1
|
Jiang L, Dai C, Wei Y, Zhao B, Li Q, Wu Z, Zou L, Ye Z, Yang Z, Huang L, Shi Y. Identification of LRRC46 as a novel candidate gene for high myopia. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024:10.1007/s11427-024-2583-6. [PMID: 38874710 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2583-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
High myopia (HM) is the primary cause of blindness, with the microstructural organization and composition of collagenous fibers in the cornea and sclera playing a crucial role in the biomechanical behavior of these tissues. In a previously reported myopic linkage region, MYP5 (17q21-22), a potential candidate gene, LRRC46 (c.C235T, p.Q79X), was identified in a large Han Chinese pedigree. LRRC46 is expressed in various eye tissues in humans and mice, including the retina, cornea, and sclera. In subsequent cell experiments, the mutation (c.C235T) decreased the expression of LRRC46 protein in human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T). Further investigation revealed that Lrrc46-/- mice (KO) exhibited a classical myopia phenotype. The thickness of the cornea and sclera in KO mice became thinner and more pronounced with age, the activity of limbal stem cells decreased, and microstructural changes were observed in the fibroblasts of the sclera and cornea. We performed RNA-seq on scleral and corneal tissues of KO and normal control wild-type (WT) mice, which indicated a significant downregulation of the collagen synthesis-related pathway (extracellular matrix, ECM) in KO mice. Subsequent in vitro studies further indicated that LRRC46, a member of the important LRR protein family, primarily affected the formation of collagens. This study suggested that LRRC46 is a novel candidate gene for HM, influencing collagen protein VIII (Col8a1) formation in the eye and gradually altering the biomechanical structure of the cornea and sclera, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of HM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Chao Dai
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Qi Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Zhengzheng Wu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zimeng Ye
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2050, Australia
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongging, 40000, China.
| | - Lulin Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and the Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Linne C, Mon KY, D’Souza S, Jeong H, Jiang X, Brown DM, Zhang K, Vemaraju S, Tsubota K, Kurihara T, Pardue MT, Lang RA. Encephalopsin (OPN3) is required for normal refractive development and the GO/GROW response to induced myopia. Mol Vis 2023; 29:39-57. [PMID: 37287644 PMCID: PMC10243678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia, or nearsightedness, is the most common form of refractive error and is increasing in prevalence. While significant efforts have been made to identify genetic variants that predispose individuals to myopia, these variants are believed to account for only a small portion of the myopia prevalence, leading to a feedback theory of emmetropization, which depends on the active perception of environmental visual cues. Consequently, there has been renewed interest in studying myopia in the context of light perception, beginning with the opsin family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Refractive phenotypes have been characterized in every opsin signaling pathway studied, leaving only Opsin 3 (OPN3), the most widely expressed and blue-light sensing noncanonical opsin, to be investigated for function in the eye and refraction. Methods Opn3 expression was assessed in various ocular tissues using an Opn3eGFP reporter. Weekly refractive development in Opn3 retinal and germline mutants from 3 to 9 weeks of age was measured using an infrared photorefractor and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Susceptibility to lens-induced myopia was then assessed using skull-mounted goggles with a -30 diopter experimental and a 0 diopter control lens. Mouse eye biometry was similarly tracked from 3 to 6 weeks. A myopia gene expression signature was assessed 24 h after lens induction for germline mutants to further assess myopia-induced changes. Results Opn3 was found to be expressed in a subset of retinal ganglion cells and a limited number of choroidal cells. Based on an assessment of Opn3 mutants, the OPN3 germline, but not retina conditional Opn3 knockout, exhibits a refractive myopia phenotype, which manifests in decreased lens thickness, shallower aqueous compartment depth, and shorter axial length, atypical of traditional axial myopias. Despite the short axial length, Opn3 null eyes demonstrate normal axial elongation in response to myopia induction and mild changes in choroidal thinning and myopic shift, suggesting that susceptibility to lens-induced myopia is largely unchanged. Additionally, the Opn3 null retinal gene expression signature in response to induced myopia after 24 h is distinct, with opposing Ctgf, Cx43, and Egr1 polarity compared to controls. Conclusions The data suggest that an OPN3 expression domain outside the retina can control lens shape and thus the refractive performance of the eye. Prior to this study, the role of Opn3 in the eye had not been investigated. This work adds OPN3 to the list of opsin family GPCRs that are implicated in emmetropization and myopia. Further, the work to exclude retinal OPN3 as the contributing domain in this refractive phenotype is unique and suggests a distinct mechanism when compared to other opsins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Linne
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Khine Yin Mon
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shane D’Souza
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Heonuk Jeong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dillon M. Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Kevin Zhang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Molecular & Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Shruti Vemaraju
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Tsubota Laboratory, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Kurihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Photobiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machelle T. Pardue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA
| | - Richard A. Lang
- Visual Systems Group, Abrahamson Pediatric Eye Institute, Division of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Science of Light Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeitz C, Roger JE, Audo I, Michiels C, Sánchez-Farías N, Varin J, Frederiksen H, Wilmet B, Callebert J, Gimenez ML, Bouzidi N, Blond F, Guilllonneau X, Fouquet S, Léveillard T, Smirnov V, Vincent A, Héon E, Sahel JA, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Sennlaub F, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Tkatchenko AV, Picaud S. Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101155. [PMID: 36669906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare progressive and stationary inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signaling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON-bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. Thus, it represents also an interesting model to identify myopia-related genes, as well as disease mechanisms. While the origin of night blindness is molecularly well established, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of myopia development in subjects with cCSNB. Using whole transcriptome analysis on three different mouse models of cCSNB (in Gpr179-/-, Lrit3-/- and Grm6-/-), we identified novel actors of the retinal signaling cascade, which are also novel candidate genes for myopia. Meta-analysis of our transcriptomic data with published transcriptomic databases and genome-wide association studies from myopia cases led us to propose new biological/cellular processes/mechanisms potentially at the origin of myopia in cCSNB subjects. The results provide a foundation to guide the development of pharmacological myopia therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Jérome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tian Q, Tong P, Chen G, Deng M, Cai T, Tian R, Zhang Z, Xia K, Hu Z. GLRA2 gene mutations cause high myopia in humans and mice. J Med Genet 2023; 60:193-203. [PMID: 35396272 PMCID: PMC9887403 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2022-108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High myopia (HM) is a leading cause of blindness that has a strong genetic predisposition. However, its genetic and pathogenic mechanisms remain largely unknown. Thus, this study aims to determine the genetic profile of individuals from two large Chinese families with HM and 200 patients with familial/sporadic HM. We also explored the pathogenic mechanism of HM using HEK293 cells and a mouse model. METHODS The participants underwent genome-wide linkage analysis and exome sequencing. Visual acuity, electroretinogram response, refractive error, optical parameters and retinal rod cell genesis were measured in knockout mice. Immunofluorescent staining, biotin-labelled membrane protein isolation and electrophysiological characterisation were conducted in cells transfected with overexpression plasmids. RESULTS A novel HM locus on Xp22.2-p11.4 was identified. Variant c.539C>T (p.Pro180Leu) in GLRA2 gene was co-segregated with HM in the two families. Another variant, c.458G>A (p.Arg153Gln), was identified in a sporadic sample. The Glra2 knockout mice showed myopia-related phenotypes, decreased electroretinogram responses and impaired retinal rod cell genesis. Variants c.458G>A and c.539C>T altered the localisation of GlyRα2 on the cell membrane and decreased agonist sensitivity. CONCLUSION GLRA2 was identified as a novel HM-causing gene. Its variants would cause HM through altered visual experience by impairing photoperception and visual transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Tian
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meichun Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian'e Cai
- Reproductive Center, Sanya Central Hospital, Sanya, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Runyi Tian
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimin Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Disease, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Musolf AM, Haarman AEG, Luben RN, Ong JS, Patasova K, Trapero RH, Marsh J, Jain I, Jain R, Wang PZ, Lewis DD, Tedja MS, Iglesias AI, Li H, Cowan CS, Biino G, Klein AP, Duggal P, Mackey DA, Hayward C, Haller T, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Pärssinen O, Cheng CY, Saw SM, Stambolian D, Hysi PG, Khawaja AP, Vitart V, Hammond CJ, van Duijn CM, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW, Bailey-Wilson JE. Rare variant analyses across multiethnic cohorts identify novel genes for refractive error. Commun Biol 2023; 6:6. [PMID: 36596879 PMCID: PMC9810640 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive error, measured here as mean spherical equivalent (SER), is a complex eye condition caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Individuals with strong positive or negative values of SER require spectacles or other approaches for vision correction. Common genetic risk factors have been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but a great part of the refractive error heritability is still missing. Some of this heritability may be explained by rare variants (minor allele frequency [MAF] ≤ 0.01.). We performed multiple gene-based association tests of mean Spherical Equivalent with rare variants in exome array data from the Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM). The dataset consisted of over 27,000 total subjects from five cohorts of Indo-European and Eastern Asian ethnicity. We identified 129 unique genes associated with refractive error, many of which were replicated in multiple cohorts. Our best novel candidates included the retina expressed PDCD6IP, the circadian rhythm gene PER3, and P4HTM, which affects eye morphology. Future work will include functional studies and validation. Identification of genes contributing to refractive error and future understanding of their function may lead to better treatment and prevention of refractive errors, which themselves are important risk factors for various blinding conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Musolf
