1
|
Domosławska-Wyderska A, Zduńczyk S, Rafalska A. Potential role of oxidative stress in pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia in male dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14580. [PMID: 38698701 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in dogs is still not fully understood. Some studies suggest that oxidative stress may have a potential role in the pathogenesis of BPH in dogs. Age-related hormonal changes may activate a chronic inflammatory response in the prostate. This causes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and results in oxidative stress. Excessive production of ROS results in DNA damage and hyperplastic transformation of prostatic cells. The use of antioxidants for improvement of treatment outcomes for canine PBH has been discussed. Further research is needed on the importance of oxidative stress in the development of BPH in dogs and the usefulness of antioxidants in the supportive treatment of this condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sławomir Zduńczyk
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agata Rafalska
- Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kyoda Y, Shibamori K, Shindo T, Maehana T, Hashimoto K, Kobayashi K, Tanaka T, Fukuta F, Masumori N. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors causing hyperplasia of the prostate. Int J Urol 2024. [PMID: 38462732 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Prostatic hyperplasia is very common in elderly men and is a typical disease that reduces quality of life. Histologically, hyperplasia of the prostate gland causes obstruction at the bladder outlet, resulting in symptoms such as a weak urine stream. Various factors have been considered to cause histological enlargement of the prostate, but the underlying cause is still unknown. The factors that cause prostate hyperplasia can be broadly classified into intrinsic and extrinsic ones. Extrinsic factors include things that we directly come into contact with such as bacteria and food. On the other hand, intrinsic factors are those that cause changes in functions originally provided in the body due to some cause, including extrinsic factors, such as chronic inflammation and an imbalance of sex hormones. A large number of reports have been made to date regarding the etiology of prostatic hyperplasia, although they have not yet clarified the fundamental cause(s). The various factors currently known should be outlined for future research. Should it be possible to prevent this highly prevalent prostatic hyperplasia which is mainly cause of dcreasing quality of life, there is no doubt that it would be a huge contribution to humanity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kyoda
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Shibamori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shindo
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Maehana
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohei Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ko Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumimasa Fukuta
- Department of Urology, Steel Memorial Muroran Hospital, Muroran, Japan
| | - Naoya Masumori
- Department of Urology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schäfer-Somi S. Diseases of the Canine Prostate Gland. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.105835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In dogs, the most frequent diseases of the prostate gland are benign prostate gland hyperplasia (BPH), acute and chronic prostatitis, squamous metaplasia, and prostate tumors. New diagnostic tools comprise diagnostic markers in the blood and urine, as well as advanced imaging methods. The therapy can be initialized with the 5α-reductase-inhibitor finasteride or an anti-androgenic compound, and prolonged with a long-acting gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH)-agonist such as deslorelin. In case of prostatitis, effective antibiotics must be applied for weeks. Antibiotics must be able to penetrate into the prostate tissue; fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and erythromycin are good choices and are in addition effective against mycoplasms. The chronical prostatitis cannot be differentiated from a neoplasia by sonography; a biopsy, histological, and bacteriological examination are required. Tumors of the prostate gland are seldom and mostly occur in castrated but in intact dogs. For the final diagnosis, a biopsy must be taken. Partial and total resection of the prostate gland by use of laser technique is possible but coincedes with many side effects and the prognosis is still futile. Immunotherapy combined with NSAIDs, targeted noninvasive thermotherapy, BRAF gene inhibitors, or prostate artery chemoembolization are promising methods.
Collapse
|
4
|
Palmieri C, Fonseca-Alves CE, Laufer-Amorim R. A Review on Canine and Feline Prostate Pathology. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:881232. [PMID: 35720846 PMCID: PMC9201985 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.881232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostatic diseases are very common in male dogs, accounting for 3–10% of cases submitted to the veterinary practitioners. Commonly reported canine prostatic disorders include prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, prostatic cysts and prostatic carcinoma. However, clinical signs may be non-specific, or many cases are asymptomatic, thus leading to a difficult estimation of the actual prevalence of clinical cases. On the other side, because of the rare occurrence of prostate disease in cats, very little is known about pathogenesis, diagnostic approaches and treatment. The goal of this review is to provide detailed clinical and pathological overview of the feline and canine prostatic pathology, including the most up-to-date classification systems and histological findings. Emphasis is places on gross, cytological and histological features that are critical to reach a definitive diagnosis for a proper treatment and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Sao-Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chughtai B, Punyala A, Lata SS, Maul DH, Cho A, Stanley J, Rouselle S, Gonzalez RR. Characterization of a Novel Implant Intended to Expand and Reshape the Prostatic Urethra for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Pre-Clinical Feasibility Study in the Canine Model. Urology 2021; 159:167-175. [PMID: 34728332 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, feasibility, and tissue response of a novel device for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia, using the first-generation Urocross Expander System (Mercury Expander System). METHODS The implant was deployed and retrieved using flexible cystoscope in 8 adult male canines, separated into three study arms by retrieval date (1-, 6-, and 12- months post-deployment). Cystoscopy and urethrograms verified implant position/diameter; bladder neck and external sphincter function/changes; prostatic tissue response; and implant condition. One-month post-retrieval, the prostate and surrounding tissue was sectioned and evaluated by a veterinary pathologist. RESULTS All implants were successfully deployed in the prostatic urethra. Urethral width was increased (6.9 ± 1.8 mm to 10.2 ± 0.6 mm, P = .012) and preserved through the dwell period. Urethral length and sphincter diameters didn't significantly change. All subjects (n = 8) remained continent without obstruction or retention. Adverse events included incisional site bleeding (n = 2) and transient hematuria (n = 3). One implant migrated into the bladder and spontaneously repositioned into the prostatic urethra. Post-retrieval, explant surfaces demonstrated no tissue growth, encrustation or stone formation. Imaging revealed contact site erythema and indentation, but no stones, strictures, perforations, erosions, nor ulcerations. Histopathology revealed glandular acinar changes, inflammation, and fibrosis. CONCLUSION The first generation of the Urocross Expander System demonstrated a favorable safety profile in the canine model. Changes in the prostatic urethra shape were noted with an increase in urethral width during the dwell period with minimal tissue changes. Further, the implant didn't demonstrate any encrustation, tissue growth or stone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Chughtai
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell, New York, NY.
