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Dong DG, Song M, Yi J, Yan ZR, Wang WC. [Jiedu Huoxue Decoction improves mitochondrial damage of the prostate in rats with chronic nonbacterial prostatitis]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2021; 27:483-488. [PMID: 34914286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the possible pathogenesis of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CNP) in rats from the perspective of mitochondria, and the interventional effect of Jiedu Huoxue Decoction (JHD) on CNP. METHODS Forty clean-grade SD male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of an equal number, sham control, CNP model control, Qianliekang Tablets intervention (QLK) and JHD intervention, those in the former two groups treated intragastrically with normal saline, and those in the latter two with QLK and JHD, respectively, at 2g/kg qd for 30 successive days. Then serum and prostate tissue samples were collected from the rats for calculation of the organ coefficients, HE staining, extraction of mitochondria in the prostate tissue, measurement of the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) and Na+-K+-ATPase by colorimetric assay, and observation of the ultrastructural changes of the prostatic epithelial cells under the transmission electron microscope (TEM). RESULTS The organ coefficient of the prostate was significantly higher in the CNP model controls ([1.95 ± 0.39]%) than in the sham control ([1.50 ± 0.42]%, P < 0.05), QLK ([1.54 ± 0.32]%, P < 0.05) and JHD groups ([1.47 ± 0.53]%, P < 0.05). TEM showed significant hyperplasia of the interstitial fibrous tissue, glandular structural disorder and inflammatory cell immersion in the CNP model controls, decreased inflammatory cells and reduced hyperplasia of epithelial cells in the acinar and interstitial fibrous tissues in the QLK and JHD groups, but no significant changes in the sham controls. The CNP model controls, compared with the QLK and JHD groups, exhibited remarkably lower levels of SOD ([17.42 ± 2.91] vs [23.47 ± 5.79] and [22.52 ± 3.88] U/mg prot, P < 0.05), GSH-PX ([38.35 ± 6.98] vs [47.68 ± 10.37] and [89.95 ± 7.65] U/mg prot, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and Na+-K+-ATPase in the prostatic mitochondria ([0.98 ± 0.40] vs [1.37 ± 0.29] and [1.85 ± 0.32] μmol Pi/mg prot/h, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but a higher level of MDA ([1.70 ± 0.22] vs [0.54 ± 0.14] and [0.59 ± 0.17] nmol/mg prot, P < 0.01). Significant mitochondrial damage was observed in the prostate tissue of the CNP model controls, and markedly enhanced mitochondrial autophagy was seen in the JHD group. CONCLUSIONS Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis induces mitochondrial dysfunction in the prostate of rats, and Jiedu Huoxue Decoction can promote the recovery of mitochondrial function, which may be related to mitochondrial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Gang Dong
- Faculty of Biochemistry, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Humanities, School of Science and Technology, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, China
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Zhang-Ren Yan
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Wan-Chun Wang
- Department of Andrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
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Cohen Hyams T, Mam K, Killingsworth MC. Scanning electron microscopy as a new tool for diagnostic pathology and cell biology. Micron 2019; 130:102797. [PMID: 31862481 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) use in the biomedical sciences has traditionally been used for characterisation of cell and tissue surface topography. This paper demonstrates the utility of high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) to diagnostic pathology and cell biology ultrastructural examinations. New SEM applications based on the production of transmission electron microscopy-like (TEM-like) images are now possible with the recent introduction of new technologies such as low kV scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detectors, automated scan generators and high-resolution column configurations capable of sub-nanometre resolution. Typical specimen types traditionally imaged by TEM have been examined including renal, lung, prostate and brain tissues. The specimen preparation workflow was unchanged from that routinely used to prepare TEM tissue, apart from replacing copper grids for section mounting with a silicon substrate. These instruments feature a small footprint with little in the way of ancillary equipment, such as water chillers, and are more cost-effective than traditional TEM columns. Also, a new generation of benchtop SEMs have recently become available and have also been assessed for its utility in the tissue pathology and cell biology settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzipi Cohen Hyams
- Correlative Microscopy Facility, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW), Liverpool NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University (WSU), Liverpool NSW, Australia.
| | - Keriya Mam
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Phenom-World B.V., Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Murray C Killingsworth
- Correlative Microscopy Facility, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool NSW, Australia; Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Anatomical Pathology, New South Wales Health Pathology (NSWHP), Liverpool NSW, Australia; South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney (UNSW), Liverpool NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University (WSU), Liverpool NSW, Australia
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Barbas Bernardos G, Herranz Amo F, de Miguel Campos E, Luis Cardo A, Herranz Arriero A, Caño Velasco J, Cancho Gil MJ, Jara Rascón J, Mayor de Castro J, Hernández Fernández C. Effectiveness of the «cognitive» biopsy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients with a previous negative biopsy. Actas Urol Esp 2019; 43:12-17. [PMID: 30131167 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evaluation of the effectiveness of cognitive biopsy (CB) in patients with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer (PC), and at least one negative biopsy (TRB). MATERIAL AND METHOD Retrospective study of 144 patients with at least one previous TRB and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI nodules were classified based on PI-RADS v2 grouping pZa, pZpl and pZpm as the peripheral zone(PZ), Tza, Tzp and CZ as the transitional zone (TZ), and the AS zones as the anterior zone (AZ). A biopsy was indicated for nodules ≥PI-RADS 3. Uni and multivariate analysis was undertaken (logistic regression) to identify variables relating to a PI-RADS 3 tumour on biopsy. RESULTS The median age was 67 (IQR: 62-72) years, the median PSA was 8.2 (IQR: 6.2-12) ng/ml. A nodule was identified on MRI in the PZ in 97 (67.4%) cases, in the TZ in 29 (20.1%), and in the AZ in 41 (28.5%). PC was diagnosed on biopsy in 64 (44%) patients. The cancer rate in the PI-RADS 3 lesions was 17.5% (7/40), in the PI-RADS 4 47.3% (35/73), and in the PI-RADS 5 lesions it was 73.3% (22/29) (p=.0001). Multivariable analysis with variables that could influence the biopsy result in patients with PI-RADS 3: None (age, PSA, number of previous biopsies, rectal examination, PSAD, prostate volume or number of extracted cylinders) behaved as an independent tumour predictor. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic performance of CB in patients with at least one previous negative biopsy was 44%, increasing according to the PI-RADS grade, and low in PI-RADS 3. No clinical variable predictive of cancer was found in patients with PI-RADS 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Barbas Bernardos
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España.
| | - F Herranz Amo
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - E de Miguel Campos
- Servicio de Radiodiagnóstico, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - A Luis Cardo
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - A Herranz Arriero
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - J Caño Velasco
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - M J Cancho Gil
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - J Jara Rascón
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - J Mayor de Castro
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
| | - C Hernández Fernández
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, España
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Sinha AA, Pomroy FE, Wilson MJ. Concurrent Androgen and Estrogen Ablation and Inhibition of Steroid Biosynthetic Enzyme Treatment for Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:3847-3854. [PMID: 27466486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM About 80 to 90% of prostate cancer (PCa) is androgen-dependent at diagnosis, but patients ultimately develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is usually not amenable to androgen deprivation (ablation) therapy (ADT). Patients with CRPC usually succumb to death in less than 5 years and there is no cure. Here, we investigated reasons for ADT failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biopsy specimens from untreated and diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated patients were assessed for localization of antibody IgGs against androgen (AR) and estrogen (ER) receptors. RESULTS In untreated and DES-treated sections, methylene blue stained basic proteins in dark basal (undifferentiated) PCa cells, whereas light basal cells were not stained. AR localized to light basal cells which showed widespread degeneration in sections from DES-treated patients, indicating their dependence on androgen. In contrast, dark basal cells did not show widespread degeneration in DES-treated patients; ER was usually localized in dark cells. The number of dark cells progressively increased in DES-treated patients indicating their androgen-independence. The localization of AR and ER in some light and dark basal cells indicated that the supply of androgen/estrogen was not inhibited during ADT. Dark basal cells had emerged prior to treatment and proliferated during DES treatment, that also indicated their androgen-independence. CONCLUSION PCa has at least two populations of cells: androgen-dependent light basal and estrogen-dependent dark basal cells. ADT did not destroy estrogen-dependent cells which may have given rise to CRPC tumors. Therefore, ADT is an incomplete treatment. For a more complete treatment of PCa, we recommend concurrent androgen and estrogen ablation, together with the inhibition of selected steroid biosynthetic enzymes.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androgens/metabolism
- Androgens/therapeutic use
- Biopsy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Diethylstilbestrol/administration & dosage
- Estrogens/metabolism
- Estrogens/therapeutic use
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/ultrastructure
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/ultrastructure
- Receptors, Androgen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhouri A Sinha
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A. Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.