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Annechien E G Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Luben
- MRC Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Jue-Sheng Ong
- Statistical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karina Patasova
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rolando Hernandez Trapero
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joseph Marsh
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ishika Jain
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Riya Jain
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paul Zhiping Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deyana D Lewis
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milly S Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hengtong Li
- Data Science Unit, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cameron S Cowan
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Priya Duggal
- The Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- MRC Epidemiology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meng B, Wang K, Huang Y, Wang Y. The G allele of the IGF1 rs2162679 SNP is a potential protective factor for any myopia: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271809. [PMID: 35862416 PMCID: PMC9302841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) gene is located within the myopia-associated MYP3 interval, which suggests it may play an important role in the progression of myopia. However, the association between IGF1 SNPs and any myopia is rarely reported. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted on studies published up to July 22, 2021 in PubMed, EMBASE, CBM, COCHRANE, CNKI, WANFANG and VIP databases. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been evaluated in at least three studies. Results Nine studies involving 4596 subjects with any myopia and 4950 controls examined 25 SNPs in IGF1 gene, among which seven SNPs were included in this meta-analysis. Significant associations were not found in any genetic models between rs6214, rs12423791, rs5742632, rs10860862, rs5742629 and any myopia. Rs2162679 was suggestively associated with any myopia in the codominant model (GA vs. AA: OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.76–1.00) and the dominant model (GG+GA vs. AA: OR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78–1.00). Conclusion Meta-analysis of updated data reveals that the G allele of the IGF1 rs2162679 SNP is a potential protective factor for any myopia, which is worth further researches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Kang Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxiang Huang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neitz M, Wagner-Schuman M, Rowlan JS, Kuchenbecker JA, Neitz J. Insight from OPN1LW Gene Haplotypes into the Cause and Prevention of Myopia. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13060942. [PMID: 35741704 PMCID: PMC9222437 DOI: 10.3390/genes13060942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearsightedness (myopia) is a global health problem of staggering proportions that has driven the hunt for environmental and genetic risk factors in hopes of gaining insight into the underlying mechanism and providing new avenues of intervention. Myopia is the dominant risk factor for leading causes of blindness, including myopic maculopathy and retinal detachment. The fundamental defect in myopia—an excessively elongated eyeball—causes blurry distance vision that is correctable with lenses or surgery, but the risk of blindness remains. Haplotypes of the long-wavelength and middle-wavelength cone opsin genes (OPN1LW and OPN1MW, respectively) that exhibit profound exon-3 skipping during pre-messenger RNA splicing are associated with high myopia. Cone photoreceptors expressing these haplotypes are nearly devoid of photopigment. Conversely, cones in the same retina that express non-skipping haplotypes are relatively full of photopigment. We hypothesized that abnormal contrast signals arising from adjacent cones differing in photopigment content stimulate axial elongation, and spectacles that reduce contrast may significantly slow myopia progression. We tested for an association between spherical equivalent refraction and OPN1LW haplotype in males of European ancestry as determined by long-distance PCR and Sanger sequencing and identified OPN1LW exon 3 haplotypes that increase the risk of common myopia. We also evaluated the effects of contrast-reducing spectacles lenses on myopia progression in children. The work presented here provides new insight into the cause and prevention of myopia progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jessica S. Rowlan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| | - James A. Kuchenbecker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| | - Jay Neitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; (J.S.R.); (J.A.K.); (J.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dhakal R, Shah R, Huntjens B, Verkicharla PK, Lawrenson JG. Time spent outdoors as an intervention for myopia prevention and control in children: an overview of systematic reviews. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2022; 42:545-558. [PMID: 35072278 PMCID: PMC9305934 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Outdoor light exposure is considered a safe and effective strategy to reduce myopia development and aligns with existing public health initiatives to promote healthier lifestyles in children. However, it is unclear whether this strategy reduces myopia progression in eyes that are already myopic. This study aims to conduct an overview of systematic reviews (SRs) reporting time spent outdoors as a strategy to prevent myopia or slow its progression in children. METHODS We searched the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL from inception to 1 November 2020 to identify SRs that evaluated the association between outdoor light exposure and myopia development or progression in children. Outcomes included incident myopia, prevalent myopia and change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) to evaluate annual rates of myopia progression. The methodological quality and risk of bias of included SRs were assessed using the AMSTAR-2 and ROBIS tools, respectively. RESULTS Seven SRs were identified, which included data from 47 primary studies with 63,920 participants. Pooled estimates (risk or odds ratios) consistently demonstrated that time outdoors was associated with a reduction in prevalence and incidence of myopia. In terms of slowing progression in eyes that were already myopic, the reported annual reductions in SER and AL from baseline were small (0.13-0.17 D) and regarded as clinically insignificant. Methodological quality assessment using AMSTAR-2 found that all reviews had one or more critical flaws and the ROBIS tool identified a low risk of bias in only two of the included SRs. CONCLUSION This overview found that increased exposure to outdoor light reduces myopia development. However, based on annual change in SER and AL, there is insufficient evidence for a clinically significant effect on myopia progression. The poor methodological quality and inconsistent reporting of the included systematic reviews reduce confidence in the estimates of effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakal
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Rakhee Shah
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pavan K Verkicharla
- Myopia Research Lab, Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - John G Lawrenson
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen J, Wu W, Wang Z, Zhai C, Deng B, Alzogool M, Wang Y. Novel Corneal Protein Biomarker Candidates Reveal Iron Metabolic Disturbance in High Myopia Eyes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:689917. [PMID: 34660571 PMCID: PMC8517150 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.689917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a major public health concern with increasing global prevalence and is the leading cause of vision loss and complications. The potential role of the cornea, a substantial component of refractive power and the protective fortress of the eye, has been underestimated in the development of myopia. Our study acquired corneal stroma tissues from myopic patients undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery and investigated the differential expression of circulating proteins between subjects with low and high myopia by means of high-throughput proteomic approaches—the quantitative tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling method and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) validation. Across all corneal stroma tissue samples, a total of 2,455 proteins were identified qualitatively and quantitatively, 103 of which were differentially expressed between those with low and high myopia. The differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) between the groups of stroma samples mostly demonstrated catalytic activity and molecular function regulator and transporter activity and participated in metabolic processes, biological regulation, response to stimulus, and so forth. Pathway enrichment showed that mineral absorption, ferroptosis, and HIF-1 signaling pathways were activated in the human myopic cornea. Furthermore, TMT analysis and PRM validation revealed that the expression of ferritin light chain (FTL, P02792) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH1, P02794) was negatively associated with myopia development, while the expression of serotransferrin (TF, P02787) was positively related to myopia status. Overall, our results indicated that subjects with low and high myopia could have different proteomic profiles or signatures in the cornea. These findings revealed disturbances in iron metabolism and corneal oxidative stress in the more myopic eyes. Iron metabolic proteins could serve as an essential modulator in the pathogenesis of myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Chen
- School of Medicine, NanKai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqian Wang
- Department of Optometry, Shenyang Eye Institute, The 4th People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuannan Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocheng Deng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Yan Wang
- School of Medicine, NanKai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Eye Institute, Nankai University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Neitz M, Neitz J. Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081180. [PMID: 34440353 PMCID: PMC8391646 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Light absorption by photopigment molecules expressed in the photoreceptors in the retina is the first step in seeing. Two types of photoreceptors in the human retina are responsible for image formation: rods, and cones. Except at very low light levels when rods are active, all vision is based on cones. Cones mediate high acuity vision and color vision. Furthermore, they are critically important in the visual feedback mechanism that regulates refractive development of the eye during childhood. The human retina contains a mosaic of three cone types, short-wavelength (S), long-wavelength (L), and middle-wavelength (M) sensitive; however, the vast majority (~94%) are L and M cones. The OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes, located on the X-chromosome at Xq28, encode the protein component of the light-sensitive photopigments expressed in the L and M cones. Diverse haplotypes of exon 3 of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes arose thru unequal recombination mechanisms that have intermixed the genes. A subset of the haplotypes causes exon 3- skipping during pre-messenger RNA splicing and are associated with vision disorders. Here, we review the mechanism by which splicing defects in these genes cause vision disorders.