| | - Ananth Punyala
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Ahra Cho
- New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell, New York, NY
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Woicke J, Al-Haddawi MM, Bienvenu JG, Caverly Rae JM, Chanut FJ, Colman K, Cullen JM, Davis W, Fukuda R, Huisinga M, Walker UJ, Kai K, Kovi RC, Macri NP, Marxfeld HA, Nikula KJ, Pardo ID, Rosol TJ, Sharma AK, Singh BP, Tamura K, Thibodeau MS, Vezzali E, Vidal JD, Meseck EK. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Dog. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:5-109. [PMID: 33393871 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320968181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the societies of toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the dog used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions, lesions induced by exposure to test materials, and relevant infectious and parasitic lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Karyn Colman
- Genomics Institute for the Novartis Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John M Cullen
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ryo Fukuda
- Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiyonori Kai
- Daiichi Sankyo Co, Ltd, Medical Safety Research Laboratories, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ramesh C Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories (EPL), Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,National Toxicology Program (NTP), US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J Rosol
- Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Kazutoshi Tamura
- Pathology Department, BoZo Research Center Inc, Shizuoka, Gotemba, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Emily K Meseck
- Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lima CB, Angrimani DSR, Flores RB, Vannucchi CI. Endocrine, prostatic vascular, and proapoptotic changes in dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated medically or surgically. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 75:106601. [PMID: 33333452 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a disorder related to hormone imbalance, local angiogenesis, and prostate growth, which can be treated surgically (orchiectomy) or medically (most commonly with finasteride). However, finasteride therapy is not completely established in dogs regarding local action and posology. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of finasteride and orchiectomy on hormonal profile, prostate apoptosis, blood flow, and biometry in dogs with BPH. Dogs were assigned to the following groups: untreated, 0.1 mg, 0.2 mg, and 0.5 mg/kg/d of finasteride and orchiectomy. All dogs were assessed monthly: day 0 (before treatment), day 30, and day 60 and subjected to prostate B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography and hormonal analysis (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone). After 60 d, prostatic biopsy was performed for histology and immunohistochemical evaluation for apoptosis (caspase-3). On day 60, percentage reduction of prostatic volume was greater in orchiectomized dogs than that in finasteride groups, which, conversely, was greater than untreated dogs. On day 60, 0.2-mg finasteride, 0.5-mg finasteride, and orchiectomy groups had higher prostatic blood flow than 0.1-mg finasteride and untreated groups. In addition, both 0.5-mg finasteride and orchiectomy groups had an increase in prostate artery resistance. Orchiectomy significantly decreased androgen concentrations at 30 d onward, differing from the remaining groups. The orchiectomy group had lower caspase-3 immunostaining, however, not different from untreated and 0.5-mg finasteride. In conclusion, 0.5 mg/kg finasteride promoted more effective prostate apoptosis and hemodynamic effects among medical treatments, whereas orchiectomy caused prostate atrophy and sharp endocrine changes in dogs with BPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C B Lima
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - D S R Angrimani
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R B Flores
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - C I Vannucchi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Rua Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lucas Cava V, Sánchez Margallo FM, Báez Díaz C, Dávila Gómez L, Lima Rodríguez JR, Sun F. Prostatic artery embolization with polyethylene glycol microspheres: evaluation in a canine spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia model. CVIR Endovasc 2020; 3:44. [PMID: 32886265 PMCID: PMC7474033 DOI: 10.1186/s42155-020-00130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) is a minimally invasive technique for the management of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) relieving the lower urinary tract symptoms in patients. Various embolic agents have been tested in animal models and subsequently used in human patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility, effectiveness, and safety of PAE with polyethylene glycol microspheres in a canine spontaneous BPH model. RESULTS Five adult male Beagle dogs (4.78 ± 1.11 years) were diagnosed by tranrectal ultrasonography of spontaneous BPH (prostate volume > 18 ml) and underwent PAE with polyethylene glycol microspheres (400 ± 75 μm). PAE procedures were performed successfully in all dogs. After PAE, all dogs were inspected for potential procedure-related complications during 1 month of follow-up. No major complications were observed any animal. Follow-up angiography was performed in each animal at 1 month of follow-up. Recanalization was demonstrated in all the embolized prostatic arteries or main branches at the end of the study. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) evaluations were performed immediately before PAE as baseline data, and 1 week, 2 weeks and 1 month after PAE. MRI study showed that the prostate shrank substantially with ischemic necrosis in each dog. There was a significant reduction in the mean prostate volume at 2 weeks and 1 month compared with the baseline data, from 19.95 ± 1.89 mL to 13.14 ± 2.33 and 9.35 ± 2.69 mL (p < 0.001), respectively. Histopathological study was conducted after 1-month follow-up angiography and confirmed the therapeutic responses with diffuse glandular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study support that PAE with the use of polyethylene glycol microspheres is a safe and feasible procedure that may induce a significant shrinkage of prostate due to the local ischemia and secondary glandular atrophy. Early recanalization of target arteries remains to be further addressed in both laboratory investigation and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Lucas Cava
- Endoluminal Therapy and Diagnosis Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Carretera N-521, km 41.8, 10071, Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Claudia Báez Díaz
- Endoluminal Therapy and Diagnosis Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Carretera N-521, km 41.8, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Dávila Gómez
- Animal Housing Service, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Fei Sun
- Endoluminal Therapy and Diagnosis Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Carretera N-521, km 41.8, 10071, Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Zhang M, Tang J, Yin G, Long Z, He L, Zhou C, Luo L, Qi L, Wang L. Animal models of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2020; 24:49-57. [PMID: 32873917 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-020-00277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms are common clinical concerns that affect aging men all over the world. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Over the past few years, a number of animal models of BPH, including spontaneous model, BPH-induction model, xenograft model, metabolic syndrome model, mechanical obstruction model, and transgenic model, have been established that may provide useful tools to fill these critical knowledge gaps. In this review, we therefore outlined the present status quo for animal models of BPH, comparing the pros and cons with respect to their ability to mimic the etiological, histological, and clinical hallmarks of BPH and discussed their applicability for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Mengda Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Guangming Yin
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi Long
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Leye He
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chuanchi Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lufeng Luo
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.,Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hasan I, Naqvi SF, Khan A, Hasan Y, UzairUllah M. A Short Scale Trial to Study and Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of a Herbal Composition; Verona Anti-BPH Capsule to Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Men Older than 40 Years of Age. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083806666200127090140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims and objective:
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition that causes
the proliferation of the cells of the prostate causing urine retention, renal insufficiency, bladder
calculi, recurrent Lower Urinary Tract Infections (LUTS) and in complicated cases, hematuria
with unbearable pain. The trial was conducted to study the safety and efficacy of novel herbal
product Verona anti- BPH capsules at a local clinic of Sharafi Goth, Karachi Pakistan.
Introduction:
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is one major condition. The prevalence of
the disease increases to around 8-60% in men at the age of 40 years which is caused mainly by
hormonal change, lifestyle changes or diet. The disease is mainly defined as increased cellular
proliferation of the prostate glands or an enlarged prostate. 50% men of age 65 years and
above of the total population of Pakistan are at risk of having Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(BPH).
Method:
This was a single blind, placebo control phase I clinical trial. A total of 35 patients
were enrolled in the study, out of which 2 patients got dropped out. 23 patients received Verona
anti-BPH capsules and 10 patients received placebo. The sample paired t-test was applied
to evaluate the significant level.
Results:
Verona Anti-BPH capsules were found safe and effective in the treatment of Benign
Prostatic Hyperplasia (anti-BPH).