| | - Francis E Pomroy
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Wilson
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A. Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A. Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A
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Imani F, Zhuang B, Tahmasebi A, Kwak JT, Xu S, Agarwal H, Bharat S, Uniyal N, Turkbey IB, Choyke P, Pinto P, Wood B, Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P. Augmenting MRI-transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy with temporal ultrasound data: a clinical feasibility study. Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg 2015; 10:727-35. [PMID: 25843948 DOI: 10.1007/s11548-015-1184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, fusion of multi-parametric MRI (mp-MRI) with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy has enabled targeted prostate biopsy with improved cancer yield. Target identification is solely based on information from mp-MRI, which is subsequently transferred to the subject coordinates through an image registration approach. mp-MRI has shown to be highly sensitive to detect higher-grade prostate cancer, but suffers from a high rate of false positives for lower-grade cancer, leading to unnecessary biopsies. This paper utilizes a machine-learning framework to further improve the sensitivity of targeted biopsy through analyzing temporal ultrasound data backscattered from the prostate tissue. METHODS Temporal ultrasound data were acquired during targeted fusion prostate biopsy from suspicious cancer foci identified in mp-MRI. Several spectral features, representing the signature of backscattered signal from the tissue, were extracted from the temporal ultrasound data. A supervised support vector machine classification model was trained to relate the features to the result of histopathology analysis of biopsy cores obtained from cancer foci. The model was used to predict the label of biopsy cores for mp-MRI-identified targets in an independent group of subjects. RESULTS Training of the classier was performed on data obtained from 35 biopsy cores. A fivefold cross-validation strategy was utilized to examine the consistency of the selected features from temporal ultrasound data, where we achieved the classification accuracy and area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 94 % and 0.98, respectively. Subsequently, an independent group of 25 biopsy cores was used for validation of the model, in which mp-MRI had identified suspicious cancer foci. Using the trained model, we predicted the tissue pathology using temporal ultrasound data: 16 out of 17 benign cores, as well as all three higher-grade cancer cores, were correctly identified. CONCLUSION The results show that temporal analysis of ultrasound data is potentially an effective approach to complement mp-MRI-TRUS-guided prostate cancer biopsy, specially to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies and to reliably identify higher-grade cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Imani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada,
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Ramzan F, Qureshi IZ, Ramzan M, Ramzan MH, Ramzan F. Kisspeptin-10 induces dose dependent degeneration in prepubertal rat prostate gland. Prostate 2013; 73:690-9. [PMID: 23129449 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kisspeptin peptides mediate their actions through the GnRH loop system. How kisspeptins affect prostate gland in prepubertal male mammals remains elusive. METHODS To address this kisspeptin was administered as subchronic (12 days) twice daily i.p. dose at three different dosage regimens: 10 pg, 1 ng and 1 µg, to prepubertal male Sprague-Dawley rats (PND 35). Control rats were maintained in parallel. At the end of the experiment prostate gland was dissected out and processed for light and electron microscopy. DNA damage was also estimated by DNA ladder assay and DNA fragmentation assay. RESULTS Prostate weights decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at 1 µg treatment dose of kisspeptin. The epithelial height of secretory acini of prostate decreased at 10 pg (P < 0.05), 1 ng, and 1 µg doses (P < 0.001). Histomorphology and ultrastructure demonstrated, decrease in epithelial cell height, epithelial folding and dilatation of the organelles with kisspeptin treatment. Percent DNA damage to the prostatic tissue was 20.74 ± 2.18, 43.60 ± 2.39, and 58.18 ± 2.59 at 10 pg, 1 ng and 1 µg doses, respectively. CONCLUSION The study reveals that continuous administration of kisspeptin does not lead to an early maturation but instead severe degeneration of prepubertal prostate gland. Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiqah Ramzan
- Gomal Centre of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan.
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Castellini C, Mourvaki E, Cardinali R, Collodel G, Lasagna E, Del Vecchio MT, Dal Bosco A. Secretion patterns and effect of prostate-derived granules on the sperm acrosome reaction of rabbit buck. Theriogenology 2012; 78:715-23. [PMID: 22704388 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the particulate fraction of seminal plasma plays an important role in reproduction of several mammalian species. However, the origin and role of these granules in the physiology of rabbit spermatozoa is partially unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the implication of prostate gland in the production and secretion of granules into the rabbit semen and the role of prostate-derived granules in the sperm acrosome reaction. Light and electron microscopy of the prostate gland showed that the anterior and middle tracts of the prostate (namely the proprostate and prostate, respectively) are chiefly implicated in the secretion of granules of different size: smaller granules (SG; 0.5 μm) and large granules (LG; 4 μm). Two major patterns of secretion were identified, based on electron microscope views: storage granules (large granules) seem to empty inner smaller granules directly into the duct by exocytosis, or the storage vesicle itself is released in toto into the ducts (diacytosis). In vitro experiments using granules from vasectomized rabbits, to exclude testicular origin of granules, showed that granules reduce the acrosome reaction of Percoll-selected spermatozoa, independently of the size. Interestingly, spermatozoa incubated with heat-treated granules showed a higher sperm acrosome reaction rate, suggesting a potential role of granule-derived proteins in this process. Inhibition of the acrosome reaction is a crucial event in rabbit reproduction; ejaculated spermatozoa have to wait for a long time (8-16 h) for egg availability in the female tract after mating. Taking together, our results demonstrate that prostate granules secreted either by exocytosis or diacytosis can preserve spermatozoa fertilizing ability, by preventing sperm acrosome reaction. The type of granule-derived proteins or other macromolecules implicated in this process should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Castellini
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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8
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Aumüller G, Doll A, Wennemuth G, Dizeyi N, Abrahamsson PA, Wilhelm B. Regional distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the urogenital duct system of the male rat. Prostate 2012; 72:326-37. [PMID: 21671246 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine (NE) cells are frequently present in the human prostate and urethra, whereas they are lacking in the other urogenital organs. This study was undertaken as there are only few detailed studies available on the distribution, form and function of NE cells and the structure of excretory ducts of the accessory sex organs in the male rat. METHODS Systematic gross anatomical dissections were combined with immunohistochemical and electron microscopic studies of the excretory ducts of the urogenital glands in male rats, with particular focus on the distribution and ultrastructure of the NE cells. RESULTS The topography and structure of the excretory ducts of the different glands were characterized in detail and analyzed for the distribution of NE cells. These are present (in falling frequencies) in the ducts of seminal vesicles and ventral and lateral prostate and are rare in ducts of coagulating gland, dorsal prostate, urethral epithelium, and excretory ducts of the (bulbo) urethral glands. They are absent in the respective glands proper, the deferent duct and ejaculatory ampulla. Approximately 40% of the NE cells of the ventral prostate ducts are of the "open" type, whereas these are less frequent (14%) in the seminal vesicle ducts, where the "closed" type prevails. CONCLUSIONS NE cells are present in unequal quantities in the excretory ducts of the accessory sex glands, but they are absent in the glands proper and the deferent ducts. This distribution pattern points to a strictly localized function and differentiation potency of NE precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Aumüller
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Cossu M, Isola M, Solinas P, De Lisa A, Massa D, Lantini MS. Immunoreactivity of the salivary protein statherin in human male accessory sex glands. Prostate 2011; 71:671-4. [PMID: 20945405 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statherin is a small phosphoprotein chiefly studied for its protective roles towards teeth and oral tissues. Although generally considered as exclusively secreted by salivary glands, circumstantial evidences suggested that other tissues also produce it. This article first demonstrates statherin immunoreactivity in human prostate and seminal vesicles. METHODS Surgical samples of prostate and seminal vesicles were fixed in a mixture of paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, and embedded in Epon resin without previous osmication. Ultrathin sections were treated for the intracellular localization of statherin by means of an immunogold staining method. RESULTS Reactive statherin was revealed in secreting cells of both seminal vesicle and prostate epithelia: labeling was found in secretory granules of seminal vesicle cells and in cytoplasmic vesicles of prostatic cells. CONCLUSIONS The different staining patterns suggested that the two glands secrete statherin through different pathways. Prostate 71:671-674, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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10
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Fukuta F, Masumori N, Mori M, Tsukamoto T. Internal prostatic architecture on transrectal ultrasonography predicts future prostatic growth: natural history of prostatic hyperplasia in a 15-year longitudinal community-based study. Prostate 2011; 71:597-603. [PMID: 20945406 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 1992 to 1993, we conducted a cross-sectional community-based study to clarify the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia in Japanese men aged 40-79. Based on the results, we hypothesized that the internal prostatic architecture (IPA) on transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) would predict future prostatic growth. We investigated the changes in prostate volume (PV) over time and validated our hypothesis on predictors for future prostatic growth. METHODS Of 319 participants in the initial study, the PV of 104 men was evaluated by TRUS with approximately a 15-year follow-up in the current study. We categorized prostates into three groups based on the IPA: group 1, invisible transition zone (TZ); group 2, visible TZ with an unclear border; and group 3, visible TZ with a clear border. RESULTS Overall PV significantly increased from 17.4 ml to 23.9 ml (P < 0.001). The median PV changes by age decade (40s, 50s, 60s, and 70s) were 5.5, 5.6, 8.6, and 11.1 ml, respectively. Those by baseline PV < 20 ml, 20-25 ml, and ≥ 25 ml were 5.3, 9.8, and 14.7 ml, respectively. Those by baseline IPA for group 1, group 2, and group 3 were 4.7, 6.5, and 17.3 ml, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that PV (P = 0.027) and the IPA (P < 0.001) at baseline were independent predictors for future prostatic growth. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study by longitudinal community-based study that the PV in Japanese men increased during 15 years. The IPA on TRUS is useful for predicting future prostatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumimasa Fukuta
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Chambers KF, Pearson JF, Aziz N, O'Toole P, Garrod D, Lang SH. Stroma regulates increased epithelial lateral cell adhesion in 3D culture: a role for actin/cadherin dynamics. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18796. [PMID: 21533155 PMCID: PMC3078910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell shape and tissue architecture are controlled by changes to junctional proteins and the cytoskeleton. How tissues control the dynamics of adhesion and cytoskeletal tension is unclear. We have studied epithelial tissue architecture using 3D culture models and found that adult primary prostate epithelial cells grow into hollow acinus-like spheroids. Importantly, when co-cultured with stroma the epithelia show increased lateral cell adhesions. To investigate this mechanism further we aimed to: identify a cell line model to allow repeatable and robust experiments; determine whether or not epithelial adhesion molecules were affected by stromal culture; and determine which stromal signalling molecules may influence cell adhesion in 3D epithelial cell cultures. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The prostate cell line, BPH-1, showed increased lateral cell adhesion in response to stroma, when grown as 3D spheroids. Electron microscopy showed that 9.4% of lateral membranes were within 20 nm of each other and that this increased to 54% in the presence of stroma, after 7 days in culture. Stromal signalling did not influence E-cadherin or desmosome RNA or protein expression, but increased E-cadherin/actin co-localisation on the basolateral membranes, and decreased paracellular permeability. Microarray analysis identified several growth factors and pathways that were differentially expressed in stroma in response to 3D epithelial culture. The upregulated growth factors TGFβ2, CXCL12 and FGF10 were selected for further analysis because of previous associations with morphology. Small molecule inhibition of TGFβ2 signalling but not of CXCL12 and FGF10 signalling led to a decrease in actin and E-cadherin co-localisation and increased paracellular permeability. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In 3D culture models, paracrine stromal signals increase epithelial cell adhesion via adhesion/cytoskeleton interactions and TGFβ2-dependent mechanisms may play a key role. These findings indicate a role for stroma in maintaining adult epithelial tissue morphology and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen F. Chambers