Collapse
|
11
|
Morgan IG, Rose KA. Myopia: is the nature‐nurture debate finally over? Clin Exp Optom 2021; 102:3-17. [DOI: 10.1111/cxo.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia,
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Division of Preventive Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐Sen University, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Myopia, also known as short-sightedness or near-sightedness, is a very common condition that typically starts in childhood. Severe forms of myopia (pathologic myopia) are associated with a risk of other associated ophthalmic problems. This disorder affects all populations and is reaching epidemic proportions in East Asia, although there are differences in prevalence between countries. Myopia is caused by both environmental and genetic risk factors. A range of myopia management and control strategies are available that can treat this condition, but it is clear that understanding the factors involved in delaying myopia onset and slowing its progression will be key to reducing the rapid rise in its global prevalence. To achieve this goal, improved data collection using wearable technology, in combination with collection and assessment of data on demographic, genetic and environmental risk factors and with artificial intelligence are needed. Improved public health strategies focusing on early detection or prevention combined with additional effective therapeutic interventions to limit myopia progression are also needed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2020; 9:e130-e143. [PMID: 33275950 PMCID: PMC7820390 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To contribute to the WHO initiative, VISION 2020: The Right to Sight, an assessment of global vision impairment in 2020 and temporal change is needed. We aimed to extensively update estimates of global vision loss burden, presenting estimates for 2020, temporal change over three decades between 1990-2020, and forecasts for 2050. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys of eye disease from January, 1980, to October, 2018. Only studies with samples representative of the population and with clearly defined visual acuity testing protocols were included. We fitted hierarchical models to estimate 2020 prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) of mild vision impairment (presenting visual acuity ≥6/18 and <6/12), moderate and severe vision impairment (<6/18 to 3/60), and blindness (<3/60 or less than 10° visual field around central fixation); and vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia (presenting near vision <N6 or <N8 at 40 cm where best-corrected distance visual acuity is ≥6/12). We forecast estimates of vision loss up to 2050. FINDINGS In 2020, an estimated 43·3 million (95% UI 37·6-48·4) people were blind, of whom 23·9 million (55%; 20·8-26·8) were estimated to be female. We estimated 295 million (267-325) people to have moderate and severe vision impairment, of whom 163 million (55%; 147-179) were female; 258 million (233-285) to have mild vision impairment, of whom 142 million (55%; 128-157) were female; and 510 million (371-667) to have visual impairment from uncorrected presbyopia, of whom 280 million (55%; 205-365) were female. Globally, between 1990 and 2020, among adults aged 50 years or older, age-standardised prevalence of blindness decreased by 28·5% (-29·4 to -27·7) and prevalence of mild vision impairment decreased slightly (-0·3%, -0·8 to -0·2), whereas prevalence of moderate and severe vision impairment increased slightly (2·5%, 1·9 to 3·2; insufficient data were available to calculate this statistic for vision impairment from uncorrected presbyopia). In this period, the number of people who were blind increased by 50·6% (47·8 to 53·4) and the number with moderate and severe vision impairment increased by 91·7% (87·6 to 95·8). By 2050, we predict 61·0 million (52·9 to 69·3) people will be blind, 474 million (428 to 518) will have moderate and severe vision impairment, 360 million (322 to 400) will have mild vision impairment, and 866 million (629 to 1150) will have uncorrected presbyopia. INTERPRETATION Age-adjusted prevalence of blindness has reduced over the past three decades, yet due to population growth, progress is not keeping pace with needs. We face enormous challenges in avoiding vision impairment as the global population grows and ages. FUNDING Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation, Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pugazhendhi S, Ambati B, Hunter AA. Pathogenesis and Prevention of Worsening Axial Elongation in Pathological Myopia. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:853-873. [PMID: 32256044 PMCID: PMC7092688 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s241435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of myopia, prevention of disease progression and worsening axial elongation, and emerging myopia treatment modalities. INTRODUCTION Pediatric myopia is a public health concern that impacts young children worldwide and is associated with numerous future ocular diseases such as cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment and other chorioretinal abnormalities. While the exact mechanism of myopia of the human eye remains obscure, several studies have reported on the role of environmental and genetic factors in the disease development. METHODS A review of literature was conducted. PubMed and Medline were searched for combinations and derivatives of the keywords including, but not limited to, "pediatric myopia", "axial elongation", "scleral remodeling" or "atropine." The PubMed and Medline database search were performed for randomized control trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses using the same keyword combinations. RESULTS Studies have reported that detection of genetic correlations and modification of environmental influences may have a significant impact in myopia progression, axial elongation and future myopic ocular complications. The conventional pharmacotherapy of pediatric myopia addresses the improvement in visual acuity and prevention of amblyopia but does not affect axial elongation or myopia progression. Several studies have published varying treatments, including optical, pharmacological and surgical management, which show great promise for a more precise control of myopia and preservation of ocular health. DISCUSSION Understanding the role of factors influencing the onset and progression of pediatric myopia will facilitate the development of successful treatments, reduction of disease burden, arrest of progression and improvement in future of the management of myopia.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Myopia is one of the most prevalent eye diseases, and its advanced form, high myopia, is a leading cause of subsequent pathologic myopia, which in turn results in an increased risk of retinal diseases. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia is 28.3% and 4.0% of the global population, respectively, and these numbers are estimated to increase to 49.8% for myopia 9.8% for high myopia by 2050, thus making myopia a severe global socioeconomic problem. The eye shape has been receiving increasing attention as a possible biomarker for myopia. Among several modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently considered to be the best to measure the 3-dimensional eye shape, and one study using MRI revealed that myopic eyes became much larger in all 3 dimensions, but more so in length (0.35 mm/D) than in height (0.19 mm/D) or in width (0.10 mm/D), which fitted in global and axial elongation models. Another recent study reported that emmetropic retinas were oblate but oblateness decreased with myopia progression. According to a study to evaluate eye shapes in high myopia, although all emmetropic eyes had a blunt shape, almost half of the high myopic eyes had a pointed shape. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that abnormal eye shape changes can cause not only simple myopia but also various ocular complications through biomechanical stretching. In this review, we highlight recent findings on eye shape changes in myopic eyes and abnormal eye shapes in pathologic myopia.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cai XB, Zheng YH, Chen DF, Zhou FY, Xia LQ, Wen XR, Yuan YM, Han F, Piao SY, Zhuang W, Lu F, Qu J, Yu AY, Jin ZB. Expanding the Phenotypic and Genotypic Landscape of Nonsyndromic High Myopia: A Cross-Sectional Study in 731 Chinese Patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:4052-4062. [PMID: 31560770 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Bi Cai
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Han Zheng
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - De-Fu Chen
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fang-Yue Zhou
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lu-Qi Xia
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ran Wen
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Yuan
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fang Han
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shun-Yu Piao
- Ningxia Medical University, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhuang
- Ningxia Medical University, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fan Lu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia Qu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - A-Yong Yu
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, National Center for International Research in Regenerative Medicine and Neurogenetics, National Clinical Research Center for Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liao X, Tan QQ, Lan CJ. Myopia genetics in genome-wide association and post-genome-wide association study era. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1487-1492. [PMID: 31544047 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.09.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of myopia and refractive error have generated exciting results and identified novel risk-associated loci. However, the interpretation of the findings of GWAS of complex diseases is not straightforward and has remained challenging. This review provides a brief summary of the main focus on the advantages and limitations of GWAS of myopia, with potential strategies that may contribute to further insight into the genetics of myopia in the post-GWAS or omics era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qing-Qing Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chang-Jun Lan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wong YL, Hysi P, Cheung G, Tedja M, Hoang QV, Tompson SWJ, Whisenhunt KN, Verhoeven V, Zhao W, Hess M, Wong CW, Kifley A, Hosoda Y, Haarman AEG, Hopf S, Laspas P, Sensaki S, Sim X, Miyake M, Tsujikawa A, Lamoureux E, Ohno-Matsui K, Nickels S, Mitchell P, Wong TY, Wang JJ, Hammond CJ, Barathi VA, Cheng CY, Yamashiro K, Young TL, Klaver CCW, Saw SM. Genetic variants linked to myopic macular degeneration in persons with high myopia: CREAM Consortium. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220143. [PMID: 31415580 PMCID: PMC6695159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the roles of known myopia-associated genetic variants for development of myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in individuals with high myopia (HM), using case-control studies from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM). Methods A candidate gene approach tested 50 myopia-associated loci for association with HM and MMD, using meta-analyses of case-control studies comprising subjects of European and Asian ancestry aged 30 to 80 years from 10 studies. Fifty loci with the strongest associations with myopia were chosen from a previous published GWAS study. Highly myopic (spherical equivalent [SE] ≤ -5.0 diopters [D]) cases with MMD (N = 348), and two sets of controls were enrolled: (1) the first set included 16,275 emmetropes (SE ≤ -0.5 D); and (2) second set included 898 highly myopic subjects (SE ≤ -5.0 D) without MMD. MMD was classified based on the International photographic classification for pathologic myopia (META-PM). Results In the first analysis, comprising highly myopic cases with MMD (N = 348) versus emmetropic controls without MMD (N = 16,275), two SNPs were significantly associated with high myopia in adults with HM and MMD: (1) rs10824518 (P = 6.20E-07) in KCNMA1, which is highly expressed in human retinal and scleral tissues; and (2) rs524952 (P = 2.32E-16) near GJD2. In the second analysis, comprising highly myopic cases with MMD (N = 348) versus highly myopic controls without MMD (N = 898), none of the SNPs studied reached Bonferroni-corrected significance. Conclusions Of the 50 myopia-associated loci, we did not find any variant specifically associated with MMD, but the KCNMA1 and GJD2 loci were significantly associated with HM in highly myopic subjects with MMD, compared to emmetropes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Ling Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- R&D Vision Sciences AMERA, Essilor International, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemmy Cheung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Milly Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quan V. Hoang