Conclusion:
Verona anti-BPH capsules were known to be effective with no harmful side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ifrah Hasan
- Herbion Naturals, Medical Affairs and Pharmacovigilance, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Amraa Khan
- Herbion Pharma, Medical Affairs, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Yamna Hasan
- Herbion Pharma, Medical Affairs, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mir UzairUllah
- Herbion Pharma, Research and Development Department, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Arana Valencia N, Thompson DL, Southerland CV. Effects of Various Methods of Sulpiride Administration on Prolactin Release in Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 68:39-45. [PMID: 31256886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.05.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Four experiments assessed factors affecting prolactin responses to sulpiride administration in horses. Experiment 1 compared the efficacy of the (-) enantiomer of sulpiride to that of the commonly used (+/-) racemic mixture. Mares were used in an 8 × 8 Latin square to compare the prolactin responses to four doses of levosulpiride to four corresponding doses of the racemic mixture at twice the dose. Responses at each dose indicated equal and similar (P > .1) responses. Experiment 2 compared the efficacy of 1 gram of orally administered racemic sulpiride to 100 mg of intramuscularly injected sulpiride in oil in mares primed with 50 mg of estradiol cypionate (ECP). Prolactin responses in groups receiving sulpiride were robust but similar in magnitude with minor differences in timing. In experiment 3, ECP-primed geldings received subcutaneous injections of 1.8 grams racemic sulpiride in vegetable shortening in one of three sites: the neck, the back below the withers, or the lower girth region; control geldings received no sulpiride. Prolactin responses to sulpiride lasted a minimum of 96 hours. In experiment 4, prolactin responses to 3 g of racemic sulpiride in vegetable shortening were compared to similar injections (3 g) in 5 mL of sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB; SucroMate) or just SAIB (control) in ECP-primed geldings. Controls had no prolactin response to SucroMate, whereas both treatment groups had extended prolactin responses lasting at least 10 days. It is concluded that prolactin responses to sulpiride in horses can be greatly extended by using hydrophobic vehicles like vegetable shortening or SAIB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Arana Valencia
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Donald L Thompson
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Chase V Southerland
- School of Animal Sciences, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Banerjee PP, Banerjee S, Brown TR, Zirkin BR. Androgen action in prostate function and disease. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2018; 6:62-77. [PMID: 29666834 PMCID: PMC5902724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an enlargement of the prostate gland that is frequently found in aging men. Androgens are essential for the development and differentiated function of the prostate, as well as for proliferation and survival of prostatic cells. In man, dog and rodent, there are age-related decreases in serum testosterone. Despite the lower serum testosterone levels, benign prostatic hyperplasia increases with age in men and dogs, while age-dependent prostatic hyperplasia develops in the dorsal and lateral lobes of the rat prostate. The possible mechanisms that lead to prostate hyperplasia have been extensively studied over many years. It is clear that androgens, estrogens and growth factors contribute to the condition, but the exact etiology remains unknown. Prostate cancer (CaP) represents a significant cause of death among males worldwide. As is the case of BPH, it is clear that androgens (testosterone and dihydrotestosterone) and their metabolites play important roles in the disease, but cause-effect relationships have not been established. Androgen deprivation therapy has been used for decades, primarily in the metastatic stage, to inhibit androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell growth. Androgen deprivation, which can be achieved by targeting hormone biosynthesis or androgen receptor activation, results in symptom amelioration. However, most patients will develop hormone refractory cancer or castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Prostatic epithelial cells demonstrate enormous plasticity in response to androgen ablation. This characteristic of prostatic epithelial cells may give rise to different populations of cells, some of which may not be dependent on androgen. Consequently, androgen receptor positive and negative cells might co-exist within CRPC. A clear understanding of this possible cellular heterogeneity and plasticity of prostate epithelial cells is necessary to develop an optimal strategy to treat or prevent CRPC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha P Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical CenterWashington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Subhadra Banerjee
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Terry R Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Barry R Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Tian Y, Guo S, Gu H, Yuan Q, Xie X. Testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia rat and dog as facile models to assess drugs targeting lower urinary tract symptoms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191469. [PMID: 29351556 PMCID: PMC5774778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related disease, affecting a majority of elderly men worldwide. Medical management of BPH is an alternative to surgical treatment of this disease. Currently, α1-adrenergic receptor (α1-AR) antagonists are among the first line drugs to treat BPH by reducing the tension of urinary track and thus the obstructive symptoms in voiding. In drug development, old male dogs with spontaneous BPH are considered the golden standard of the animal models. However, old dogs (>6 years) are expensive and not all old dogs develop BPH. So it is necessary to develop more accessible animal models for drug efficacy evaluation. Here we describe the development of testosterone-induced BPH models in both rats and young adult dogs and their applications in the in vivo evaluation of α1-AR antagonist. The BPH rats and dogs induced by chronic testosterone treatment have significantly increased micturition frequency and reduced mean voided volume, very similar to the clinical symptoms of BPH patients. Silodosin, an α1-AR antagonist, significantly reduces the urinary frequency and increases the voided volume in BPH model animals in a dose-dependent manner. The results demonstrate that testosterone-induced BPH rat and dog models might provide a more efficient way to evaluate micturition behavior in anti-BPH drug studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XX)
| | - Yanxin Tian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianting Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (XX)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McAuley EM, Mustafi D, Simons BW, Valek R, Zamora M, Markiewicz E, Lamperis S, Williams A, Roman BB, Vezina C, Karczmar G, Oto A, Vander Griend DJ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Characterization of a Hormone-Mediated Murine Model of Prostate Enlargement and Bladder Outlet Obstruction. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2378-2387. [PMID: 28823870 PMCID: PMC5762949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Urinary complications resulting from benign prostatic hyperplasia and bladder outlet obstruction continue to be a serious health problem. Novel animal model systems and imaging approaches are needed to understand the mechanisms of disease initiation, and to develop novel therapies for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Long-term administration of both estradiol and testosterone in mice can result in prostatic enlargement and recapitulate several clinical components of lower urinary tract symptoms. Herein, we use longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and histological analyses to quantify changes in prostatic volume, urethral volume, and genitourinary vascularization over time in response to estradiol-induced prostatic enlargement. Our data demonstrate significant prostatic enlargement by 12 weeks after treatment, with no detectable immune infiltration by macrophages or T- or B-cell populations. Importantly, the percentage of cell death, as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling, was significantly decreased in the prostatic epithelium of treated animals as compared to controls. We found no significant change in prostate cell proliferation in treated mice when compared to controls. These studies highlight the utility of magnetic resonance imaging to quantify changes in prostatic and urethral volumes over time. In conjunction with histological analyses, this approach has the high potential to enable mechanistic studies of initiation and progression of clinically relevant lower urinary tract symptoms. In addition, this model is tractable for investigation and testing of therapeutic interventions to ameliorate or potentially reverse prostatic enlargement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin M McAuley
- Committee on Molecular Pathology and Molecular Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Devkumar Mustafi
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian W Simons
- Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Valek
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marta Zamora
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erica Markiewicz
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sophia Lamperis
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Anthony Williams
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian B Roman
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Chad Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Greg Karczmar
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Aytekin Oto
- Department of Radiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Donald J Vander Griend