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna F. Pearson
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Aziz
- Genomics Lab, Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Peter O'Toole
- Imaging and Cytometry Lab, Technology Facility, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - David Garrod
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shona H. Lang
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhang HZ, Jiang ZM, Guo MY, Zheng L. [Electron microscopic examination on 50 cases of prostatic needle biopsies]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2010; 39:587-590. [PMID: 21092584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the differences in ultrastructural findings between prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hypertrophy, and the various ultrastructural features seen in moderately to poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma. METHODS Utrasound-guided needle biopsies were carried out in 50 clinically suspicious cases of prostatic carcinoma. For each case, one additional core was sampled from the most suspicious area, fixed in glutaraldehyde and examined under electron microscopy. RESULTS In the 50 cases of prostatic needle biopsies studied, there were a total of 42 cases with histologic findings of prostatic carcinoma. Thirty-one cases showed features corresponding to Gleason's score 3 to 5. In contrast to that seen in benign prostatic hypertrophy, the ultrastructural findings of the tumor cells commonly seen in prostatic carcinoma included the centrally located giant nucleoli, a direct contact with stroma, and formation of cytoplasmic microcyst. Occasionaly, there were mitotic figures seen, accompanying with fibromyxoid change of the peritumoural stroma. Amongst the 31 cases of Gleason's score 3 to 5 prostatic carcinoma, 29 cases (93.5%) demonstrated cytoplasmic prostasomes and storage vesicles. Similar to their counterparts in benign prostatic cells, prostasomes and storage vesicles in prostatic carcinoma cells were formed in the Golgi apparatus and released into the lumen by apocrine excretion and exocytosis. CONCLUSIONS Electron microscopy is helpful in distinguishing between benign and malignant prostatic lesions. Because of the high yield of prostasomes in moderately to poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma, prostasomes may become a potential target for cancer immunotherapy and one of the useful diagnostic indices for delineating the prostatic origin of metastatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated With Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, China
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13
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Abstract
Senescence is one of the main aetiological factors which are responsible for natural androgen ablation in men and occurrence of prostatic diseases. However, it is unclear how the prostatic lesions are signallised in the prostate. Thus, the aim of this study is to characterise the structural, the ultrastructural and the proliferative aspects of the peripheral prostatic zone in the elderly men with and without diagnoses of prostatic lesions and with potential precursors of prostate cancer. Sixty samples of prostatic tissue, from 60 to 90-year-old patients with and without lesions obtained from autopsied or prostatectomised patients were divided into four groups (15 samples per group): standard group (no lesions), benign prostatic hyper-plasia group, high-grade prostatic intra-epithelial neoplasia group and prostatic carcinoma group. The samples were submitted to morphometrical, structural and ultrastructural analyses in addition to cellular apoptosis and proliferative analyses. The results showed morphological damages in the stroma and cellular organelles involved in the secretory process of the prostate. Moreover, the prostatic lesions in elderly men demonstrated disturbance in the proliferation/apoptosis rate, indicating a prevalence of the proliferative process. Finally, the imbalance in prostatic stroma-epithelium interaction was a harmful feature in the elderly men as a result of structural changes, which are crucial factors for the development and progression of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Hetzl
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil
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14
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Rende M, Rambotti MG, Stabile AM, Pistilli A, Montagnoli C, Chiarelli MT, Mearini E. Novel localization of low affinity NGF receptor (p75) in the stroma of prostate cancer and possible implication in neoplastic invasion: an immunohistochemical and ultracytochemical study. Prostate 2010; 70:555-61. [PMID: 19918800 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The localization of low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75) in prostate carcinogenesis is still unclear. Our aim was to reinvestigate the localization of p75 in normal and pathological prostate and to check a possible correlation to neoplastic grading. METHODS Specimens from 33 prostate cancers and from normal prostatic tissue were analyzed for p75 expression at light and ultrastructural levels. RESULTS In normal tissue p75-immunoreactivity was restricted to basal cells in the epithelial compartment and to nerves and blood vessel in stroma. During carcinogenesis, p75-immunoreactivity progressively decreased at the periphery of the foci according to the increase in malignancy. No p75-immunoreactivity was detected inside of the foci. On the contrary, in stroma we found a dramatic increase in p75-immunoreactivity correlated to an increase in malignancy. In this compartment, for the first time ultrastructural analysis identified p75-immunoreactivity in smooth muscle cells (SMC) that are p75-negative in normal conditions. CONCLUSION The present study confirms at ultrastructural level a malignant-dependent p75 decrease in basal cells of neoplastic foci. Furthermore, we show a novel, malignant-dependent localization of p75 in SMC in the stroma around the neoplastic foci. Since p75 expression is present in muscle cells only during the earliest stages of differentiation and mature muscle cells lose this expression, we hypothesize that p75 re-expression in stromal SMC is a further mechanism related to the general de-differentiation of the stroma connected to the neoplastic invasion. According to this hypothesis, our results suggest that p75 analysis could be a novel prognostic marker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rende
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), prostate-specific antigen (PSA; or gamma-seminoprotein), and beta-microseminoprotein (beta-MSP; PSP94 or beta-inhibin) are the three predominant proteins secreted by the normal human prostate gland. In the epithelium of normal and hyperplastic prostatic acini and ducts PAP, PSA and beta-MSP have an identical immunohistochemical localization. Highly differentiated (grade I) carcinomas contain an almost equal number of PAP-, PSA- and beta-MSP-immunoreactive cells; the incidence of these cells is lower and they display a greater staining variability in the moderately and poorly (grade II-III) differentiated tumours. Especially in poorly differentiated tumours PSA seems to be a more sensitive immunohistochemical marker than PAP or prostatic carcinomas. Moreover, the use of PAP as a marker for prostatic carcinomas is complicated by the reported structural similarities between the prostatic secreted acid phosphatase and lysosomal acid phosphatase occurring in all tissues. The use of beta-MSP as a marker for prostatic carcinomas may be limited by indications of non-prostatic production of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Abrahamsson
- Department of Urology, University of Lund, Malmö General Hospital, Sweden
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16
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Kodaka T, Hirayama A, Sano T, Debari K, Mayahara M, Nakamura M. Fine structure and mineral components of primary calculi in some human prostates. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 2008; 57:133-141. [PMID: 18596057 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfn013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of prostatic calculi has not been elucidated yet, although the chemical components were reported in detail. We studied the primary or endogenous calculi removed from eight human prostates by secondary scanning electron microscopy, backscattered electron imaging, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis and X-ray diffraction. The primary calculi containing Mg, Zn and S, besides Ca and P were basically classified into four stone groups (I-IV) by fine structure and mineral components. Stone I had the core deposits of calcospherites showing concentric rings and the laminated deposits concentrically around the core. Their deposits were identified as apatite. Stone II was occupied with the calcospherite deposits of apatite although the stone growth showed a rough concentric formation. Stone III contained the core of calcospherites and concentric laminated structures, similar to a smaller type of group I, whereas the wider peripheral region was deposited with needle-like structures, identified as calcium oxalates. Stone IV had the core deposits containing small hexahedral structures, identified as whitlockite, which were surrounded with several incompletely concentric laminated bands of apatite. Whitlockite crystals were also found between the fused large calculi. The initial and formative calculi were basically observed as the deposition of mineralizing spherical structures suggesting variously sized corpora amylaceous bodies. Thus, the primary prostatic calculi of stones I-III will begin from the mineralization of amylaceous bodies as a core, while the organic substances, which form stone IV, might be derived from the simple precipitation of prostatic secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kodaka
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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17
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Ribeiro DL, Rafacho A, Bosqueiro JR, Taboga SR, Góes RM. Cellular changes in the prostatic stroma of glucocorticoid-treated rats. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 332:499-508. [PMID: 18379825 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0581-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) have been widely used for the treatment of prostate cancer because of their inhibitory property against tumour growth. However, their mechanism of action in the prostate has received little attention. Excess GCs can lead to peripheral insulin resistance resulting in hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Insulin plays an important role as a cellular stimulant and high levels are related to low levels of androgens. Our objective has been to describe the effects of insulin resistance induced by dexamethasone treatment on the morphology of rat ventral prostate. Male adult Wistar rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of dexamethasone or saline for five consecutive days after which the rats were killed and the ventral prostate was removed, weighed and prepared for conventional and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dexamethasone treatment resulted in atrophy and decreased proliferative activity of prostatic epithelial cells. TEM analysis revealed changes in the epithelium-stroma interface, with some interruptions in the basement membrane. Fibroblasts showed a secretory phenotype with dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Smooth muscle cells exhibited a contractile pattern with 50% atrophy, an irregular membrane and twisted nuclei. Mitochondrial alterations, such as enlarged size and high electron density in the mitochondrial matrix, were also detected in smooth muscle cells. Insulin resistance induced by dexamethasone is thus associated with epithelial atrophy similar to that described for diabetic rats. However, GCs are responsible for morphological changes in the stromal cell population suggesting the activation of fibroblasts and atrophy of the smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
Outgrowth and branching of solid cords are the initial events in postnatal prostatic morphogenesis. These processes involve cell proliferation and their projection into the stroma and precede epithelial canalization. The purpose of the present study was to examine the dynamics of the prostate epithelium during canalization of the rat ventral prostate in the first week of postnatal development using histological, stereological, and ultrastructural analyses. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase [TdT]-mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling assay was used to investigate the occurrence of DNA fragmentation. Our results demonstrate that canalization of the prostate epithelium starts as early as on day 1 (24 hr after birth) and progresses thereafter. By the end of the first week (day 6), luminal volume density reached approximately 3% (P < 0.05) of the organ. Canalization was the result of epithelial cell differentiation and apoptosis. The former involved organization of the epithelial cells into a single layer sitting on the basement membrane, polarization, enlargement of secretory organelles and accumulation of secretory vesicles, microvilli formation, and establishment of the adult pattern of cell junctions. The latter was observed to occur mostly to epithelial cells not in contact with the basement membrane. Structures of variable electron density were observed in the developing lumen. In conclusion, different phenomena seem to be involved in the canalization of the rat ventral prostate. However, it was evident from the present results that complex epithelial cell fate decisions take place during this process.