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Stuart W. J. Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Kristina N. Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Virginie Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chee-Wai Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Annette Kifley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yoshikatsu Hosoda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Hopf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Laspas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sonoko Sensaki
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ecosse Lamoureux
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefan Nickels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg—University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otsu Red-Cross Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI, United States of America
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang GY, Liu FY, Li X, Zhu QR, Chen BJ, Liu LQ. Decreased expression of gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) messenger RNA and connexin 36 protein in form-deprivation myopia of guinea pigs. Chin Med J (Engl) 2019; 132:1700-1705. [PMID: 31283648 PMCID: PMC6759107 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than ten genome-wide association studies have identified the significant association between the gap junction delta-2 (GJD2) gene and myopia. However, no functional studies have been performed to confirm that this gene is correlated with myopia. This study aimed to observe how this gene changed in mRNA and protein level in the form-deprivation myopia (FDM) animal model. METHODS Four-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups: control and FDM groups (n = 12 for each group). The right eyes of the FDM group were covered with opaque hemispherical plastic lenses for 3 weeks. For all the animals, refractive status, axial length (AL), and corneal radius of curvature were measured at baseline and 3 weeks later by streak retinoscope, A-scan ultrasonography, and keratometer, respectively. Retinal GJD2 mRNA expression and connexin 36 (Cx36) levels in FDM and control groups were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses, respectively. Those results were compared using independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test, or paired t test. A significance level of P < 0.05 was used. RESULTS Three weeks later, the FDM group (form-deprived eyes) showed about a myopic shift of approximately -6.75 (-7.94 to -6.31) D, while the control group remained hyperopic with only a shift of -0.50 (-0.75 to 0.25) D (Z = -3.38, P < 0.01). The AL increased by 0.74 (0.61-0.76) and 0.10 (0.05-0.21) mm in FDM and control groups, respectively (Z = -3.37, P < 0.01). The relative mRNA expression of GJD2 in the FDM group decreased 31.58% more than the control group (t = 11.44, P < 0.01). The relative protein expression of CX36 on the retina was lowered by 37.72% in form-deprivation eyes as compared to the controls (t = 17.74, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Both the mRNA expression of GJD2 and Cx36 protein amount were significantly decreased in the retina of FDM guinea pigs. This indicates that Cx36 is involved in FDM development, providing compensating evidence for the results obtained from genome-wide association studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Opthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Feng-Yang Liu
- Department of Opthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Opthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qiu-Rong Zhu
- Department of Opthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bing-Jie Chen
- Department of Opthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Long-Qian Liu
- Department of Opthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shapira Y, Mimouni M, Machluf Y, Chaiter Y, Saab H, Mezer E. The Increasing Burden of Myopia in Israel among Young Adults over a Generation: Analysis of Predisposing Factors. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:1617-1626. [PMID: 31474440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the trends in prevalence of myopia in Israeli young adults over approximately a generation, as well as associated factors and variation in the impact of these factors on myopia prevalence in this region over time. DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS One hundred four thousand six hundred eighty-nine consecutive persons 16 to 19 years of age born between 1971 and 1994 who had not yet enlisted in the Israeli Army but had completed the medical profiling process. METHODS Using data collected at a north Israel recruitment center, the prevalence of myopia over time was estimated, and a polynomial regression analysis was performed to assess significance of nonlinear trends. Associations of demographic and socioeconomic factors with myopia were assessed, and trends over time were analyzed using a factorial logistic regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was factors associated with the prevalence of myopia over time. The secondary outcome measure was a description of the change in prevalence of myopia over time. RESULTS The prevalence of myopia increased 1.284-fold over 24 years from 20.4% among participants born between 1971 and 1982 to 26.2% among participants born between 1983 and 1994. A quite similar increase was observed among males (from 17.9% to 22.7%, respectively) and females (from 23.9% to 30.8%, respectively). The factors found to be associated with myopia were as follows: more recent date of birth, female gender, more years of education, being the eldest child, non-Israeli ethnic origin, and urban residence. However, there were significant trends over time in the effects of some of these factors, most notably an attenuation of the difference between participants of different religions in the recent birth-years period. Most of these associations and trends were observed in both males and females separately, with some gender-specific variations. Immigrants from Ethiopia who were raised in Israel were highly more likely to demonstrate myopia than those who arrived at an older age. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated an increase in the prevalence of myopia and the possible associations of urbanization- and higher education-related factors among several subpopulations and the risk for myopia developing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinon Shapira
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Mimouni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology.
| | - Yossy Machluf
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Israel; Shamir Research Institute, University of Haifa, Kazerin, Israel
| | | | - Haitam Saab
- Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Israel
| | - Eedy Mezer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Bruce and Ruth Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Srinivasalu N, Lu C, Pan M, Reinach PS, Wen Y, Hu Y, Qu J, Zhou X. Role of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in Myopic Scleral Remodeling in Guinea Pigs: A Microarray Analysis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4318-4325. [PMID: 30167661 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-224685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia induction accompanies increased scleral cyclic adenosine phosphate (cAMP) levels and collagen degradation in mammalian models. We compared the scleral gene expression changes following monocular form deprivation (FD) with those induced by adenylate cyclase activation with forskolin (FSK) in guinea pigs. Methods Guinea pigs were assigned to FD, FSK-treated, and age-matched (AM) control groups. FSK was injected monocularly into the inferior palpebral subconjunctiva daily for 4 days. After scleral RNA extraction, a gene microarray scanner and software were used to evaluate the gene expression patterns, followed by pathway analysis using Gene Ontology tools. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to analyze the expression of 10 candidate genes in separate sets of form-deprived, vehicle-injected, and AM animals. Results FSK injections differentially regulated 13 collagen subtypes compared to AM and FD groups. FSK also downregulated Acta2 and Tgf-β2 compared to the AM eyes. Collagen subtypes and Acta2 underwent larger downregulation in the FSK group than during FD. FSK differentially regulated Rarb, Rxrg, Fzd5, Ctnnd2, Dkk2, and Dkk3, which have been linked to ocular growth. Only a few genes were differentially expressed between the FD and AM groups. There was 80% agreement in the direction of gene regulation between microarray and qPCR results. No significant differences were identified between vehicle-injected and AM eyes. Conclusions Collagen, a major scleral extracellular matrix component, is degraded during myopia. Given that FSK and FD both promote myopia through increased collagen degradation, targeting cAMP signaling pathway genes could suppress myopia development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nethrajeith Srinivasalu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chanyi Lu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaozhen Pan
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter Sol Reinach
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingying Wen
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Qu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangtian Zhou
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tedja MS, Haarman AEG, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaprio J, Mackey DA, Guggenheim JA, Hammond CJ, Verhoeven VJM, Klaver CCW. IMI - Myopia Genetics Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:M89-M105. [PMID: 30817828 PMCID: PMC6892384 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge on the genetic background of refractive error and myopia has expanded dramatically in the past few years. This white paper aims to provide a concise summary of current genetic findings and defines the direction where development is needed. We performed an extensive literature search and conducted informal discussions with key stakeholders. Specific topics reviewed included common refractive error, any and high myopia, and myopia related to syndromes. To date, almost 200 genetic loci have been identified for refractive error and myopia, and risk variants mostly carry low risk but are highly prevalent in the general population. Several genes for secondary syndromic myopia overlap with those for common myopia. Polygenic risk scores show overrepresentation of high myopia in the higher deciles of risk. Annotated genes have a wide variety of functions, and all retinal layers appear to be sites of expression. The current genetic findings offer a world of new molecules involved in myopiagenesis. As the missing heritability is still large, further genetic advances are needed. This Committee recommends expanding large-scale, in-depth genetic studies using complementary big data analytics, consideration of gene-environment effects by thorough measurement of environmental exposures, and focus on subgroups with extreme phenotypes and high familial occurrence. Functional characterization of associated variants is simultaneously needed to bridge the knowledge gap between sequence variance and consequence for eye growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annechien E. G. Haarman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - for the CREAM Consortium
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Molecular genetic aspects of complicated myopia pathogenesis. OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.17816/ov11348-56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Complicated myopia (CM) is not only a refractive error but a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and the axial length that causes the image to be focused off the retina. Genetic factors in progressive myopia play a key role in determining the impact of ecologic factors on refraction development. The majority of genetic variants underlying CM are characterized by modest effect and/or low frequency, which makes them difficult to identify using classic genetic approaches. The genes identified to date account for less than 10% of all myopia cases, suggesting the existence of a large number of yet unidentified low-frequency and/or small-effect variants, which underlie the majority of myopia cases. Genome analysis revealed dozens of loci associated with non-syndromic myopia, and showed that refractive errors are associated with mutations in genes that are involved in the growth and development of the eye by regulating ion transport, neurotransmission, remodeling of extracellular matrix of the retina and other ocular structures. Genetic study of refractive error provides a unique opportunity to detect key molecules that may play important roles in the development of refractive error. Identifying the molecular basis of refractive error helps to understand mechanisms, and subsequently to design rational therapeutic intervention for this condition.