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sun F, Báez-Díaz C, Sánchez-Margallo FM. Canine prostate models in preclinical studies of minimally invasive interventions: part II, benign prostatic hyperplasia models. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:547-555. [PMID: 28725598 PMCID: PMC5503960 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.03.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine prostate is widely used as animal model in the preclinical evaluation of emerging therapeutic interventions. Spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common in adult intact male dogs with two distinct pathological types: glandular and complex form of prostatic hyperplasia. The complex form of prostatic hyperplasia, usually occurring in older dogs, represents an ideal model because of its unique pathologic feature, including not only glandular hyperplasia but also an increase in prostate stromal components. The limited commercial availability of adult dogs with spontaneous BPH motivates experimentally induced BPH in young dogs. Hormone-induced canine BPH model has been well established with various hormonal treatment regimens and administration approaches. The goal of this review is to provide the veterinary background in spontaneous BPH in dogs, summarize the techniques in hormonal induction of canine BPH, and highlight the pathological and clinical limitations of the canine models that may lead to distinct therapeutic responses compared to clinical trials in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holst B, Holmroos E, Friling L, Hanås S, Langborg LM, Franko M, Hansson K. The association between the serum concentration of canine prostate specific esterase (CPSE) and the size of the canine prostate. Theriogenology 2017; 93:33-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
17
|
Aaron L, Franco OE, Hayward SW. Review of Prostate Anatomy and Embryology and the Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 2017; 43:279-88. [PMID: 27476121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prostate development follows a common pattern between species and depends on the actions of androgens to induce and support ductal branching morphogenesis of buds emerging from the urogenital sinus. The human prostate has a compact zonal anatomy immediately surrounding the urethra and below the urinary bladder. Rodents have a lobular prostate with lobes radiating away from the urethra. The human prostate is the site of benign hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and prostatitis. The rodent prostate has little naturally occurring disease. Rodents can be used to model aspects of human benign hyperplasia, but care should be taken in data interpretation and extrapolation to the human condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LaTayia Aaron
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 DR DB Todd JR Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 DR DB Todd JR Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fujimoto N, Kanno J. Increase in prostate stem cell antigen expression in prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone and 17β-estradiol in C57BL mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:56-62. [PMID: 26815912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) is known to act synergistically with testosterone (T) for the development of prostatic hyperplasia in rats and dogs, but murine prostate is less responsive to hormonal stimulation. However, a recent study revealed that the combined administration of E2 and T induced prostatic hyperplasia with bladder outlet obstruction in C57BL mice. To understand the mechanisms underlying the hormonal induction of prostatic hyperplasia, the expression of growth factors and their receptors, androgen receptor, estrogen receptor (ER), and prostatic secretory proteins was investigated. Ten-week-old male C57BL mice were treated with T (30mg) or T+E2 (0.5mg) for 10 weeks, and prostatic lobes were dissected and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. T administration appeared to induce glandular prostatic growth, while with T+E2 administration this growth was greater and accompanied by extreme bladder enlargement. The expression of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA and protein was increased in prostate tissue in the T group. The combined administration of E2 with T prominently enhanced PSCA expression, along with increased insulin growth factor 1 mRNA levels and decreased estrogen receptor β mRNA expression. The synergistic effect of E2 on the expression of PSCA suggests that this protein may play an important role in the hormone-induced development of prostatic hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Kanno
- National Institute of Health Science, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Which play a more important role in the development of large-sized prostates (≥80 ml), androgen receptors or oestrogen receptors? A comparative study. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 48:325-33. [PMID: 26685888 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-015-1181-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the expression levels of androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor α (ERα)and oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) in human prostate with various degrees of benign hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five BPH patients undergoing transurethral plasmakinetic resection of the prostate were divided into three 15-people groups of participants with small (<40 ml), medium (40-80 ml) and large (>80 ml) prostates. Patient blood samples were collected for measuring serum oestradiol (E2), total testosterone (TT), follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone by radioimmunoassay. Postoperative prostate specimens were collected to detect AR, ERα and ERβ expression by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS There were significantly lower serum E2 levels in the patients with large prostates compared to the patients with small prostates (P < 0.05) and medium prostates (P < 0.01). A high TT and E2 serum ratio was observed in patients with large-sized prostates (P < 0.05), but there were no obvious differences in the serum TT levels between the three groups. Prostate AR expression in patients with large- (P < 0.05) and medium-sized prostates (P < 0.01) was high compared to patients with small-sized prostates. Prostate ERα expression in patients with large prostates was low compared to patients with small- and medium-sized prostates (P < 0.01). The prostate ERβ expression did not differ between the three groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased AR and decreased ERα expression in the prostate suggested that AR might be more important than ERα in stimulating prostate proliferation in patients with large-sized prostates. Patients with small- and large-sized prostates might require different management procedures involving selective oestrogen receptor modulators and selective androgen receptor modulators, respectively.
Collapse
|
20
|
MRI findings after prostatic artery embolization for treatment of benign hyperplasia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014; 203:813-21. [PMID: 25247946 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.13.11692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to assess and describe the MRI findings after prostatic artery embolization for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 17 patients who underwent prostatic artery embolization as part of different prospective studies to evaluate this alternative treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clinical results were evaluated by assessment of urinary catheterization and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). Serial MRI examinations were performed, and the prostatic central gland and peripheral zone were evaluated for signal intensity changes and the presence and characteristics of infarcted areas. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA for repeated measures and Student t test. RESULTS All patients had clinical success, as defined by the removal of indwelling urinary catheter or decreased IPSS after embolization. Infarcts were seen in 70.6% of the subjects, exclusively in the central gland, were almost always characterized by hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and predominant hypointensity on T2-weighted images, and became smaller (mean reduction, p < 0.001) and isointense to the remaining of the central gland over time. Volume reduction of the prostate after embolization was significant (averaging 32.0% after 12-18 months; p < 0.001) only in patients with infarcts. No statistically significant association was seen between the development of infarcts and IPSS. CONCLUSION MRI can be used for assessing the development of infarcts and volume reduction in the prostate after embolization. Further studies are needed to correlate these findings to clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
21
|
Garg M, Dalela D, Dalela D, Goel A, Kumar M, Gupta G, Sankhwar SN. Selective estrogen receptor modulators for BPH: new factors on the ground. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2013; 16:226-32. [PMID: 23774084 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the current management of BPH/lower urinary tract symptoms by traditionally involved pharmacological agents such as 5alpha-reductase inhibitors and α1-adrenoceptor antagonists is suboptimal, there is definite need of new therapeutic strategies. There is ample evidence in literature that suggests the role of estrogens in BPH development and management through the different tissue and cell-specific receptors. This article reviews the beneficial actions of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and ERβ-selective ligands, which have been demonstrated through in vitro studies using human prostate cell lines and in vivo animal studies. SERMs have anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mechanisms in BPH, and also act by inhibiting various growth factors, and thus represent a unique and novel approach in BPH management directed at estrogen receptors or estrogen metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Garg
- Department of Urology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
HAWKINS EDWARDF, TRACHTENBERG JOHN, HICKS LLOUISE, WALSH PATRICKC. Androgen and Estrogen Receptors in the Canine Prostate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.1980.tb00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
23
|