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19
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Abstract
Smooth muscle (SM) is an important component of the prostatic stroma. We previously showed that, despite extensive morphologic changes, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the rat ventral prostate preserve some differentiation markers 21 days after castration. In the present study, we investigated whether the expression of SMC markers is preserved in the rat ventral prostate after long-term castration. Adult Wistar rats were castrated and sacrificed 100 days after surgery. The ventral prostates were processed for histology, stereology, immunocytochemistry (SM alpha-actin and SM-myosin heavy chain [MHC]), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (smoothelin, sm22, and calponin). The prostates of castrated rats showed significant weight reduction, corresponding to only 5.6% of the control. Stereology showed that SMCs occupied the same proportion of the prostate volume but suffered a significant reduction in absolute volume (5.5% of control). The SMCs were retracted and showed spinous outlines. TEM revealed the presence of an abundant myofibrillar component, dense plaques, and an external lamina in these cells. SMCs were reactive to antibodies against SM alpha-actin and SM-MHC and expressed mRNA for smoothelin, sm22, and calponin. The results confirmed that rat prostatic SMCs are affected by androgen deprivation. Although showing marked phenotypic changes, these cells expressed SMC markers at the protein (SM alpha-actin and SM-MHC) and mRNA (smoothelin, sm22, and calponin) levels. These observations support the idea that SMCs may modulate their phenotypes (contractile vs synthetic) without changing their differentiation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane Antonioli
- Department of Cell Biology, UNICAMP, CP6109, 13083-863 Campinas SP, Brazil
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20
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Cai JL, Xin DQ, He Q, Tang XQ, Na YQ. [The pathological change of rats' benign hyperplastic prostate after radical denervation]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2007; 45:960-963. [PMID: 17961380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the pathological change of rats' benign hyperplastic prostate (BHP) after radical denervation. METHODS A total of 65 male spontaneous hypertension rats (SHR) at 30 weeks age were randomly assigned into treatment group, sham surgery control group and normal control group. In surgery group, all the axonal branches of the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) supplying the bilateral prostate were truncated, followed performing of cystostomy; In sham surgery control group, only cystostomy was performed; In normal control group, no procedure was performed. The rats were sacrificed at 3, 7, 11, 15 and >or= 21 d post-operation respectively. The gross morphological changes of prostate in all animals were observed. RESULTS In treatment group, the prostate in 3 d post-operation showed granular solidification and shrunken volume and the changes occurred gradually over time. The glandular epithelial cells showed gradual degeneration, necrosis and detachment. The glandular epithelium became progressively thinner, the smooth muscles elongated and thinned progressively and the stromal components showed mild to moderate overgrowth. At the later stage, the glandular epithelium, glandular lumen and smooth muscles gradually disappeared and the prostate was largely replaced by connective tissues. Electron microscopic study showed that the glandular cells gradually underwent vacuolar degeneration and the structures of basement membrane became fuzzy. The smooth muscles cells degenerated overtime and the fibroblasts and collagenous fibers in the stroma overgrew slowly. At the late stage, most of the glandular cells became necrotic, the basal membrane and smooth muscle cells disappeared and collagenous fibers were highly hyperplasic. In surgery group in 3 d post-operation, the S-100 staining of nerve fiber was diffuse and disappeared after 11 d while it persisted normally in other groups. The two values in sham surgery control group showed no significant changes post-operatively. CONCLUSIONS After radical denervation, the rat prostate with benign hyperplasia (gland and smooth muscles) undergoes dramatic atrophic changes and the volume decreases significantly. It suggests that this treatment may represent a novel therapy for BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-liang Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Institute of Urology, Beijing 100034, China
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21
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Babinski MA, Costa WS, Sampaio FJB, Cardoso LEM. Structural organization of fibrous connective tissue in the periacinar region of the transitional zone from normal human prostates as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. BJU Int 2007; 100:940-4. [PMID: 17608822 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the organization of stromal fibrous components in the transitional zone (TZ) from normal human prostates; because of its association with disease, greater emphasis was placed upon the periacinar region of the stroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS TZ specimens were obtained from normal prostates during autopsy of six men, aged 18-30 years, who had died from accidents. Tissue was fixed for SEM in a modified Karnovsky solution for 48 h at 4 degrees C, and to visualize the three-dimensional organization of the stroma, samples were treated to remove cells. RESULTS In acellular preparations, narrow fibrous septa formed a dense and supportive scaffold for ducts and acini, and a smooth and homogeneous fibrous sheet, herein identified as pars fibroreticularis, lined the acinar lumen. More internally, fibrous septa had a spongy organization with dense lamellae. Higher magnification showed that the smooth luminal sheet is made of 115-154-nm thick fibrils in a tight parallel arrangement. Just under this layer there was a meshwork of fibrils 77-115 nm thick that were orientated in less defined directions. CONCLUSION In the TZ of the human prostate, dense stromal fibrous components around acini act as a barrier that might enhance local cellular responses and events that occur in disorders such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. The periacinar pars fibroreticularis supports the notion of high structural variability in this region of basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio A Babinski
- Urogenital Research Unit, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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22
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Cillo F, de Eguileor M, Gandolfi F, Brevini TAL. Aroclor-1254 affects mRNA polyadenylation, translational activation, cell morphology, and DNA integrity of rat primary prostate cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2007; 14:257-66. [PMID: 17639042 DOI: 10.1677/erc-06-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental xenobiotics have been shown to act as endocrine disruptors and to be implicated in increased cancer susceptibility. In particular, there is a significant concern regarding the impact of these contaminants on prostate cancer development and progression. However, the mechanisms with which these contaminants exert their detrimental effects are yet unclear and need to be further elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Aroclor-1254, a mixture of more than 60 environmental pollutants belonging to the polychlorinated biphenyl family, on rat prostate primary cultures. The results obtained after 24-h exposure indicated the ability of this contaminant mixture to influence mRNA stability and length of the 3'-end poly(A)tail of Connexin-32, Connexin-43, and heat shock protein-70. Consistent with this observation, immunostaining experiments demonstrated the altered availability of the encoded proteins. We also focused our attention on possible effects of Aroclor-1254 on cell morphology and could detect ultrastructural changes with gap junction disruption, fusion of single cells into clusters, and different aspects of apoptosis that became evident when exposure to Aroclor-1254 was extended to 72 h. The effects on the nuclear compartment were confirmed by the results obtained with Comet assay that showed DNA decompression and double-strand breaks already after 24-h exposure. Taken together, these findings show a detrimental effect of Aroclor 1254 on rat prostate cells and indicate a possible association between exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl mixture and induction of transformation process in prostate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cillo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embriology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UniStem, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Saha I, Chatterji U, Chaudhuri-Sengupta S, Nag TC, Nag D, Banerjee S, Maiti BR. Ultrastructural and hormonal changes in the pineal-testicular axis following arecoline administration in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 307:187-98. [PMID: 17436329 DOI: 10.1002/jez.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Arecoline is an alkaloid of betel nut of Areca catechu. Betel nut is chewed by millions of people in the world and it causes oral and hepatic cancers in human. It has therapeutic value for the treatment of Alzheimer and schizophrenia. Arecoline has immunosuppressive, mutagenic and genotoxic effects in laboratory animals. It also affects endocrine functions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of arecoline on pineal-testicular axis in rats. Since pineal activity is different between day and night, the current study is undertaken in both the photophase and scotophase. The findings were evaluated by ultrastructural and hormonal studies of pineal and testicular Leydig cells, with quantitations of fructose and sialic acid of sex accessories. Arecoline treatment (10 mg/kg body weight daily for 10 days) caused suppression of pineal activity at ultrastructural level by showing dilatation of the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), large autophagosome-like bodies with swollen mitochondrial cristae, numerous lysosomes, degenerated synaptic ribbons and reduced number of synaptic-like microvesicles. Moreover, pineal and serum N-acetylserotonin and melatonin levels were decreased with increased serotonin levels in both the gland and serum. In contrast, testicular Leydig cell activity was stimulated with abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), electron-dense core vesicles and vacuolated secretory vesicles, and increased testosterone level in the arecoline recipients. Consequently, the testosterone target, like prostate, was ultrastructurally stimulated with abundance of RER and accumulation of secretory vesicles. Fructose and sialic acid concentrations were also significantly increased respectively in the coagulating gland and seminal vesicle. These results were more significant in the scotophase than the photophase. The findings suggest that arecoline inhibits pineal activity, but stimulates testicular function (testosterone level) and its target organs presumably via muscarinic cholinergic receptor in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indraneel Saha
- Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
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24
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Cândido EM, Carvalho CAF, Martinez FE, Cagnon VHA. Experimental alcoholism and pathogenesis of prostatic diseases in UChB rats. Cell Biol Int 2007; 31:459-72. [PMID: 17188526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 09/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that long-term alcohol treatment has negative effects on prostatic stromal-epithelial interaction. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural alterations that occur in the prostatic stroma and epithelium of rats submitted to chronic alcohol ingestion and alcohol abstinence, as well as to establish the relationship between these changes and prostatic diseases. Thirty male rats (10 Wistar and 20 UChB rats) were divided into three experimental groups: the control group received tap water, the alcoholic group received ethanol diluted to 10 degrees G.L. for 150 days, and the abstinent group received the same liquid diet as the alcoholic group up to 120 days of treatment and only tap water for 30 days thereafter. At the end of treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the ventral lobe of the prostate was removed and processed for histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. In addition, plasma testosterone levels were measured. The results showed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, infolding of the epithelium towards the stroma, stromal hypertrophy and the presence of inflammatory cells in alcoholic animals. In the abstinent group, alterations were noted mainly in the stromal area. In conclusion, ethanol triggers alterations in prostatic epithelial and stromal compartments, affecting the stromal microenvironment and predisposing the organ to pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Marcelo Cândido