Collapse
|
24
|
Vergara C, Bomotti SM, Valencia C, Klein BEK, Lee KE, Klein R, Klein AP, Duggal P. Association analysis of exome variants and refraction, axial length, and corneal curvature in a European-American population. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1973-1979. [PMID: 30157304 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors, myopia, and hyperopia are common visual disorders greatly affecting older individuals. Refraction is determined by genetic factors but only a small percentage of its variation has been explained. We performed a genetic association analysis with three ocular phenotypes: spherical equivalent (a continous measure of refraction), axial length, and corneal curvature in 1,871 European-Americans from the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Individuals were genotyped on the Illumina exome array and imputed to the Haplotype Reference Consortium reference panel. After increasing the number of analyzed variants in targeted protein-coding regions 10-fold via imputation, we confirmed associations for two previously known loci with corneal curvature (chr4q12, rs2114039; g.55092626T > C, β = -0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]): -0.06, -0.01, P value = 0.01) and spherical equivalent (chr15q14, rs634990; g.35006073T > C, β = -0.27, 95% CI: -0.45, -0.09, P value = 3.79 × 10-3 ). Despite increased single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density, we did not detect any novel significant variants after correction for multiple comparisons. In summary, we confirmed two previous loci associated with corneal curvature and spherical equivalent in a European-American population highlighting the potential biological role of those regions in these traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candelaria Vergara
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samantha M Bomotti
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cristian Valencia
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Barbara E K Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristine E Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Flitcroft DI, Loughman J, Wildsoet CF, Williams C, Guggenheim JA. Novel Myopia Genes and Pathways Identified From Syndromic Forms of Myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:338-348. [PMID: 29346494 PMCID: PMC5773233 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To test the hypothesis that genes known to cause clinical syndromes featuring myopia also harbor polymorphisms contributing to nonsyndromic refractive errors. Methods Clinical phenotypes and syndromes that have refractive errors as a recognized feature were identified using the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. One hundred fifty-four unique causative genes were identified, of which 119 were specifically linked with myopia and 114 represented syndromic myopia (i.e., myopia and at least one other clinical feature). Myopia was the only refractive error listed for 98 genes and hyperopia and the only refractive error noted for 28 genes, with the remaining 28 genes linked to phenotypes with multiple forms of refractive error. Pathway analysis was carried out to find biological processes overrepresented within these sets of genes. Genetic variants located within 50 kb of the 119 myopia-related genes were evaluated for involvement in refractive error by analysis of summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) conducted by the CREAM Consortium and 23andMe, using both single-marker and gene-based tests. Results Pathway analysis identified several biological processes already implicated in refractive error development through prior GWAS analyses and animal studies, including extracellular matrix remodeling, focal adhesion, and axon guidance, supporting the research hypothesis. Novel pathways also implicated in myopia development included mannosylation, glycosylation, lens development, gliogenesis, and Schwann cell differentiation. Hyperopia was found to be linked to a different pattern of biological processes, mostly related to organogenesis. Comparison with GWAS findings further confirmed that syndromic myopia genes were enriched for genetic variants that influence refractive errors in the general population. Gene-based analyses implicated 21 novel candidate myopia genes (ADAMTS18, ADAMTS2, ADAMTSL4, AGK, ALDH18A1, ASXL1, COL4A1, COL9A2, ERBB3, FBN1, GJA1, GNPTG, IFIH1, KIF11, LTBP2, OCA2, POLR3B, POMT1, PTPN11, TFAP2A, ZNF469). Conclusions Common genetic variants within or nearby genes that cause syndromic myopia are enriched for variants that cause nonsyndromic, common myopia. Analysis of syndromic forms of refractive errors can provide new insights into the etiology of myopia and additional potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Ian Flitcroft
- Children's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James Loughman
- College of Sciences and Health, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine F Wildsoet
- Center for Eye Disease and Development, School of Optometry, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Cathy Williams
- Bristol Eye Hospital and Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Joseph S, Krishnan T, Ravindran RD, Maraini G, Camparini M, Chakravarthy U, Ravilla TD, Hutchings A, Fletcher AE. Prevalence and risk factors for myopia and other refractive errors in an adult population in southern India. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2018; 38:346-358. [PMID: 29574882 PMCID: PMC6001660 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate prevalence and risk factors for myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism in southern India. METHODS Randomly sampled villages were enumerated to identify people aged ≥40 years. Participants were interviewed for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors and attended a hospital-based ophthalmic examination including visual acuity measurement and objective and subjective measurement of refractive status. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent (SE) worse than -0.75 dioptres (D), hyperopia as SE ≥+1D and astigmatism as cylinder <-0.5. RESULTS The age-standardised prevalences of myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were 35.6% (95% CI: 34.7-36.6), 17.0% (95% CI: 16.3-17.8) and 32.6 (29.3-36.1), respectively. Of those with myopia (n = 1490), 70% had advanced cataract. Of these, 79% had presenting visual acuity (VA) less than 6/18 and after best correction, 44% of these improved to 6/12 or better and 27% remained with VA less than 6/18. In multivariable analyses (excluding patients with advanced cataract), increasing nuclear opacity score, current tobacco use, and increasing height were associated with higher odds of myopia. Higher levels of education were associated with increased odds of myopia in younger people and decreased odds in older people. Increasing time outdoors was associated with myopia only in older people. Increasing age and female gender were associated with hyperopia, and nuclear opacity score, increasing time outdoors, rural residence and current tobacco use with lower odds of hyperopia. After controlling for myopia, factors associated with higher odds of astigmatism were age, rural residence, and increasing nuclear opacity score and increasing education with lower odds. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to high-income settings and in agreement with studies from low-income settings, we found a rise in myopia with increasing age reflecting the high prevalence of advanced cataract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanil Joseph
- Lions Aravind Institute of Community OphthalmologyAravind Eye Care SystemMaduraiIndia
| | | | | | - Giovanni Maraini
- Sezione di OftalmologiaDipartimento di Scienze Otorino‐Odonto‐Oftalmologiche e Cervico FaccialiUniversità degli Studi di ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Monica Camparini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Biotecnologiche e Traslazionali‐S.Bi.Bi.TUniversità degli Studi di ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Centre for Vision & Vascular ScienceSchool of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical SciencesQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Thulasiraj D. Ravilla
- Lions Aravind Institute of Community OphthalmologyAravind Eye Care SystemMaduraiIndia
| | - Andrew Hutchings
- Department of Health Services, Research and PolicyLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - Astrid E. Fletcher
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Paylakhi S, Labelle-Dumais C, Tolman NG, Sellarole MA, Seymens Y, Saunders J, Lakosha H, deVries WN, Orr AC, Topilko P, John SWM, Nair KS. Müller glia-derived PRSS56 is required to sustain ocular axial growth and prevent refractive error. PLoS Genet 2018. [PMID: 29529029 PMCID: PMC5864079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A mismatch between optical power and ocular axial length results in refractive errors. Uncorrected refractive errors constitute the most common cause of vision loss and second leading cause of blindness worldwide. Although the retina is known to play a critical role in regulating ocular growth and refractive development, the precise factors and mechanisms involved are poorly defined. We have previously identified a role for the secreted serine protease PRSS56 in ocular size determination and PRSS56 variants have been implicated in the etiology of both hyperopia and myopia, highlighting its importance in refractive development. Here, we use a combination of genetic mouse models to demonstrate that Prss56 mutations leading to reduced ocular size and hyperopia act via a loss of function mechanism. Using a conditional gene targeting strategy, we show that PRSS56 derived from Müller glia contributes to ocular growth, implicating a new retinal cell type in ocular size determination. Importantly, we demonstrate that persistent activity of PRSS56 is required during distinct developmental stages spanning the pre- and post-eye opening periods to ensure optimal ocular growth. Thus, our mouse data provide evidence for the existence of a molecule contributing to both the prenatal and postnatal stages of human ocular growth. Finally, we demonstrate that genetic inactivation of Prss56 rescues axial elongation in a mouse model of myopia caused by a null mutation in Egr1. Overall, our findings identify PRSS56 as a potential therapeutic target for modulating ocular growth aimed at preventing or slowing down myopia, which is reaching epidemic proportions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyyedhassan Paylakhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas G Tolman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Sellarole
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yusef Seymens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Saunders
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Hesham Lakosha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Wilhelmine N. deVries
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
| | - Andrew C. Orr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Piotr Topilko
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), and Inserm U1024, and CNRS UMR 8197, Paris, France
| | - Simon WM. John
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - K. Saidas Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Napolitano F, Di Iorio V, Testa F, Tirozzi A, Reccia MG, Lombardi L, Farina O, Simonelli F, Gianfrancesco F, Di Iorio G, Melone MAB, Esposito T, Sampaolo S. Autosomal-dominant myopia associated to a novel P4HA2 missense variant and defective collagen hydroxylation. Clin Genet 2018; 93:982-991. [PMID: 29364500 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently described a complex multisystem syndrome in which mild-moderate myopia segregated as an independent trait. A plethora of genes has been related to sporadic and familial myopia. More recently, in Chinese patients severe myopia (MYP25, OMIM:617238) has been linked to mutations in P4HA2 gene. Seven family members complaining of reduced distance vision especially at dusk underwent complete ophthalmological examination. Whole-exome sequencing was performed to identify the gene responsible for myopia in the pedigree. Moderate myopia was diagnosed in the family which was associated to the novel missense variant c.1147A > G p.(Lys383Glu) in the prolyl 4-hydroxylase,alpha-polypeptide 2 (P4HA2) gene, which catalyzes the formation of 4-hydroxyproline residues in the collagen strands. In vitro studies demonstrated P4HA2 mRNA and protein reduced expression level as well as decreased collagen hydroxylation and deposition in mutated fibroblast primary cultures compared to healthy cell lines. This study suggests that P4HA2 mutations may lead to myopic axial elongation of eyeball as a consequence of quantitative and structural alterations of collagen. This is the first confirmatory study which associates a novel dominant missense variant in P4HA2 with myopia in Caucasian patients. Further studies in larger cohorts are advisable to fully clarify genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Napolitano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - V Di Iorio
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - F Testa
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - A Tirozzi
- IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - L Lombardi
- Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - O Farina
- Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - F Simonelli
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - F Gianfrancesco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - G Di Iorio
- Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - M A B Melone
- Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - T Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - S Sampaolo
- Neurology Clinic II, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery, Neurology, Metabolic Diseases and Geriatrics, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
PURPOSE The prevalence of myopia has increased dramatically worldwide within the last three decades. Recent studies have shown that refractive development is influenced by environmental, behavioral, and inherited factors. This review aims to analyze recent progress in the genetics of refractive error and myopia. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and OMIM was conducted to identify relevant articles in the genetics of refractive error. RESULTS Genome-wide association and sequencing studies have increased our understanding of the genetics involved in refractive error. These studies have identified interesting candidate genes. All genetic loci discovered to date indicate that refractive development is a heterogeneous process mediated by a number of overlapping biological processes. The exact mechanisms by which these biological networks regulate eye growth are poorly understood. Although several individual genes and/or molecular pathways have been investigated in animal models, a systematic network-based approach in modeling human refractive development is necessary to understand the complex interplay between genes and environment in refractive error. CONCLUSION New biomedical technologies and better-designed studies will continue to refine our understanding of the genetics and molecular pathways of refractive error, and may lead to preventative and therapeutic measures to combat the myopia epidemic.
