthy controls (n = 30), followed by an HRP-labeled secondary antibody specific for equine IgM. Noticeable 2D western blot signals were aligned on a 2D gel of retinal proteome, excised, and subsequently identified by tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Interestingly, frequent and very miscellaneous IgM response patterns to the retinal proteome in 68% of ERU vitreous samples were detected. Binding of IgM antibodies was localized at 17 different molecular weights. The most frequently detected signal, in 21 of the 50 samples, was located at 49 kDa. Comparing the samples interindividually between one and up to nine different signals in one sample could be observed. All healthy vitreous samples were devoid of IgM antibodies. Analysis of targeted spots with mass spectrometry led to the clear identification of 11 different proteins (corresponding to 16 different spots). One candidate could not be discovered so far. CONCLUSION The considerable IgM response to retinal proteins demonstrates an ongoing immune response, which might contribute to the remitting relapsing character of ERU. Novel identified target proteins point to a diverse response pattern of individual ERU cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Zipplies
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Animal Physiology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Veterinärstr 13, D-80539 München, Germany
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Deeg CA, Eberhardt C, Hofmaier F, Amann B, Hauck SM. Osteopontin and fibronectin levels are decreased in vitreous of autoimmune uveitis and retinal expression of both proteins indicates ECM re-modeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27674. [PMID: 22194789 PMCID: PMC3237414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune uveitis is an intraocular inflammation that arises through autoreactive T-cells attacking the inner eye, eventually leading to blindness. However, the contributing molecular pathomechanisms within the affected tissues remain as yet elusive. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a highly dynamic structure that varies tremendously and influences the encompassing tissue. In order to assess ECM re-modeling in autoimmune uveitis, we investigated the expression of ECM molecules fibronectin and osteopontin in vitreous and retina samples. This was carried out in the only spontaneous animal model for human autoimmue uveitis, namely equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) that resembles the human disease in clinical as well as in immunopathological aspects. ERU is a naturally occurring autoimmune disease in horses that develops frequently and has already proved its value to study disease-related pathomechanisms. Western blot analysis of fibronectin and osteopontin in healthy and uveitic vitreous revealed significant reduction of both proteins in uveitis. Immunohistochemical expression of fibronectin in healthy retinas was restricted to the inner limiting membrane abutting vimentin positive Müller cell endfeet, while in uveitic sections, a disintegration of the ILM was observed changing the fibronectin expression to a dispersed pattern extending toward the vitreous. Retinal expression of osteopontin in control tissue was found in a characteristic Müller cell pattern illustrated by co-localization with vimentin. In uveitic retinas, the immunoreactivity of osteopontin in gliotic Müller cells was almost absent. The ability of Müller cells to express fibronectin and osteopontin was additionally shown by immunocytochemistry of primary cultured equine Müller cells and the equine Müller cell line eqMC-7. In conclusion, severe ECM re-modeling in autoimmune uveitis reported here, might affect the adhesive function of fibronectin and thus the anchoring of Müller cell endfeet to the ILM. Furthermore, the absence of osteopontin in gliotic Müller cells might represent reduced neuroprotection, an osteopontin attribute that is intensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia A Deeg
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, Germany.
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