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6109, Campinas, 13083970 São Paulo, Brazil
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Lu J, Ye Z, Wang W, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Hu W. Experimental study on the effect of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) using Sonablate-500 in the ablation of canine prostate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 27:193-6. [PMID: 17497295 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0223-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the safety, feasibility and effectiveness of transrectal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in the ablation of canine prostate, 20 dogs were divided randomly into 5 groups. Sixteen canine prostates were treated with the third-generation transrectal HIFU device (Sonablate-500). Transrectal ultrasound images of the prostate and prostatic urethra were observed preoperatively and postoperatively. Serial study was performed 30 min, 30 days, 60 days and 180 days after the therapy. The rectum, periprostatic tissues, and prostate were excised en bloc and the tissues were fixed for gross and histological analysis. Our results showed that the average maximal diameter of prostatic urethra was 0.59+/-0.11 cm before the operation and 2.57+/-0.98 cm 60 days after the operation. The volume of prostate was 6.5+/-3.12 cm(3) before the treatment while the volume was 4.13+/-0.23 cm(3) 60 days after the treatment and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Histologically, there was a clear demarcation between the necrotic area of the treated tissues and the unaffected surrounding tissues. All the necrotic tissues in the targeted zone broke off and the prostatic urethra became cavitary 60 days later. The more frequent complications were urinary retention and frequency and hematuria. No rectal injury occurred during the treatment. It is concluded that the third-generation transrectal HIFU is capable of destroying prostatic tissue, substantially increasing the width of the prostatic urethra without causing injury to the adjacent tissues. The risk of postoperative complications associated with HIFU was low. HIFU may become a safe, effective and minimally invasive alternative for the treatment of prostatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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26
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Ronquist G. [Prostasomes and exosomes--cell messengers with therapeutic potentials]. Lakartidningen 2007; 104:784-6. [PMID: 17432796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Ronquist
- Institutionen för medicinska vetenskaper, klinisk kemi, Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala.
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Gallardo-Arrieta F, Mogas T, Magán L, García MA, García F, Abal M, Morote J, Serrano S, Reventós J, Lioreta J. Ultrastructural changes in prostate cells during hormone-induced canine prostatic hyperplasia. Ultrastruct Pathol 2007; 30:435-42. [PMID: 17182436 DOI: 10.1080/01913120600854079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a prevalent disease that has received relatively little attention in spite of its morbidity and remarkable social impact. There are few animal models of prostatic hyperplasia. The dog is the only species, along with humans, in which prostatic hyperplasia develops spontaneously and almost universally with age. The aim of the present study has been to compare the ultrastructural findings in a model of experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia with those of the spontaneously developed changes in untreated dogs. An experimental group of 5 male beagle dogs were castrated and treated with combined steroids (3 weekly doses for over 30 weeks). Prostate samples were surgically obtained every 42 days (experimental stages 0 through 6). The control group consisted of 3 noncastrated dogs that were treated with vehicle and in which samples were taken only at stages 0, 1, 4, and 6. Changes in the control groups were similar but of lower intensity compared to those of the experimental groups. In luminal cells, crowding with papillary projections, prominent, branching microvilli, and abundant, often compartmentalized granules were observed. The most striking change was the previously unreported finding of caveolae in basal cells. They were mostly located in the basal aspect of basal cells and were more prominent in the experimental group and in advanced stages of treatment. These ultrastructural findings have not been previously reported in canine or human prostatic hyperplasia and merit further research. The model of experimentally induced canine prostatic hyperplasia provides an adequate setting for the understanding of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Gallardo-Arrieta
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinaria, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lin Y, Liu G, Zhang Y, Hu YP, Yu K, Lin C, McKeehan K, Xuan JW, Ornitz DM, Shen MM, Greenberg N, McKeehan WL, Wang F. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 tyrosine kinase is required for prostatic morphogenesis and the acquisition of strict androgen dependency for adult tissue homeostasis. Development 2007; 134:723-34. [PMID: 17215304 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family consists of 22 members and regulates a broad spectrum of biological activities by activating diverse isotypes of FGF receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs). Among the FGFs, FGF7 and FGF10 have been implicated in the regulation of prostate development and prostate tissue homeostasis by signaling through the FGFR2 isoform. Using conditional gene ablation with the Cre-LoxP system in mice, we demonstrate a tissue-specific requirement for FGFR2 in urogenital epithelial cells--the precursors of prostatic epithelial cells--for prostatic branching morphogenesis and prostatic growth. Most Fgfr2 conditional null (Fgfr2(cn)) embryos developed only two dorsal prostatic (dp) and two lateral prostatic (lp) lobes. This contrasts to wild-type prostate, which has two anterior prostatic (ap), two dp, two lp and two ventral prostatic (vp) lobes. Unlike wild-type prostates, which are composed of well developed epithelial ductal networks, the Fgfr2(cn) prostates, despite retaining a compartmented tissue structure, exhibited a primitive epithelial architecture. Moreover, although Fgfr2(cn) prostates continued to produce secretory proteins in an androgen-dependent manner, they responded poorly to androgen with respect to tissue homeostasis. The results demonstrate that FGFR2 is important for prostate organogenesis and for the prostate to develop into a strictly androgen-dependent organ with respect to tissue homeostasis but not to the secretory function, implying that androgens may regulate tissue homeostasis and tissue function differently. Therefore, Fgfr2(cn) prostates provide a useful animal model for scrutinizing molecular mechanisms by which androgens regulate prostate growth, homeostasis and function, and may yield clues as to how advanced-tumor prostate cells escape strict androgen regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshun Lin
- Center for Cancer Biology and Nutrition, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A and M Health Science Center, 2121 W. Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-3303, USA
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Gómez MID, de Castro CR, Fanelli SL, Quintans LN, Costantini MH, Castro JA, Castro GD. Biochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the rat ventral prostate due to repetitive alcohol drinking. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:391-8. [PMID: 17299812 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that cytosolic and microsomal fractions from rat ventral prostate are able to biotransform ethanol to acetaldehyde and 1-hydroxyethyl radicals via xanthine oxidase and a non P450 dependent pathway respectively. Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with a Lieber and De Carli diet containing ethanol for 28 days and compared against adequately pair-fed controls. Prostate microsomal fractions were found to exhibit CYP2E1-mediated hydroxylase activity significantly lower than in the liver and it was induced by repetitive ethanol drinking. Ethanol drinking led to an increased susceptibility of prostatic lipids to oxidation, as detected by t-butylhydroperoxide-promoted chemiluminiscence emission and increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides (xylenol orange method). Ultrastructural alterations in the epithelial cells were observed. They consisted of marked condensation of chromatin around the perinuclear membrane, moderate dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increased number of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis. The prostatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the stock rats was 4.84 times lower than that in the liver and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in their microsomal, cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions was either not detectable or significantly less intense than in the liver. A single dose of ethanol led to significant acetaldehyde accumulation in the prostate. The results suggest that acetaldehyde accumulation in prostate tissue might result from both acetaldehyde produced in situ but also because of its low aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and its poor ability to metabolize acetaldehyde arriving via the blood. Acetaldehyde, 1-hydroxyethyl radical and the oxidative stress produced may lead to epithelial cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Díaz Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones Toxicológicas (CEITOX), CITEFA/CONICET, Juan B. de La Salle 4397, B1603ALO Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rochel SS, Bruni-Cardoso A, Taboga SR, Vilamaior PSL, Góes RM. Lobe Identity in the Mongolian Gerbil Prostatic Complex: A New Rodent Model for Prostate Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1233-47. [PMID: 17724712 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of structural and physiological differences among the prostatic lobes (PL) is the basis for development of experimental studies in traditional laboratory rodents. Although Mongolian gerbil reproductive organs have been increasingly investigated, its prostate structure is far from being properly known, and investigations of this organ focused on the ventral lobe (VL). Thus, the present study provides a thorough morphological description of prostatic complex in the male adult gerbil on the basis of topographic, histological, and ultrastructural analysis and ductal branching. Like other rodents, four pairs of PL were observed. However, in contrast to the rat and mouse, the VL is the least voluminous component and the dorsolateral lobe (DLL) is the most prominent and spatially isolated from remaining PL. The occurrence of a dorsal lobe (DL), hidden between bladder and insertion of seminal vesicles, has not been mentioned in previous reports with Mongolian gerbil. Collagenase digestion followed by microdissection revealed that, except for DL, which has a tubular-acinar organization, all PL exhibit tubular organization and variable ductal branching. Distinct histological and ultrastructural features such as secretory epithelium, aspect of luminal secretion and stromal organization are reported for each PL and are confirmed by morphometric and stereological methods. Histological sections showed at least three intralobar segments in VL and DL. Ultrastructural analysis evidenced that, although luminal epithelial cells of PL share typical features of exocrine secretory cells, there are striking lobe phenotypical variations. Both merocrine and apocrine pathways are observed in variable rates in all PL, with the predominance of the former in the DLL and the latter in the CG. The morphological observations presented herein point to distinct structural identities for each PL, which probably reflects specific functional compromise of seminal fluid secretion. These data also point to the gerbil as a good model for investigations concerning the regulation of prostate development and homeostasis, mainly with regard to the dorsal and dorsolateral PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Santos Rochel