Collapse
|
30
|
Riddell N, Faou P, Murphy M, Giummarra L, Downs RA, Rajapaksha H, Crewther SG. The retina/RPE proteome in chick myopia and hyperopia models: Commonalities with inherited and age-related ocular pathologies. Mol Vis 2017; 23:872-888. [PMID: 29259393 PMCID: PMC5723150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microarray and RNA sequencing studies in the chick model of early optically induced refractive error have implicated thousands of genes, many of which have also been linked to ocular pathologies in humans, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), choroidal neovascularization, glaucoma, and cataract. These findings highlight the potential relevance of the chick model to understanding both refractive error development and the progression to secondary pathological complications. The present study aimed to determine whether proteomic responses to early optical defocus in the chick share similarities with these transcriptome-level changes, particularly in terms of dysregulation of pathology-related molecular processes. Methods Chicks were assigned to a lens condition (monocular +10 D [diopters] to induce hyperopia, -10 D to induce myopia, or no lens) on post-hatch day 5. Biometric measures were collected following a further 6 h and 48 h of rearing. The retina/RPE was then removed and prepared for liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) on an LTQ-Orbitrap Elite. Raw data were processed using MaxQuant, and differentially abundant proteins were identified using moderated t tests (fold change ≥1.5, Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p<0.05). These differentially abundant proteins were compared with the genes and proteins implicated in previous exploratory transcriptome and proteomic studies of refractive error, as well as the genes and proteins linked to the ocular pathologies listed above for which myopia or hyperopia are risk factors. Finally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to assess whether gene sets from the Human Phenotype Ontology database were enriched in the lens groups relative to the no lens groups, and at the top or bottom of the protein data ranked by Spearman's correlation with refraction at 6 and 48 h. Results Refractive errors of -2.63 D ± 0.31 D (mean ± standard error, SE) and 3.90 D ± 0.37 D were evident in the negative and positive lens groups, respectively, at 6 h. By 48 h, refractive compensation to both lens types was almost complete (negative lens -9.70 D ± 0.41 D, positive lens 7.70 D ± 0.44 D). More than 140 differentially abundant proteins were identified in each lens group relative to the no lens controls at both time points. No proteins were differentially abundant between the negative and positive lens groups at 6 h, and 13 were differentially abundant at 48 h. As there was substantial overlap in the proteins implicated across the six comparisons, a total of 390 differentially abundant proteins were identified. Sixty-five of these 390 proteins had previously been implicated in transcriptome studies of refractive error animal models, and 42 had previously been associated with AMD, choroidal neovascularization, glaucoma, and/or cataract in humans. The overlap of differentially abundant proteins with AMD-associated genes and proteins was statistically significant for all conditions (Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p<0.05), with over-representation analysis implicating ontologies related to oxidative stress, cholesterol homeostasis, and melanin biosynthesis. GSEA identified significant enrichment of genes associated with abnormal electroretinogram, photophobia, and nyctalopia phenotypes in the proteins negatively correlated with ocular refraction across the lens groups at 6 h. The implicated proteins were primarily linked to photoreceptor dystrophies and mitochondrial disorders in humans. Conclusions Optical defocus in the chicks induces rapid changes in the abundance of many proteins in the retina/RPE that have previously been linked to inherited and age-related ocular pathologies in humans. Similar changes have been identified in a meta-analysis of chick refractive error transcriptome studies, highlighting the chick as a model for the study of optically induced stress with possible relevance to understanding the development of a range of pathological states in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Murphy
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Loretta Giummarra
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachael A. Downs
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Harinda Rajapaksha
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu Y, Wang Y, Lv H, Jiang X, Zhang M, Li X. α-adrenergic agonist brimonidine control of experimentally induced myopia in guinea pigs: A pilot study. Mol Vis 2017; 23:785-798. [PMID: 29204068 PMCID: PMC5693025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of α-adrenergic agonist brimonidine either alone or combined with pirenzepine for inhibiting progressing myopia in guinea pig lens-myopia-induced models. METHODS Thirty-six guinea pigs were randomly divided into six groups: Group A received 2% pirenzepine, Group B received 0.2% brimonidine, Group C received 0.1% brimonidine, Group D received 2% pirenzepine + 0.2% brimonidine, Group E received 2% pirenzepine + 0.1% brimonidine, and Group F received the medium. Myopia was induced in the right eyes of all guinea pigs using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) lenses for 3 weeks. Eye drops were administered accordingly. Intraocular pressure was measured every day. Refractive error and axial length measurements were performed once a week. The enucleated eyeballs were removed for hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Van Gieson (VG) staining at the end of the study. RESULTS The lens-induced myopia model was established after 3 weeks. Treatment with 0.1% brimonidine alone and 0.2% brimonidine alone was capable of inhibiting progressing myopia, as shown by the better refractive error (p=0.024; p=0.006) and shorter axial length (p=0.005; p=0.0017). Treatment with 0.1% brimonidine and 0.2% brimonidine combined with 2% pirenzepine was also effective in suppressing progressing refractive error (p=0.016; p=0.0006) and axial length (p=0.017; p=0.0004). The thickness of the sclera was kept stable in all groups except group F; the sclera was much thinner in the lens-induced myopia eyes compared to the control eyes. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with 0.1% brimonidine alone and 0.2% brimonidine alone, as well as combined with 2% pirenzepine, was effective in inhibiting progressing myopia. The result indicates that intraocular pressure elevation is possibly a promising mechanism and potential treatment for progressing myopia.
Collapse
|
32
|
Morgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo X, Ding X, He M, Rose KA. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Prog Retin Eye Res 2017; 62:134-149. [PMID: 28951126 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 561] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is an epidemic of myopia in East and Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of myopia in young adults around 80-90%, and an accompanying high prevalence of high myopia in young adults (10-20%). This may foreshadow an increase in low vision and blindness due to pathological myopia. These two epidemics are linked, since the increasingly early onset of myopia, combined with high progression rates, naturally generates an epidemic of high myopia, with high prevalences of "acquired" high myopia appearing around the age of 11-13. The major risk factors identified are intensive education, and limited time outdoors. The localization of the epidemic appears to be due to the high educational pressures and limited time outdoors in the region, rather than to genetically elevated sensitivity to these factors. Causality has been demonstrated in the case of time outdoors through randomized clinical trials in which increased time outdoors in schools has prevented the onset of myopia. In the case of educational pressures, evidence of causality comes from the high prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Jewish boys attending Orthodox schools in Israel compared to their sisters attending religious schools, and boys and girls attending secular schools. Combining increased time outdoors in schools, to slow the onset of myopia, with clinical methods for slowing myopic progression, should lead to the control of this epidemic, which would otherwise pose a major health challenge. Reforms to the organization of school systems to reduce intense early competition for accelerated learning pathways may also be important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Morgan
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Amanda N French
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Regan S Ashby
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Biomedical Sciences, Faulty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Xinxing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China; Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingguang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn A Rose
- Discipline of Orthoptics, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chao C, Richdale K, Jalbert I, Doung K, Gokhale M. Non-invasive objective and contemporary methods for measuring ocular surface inflammation in soft contact lens wearers - A review. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2017; 40:273-282. [PMID: 28602547 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Contact lens wear is one of the primary risk factors for the development of ocular surface inflammatory events. The purpose of this review is to examine and summarize existing knowledge on the mechanisms of contact lens related ocular surface inflammation and the evidence for the effectiveness of current objective methods to measure ocular surface inflammation. Contact lens wear is postulated to trigger an inflammatory response on the ocular surface due to mechanical, chemical, hypoxic stress, or by the introduction of microbes and their toxins. Apart from the traditional signs of inflammation, such as swelling, oedema, redness and heat, on the ocular surface, other methods to measure ocular surface inflammation in sub-clinical levels include tear inflammatory mediator concentrations, conjunctival cell morphology, and corneal epithelial dendritic cell density and morphology. Tear inflammatory mediator concentrations are up- or down-regulated during contact lens wear, with or without the presence of associated inflammatory events. There is higher conjunctival cell metaplasia observed with contact lens wear, but changes in goblet cell density are inconclusive. Dendritic cell density is seen to increase soon after initiating soft contact lens wear. The long term effects of contact lens wear on dendritic cell migration in the cornea and conjunctiva, including the lid wiper area, require further investigation. Currently patient factors, such as age, smoking, systemic diseases and genetic profile are being studied. A better understanding of these mechanisms may facilitate the development of new management options and strategies to minimize ocular surface inflammation related to contact lens wear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Chao
- College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, USA; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kathryn Richdale
- College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Isabelle Jalbert
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Doung
- College of Optometry, State University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Moneisha Gokhale
- Deakin Optometry, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hilkert SM, Parness-Yossifon R, Mets-Halgrimson R, Mets MB. Ocular biometry and determinants of refractive error in a founder population of European ancestry. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 39:11-16. [PMID: 28569566 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1326509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of myopia is increasing worldwide. Previous studies have found a positive association between myopia, education, and near activities, while others have noted a negative association with outdoor exposure. This study reports refractive error and biometry in a founder population of European ancestry, the Hutterites, and discusses risk factors contributing to myopia. METHODS Cross-sectional study, including complete eye exams with retinoscopy and biometry. RESULTS 939 study participants, ages 6 to 89, were examined. Females were significantly more myopic than males (SE -0.87 ± 2.07 and -0.40 ± 1.49 in females and males, respectively, p < 0.0001). Males had significantly longer axial lengths. Females had steeper corneas. This is the first epidemiological report of refractive error among the Hutterites. DISCUSSION As a genetically isolated population with a communal lifestyle, the Hutterites present a unique opportunity to study risk factors for myopia. Hutterite females are more myopic than males, a finding which has only been reported in a few other populations. Hutterite children complete compulsory education through the 8th grade, after which women and men assume gender-specific occupational tasks. Men often work outside on the farm, while women engage in more domestic activities inside. These occupational differences likely contribute to the increased myopia comparing females to males, and their uniform lifestyle reduces the impact of potential confounding factors, such as education and income. CONCLUSIONS The Hutterites are more myopic than most other North American and European populations. Greater time spent doing near work and less time spent outdoors likely explain the increased myopia comparing females to males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Hilkert