Melnik BC, John SM, Carrera-Bastos P, Cordain L. The impact of cow's milk-mediated mTORC1-signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:74. [PMID: 22891897 PMCID: PMC3499189 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on androgen receptor signaling and aberrations of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediating excessive and sustained growth signaling. The nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 is upregulated in nearly 100% of advanced human PCas. Oncogenic mTORC1 signaling activates key subsets of mRNAs that cooperate in distinct steps of PCa initiation and progression. Epidemiological evidence points to increased dairy protein consumption as a major dietary risk factor for the development of PCa. mTORC1 is a master regulator of protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and autophagy pathways that couple nutrient sensing to cell growth and cancer. This review provides evidence that PCa initiation and progression are promoted by cow´s milk, but not human milk, stimulation of mTORC1 signaling. Mammalian milk is presented as an endocrine signaling system, which activates mTORC1, promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses autophagy. Naturally, milk-mediated mTORC1 signaling is restricted only to the postnatal growth phase of mammals. However, persistent consumption of cow´s milk proteins in humans provide highly insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) provided by milk´s fast hydrolysable whey proteins, which elevate postprandial plasma insulin levels, and increase hepatic IGF-1 plasma concentrations by casein-derived amino acids. BCAAs, insulin and IGF-1 are pivotal activating signals of mTORC1. Increased cow´s milk protein-mediated mTORC1 signaling along with constant exposure to commercial cow´s milk estrogens derived from pregnant cows may explain the observed association between high dairy consumption and increased risk of PCa in Westernized societies. As well-balanced mTORC1-signaling plays an important role in appropriate prostate morphogenesis and differentiation, exaggerated mTORC1-signaling by high cow´s milk consumption predominantly during critical growth phases of prostate development and differentiation may exert long-term adverse effects on prostate health. Attenuation of mTORC1 signaling by contemporary Paleolithic diets and restriction of dairy protein intake, especially during mTORC1-dependent phases of prostate development and differentiation, may offer protection from the most common dairy-promoted cancer in men of Western societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Sedanstrasse 115, Osnabrück, D-49090, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Akinsete JA, Ion G, Witte TR, Hardman WE. Consumption of high ω-3 fatty acid diet suppressed prostate tumorigenesis in C3(1) Tag mice. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:140-8. [PMID: 22045025 PMCID: PMC3276330 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer incidence and mortality are high in the Western world and high ω-6/ω-3 PUFA in the Western diet may be a contributing factor. We investigated whether changing from a diet that approximates ω-6 fat content of the Western diet to a high ω-3 fat diet at adulthood might reduce prostate cancer risk. Female SV 129 mice that had consumed a high ω-6 diet containing corn oil for 2 weeks were bred with homozygous C3(1)Tag transgenic male mice. All male offspring were weaned to the corn oil diet (CO) until postpuberty when half of the male offspring were transferred to a high ω-3 diet containing canola oil and fish oil concentrate (FS). High ω-3 diet increased ω-3 and decreased ω-6 fat content of mice tissues. Average weights of prostate and genitourinary bloc were significantly lower in mice consuming high ω-3 diet at adulthood (CO-FS) than mice fed a lifetime high ω-6 diet (CO-CO). There was slower progression of tumorigenesis in dorsalateral prostate of CO-FS than in CO-CO mice. CO-FS mice had slightly lower plasma testosterone level at 24 and 40 weeks, significantly lower estradiol level at 40 weeks and significantly less expressed androgen receptor (AR) in the dorsalateral prostate at 40 weeks than CO-CO mice. Consumption of high ω-3 diet lowered the expression of genes expected to increase proliferation and decrease apoptosis in dorsalateral prostate. Our results suggest that consumption of high ω-3 diet slows down prostate tumorigenesis by lowering estradiol, testosterone and AR levels, promoting apoptosis and suppressing cell proliferation in C3(1)Tag mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Akinsete
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Transarterial Prostatic Embolization: Initial Experience in a Canine Model. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 197:495-501. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.10.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Jiang M, Strand DW, Franco OE, Clark PE, Hayward SW. PPARγ: a molecular link between systemic metabolic disease and benign prostate hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:220-36. [PMID: 21645960 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergent epidemic of metabolic syndrome and its complex list of sequelae mandate a more thorough understanding of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS) in the context of systemic metabolic disease. Here we discuss the nature and origins of BPH, examine its role as a component of LUTS and review retrospective clinical studies that have drawn associations between BPH/LUTS and type II diabetes, inflammation and dyslipidemia. PPARγ signaling, which sits at the nexus of systemic metabolic disease and BPH/LUTS through its regulation of inflammation and insulin resistance, is proposed as a candidate for molecular manipulation in regard to BPH/LUTS. Finally, we introduce new cell and animal models that are being used to study the consequences of obesity, diabetes and inflammation on benign prostatic growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nicholson TM, Ricke WA. Androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: past, present and future. Differentiation 2011; 82:184-99. [PMID: 21620560 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are common clinical problems in urology. While the precise molecular etiology remains unclear, sex steroids have been implicated in the development and maintenance of BPH. Sufficient data exists linking androgens and androgen receptor pathways to BPH and use of androgen reducing compounds, such as 5α-reductase inhibitors which block the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, are a component of the standard of care for men with LUTS attributed to an enlarged prostate. However, BPH is a multifactorial disease and not all men respond well to currently available treatments, suggesting factors other than androgens are involved. Testosterone, the primary circulating androgen in men, can also be metabolized via CYP19/aromatase into the potent estrogen, estradiol-17β. The prostate is an estrogen target tissue and estrogens directly and indirectly affect growth and differentiation of prostate. The precise role of endogenous and exogenous estrogens in directly affecting prostate growth and differentiation in the context of BPH is an understudied area. Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have been shown to promote or inhibit prostate proliferation signifying potential roles in BPH. Recent research has demonstrated that estrogen receptor signaling pathways may be important in the development and maintenance of BPH and LUTS; however, new models are needed to genetically dissect estrogen regulated molecular mechanisms involved in BPH. More work is needed to identify estrogens and associated signaling pathways in BPH in order to target BPH with dietary and therapeutic SERMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan M Nicholson
- University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Estrogens and androgens have both been implicated as causes of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although epidemiological data on an association between serum androgen concentrations and BPH are inconsistent, it is generally accepted that androgens play a permissive role in BPH pathogenesis. In clinical practice, inhibitors of 5α-reductase (which converts testosterone to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone) have proven effective in the management of BPH, confirming an essential role for androgens in BPH pathophysiology. To date, multiple lines of evidence support a role for estrogens in BPH pathogenesis. Studies of the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes have shed light on their differential functions in the human prostate; ERα and ERβ have proliferative and antiproliferative effects on prostate cells, respectively. Effects of estrogens on the prostate are associated with multiple mechanisms including apoptosis, aromatase expression and paracrine regulation via prostaglandin E2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators or other agents that can influence intraprostatic estrogen levels might conceivably be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of BPH.
Collapse
|
29
|
Temporary Placement of a Covered, Retrievable, Barbed Stent for the Treatment of Hormone-induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Technical Feasibility and Histologic Changes in Canine Prostates. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:1429-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
30
|
Sontas BH, Milani C, Mollo A, Romagnoli S. Blood dripping from the penis of a German Shepherd dog. Aust Vet J 2010; 88:242-4. [PMID: 20553576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2010.00581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B H Sontas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ayala VC, Moliner MM, Sun F, Gargallo JU, Margallo FMS. [Ultrasonographic histological study on the evolution of a canine model of hormone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia]. Actas Urol Esp 2010; 33:895-901. [PMID: 19900384 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(09)72878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite exhibiting histological differences from the human process, canine hormone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is still the most widely used animal model for evaluating treatment strategies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine the optimal moment for starting a therapeutic trial in this animal model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six male beagle dogs over one year of age were used in this study. All animals received a combination of steroid hormones, namely 17beta-estradiol and 5alpha-androstene 3alpha 17beta-diol, every other day during three (Group 1, n=3) or five months (Group 2, n=3). Transrectal ultrasonographic examinations to measure prostate volume were performed monthly. Animals were euthanized after five months for histological study of their prostates. RESULTS All animals developed BPH, with prostate volume increasing over time as hormones were administered (r=0,910). All ultrasonographic studies performed up to the third month evidenced a significant increase in prostate volume when compared to the prior ultrasound measurement. A significant decrease in prostate volume was seen in Group 1 once hormone administration was interrupted, whereas Group 2 animals showed a continuing increase in prostate size. Histological examination showed almost no evidence of BPH in Group 1 animals, while Group 2 animals clearly exhibited moderate epithelial hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS The administration of a combination of steroid hormones is effective in inducing benign prostatic hyperplasia in canines, but this hyperplasia disappears when hormone treatment is interrupted. In order to be useful for experimental studies, hormones should be administered for at least three months before commencing any treatment, and they should be continued throughout the length of the study..