- São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, IBILCE/UNESP, Department of Biology and Animal Biology Graduate Program, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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31
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Alvarez SM, Gómez NN, Scardapane L, Fornés MW, Giménez MS. Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium on prostate lipids and morphology. Biometals 2006; 20:727-41. [PMID: 17066326 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-006-9036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is an environmental toxic metal implicated in human prostate carcinogenesis. The mechanism of its toxicity is not fully understood. Previously, we showed that cadmium exposure induces oxidative stress, especially lipid peroxidation. This study evaluates the effect of chronic exposure to 0.886 mM of cadmium (Cd) per liter in the drinking water on prostate lipid content and metabolism in Wistar rats. We determined the lipid profile and measured the expression of lipogenic enzymes: FAS, GPAT, LPL, DGAT-1, DGAT-2, ACO, CPT-1 and CT, and of certain factors involved in lipid regulation and fatty acid transporters: FAT/CD36, E-FABP, SREBP-2, PPAR-gamma and PPAR-alpha by RT-PCR. Ultrastructure was analyzed by electron microscopy and, as prostate is an androgen controlled gland, AR expression was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cd altered the prostatic lipid profile. Triglycerides (TG) and esterified cholesterol (EC) decreased, free cholesterol (FC) and phospholipids (PL) increased and total cholesterol (TC) did not change. FAS, MDH and IDH activities did not vary but G6PDH decreased significantly in Cd group. Regarding TG synthesis, DGAT-1 decreased while GPAT increased and FAS, LPL and DGAT-2 remained unchanged. Regarding beta oxidation, CPT-1 increased while ACO expression decreased in Cd group. In the PL pathway, CT expression was increased. All these results would justify the decrease of TG in Cd group when compared to control. In the cholesterol metabolic pathway, HMGCoAR and SREBP-2 increased. PPAR-alpha increased but PPAR-gamma did not change. Regarding fatty acid transporters, FAT/CD36 decreased, while E-FABP increased. AR mRNA and protein expression decreased. Ultrastructural analysis showed a decrease in lipid droplets and signs of cellular damage in the Cd group. Cadmium exposure induces important changes in prostatic lipid profile and metabolism, confirmed by the morphology analyses, which also showed signs of cellular damage. These results could be important to further understanding the complex mechanism of cadmium toxicity in prostate and in the development of better treatments for people and animals exposed to the heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Mónica Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Avenida Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
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Pitkänen-Arsiola T, Tillman JE, Gu G, Yuan J, Roberts RL, Wantroba M, Coetzee GA, Cookson MS, Kasper S. Androgen and anti-androgen treatment modulates androgen receptor activity and DJ-1 stability. Prostate 2006; 66:1177-93. [PMID: 16652386 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms regulating the transition from hormone responsive to hormone refractory prostate cancer (PCa) have remained unclear. METHODS We analyzed androgen and anti-androgen treatment on endogenous AR activity in primary human prostate epithelial (HPE) cells cultured directly from patient radical prostatectomy specimens utilizing a transiently infected gene reporter (TIGR) assay. RESULTS Flutamide treatment exhibited agonist activities in HPE cells derived from tumor and non-tumor specimens which contained wild-type AR. After proteomic comparison of these cells to those where flutamide functioned normally as an antagonist, we identified DJ-1, a positive regulator of AR. DJ-1 expression increased in HPE and LNCaP cells during flutamide treatment as a result of DJ-1 protein stabilization. CONCLUSION Stabilization of AR and its co-regulators in the absence of androgen may partially account for anti-androgen withdrawal syndrome and potentially contribute to the development of hormone refractory PCa.
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Kim CH, Khil MS, Kim HY, Lee HU, Jahng KY. An improved hydrophilicity via electrospinning for enhanced cell attachment and proliferation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2006; 78:283-90. [PMID: 16362963 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The wettability of electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) mats was improved by co-electrospinning with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), by double-spinneret electrospinning method. The improved hydrophilicity of the hybrid PCL/PVA mats was confirmed by water contact angle measurement. The in vitro cell attachment on the hydrophobic PCL and hydrophilically modified PCL/PVA mats was compared by culture studies using human prostate epithelial cells (HPECs). The stability of water-soluble PVA component in the electrospun PCL/PVA mats was checked by thermogravimetric analysis and intensity of fluorescence material after immersion in water for 7 days. The images from scanning electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy showed that the attachment and proliferation rate of HPECs were improved by introducing PVA into the electrospun PCL mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Hun Kim
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Chonju 561-756, Republic of Korea
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Carvalho CAF, Favaro WJ, Padovani CR, Cagnon VHA. Morphometric and ultrastructure features of the ventral prostate of rats (Rattus norvegicus) submitted to long-term nicotine treatment. Andrologia 2006; 38:142-51. [PMID: 16872466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The harmful effects of nicotine on male genital system fertility have been reported in experimental and clinical studies. However, its effects on prostatic cells and glandular pathogenesis remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to analyse the histological, histochemical and ultrastructural alterations, in addition to stereology, of the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats, submitted to chronic nicotine administration, as well as to establish the relationship between these changes and prostate diseases. Twelve male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into two experimental groups: group I (nicotine) and group II (control). Samples of the ventral prostate were collected, processed and submitted to histological analysis, acid phosphatase histochemistry and ultrastructural analysis by transmission and scanning electron microscopies. The results showed that in the nicotine group, the secretory epithelial cells of the ventral lobe of the prostate were atrophied, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia occurred and reduced the expression of acid phosphatase. The disorganisation of organelles involved in the glandular secretory process, accompanied by biomembrane destructuring, was also observed. In conclusion, nicotine causes drastic alterations in the secretory epithelium of the ventral prostate, compromising its function. Furthermore, nicotine also induces premalignant lesions in the prostate gland, thus representing a risk factor in the development of prostate diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F Carvalho
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Quintar AA, Roth FD, De Paul AL, Aoki A, Maldonado CA. Toll-like receptor 4 in rat prostate: modulation by testosterone and acute bacterial infection in epithelial and stromal cells. Biol Reprod 2006; 75:664-72. [PMID: 16870940 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.053967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate gland is the most inflammation-prone organ in the male reproductive tract. However, little information is available regarding the immunobiology of this gland. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is considered to be a major sensor of danger signals and a key trigger of the innate immune responses. TLRs have also been implicated in the development of different inflammatory diseases in organs in which epithelial-stromal interactions are critical for homeostasis. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the presence and regulation of TLR4 in the rat prostate. Western blot and immunocytochemical studies revealed that constitutive expression of TLR4 in the rat ventral prostate was localized in the epithelial cells, mainly associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as in smooth muscle cells in the stroma. In addition, increased concentrations of TLR4 were found in castrated rats, predominantly in hypertrophied smooth muscle cells. On the other hand, using a bacterial prostatitis model, we observed an increment in the TLR4 cytoplasmic content and migration of this receptor to the apical plasmatic membranes of epithelial cells at 24 h and 48 h post-infection. These findings suggest that the prostate gland is able to recognize pathogens and to initiate immune responses. In addition, TLR4 appears to be implicated in the vital stromal-epithelial interactions that maintain prostate homeostasis during prostatitis, as well as following androgen deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amado A Quintar
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, X5000HRA Córdoba, Argentina
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Sakairi A, Tsukise A, Kuwahara Y, Nara T, Meyer W. Cytochemical Localization of Glycoconjugates in the Secretory Epithelial Cells Lining the Prostate Gland of the Miniature Pig. Anat Histol Embryol 2006; 35:162-6. [PMID: 16677210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2005.00650.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to emphasize several specific functional aspects of the mammalian prostate gland. In this connection, the subcellular localization and characterization of glycoconjugates in the secretory epithelial cells were examined that line the prostate gland of the miniature pig, using cytochemistry, including lectin-gold methods. The results verified a diversified pattern of glycoconjugates in the structures of the secretory cells. The secretory granules and the free surface coat of the plasma membrane contained several sugar moieties such as alpha-D-Man, alpha-D-Glc, alpha-L-Fuc, beta-D-Gal, GalNAc, GlcNAc and NeuAc (sialic acid), whereas the Golgi apparatus exhibited GlcNAc and sialic acid residues. In addition, the cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum showed alpha-D-Man and alpha-D-Glc moieties. It seems likely that the secretory glycoconjugates demonstrated contribute to favourable conditions for fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sakairi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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37
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Heer R, Collins AT, Robson CN, Shenton BK, Leung HY. KGF suppresses α2β1 integrin function and promotes differentiation of the transient amplifying population in human prostatic epithelium. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:1416-24. [PMID: 16554439 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate epithelial stem cells are self-renewing cells capable of differentiation into prostate epithelium, and are thought to contribute towards both benign and malignant conditions in the human prostate. We have previously demonstrated that prostate epithelial basal cells express high levels of integrin α2β1 and this population can be subdivided into stem (α2β1hi CD133+) and transient-amplifying population (TAP) cells (α2β1hi CD133-). However, the molecular mechanism(s) controlling the commitment and regulation of these cells towards differentiated epithelium remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that β1 integrin function is required for the maintenance of basal prostatic epithelial cells and suppression of its function by either methylcellulose or, more specifically, β1-blocking antibody (80 μg/ml) induces differentiation, with associated expression of the differentiation-specific markers prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) and cytokeratin 18 (CK18). Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), a stromal-derived growth factor, has previously been implicated in prostate organogenesis using in vitro tissue recombination experiments. We show that treatment with KGF (10 ng/ml) potently induces epithelial differentiation with concomitant suppression of α2β1 integrin expression as well as the induction of androgen receptor expression. Specifically, p38-MAPK appears to be involved and the presence of SB202190, a p38 inhibitor, significantly blocks KGF-induced differentiation. Furthermore, the expression of the high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinase to KGF (FGFR2) is predominantly detectable in α2β1hi CD133- TAP cells when compared with stem cells (α2β1hi CD133+), which would therefore be relatively unresponsive to the differentiating effect of KGF. Taken together, using a human primary culture model, we have demonstrated key roles for interactions between KGF and integrin-mediated function in the regulation of prostate epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Heer