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,c Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science , University of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Reut Parness-Yossifon
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,d Division of Ophthalmology , Kaplan Medical Center , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Rebecca Mets-Halgrimson
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| | - Marilyn B Mets
- a Feinberg School of Medicine , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois , USA.,b Division of Ophthalmology , Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago , Chicago , Illinois , USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bio-environmental factors associated with myopia: An updated review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 92:307-325. [PMID: 28162831 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftal.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies in animals, as well as observational and intervention studies in humans, seem to support the premise that the development of juvenile myopia is promoted by a combination of the effect of genetic and environmental factors, with a complex interaction between them. The very rapid increase in myopia rates in some parts of the world, such as Southeast Asia, supports a significant environmental effect. Several lines of evidence suggest that humans might respond to various external factors, such as increased activity in near vision, increased educational pressure, decreased exposure to sunlight outdoors, dietary changes (including increased intake of carbohydrates), as well as low light levels indoors. All these factors could be associated with a higher prevalence of myopia.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Myopia is not a simple refractive error, but an eyesight-threatening disease. There is a high prevalence of myopia, 80% to 90%, in young adults in East Asia; myopia has become the leading cause of blindness in this area. As the myopic population increases globally, the severity of its impact is predicted. Approximately one fifth of the myopic population has high myopia (≥-6 diopters), which results in irreversible vision loss such as retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularization, cataracts, glaucoma, and macular atrophy. The increasing prevalence of school myopia in the past few decades may be a result of gene-environment interactions. However, earlier school myopia onset would accompany faster myopia progression and greater risk of high myopia later in life. Recently, there have been effective interventions to delay the onset of myopia, such as outdoor activity and decreasing the duration of near work. Hyperopia (≤0.5 diopters) is a predictor of myopia. Pharmacological agents and optic interventions such as low-concentration atropine and orthokeratology may slow progression in myopic children. Novel surgeries and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs could deal with some myopic complications. From available evidence, the prevention, control, and treatment of myopia seem to be promising. However, to reduce the impact of myopia in future decades, more work and effort are still needed, including that by governments and intercountry eye health organizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Wu
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Okui S, Meguro A, Takeuchi M, Yamane T, Okada E, Iijima Y, Mizuki N. Analysis of the association between the LUM rs3759223 variant and high myopia in a Japanese population. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:2157-2163. [PMID: 27826181 PMCID: PMC5096747 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s104761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Many studies have investigated the relationship of the lumican gene (LUM) rs3759223 variant with the risk of high myopia, but the results have been inconsistent and inconclusive. In this study, we investigated whether LUM rs3759223 is associated with high myopia in a Japanese population. Methods We recruited 1,585 Japanese patients with high myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] <−9.00 diopters [D]) and 1,011 Japanese healthy controls (SE ≥−1.00 D). The rs3759223 variant was genotyped using the TaqMan assay, and the allelic and genotypic diversity among cases and controls was analyzed according to the SE level. Results In the allelic tests, the odds ratio (OR) for the T allele of rs3759223 tended to increase with the progression of SE, and the highest OR (1.56) was found in patients with SE <−15 D in both eyes. The OR of the T allele tended to increase with the progression of SE in the additive, dominant, and recessive inheritance models. However, we found no significant associations for any of the alleles or genotype models. Conclusion These data support the possibility that the LUM rs3759223 T allele accelerates the progression of SE in the Japanese population, although no significant associations were observed in this study. Additional genetic studies with larger samples that take into account the degree of SE are needed to clarify the contribution of rs3759223 to the risk of high myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Okui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Takahiro Yamane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Riddell N, Giummarra L, Hall NE, Crewther SG. Bidirectional Expression of Metabolic, Structural, and Immune Pathways in Early Myopia and Hyperopia. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:390. [PMID: 27625591 PMCID: PMC5003873 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia (short-sightedness) affects 1.45 billion people worldwide, many of whom will develop sight-threatening secondary disorders. Myopic eyes are characterized by excessive size while hyperopic (long-sighted) eyes are typically small. The biological and genetic mechanisms underpinning the retina's local control of these growth patterns remain unclear. In the present study, we used RNA sequencing to examine gene expression in the retina/RPE/choroid across 3 days of optically-induced myopia and hyperopia induction in chick. Data were analyzed for differential expression of single genes, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used to identify gene sets correlated with ocular axial length and refraction across lens groups. Like previous studies, we found few single genes that were differentially-expressed in a sign-of-defocus dependent manner (only BMP2 at 1 day). Using GSEA, however, we are the first to show that more subtle shifts in structural, metabolic, and immune pathway expression are correlated with the eye size and refractive changes induced by lens defocus. Our findings link gene expression with the morphological characteristics of refractive error, and suggest that physiological stress arising from metabolic and inflammatory pathway activation could increase the vulnerability of myopic eyes to secondary pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Riddell
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Loretta Giummarra
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nathan E Hall
- Life Sciences Computation Centre, Victorian Life Sciences Computation InitiativeMelbourne, VIC, Australia; La Trobe UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Myopia is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. In particular, high myopia is associated with serious blinding complications, including retinal detachment, chorioretinal degeneration, and choroidal neovascularization. Myopia is multifactorial in etiology, resulting from the interaction of environmental and genetic risk factors. During the past 2 decades, a large number of gene loci and variants have been identified for myopia. There are more than 20 myopia-associated loci spanning all chromosomes. Earlier findings were obtained mainly from family linkage analyses and candidate gene studies, and more recent results are principally from genome-wide association studies and exome sequencing. Some genetic associations have been successfully validated and replicated in populations of different geographic localities and ethnicities, but some have not. Compared with Whites, Asian populations-in particular Japanese, Korean, and Chinese-have a much higher prevalence of myopia, especially high myopia. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to such ethnic variations. This review attempts to summarize and compare the allelic frequencies of gene variants known to be associated with myopia in different ethnic groups, especially in the Asia-Pacific region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Song Rong
- From the *Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong; and †Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Guggenheim JA, Williams C. Role of Educational Exposure in the Association Between Myopia and Birth Order. JAMA Ophthalmol 2016; 133:1408-14. [PMID: 26448589 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Visual impairment due to myopia is an important public health issue. A prior analysis of population-based cohorts aged 15 to 22 years recruited from the United Kingdom and Israel suggested myopia and high myopia were approximately 10% more common in first-born compared with later-born children. OBJECTIVE To examine whether myopia was associated with birth order in an earlier generation than studied previously and, if so, whether the association was attenuated after adjusting for education exposure, as predicted by the hypothesis that the education of children with later birth orders is less intense. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional study of UK Biobank participants recruited from 2006 to 2010. Analysis was restricted to participants aged 40 to 69 years who had a vision assessment, self-reported white ethnicity, and no history of eye disorders (N = 89,120). Myopia and high myopia were defined as autorefraction of -0.75 diopters (D) or less and -6.00 D or less, respectively. EXPOSURES Birth order and information on potential confounders including highest educational qualification ascertained using a structured questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Odds ratios (ORs) for myopia and high myopia by birth order, using logistic regression and adjusting for age and sex (model 1) or age, sex, and highest educational qualification (model 2). RESULTS In model 1 (no adjustment for education), birth order was associated with both myopia and high myopia (eg, comparing first- vs second-born individuals; OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.08-1.16; P = 1.40E-11 and OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.11-1.30; P = 3.60E-06 for myopia and high myopia, respectively). The risk for myopia became progressively lower for later birth orders, suggesting a dose response. In model 2 (after adjusting for education), the effect sizes were attenuated by approximately 25% (OR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.12; P = 1.30E-06 and OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.25; P = 4.60E-04 for myopia and high myopia, respectively) and the apparent dose response was abolished. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These data suggest that the association between birth order and myopia is not due to a new environmental pressure in the last 30 to 40 years. The attenuated effect size after adjusting for educational exposure supports a role for reduced parental investment in education of children with later birth orders in their relative protection from myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lin FY, Huang Z, Lu N, Chen W, Fang H, Han W. Controversial opinion: evaluation of EGR1 and LAMA2 loci for high myopia in Chinese populations. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2016; 17:225-35. [PMID: 26984843 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1500233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Functional studies have suggested the important role of early growth response 1 (EGR1) and Laminin α2-chain (LAMA2) in human eye development. Genetic studies have reported a significant association of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the LAMA2 gene with myopia. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the tagging SNPs (tSNPs) in the EGR1 and LAMA2 genes with high myopia in two independent Han Chinese populations. Four tSNPs (rs11743810 in the EGR1 gene; rs2571575, rs9321170, and rs1889891 in the LAMA2 gene) were selected, according to the HapMap database (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), and were genotyped using the ligase detection reaction (LDR) approach for 167 Han Chinese nuclear families with extremely highly myopic offspring (<-10.0 diopters) and an independent group with 485 extremely highly myopic cases (<-10.0 diopters) and 499 controls. Direct sequencing was used to confirm the LDR results in twenty randomly selected subjects. Family-based association analysis was performed using the family-based association test (FBAT) software package (Version 1.5.5). Population-based association analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. The association analysis power was estimated using online software (http://design.cs.ucla.edu). The FBAT demonstrated that all four tSNPs tested did not show association with high myopia (P>0.05). Haplotype analysis of tSNPs in the LAMA2 genes also did not show a significant association (P>0.05). Meanwhile, population-based association analysis also showed no significant association results with high myopia (P>0.05). On the basis of our family- and population-based analyses for the Han Chinese population, we did not find positive association signals of the four SNPs in the LAMA2 and EGR1 genes with high myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang-yu Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Zhu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Williams KM, Hammond CJ. GWAS in myopia: insights into disease and implications for the clinic. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1586/17469899.2016.1164597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Xie
- a Department of Forensic Genetics , West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Yating Li
- a Department of Forensic Genetics , West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Jing Wu
- a Department of Forensic Genetics , West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| | - Jin Wu
- a Department of Forensic Genetics , West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University , Chengdu , Sichuan , China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Galvis V, Tello A, Parra MM, Merayo-Lloves J, Larrea J, Julian Rodriguez C, Camacho PA. Topical Atropine in the Control of Myopia. MEDICAL HYPOTHESIS, DISCOVERY & INNOVATION OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 5:78-88. [PMID: 28293653 PMCID: PMC5347209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Atropine has been used for more than a century to arrest myopia progression. Compelling evidence of its protective effect has been reported in well-designed clinical studies, mainly performed during the last two decades. However, its exact mechanism of action has not been determined. Experimental findings have shown that the mechanism is not related to accommodation, as was thought for decades. A review of the published literature revealed a significant amount of evidence supporting its safety and efficacy at a concentration of 1.0%, and at lower concentrations (as low as 0.01%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Galvis
- Centro Oftalmologico Virgilio Galvis, Floridablanca, Colombia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Tello
- Centro Oftalmologico Virgilio Galvis, Floridablanca, Colombia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Floridablanca, Colombia
| | - M Margarita Parra
- Centro Oftalmologico Virgilio Galvis, Floridablanca, Colombia; Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Floridablanca, Colombia
| | | | - Jaime Larrea
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Floridablanca, Colombia
| | | | - Paul Anthony Camacho
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga (UNAB), Floridablanca, Colombia; Fundacion Oftalmológica de Santander FOSCAL, Floridablanca, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kanemaki N, Meguro A, Yamane T, Takeuchi M, Okada E, Iijima Y, Mizuki N. Study of association of PAX6 polymorphisms with susceptibility to high myopia in a Japanese population. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:2005-11. [PMID: 26604670 PMCID: PMC4629984 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s95167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many studies have investigated the relationship of paired box 6 (PAX6) gene polymorphisms with the risk of high myopia, but the results across studies remain inconsistent and ambiguous. In the present work, we investigated whether PAX6 polymorphisms are associated with high myopia in a Japanese population. METHODS A total of 1,585 Japanese patients with high myopia (spherical equivalent [SE] <-9.00 diopters [D]) and 1,011 Japanese healthy controls (SE≥-1.00 D) were recruited. To compare genotype frequencies between cases and controls, we genotyped five single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PAX6 gene that are reportedly associated with high/extreme myopia: rs662702, rs3026393, rs644242, rs3026390, and rs667773. RESULTS For rs662702, rs644242, and rs667773, odds ratios (ORs) for their risk alleles tended to increase with the progression of SE and axial length in the additive and recessive models. Of these, rs644242 had the highest OR (2.56) in patients with SE<-15 D in both eyes in the recessive model. On the other hand, for rs3026393 and rs3026390, the ORs for their risk alleles tended to increase according to the progression of SE and axial length in the dominant model. Of the two, rs3026393 had the highest OR (2.32) in patients with SE<-15 D in both eyes in the dominant model. However, no significant associations were identified in this study. CONCLUSION We found that these PAX6 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of extreme myopia. Although the results, which are in agreement with some previous studies, did not reach statistical significance, PAX6 single nucleotide polymorphisms may be important risk factors for the development of extreme myopia. Further genetic studies with larger sample sizes and taking into account the degree of myopia are needed to clarify the contribution of PAX6 variants in myopia development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamane
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Takeuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan ; Inflammatory Disease Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Meng B, LI SM, Yang Y, Yang ZR, Sun F, Kang MT, Sun YY, Ran AR, Wang JN, Yan R, BaI YW, Wang NL, Zhan SY. The association of TGFB1 genetic polymorphisms with high myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20355-20367. [PMID: 26884952 PMCID: PMC4723797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The TGFB1 gene is among the most studied genes in high myopia due to its role in scleral remodeling. But reported findings of association on TGFB1 and high myopia are inconsistent. This present study is to evaluate the association of TGFB1 polymorphisms and high myopia. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted on studies published up to April 5, 2015. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were analyzed. Heterogeneity across studies was evaluated by Cochran Q statistic test and the I(2) index. Sensitivity analyses were conducted by the approach of one-study remove to assess the influence of single study on the combined effect. RESULTS Eight studies were included in this study for meta-analysis. Rs1982073 was associated with high myopia in dominant model (OR=1.64; 95% CI=1.04~2.58; P<0.05), heterozygous model (OR=1.54; 95% CI=1.02~2.33; P<0.05), homozygous model (OR=1.90; 95% CI=1.01~3.55; P=0.05) and allelic model (OR=1.36; 95% CI=1.01~1.84; P=0.05). However, there was no statistical significance when Bonferroni correction was considered. Rs4803455 was associated with high myopia in recessive model (OR=0.40; 95% CI=0.25~0.64; P<0.01) and homozygous model (OR=0.42; 95% CI=0.26~0.68; P<0.01). Rs1800469 was associated with high myopia in allelic model (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.64~0.96; P<0.05). And the associations can withstand Bonferroni correction in models mentioned above when referring to rs4803455 (P<0.01) and rs1800469 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Meta-analysis of existing data revealed a suggestive association of TGFB1 rs1982073 and rs4803455 with high myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Shi-Ming LI
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
| | - Meng-Tian Kang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Yun-Yun Sun
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - An-Ran Ran
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Ran Yan
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Ya-Wen BaI
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Ning-Li Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 100005, China
| | - Si-Yan Zhan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science CentreBeijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang Q. Genetics of Refraction and Myopia. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:269-79. [PMID: 26310160 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both genetic and environmental factors play roles in the development of refractive errors. Identification of genes involved in refractive errors may help in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism related to both genetic defects and environmental pressure. Recent development of techniques for genome wide analysis provides unique opportunity in dissecting the genetic basis related to refractive errors. This chapter tries to give a brief overview on the recent progress of genetic study of refractive errors, especially myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingjiong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Guo H, Tong P, Liu Y, Xia L, Wang T, Tian Q, Li Y, Hu Y, Zheng Y, Jin X, Li Y, Xiong W, Tang B, Feng Y, Li J, Pan Q, Hu Z, Xia K. Mutations of P4HA2 encoding prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 are associated with nonsyndromic high myopia. Genet Med 2015; 17:300-6. [PMID: 25741866 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High myopia is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, with high heritability. However, only a few causative genes have been identified, and the pathogenesis is still unclear. Our aim was to identify a novel causative gene in a family with autosomal-dominant, nonsyndromic high myopia. METHODS Whole-genome linkage and whole-exome sequencing were conducted on the family. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were applied to test the functional consequence of the candidate mutation. Sanger sequencing was performed to screen for the candidate gene in other families or sporadic cases. RESULTS A heterozygous missense mutation, c.871G>A (p.Glu291Lys), within P4HA2 was cosegregating with the phenotype in the family. The segregating mutation caused premature degradation of unstable messenger RNA. Subsequent screening for P4HA2 in 186 cases identified an additional four mutations in 5 cases, including the frameshift mutation c.1349_1350delGT (p.Arg451Glyfs*8), the nonsense mutation c.1327A>G (p.Lys443*), and two deleterious missense mutations, c.419A>G (p.Gln140Arg) and c.448A>G (p.Ile150Val). The missense mutation c.419A>G (p.Gln140Arg) was recurrently identified in a sporadic case and was segregating in a three-generation family. CONCLUSION P4HA2 was identified as a novel causative gene for nonsyndromic high myopia. This study also indicated that the disruption of posttranslational modifications of collagen is an important factor in the pathogenesis of high myopia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tianyun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiqiao Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuemin Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunping Li
- 1] The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Feng
- The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiada Li
- 1] The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qian Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- 1] The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China [2] College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Xinjiang, China [3] Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|