Collapse
|
32
|
Jeon GS, Won JH, Lee BM, Kim JH, Ahn HS, Lee EJ, Park SI, Park SW. The Effect of Transarterial Prostate Embolization in Hormone-induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Dogs: A Pilot Study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2009; 20:384-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2008.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
33
|
Yatkin E, Bernoulli J, Talvitie EM, Santti R. Inflammation and epithelial alterations in rat prostate: impact of the androgen to oestrogen ratio. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:399-410. [PMID: 19515173 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic non-bacterial prostatitis may offer new insights into the pathogenesis of human benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer and the strategies for their treatment and prevention. The potential significance of androgen replacement therapy in terms of the reversal of oestradiol (E(2))-induced inflammatory reaction was studied in the dorsolateral prostate (DLP) of the Noble rat. Castrated Noble rats were treated with E(2) and different doses of androgens [dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T)] to achieve an elevated concentration of E(2) and a wide range of the androgen-to-oestradiol ratios in serum. After the 3-week treatment, inflammatory changes in the DLP were classified and counted. Oestrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha), progesterone receptor (PR), fos-related antigen-2 (Fra2), Ki-67 and P63 were immunocytochemically stained. T, E(2) and prolactin concentrations in serum were measured and the relative weights of the seminal vesicles and pituitary glands and microscopic structures of the DLP and seminal vesicle ducts were determined. Hypoandrogenic doses of DHT (judged on the basis of seminal vesicle weight gain), dose-dependently increased the number of perivascular and stromal inflammatory infiltrates. T and DHT were anti-inflammatory at the doses which normalized or over stimulated the growth of the seminal vesicles. As signs of anti-oestrogenicity, androgens dose-dependently decreased the number and distribution of the ER alpha and PR-positive cells at proinflammatory concentrations. Anti-inflammatory concentrations were needed to reduce the expression of Fra2, E(2)-increased prolactin concentration in serum and pituitary weight. The androgen concentrations required to prevent proinflammatory and epithelial responses to E(2) in the presence of elevated E(2) concentrations may subject the accessory sex glands to more intense androgenic stimulation than is normal for the male. The androgen-resistant endpoints of oestrogen action (body weight reduction and hyperplasia of seminal vesicle ducts) further indicate limitations in the possible preventive effects of androgen-replacement therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Yatkin
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Albouy M, Sanquer A, Maynard L, Eun HM. Efficacies of osaterone and delmadinone in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia in dogs. Vet Rec 2008; 163:179-83. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.163.6.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Albouy
- Research and Development Department; Virbac, BP 27 06511 Carros Cedex France
| | - A. Sanquer
- Research and Development Department; Virbac, BP 27 06511 Carros Cedex France
| | - L. Maynard
- Research and Development Department; Virbac, BP 27 06511 Carros Cedex France
| | - H. M. Eun
- Research and Development Department; Virbac, BP 27 06511 Carros Cedex France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Prins GS, Korach KS. The role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in normal prostate growth and disease. Steroids 2008; 73:233-44. [PMID: 18093629 PMCID: PMC2262439 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2007.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogens have significant direct and indirect effects on prostate gland development and homeostasis and have been long suspected in playing a role in the etiology of prostatic diseases. Direct effects are mediated through prostatic estrogen receptors alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) with expression levels changing over time and with disease progression. The present review examines the evidence for a role of estrogens and specific estrogen receptors in prostate growth, differentiation and disease states including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and cancer and discusses potential therapeutic strategies for growth regulation via these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gail S Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Penning TM, Jin Y, Rizner TL, Bauman DR. Pre-receptor regulation of the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 281:1-8. [PMID: 18060684 PMCID: PMC2225387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The human androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor and mediates the induction of genes involved in the development of the male phenotype and male secondary sex characteristics, as well as the normal and abnormal growth of the prostate. We have identified the pair of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) that regulate ligand access to the AR in human prostate. We find that type 3 3alpha-HSD (aldo-keto reductase (AKR)1C2) catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of the potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT) to yield the inactive androgen 3alpha-androstanediol (3alpha-diol). We also find that RoDH like 3alpha-HSD (RL-HSD) catalyzes the NAD(+) dependent oxidation of 3alpha-diol to yield 5alpha-DHT. Together these enzymes are involved in the pre-receptor regulation of androgen action. Inhibition of AKR1C2 would be desirable in cases of androgen insufficiency and inhibition of RL-HSD might be desirable in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104-6084, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gallardo-Arrieta F, Mogas T, Magán L, García MA, García F, Abal M, Morote J, Serrano S, Reventós J, Lioreta J. Ultrastructural changes in prostate cells during hormone-induced canine prostatic hyperplasia. Ultrastruct Pathol 2007; 30:435-42. [PMID: 17182436 DOI: 10.1080/01913120600854079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a prevalent disease that has received relatively little attention in spite of its morbidity and remarkable social impact. There are few animal models of prostatic hyperplasia. The dog is the only species, along with humans, in which prostatic hyperplasia develops spontaneously and almost universally with age. The aim of the present study has been to compare the ultrastructural findings in a model of experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia with those of the spontaneously developed changes in untreated dogs. An experimental group of 5 male beagle dogs were castrated and treated with combined steroids (3 weekly doses for over 30 weeks). Prostate samples were surgically obtained every 42 days (experimental stages 0 through 6). The control group consisted of 3 noncastrated dogs that were treated with vehicle and in which samples were taken only at stages 0, 1, 4, and 6. Changes in the control groups were similar but of lower intensity compared to those of the experimental groups. In luminal cells, crowding with papillary projections, prominent, branching microvilli, and abundant, often compartmentalized granules were observed. The most striking change was the previously unreported finding of caveolae in basal cells. They were mostly located in the basal aspect of basal cells and were more prominent in the experimental group and in advanced stages of treatment. These ultrastructural findings have not been previously reported in canine or human prostatic hyperplasia and merit further research. The model of experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia provides an adequate setting for the understanding of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gallardo-Arrieta
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Penning TM, Bauman DR, Jin Y, Rizner TL. Identification of the molecular switch that regulates access of 5alpha-DHT to the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:77-82. [PMID: 17223255 PMCID: PMC1857325 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pairs of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) govern ligand access to steroid receptors in target tissues and act as molecular switches. By acting as reductases or oxidases, HSDs convert potent ligands into their cognate inactive metabolites or vice versa. This pre-receptor regulation of steroid hormone action may have profound effects on hormonal response. We have identified the HSDs responsible for regulating ligand access to the androgen receptor (AR) in human prostate. Type 3 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (aldo-keto reductase 1C2) acts solely as a reductase to convert 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent ligand for the AR (K(d)=10(-11)M for the AR), to the inactive androgen 3alpha-androstanediol (K(d)=10(-6)M for the AR); while RoDH like 3alpha-HSD (a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR)) acts solely as an oxidase to convert 3alpha-androstanediol back to 5alpha-DHT. Our studies suggest that aldo-keto reductase (AKRs) and SDRs function as reductases and oxidases, respectively, to control ligand access to nuclear receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mirone V, Fusco F, Verze P, Schulman C, Debruyne F, Imbimbo C. Androgens and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