- Urology Research Group, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, University of Newcastle, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Goyal A, Delves GH, Chopra M, Lwaleed BA, Cooper AJ. Can lycopene be delivered into semen via prostasomes? In vitro incorporation and retention studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 29:528-33. [PMID: 16524363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2006.00690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lycopene (C(40) H(56)) is a highly lipophilic antioxidant found in human semen in nanomolar concentrations. It has been shown to be one of the most potent carotenoid antioxidant in various human studies. Prostasomes are organelles secreted by glandular prostatic epithelial cells and are known to play an important role in fertility and prostate cancer. They are also known to possess antioxidant activity and aid the functioning of sperm. We studied the ability of these vesicles to adsorb and retain lycopene into their rich lipid environment in vitro. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed micrograms of lycopene per milligram of prostasomal protein. In view of the prostasomes' lipid-rich nature it is highly likely that these organelles act as delivery vehicles for this highly lipophilic antioxidant substance into human semen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Goyal
- Urology Research Group, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Pegorin de Campos SG, Zanetoni C, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Biological behavior of the gerbil ventral prostate in three phases of postnatal development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:723-33. [PMID: 16779810 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the gerbil's ventral prostate histology ultrastructurally and quantitatively throughout three phases of postnatal development (young, adult, and old) in order to comprehend its biological behavior and propensity to developing spontaneous lesions with aging. The gerbil prostate is composed of alveoli and ducts immersed in a stroma composed of smooth muscle, fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers and vessels. The prostate tissue components present morphological and quantitative aspects that vary according to age. Young animals have an immature gland with modest secretory activity. Synthetic activity remained stable in adult and old gerbil. However, prostatic morphology was altered in the aging, showing an increased epithelium and stromal fibrosis. The nuclei of the secretory cells increased with aging, whereas nucleoli presented few alterations during postnatal development. The epithelial proliferation and stromal remodeling noted in this study indicate that the gerbil prostate may respond to the androgen declines typical of senescence through epithelial proliferation and stromal remodeling.
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Abstract
The prostate is a glandular male accessory sex organ vital for normal fertility. It provides the prostatic component of seminal plasma which nourishes and protects sperm following ejaculation. Prostasomes are small (40-500 nm) membrane-bound vesicles produced by epithelial cells lining the prostate acini and are a component of prostatic secretions. Although the existence of these particles has been known for many years, their full function and relevance to reproductive health are largely unknown. Proteomic studies have shown a wide range of proteins (enzymes, structural proteins and novel, unannotated proteins) present in or on the surface of prostasomes providing them with a diverse nature. Interestingly prostasomes are able to fuse with sperm, this event and the associated transfer of proteins lies at the heart of many of their proposed functions. Sperm motility is increased by the presence of prostasomes and their fusion prevents premature acrosome reactions. Prostasomes have been shown to aid protection of sperm within the female reproductive tract because of immunosuppressive, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Clinically these functions imply a role for prostasomes in male factor infertility. However, the very functions that promote fertility may have negative connotations in later life; recent work has suggested that prostasomes are involved in prostate cancer. Clearly more work is needed to clarify the role of these novel particles and their impact on men's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Burden
- Clinical Sciences South Bristol, Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrated Neuroendocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building.
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Malm J, Birn H, Frohm B, Hansen SI, Høier-Madsen M, Holm J. A minor fraction of a high-affinity folate binding protein from the epididymis is associated with membranous vesicles and spermatozoa in human semen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 28:267-74. [PMID: 16128986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A glycolipid linked high-affinity folate binding protein (FBP) is present in human semen at a concentration of 1-2 nmol/L. The association between FBP and seminal components as well as the cellular source of FBP was analysed. Immunoblotting of human seminal plasma, with and without prostasomes, prostasomal fractions and spermatozoa with antibodies against human FBP revealed a single distinct band similar to that observed with purified human FBP. Flow cytometry identified FBP on the surface of ejaculated spermatozoa. Immunohistochemistry showed positive immunostaining of epididymal epithelium, vas deferens and ejaculated spermatozoa, whereas the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, testicular spermatozoa and seminiferous tubules of testis stained negatively. Electron microscopy immunocytochemistry with antibodies against rat FBP showed labelling located to luminal microvilli and intracellular vesicles of rat epididymal epithelial cells and the surface of spermatozoa in the epididymal duct. High-affinity binding of picomolar amounts of tritiated folate to fractions of human prostasomes or prostasome-like vesicles was completely depressed by excess amounts of unlabelled folate. The study indicates that FBP is secreted from the epithelia of epididymis and vas deferens, and that a small fraction of FBP is associated with prostasome-like vesicles which adhere to spermatozoa in the epididymal duct. FBP could have a bacteriostatic function by depriving folate-requiring bacteria of folate and/or ascertain a normal DNA replication subsequent to fertilization by vectorial transfer of folate to the inner compartment of the spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Malm
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, 205 02 Malmö, Sweden.
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Gumus E, Solakoglu S, Mutus R, Altay B, Kiziler AR, Miroglu C. Effect of acute alcohol intake on prostate tissue and serum PSA-like protein levels in rats. Urol Int 2005; 75:50-6. [PMID: 16037708 DOI: 10.1159/000085927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate both the possible changes induced by acute alcohol intake on prostate tissue at the ultrastructural level and its effect on serum prostate-specific-antigen (PSA)-like protein levels in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS 44 male Wistar rats were included in the study in four separate groups; 7 treatment and 4 control animals were selected for each group. The treatment group received 40% ethanol (6 g/kg) while the control group was injected with the same dose of intraperitoneal isotonic saline. The first group was sacrificed after 3 h, the second group after 24 h, the third group after 72 h and the fourth group on day 7. Samples were examined by light and Jeol-100 electron microscope. Total serum PSA-like protein levels were determined by a Tosoh immunoenzymometric analyzer AIA 600. RESULTS In groups 1-3, electron microscopy showed dilatations in the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of prostatic acinar cells, disarrangements in apparent Golgi complex and apertures belonging to the basal labyrinth. It was also observed that there was a mass of debris cells inside the acinar lumen, and the secretory epithelium was detached from the basal membrane in some places. No pathology was found in group 4 by light and electron microscopy. In group 1, significant levels of increased serum total PSA-like protein were found compared to controls and other treatment groups (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The fundamental effect of acute alcohol intake on prostate tissue was observed in intermediate stages participating in the exocrine secretion process in the cellular organelles. At the same time, this influences the levels of serum PSA-like protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Gumus
- 2nd Urology Clinic, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Sesso A, Marques MM, Monteiro MMT, Schumacher RI, Colquhoun A, Belizário J, Konno SN, Felix TB, Botelho LAA, Santos VZC, Da Silva GR, Higuchi MDL, Kawakami JT. Morphology of mitochondrial permeability transition: morphometric volumetry in apoptotic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 281:1337-51. [PMID: 15532021 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), which refers to the morphology of mitochondria whose inner membrane has lost its selective permeability. In all types of apoptotic cells so far examined, we found outer mitochondrial membranes that had been ruptured. These mitochondria present a swollen matrix covered by an inner membrane herniating into the cytoplasm through the breached outer membrane. Similarly ruptured outer mitochondrial membranes have been reported in studies on mitochondrial fractions induced to undergo MPT, carried out by others. Our observations were made on five types of rat tissue cells and six different cultured cell lines in the early stages of apoptosis. Samples from the cell lines HL-60, HeLa, WEHI-164, and a special batch of PC-12 cells were subjected to various apoptogenic agents and analyzed morphometrically. Nonapoptotic companion cells with unaltered nuclear structure (CUNS) were also analyzed. The mitochondrial volume in microm(3) and the volume fraction of the cytoplasm occupied by mitochondria in cells with typical nuclear signs of apoptosis and also in CUNS were evaluated. The volume of the mitochondria with ruptured membrane represents at least 69% (47-89%) of the total mitochondrial volume of the apoptotic cells. Thus, a considerable fraction of the cellular mitochondrial mass is or was in the state of permeability transition and probably involved in enhancement of the apoptotic program. In all samples, a fraction of the cells with normal nuclei possessed mitochondria with breached outer membranes as described above. In these cells, MPT occurred before the appearance of the typical nuclear phenotype of the apoptotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sesso