40
|
Bauman DR, Steckelbroeck S, Williams MV, Peehl DM, Penning TM. Identification of the Major Oxidative 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in Human Prostate That Converts 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol to 5α-Dihydrotestosterone: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Androgen-Dependent Disease. Mol Endocrinol 2006; 20:444-58. [PMID: 16179381 DOI: 10.1210/me.2005-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAndrogen-dependent prostate diseases initially require 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for growth. The DHT product 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α-diol), is inactive at the androgen receptor (AR), but induces prostate growth, suggesting that an oxidative 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) exists. Candidate enzymes that posses 3α-HSD activity are type 3 3α-HSD (AKR1C2), 11-cis retinol dehydrogenase (RODH 5), L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase , RODH like 3α-HSD (RL-HSD), novel type of human microsomal 3α-HSD, and retinol dehydrogenase 4 (RODH 4). In mammalian transfection studies all enzymes except AKR1C2 oxidized 3α-diol back to DHT where RODH 5, RODH 4, and RL-HSD were the most efficient. AKR1C2 catalyzed the reduction of DHT to 3α-diol, suggesting that its role is to eliminate DHT. Steady-state kinetic parameters indicated that RODH 4 and RL-HSD were high-affinity, low-capacity enzymes whereas RODH 5 was a low-affinity, high-capacity enzyme. AR-dependent reporter gene assays showed that RL-HSD, RODH 5, and RODH 4 shifted the dose-response curve for 3α-diol a 100-fold, yielding EC50 values of 2.5 × 10−9m, 1.5 × 10−9m, and 1.0 × 10−9m, respectively, when compared with the empty vector (EC50 = 1.9 × 10−7m). Real-time RT-PCR indicated that L-3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase and RL-HSD were expressed more than 15-fold higher compared with the other candidate oxidative enzymes in human prostate and that RL-HSD and AR were colocalized in primary prostate stromal cells. The data show that the major oxidative 3α-HSD in normal human prostate is RL-HSD and may be a new therapeutic target for treating prostate diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Bauman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Takao T, Tsujimura A, Coetzee S, Salm SN, Lepor H, Shapiro E, Moscatelli D, Wilson EL. Stromal/epithelial interactions of murine prostatic cell lines in vivo: a model for benign prostatic hyperplasia and the effect of doxazosin on tissue size. Prostate 2003; 54:17-24. [PMID: 12481251 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the major constraints in elucidating the mechanisms involved in the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the lack of suitable model systems that are readily manipulable in vitro and in vivo. To address this issue, we have used murine prostatic cell lines to establish a novel in vivo model for studying prostatic cell interactions. METHODS Luminal, basal, and smooth muscle (SM) cell lines were inoculated alone or in combinations under the renal capsule of intact or castrated male mice, and the growth and composition of prostatic tissue in the absence or presence of doxazosin was determined. RESULTS Both the luminal and basal cell lines reconstituted prostatic tissue if co-inoculated under the renal capsule with normal SM cells, whereas none of the lines formed significant tissue when inoculated alone. Luminal cells produced and secreted prostatic secretory products. The growth of prostatic tissue formed from co-inoculation of basal and SM cells was androgen responsive. In addition, a significant reduction in prostatic tissue was noted in animals treated with doxazosin. CONCLUSION We have established an in vivo model that uses prostatic epithelial and SM cell lines for investigating cellular interactions between epithelial and SM cells that regulate prostatic growth and function. This model will be useful for delineating the mechanisms by which prostatic cells interact and in determining the efficacy of new approaches aimed at interfering with prostatic stromal/epithelial interactions that result in abnormal cellular proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takao
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ismail A HR, Landry F, Aprikian AG, Chevalier S. Androgen ablation promotes neuroendocrine cell differentiation in dog and human prostate. Prostate 2002; 51:117-25. [PMID: 11948966 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms triggering prostatic NE differentiation are poorly understood. Since dog and man naturally develop prostatic proliferative diseases with age, our objectives were to confirm the presence of NE cells in the dog prostate and test their hormonal regulation in both species. METHODS Serotonin staining was examined by immunohistochemistry in 37 dog prostates: 17 from intact and 20 from castrated animals. In intact dogs, 9 prostates were normal and 8 hyperplastic. In the castrated group, 6 dogs were left untreated while androgens and estrogens were administered to 7 dogs, each. Human prostates were from 48 prostate cancer patients; half of them were submitted to androgen ablation prior to prostatectomy. The density of serotonin-positive NE cells was expressed relatively to the number of acini. RESULTS Serotonin-positive NE cells were morphologically similar in dog and human prostates and identified in all groups, independent of the hormonal status. NE cell densities were within the same range in normal and hyperplastic dog prostates but significantly higher after castration. Androgens and estrogens after castration restored NE cell density to normal values and induced luminal differentiation and basal metaplasia, respectively. In human, the density of serotonin-positive NE cells was also significantly higher in benign glands after androgen ablation. CONCLUSIONS The dog is a suitable animal model and mimics the human, since androgen ablation favored prostatic NE differentiation in both species. The down-regulation elicited by steroids suggests that the process may be reversible and hormonally-repressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazem R Ismail A
- Urologic Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Urology Division, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Witte DG, Brune ME, Katwala SP, Milicic I, Stolarik D, Hui YH, Marsh KC, Kerwin JF, Meyer MD, Hancock AA. Modeling of relationships between pharmacokinetics and blockade of agonist-induced elevation of intraurethral pressure and mean arterial pressure in conscious dogs treated with alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 300:495-504. [PMID: 11805209 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.300.2.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiduxosin is a new alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist targeted for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the potencies of the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, and fiduxosin, based on relationships between plasma drug concentrations and blockade of phenylephrine (PE)-induced intraurethral (IUP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses after single oral dosing in conscious male beagle dogs. Magnitude of blockade and plasma concentrations were evaluated at selected time points over 24 h. All drugs produced dose-dependent antagonism of PE-induced IUP and MAP responses. When IUP and MAP blockade effects were plotted against drug plasma concentrations, direct relationships were observed that were well described by the sigmoidal maximal effect model. IUP IC(50) values for terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, and fiduxosin were 48.6, 48.7, 0.42, and 261 ng/ml, respectively. MAP IC(50) values were 12.2, 13.8, 1.07, and 1904 ng/ml, respectively. Uroselectivity index values, defined as MAP IC(50)/IUP IC(50), were 0.25, 0.28, 2.6, and 7.3, respectively. These results extend previous observations with terazosin in this model, showing that doxazosin exhibits a uroselectivity index comparable to terazosin, consistent with the lack of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype selectivity or uroselectivity of these drugs. Tamsulosin, an alpha(1a)-/alpha(1d)-subtype selective agent, had an index value approximately 10-fold greater than the nonselective drugs. Based on its pharmacokinetic profile and a relative uroselectivity 29-fold greater than the nonselective drugs, fiduxosin is expected to exhibit greater selectivity for urethral compared with vascular alpha(1)-adrenoceptors in human and should be a novel, long-acting, uroselective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Witte
- Pharmaceutical Products Discovery, Neurological Urological Disease Research, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois 60064-6123, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Murakoshi M, Ikeda R, Tagawa M, Fukui N. Immunohistochemical Studies of the Effect of Chlormadinone Acetate (CMA) on Prostatic Hyperplasia. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2002. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.35.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rie Ikeda
- Safety Research Department, Teikoku Hormone Mfg. Co., Ltd
| | - Masashi Tagawa
- Safety Research Department, Teikoku Hormone Mfg. Co., Ltd
| | - Norio Fukui
- Safety Research Department, Teikoku Hormone Mfg. Co., Ltd
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Murakoshi M, Ikeda R, Fukui N. The effects of chlormadinone acetate (CMA), antiandrogen, on the pituitary, testis, prostate and adrenal gland of the dog with spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Toxicol Sci 2001; 26:119-27. [PMID: 11552295 DOI: 10.2131/jts.26.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chlormadinone acetate (CMA), a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen, on spontaneous benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in dogs was investigated. Male beagle dogs (5-8 years old) were divided into four experimental group. Group 1 consisted of untreated controls. Groups 2 and 3 received CMA 0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg/day, p.o., respectively, for 6 months. In group 1, glandular hyperplasia of the prostate was clearly detected. The glandular epithelial cells showed uniformly intense nuclear staining for androgen receptor (AR). AR was also localized in the nuclei of the fibro-muscular stromal cells. In groups 2 and 3, CMA produced marked atrophy of the glandular epithelium. The interacinar fibro-muscular stroma was prominent. The nuclear staining for AR in both epithelial and stromal cells was remarkably decreased. In addition, a histopathological study showed that CMA medication for 6 months exerted no effect on the testes and adrenal glands or on immunoreactive positive cells to LH- and ACTH-antibody (pituitary LH- and ACTH-cells). Therefore, it is concluded that CMA (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg) causes regression of spontaneous canine BPH without any histopathological effects on the testes, adrenal glands or pituitary LH- and ACTH-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Murakoshi
- Safety Research Department, Teikoku Hormone Mfg. Co., Ltd., 1604 Shimosakunobe, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki-city, Kanagawa 213-8522, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kawakami E, Amemiya E, Namikawa K, Kashiwagi C, Hori T, Tsutsui T. High plasma estradiol-17beta levels in dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia and azoospermia. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:407-12. [PMID: 11346175 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The semen quality of 22 dogs (4 to 7 years old) with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was examined at the hospital of our university, and 4 of the 22 BPH dogs were diagnosed as azoospermic. The mean peripheral plasma estradiol-17beta (E2) level (17.3 pg/ml) of the 18 BPH dogs with spermatogenic function was higher than that of 5 normal male dogs and their mean T level (1.7 ng/ml) was lower. The mean E2 level (27.3 pg/ml) of the 4 BPH dogs with azoospermia was significantly higher than the value in the BPH dogs with spermatogenic function (P<0.01), and the mean T level (1.1 ng/ml) was significantly lower (P<0.05). Five normal male dogs were given 10 intramuscular injections of estradiol benzoate (E2B) 5 microg/kg, at 3-day intervals to investigate the relationship between high plasma E2 levels and the cause of the BPH and azoospermia. Their testes and prostates were measured and biopsied both before and 30 days after the start of E2B injections. At 30 days after the start of the E2B injections, the mean peripheral plasma T levels had decreased by half, and the mean testicular volume had decreased to 88% of original volume. The numbers of spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of all of the dogs were significantly lower (P<0.05, 0.01). In addition, the mean prostatic volume increased to 130%, the mean height of the glandular epithelium decreased, and the glandular lumen became increased in diameter. These findings indicate that both BPH and serious spermatogenic dysfunction may be simultaneously induced by protracted high plasma E2 levels in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Kawakami
- Department of Reproduction, Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Environment determines the risk of both prostate and breast cancer, and this risk can vary >10-fold. In contrast, no risk exists for human seminal vesicle cancer demonstrating tissue specificity. There is also species specificity, because there is no risk for prostate cancer in any other aging mammal except the dog. A study of evolution indicates that the prostate and breast appeared at the same time 65 million years ago with the development of mammals. All male mammals have a prostate; however, the seminal vesicles are variable and are determined by the diet so that species primarily eating meat do not have seminal vesicles. The exception is the human, who has seminal vesicles and consumes meat, although this is a recent dietary change. Human lineage departed from other higher primates 8 million years ago. The closest existing primate to humans is the bonobo (pigmy chimpanzee), which does not eat meat but exists primarily on a high fruit and fresh vegetable diet. Homo sapiens evolved only about 150,000 years ago, and only in the last 10% of that time (10 to 15 thousand years ago) did humans and dogs dramatically alter their diets. This is the time when humans domesticated the dog, bred animals, grew crops, and cooked, processed, and stored meats and vegetables. All current epidemiologic evidence and suggestions for preventing prostate and breast cancer in humans indicates that we should return to the original diets under which our ancestors evolved. The recent development of the Western-type diet is associated with breast and prostate cancer throughout the world. It is believed that the exposure to and metabolism of estrogens, and the dietary intake of phytoestrogens, combined with fat intake, obesity, and burned food processing may all be related to hormonal carcinogenesis and oxidative DNA damage. An explanatory model is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Coffey
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-2101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mahapokai W, van den Ingh TS, van Mil F, van Garderen E, Schalken JA, Mol JA, van Sluijs FJ. Immune response in hormonally-induced prostatic hyperplasia in the dog. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2001; 78:297-303. [PMID: 11292530 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We induced prostatic enlargement in castrated dogs using either androgen alone or androgen combined with estrogen. In addition to previously reported hyperplastic changes, marked infiltration with immune effector cells was observed. This mononuclear cell infiltrate was phenotypically characterized using CD3 as pan T-lymphocyte marker, CD79 for B-lymphocytes, MAC378 for macrophages, and antibodies against kappa- and lambda-immunoglobulin (Ig) light chains for plasma cells. The majority of inflammatory cells (>80%) in the mononuclear infiltrates were T-lymphocytes and the numbers correlated with the degree of inflammation. The B-lymphocytes were found particularly in areas with marked follicular formation and diffuse infiltration, whereas there were only a few positive cells (<10%) in areas with a moderate or slight inflammation. Macrophages were found primarily in areas with atrophic and cystic changes with and without inflammation. The expression of lambda-Ig-positive cells depended on the degree of inflammation (5-10%), whereas immunoreactivity of kappa-Ig did not correlate with the extent of inflammatory reaction. Our present findings together with the evaluation of longitudinal biopsies of hormonally-induced BPH indicate that hyperplasia preceded cell-mediated and humoral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Mahapokai
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 8, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Murakoshi M, Ikeda R, Fukui N, Nakayama T. Chlormadinone Acetate (CMA) Induces Apoptosis on Canine Spontaneous Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). Acta Histochem Cytochem 2001. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.34.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rie Ikeda
- Safety Research Department, Teikoku Hormone Mfg. Co., Ltd
| | - Norio Fukui
- Safety Research Department, Teikoku Hormone Mfg. Co., Ltd
| | | |
Collapse
|