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 500 Prédio II 2o andar, CEP 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Tappel A. Lysosomal and prostasomal hydrolytic enzymes and redox processes and initiation of prostate cancer. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:1170-2. [PMID: 15823710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes, lysosomal enzymes and oxidant processes are known to be involved in cancer processes. The prostasomes contain proteins and enzymes that would constitute pathways for the hydrolysis of proteins and peptides. However, integrated biochemical and cell biology studies are necessary to understand how lysosomal enzymes and prostasomal enzymes combined with oxidant processes could initiate cancer. Most prostate cancer is likely to be initiated in the prostate duct system. The lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and glucosidase and prostasomal proteins and enzymes are found in human semen and therefore have come through prostate ducts. The hypothesis presented here is that the lysosomal enzymes and prostasomes are exocytosed from prostate cells into the duct system of the prostate where their hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative processes, for example, the iron from the iron-sulfur clusters of the prostasomal dehydrogenases, damage proteins and other components of cells leading to the initiation of cancer. Risk factors for prostate cancer are known to initiate activity of lysosomal enzymes and could initiate activity of prostasomal enzymes. These risk factors include: ionizing radiation, oxidative stress, environmental toxicants and dietary components including those with high fat content. Other dietary components in fruits and vegetables protect against prostate cancer and can be hypothesized as decreasing cellular output of lysosomal or protasomal enzymes or inhibiting lysosomal and prostasomal enzymes in the duct system. Measurements of multiple lysosomal and prostasomal enzyme activities and their biochemical pathways are vital to the understanding of protectors to inhibit lysosomal or prostasomal enzyme activities that might be leading to prostate cancer. Inhibitors of lysosomal and prostasomal enzymes can be investigated in cellular and biochemical systems, and these inhibitors could be used to control these enzyme activities in vivo. In situ enzyme analyses including substrates producing fluorescent products are applicable. Screening assays could be developed to detect in vivo lysosomal and prostasomal enzyme activities in semen. Lysosomal enzyme activities may be precursors to the onset of other kinds of cancer with other similar non-invasive screening techniques possible. Present knowledge encompasses mobilization of sperm when prostasomes bind to sperm in semen. A further hypothesis of this study projects that prostasomal dehydrogenases and their NADH products initiate the formation of ATP in the sperm mitochondria which activates flagellar movement. This overall hypothesis suggests protection against prostate cancer by inhibitors of lipid peroxidation including the dietary antioxidants selenium, vitamin E and lycopene and also cysteine glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Tappel
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Soudamani S, Yuvaraj S, Malini T, Balasubramanian K. Experimental diabetes has adverse effects on the differentiation of ventral prostate during sexual maturation of rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 287:1281-9. [PMID: 16237732 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus of both type I (insulin-dependent) and type II (noninsulin-dependent) has adverse effects on male sexual and reproductive functions in adolescent boys and men, which include impairment of spermatogenesis, reduced sperm count, serum testosterone and seminal fluid volume, impotency, and loss of libido. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in rats provides a relevant model to study reproductive dysfunction under diabetic conditions, as they exhibit a number of deficits in reproductive function that resemble those seen in human diabetics. Therefore, the present investigation is aimed to understand the effects of STZ diabetes on the structure and development of ventral prostate during the critical period of sexual maturation in rats. Prepubertal (40-days-old) male Wistar rats were made diabetic by single injection of STZ (120 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). Induction of diabetes was confirmed by serum insulin titer, hyperglycemia, and polyuria. To another set of STZ-diabetic rats, after 3 days of diabetes induction, insulin was replaced at a dose of 3 U/100 g body weight, subcutaneously in two equally divided doses at 8:00 AM and 6:00 PM. Diabetes caused regression of prostate, leading to a decrease in the absolute weight. Histologically, glandular epithelium has undergone shrinkage with transformation of acinar cells into low cuboidal type with less prominent secretory granules and blebs. Nevertheless, the secretory activity was not totally abolished. Interstitial space was increased due to shrinkage of glandular epithelium. Histomorphometric studies on the tubular diameter, volume and surface density of acinar epithelium, lumen, and stroma also support regressive changes in prostate. Insulin replacement prevented the detrimental effects of diabetes partially. These findings implicate the adverse effects of STZ diabetes on the differentiation of ventral prostate during sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Singh Soudamani
- Department of Endocrinology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai, India
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Sáttolo S, Carvalho CAF, Cagnon VHA. Influence of hormonal replacement on the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) submitted to chronic ethanol treatment. Tissue Cell 2004; 36:417-30. [PMID: 15533457 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2004.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The harmful influence of the chronic alcohol ingestion on the male reproductive system leads to important alterations including hypogonadism and feminization, besides the morphological and functional disorganization of the different sexual glands. So, the aim of this study was to analyse the structural changes on the ventral lobe of the prostate of rats with hormonal replacement associated to chronic alcohol ingestion. A total of 30 rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) was divided into three groups: control-received water; alcoholic-received ethanol diluted to 20% and hormone-treated alcoholic-received ethanol diluted to 20% associated with the administering of testosterone (5mg/kg of weight) during the last 30 days of treatment. After 150 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed, the prostate removed and submitted to transmission and scanning electron microscopies, histochemical analysis for acid phosphatase, testosterone level and stereologic analysis. In the alcoholic group the results demonstrated reduction of the total cellular volume and disorganization of the organelles involved in the secretory process. It was characterized a partial recovery of the cellular volume after treatment with testosterone. It was concluded that the ethanol impaired the cellular morphology and the hormonal replacement by itself did not bring about efficient remodeling of the organelles responsible for the secretory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sáttolo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas -- UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ragavan N, Hewitt R, Cooper LJ, Ashton KM, Hindley AC, Nicholson CM, Fullwood NJ, Matanhelia SS, Martin FL. CYP1B1 expression in prostate is higher in the peripheral than in the transition zone. Cancer Lett 2004; 215:69-78. [PMID: 15374634 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 06/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) mostly occurs in the peripheral zone whereas benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) occurs in the transition zone. Human prostates (n = 12) were obtained, with ethical approval, from radical retropubic prostatectomies. Following resection, tissue sets consisting of peripheral zone and transition zone were isolated from a lobe pre-operatively identified as negative for CaP. Real-time RT-PCR was employed to quantitatively examine CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1. Quantifiable CYP1A1 expression was observed (in nine out of twelve tissue sets) whilst CYP1A2 mRNA transcripts, although detectable (in six out of twelve tissue sets), were unquantifiable. In ten tissue sets, 2- to 6-fold higher CYP1B1 expression in peripheral zone as compared to transition zone was observed. In the other two, equal CYP1B1 expression levels were observed; retrospective examination identified malignancy in one of the zones. Inter-individual variations (up to 10-fold) in CYP1B1 were also noted. Immunohistochemistry for CYP1B1 showed epithelial and stromal nuclear staining. Since CYP1B1 metabolises hormones and carcinogens our results, if confirmed, suggest that this enzyme may influence susceptibility to CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan Ragavan
- Department of Biological Sciences, IENS, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair B Stewart
- Department of Urology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK.
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Duan DZ, Yu L, Ten YS, Cheng LM, Duan CY, Yang YQ, Cao JG. [Effect of qianlie huichun capsule on microstructure and ultranstructure of prostate glandular tissues in rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2004; 29:689-91, 714. [PMID: 15503782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Qianlie Huichun capsule on the microstructure and ultranstructure of prostate glandular tissue in the model rat. METHOD Hynertophy of prostate model rat was established by injecting testosterone to gelding male rats. After having been fed with Qianlie Huichun capsule for 30 days, the rats were killed and prostate tissues were resected for pathomorphological studies with microscope and electromicroscope, and the diameter of glandular lumer and the height of glandular epithelial cells were measured under the microspcope for different groups of rats. RESULT In the model groups, the glandular epithelial cells mutiplycated notably, showing stratified and pseudostratified cells that made the glandular lumer cramped. Under the electromicroscope, the glandular epithelial cells became high columnor and the rough endoreticulum extremely expanded. But in treatment groups, the change of the diameter of the glandular lumer and the height of the glandular epithelial cells were less remarkable than those in model groups. So the differerence between the model group and the treatment groups was remarkable (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Qianlie Huichun capsule can depress the glandular epithelialceu multiplication of prostate gland in model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-zhi Duan
- Traditional Medical and Medicine Institute of Yunnan, Kunming 650223, China
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Corradi LS, Góes RM, Carvalho HF, Taboga SR. Inhibition of 5-α-reductase activity induces stromal remodeling and smooth muscle de-differentiation in adult gerbil ventral prostate. Differentiation 2004; 72:198-208. [PMID: 15270776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2004.07205004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostatic differentiation during embryogenesis and its further homeostatic state maintenance during adult life depend on androgens. Dihydrotestosterone, which is synthesized from testosterone by 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha-r), is the active molecule triggering androgen action within the prostate. In the present work, we examined the effects of 5 alpha-reductase inhibition by finasteride in the ventral prostate (VP) of the adult gerbil, employing histochemical and electron microscopy techniques to demonstrate the morphological and organizational changes of the organ. After 10 days of finasteride treatment at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day, the prostatic complex (VP and dorsolateral prostate) absolute weight was reduced to about 18%. The epithelial cells became short and cuboidal, with less secretory blebs and reduced acid phosphatase activity. The luminal sectional area diminished, suggestive of decreased secretory activity. The stromal/epithelial ratio increased, the stroma becoming thicker but less cellular. There was a striking accumulation of collagen fibrils, which was accompanied by an increase in deposits of amorphous granular material adjacent to the basal lamina and in the clefts between smooth muscle cells (SMC). Additionally, the periacinar smooth muscle became loosely packed. Some SMC were atrophic and showed a denser array of the cytoskeleton, whereas other SMC had a highly irregular outline with numerous spine-like projections. The present data indicate that 5 alpha-r inhibition causes epithelial and stromal changes by affecting intra-prostatic hormone levels. These alterations are probably the result of an imbalance of the homeostatic interaction between the epithelium and the underlying stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S Corradi
- Department of Cell Biology, UNICAMP, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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