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Harris JR, Zoccoli-Rodriguez V, Delaney MS, Cruz TN, Gaudette BT, Wilmore JR. Gut commensals require Peyer's patches to induce protective systemic IgA responses. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4220532. [PMID: 38798510 PMCID: PMC11118714 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4220532/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Gut educated IgA secreting plasma cells that disseminate beyond the mucosa and into systemic tissues have been described as providing beneficial effects from disease in several contexts. Several bacteria have been implicated in the induction of systemic IgA, however the mechanisms that result in differential levels of induction by each bacterial species are still unknown. Here we show, the commensal bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis (Bf), is an efficient inducer of systemic IgA responses. The ability of Bf to induce the production of bone marrow IgA plasma cells and high levels of serum IgA relied on high levels of gut colonization in a dose-dependent manner. Colonization induced Bf-specific IgA responses were severely diminished in the absence of Peyer's patches, but not the murine cecal patch. Colonization of mice with Bf, a natural human commensal, resulted in few changes within the microbiome and the host transcriptional profile in the gut, suggesting a commensal relationship with the host. Bf colonization did benefit the mice by inducing systemic IgA that led to increased protection in a bowel perforation model resulting in lower peritoneal abscess formation. These findings demonstrate a critical role for bacterial colonization and Peyer's patches in the induction of robust systemic IgA responses that confer protection from bacterial dissemination outside of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | | | - Mara S. Delaney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Tania N. Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Brian T. Gaudette
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Joel R. Wilmore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
- Sepsis Interdisciplinary Research Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY
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2
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Zhou JY, Zhou D, Telfer K, Reynero K, Jones MB, Hambor J, Cobb BA. Antigen presenting cell response to polysaccharide A is characterized by the generation of anti-inflammatory macrophages. Glycobiology 2022; 32:136-147. [PMID: 34939104 PMCID: PMC8934142 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA) is the immunodominant capsular carbohydrate from the gram negative commensal microbe Bacteroides fragilis that has shown remarkable potency in ameliorating many rodent models of inflammatory disease by eliciting downstream suppressive CD4+ T cells. PSA is composed of a zwitterionic repeating unit that allows it to be processed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and presented by MHCII in a glycosylation-dependent manner. While previous work has uncovered much about the interactions between MHCII and PSA, as well as the downstream T cell response, little is known about how PSA affects the phenotype of MHCII+ APCs, including macrophages. Here, we utilized an unbiased systems approach consisting of RNAseq transcriptomics, high-throughput flow cytometry, Luminex analysis and targeted validation experiments to characterize the impact of PSA-mediated stimulation of splenic MHCII+ cells. The data revealed that PSA potently elicited the upregulation of an alternatively activated M2 macrophage transcriptomic and cell surface signature. Cell-type-specific validation experiments further demonstrated that PSA-exposed bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) induced cell surface and intracellular markers associated with M2 macrophages compared with conventional peptide ovalbumin (ova)-exposed BMDMs. In contrast to macrophages, we also found that CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) upregulated the pro-T cell activation costimulatory molecule CD86 following PSA stimulation. Consistent with the divergent BMDM and DC changes, PSA-exposed DCs elicited an antigen-experienced T cell phenotype in co-cultures, whereas macrophages did not. These findings collectively demonstrate that the PSA-induced immune response is characterized by both T cell stimulation via presentation by DCs, and a previously unrecognized anti-inflammatory polarization of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Y Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - David Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Arizona State University, 1151 S. Forest Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kevin Telfer
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Kalob Reynero
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - John Hambor
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, 900 Ridgebury Road, Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
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3
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Erturk-Hasdemir D, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Kasper DL, Kasper LH. Exploring the Gut-Brain Axis for the Control of CNS Inflammatory Demyelination: Immunomodulation by Bacteroides fragilis' Polysaccharide A. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662807. [PMID: 34025663 PMCID: PMC8131524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between animals and their resident microorganisms has profound effects on host immunity. The human microbiota comprises bacteria that reside in the gastrointestinal tract and are involved in a range of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The gut microbiota's immunomodulatory effects extend to extraintestinal tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). Specific symbiotic antigens responsible for inducing immunoregulation have been isolated from different bacterial species. Polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis is an archetypical molecule for host-microbiota interactions. Studies have shown that PSA has beneficial effects in experimental disease models, including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most widely used animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, in vitro stimulation with PSA promotes an immunomodulatory phenotype in human T cells isolated from healthy and MS donors. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the interactions between gut microbiota and the host in the context of CNS inflammatory demyelination, the immunomodulatory roles of gut symbionts. More specifically, we also discuss the immunomodulatory effects of B. fragilis PSA in the gut-brain axis and its therapeutic potential in MS. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the microbiota's impact on host physiology offers tremendous promise for discovering new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis L. Kasper
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lloyd H. Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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4
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Persistence and progression of staphylococcal infection in the presence of public goods. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:55. [PMID: 33247129 PMCID: PMC7699630 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent etiological agent of suppurative abscesses. In principle, abscess formation and purulent exudate are classical physiological features of healing and tissue repair. However, S. aureus deploys two coagulases that can usurp this classical host response and form distinct abscess lesions. Here, we establish that during coinfection with coagulase producers and non-producers, coagulases are shared public goods that contribute to staphylococcal persistence, abscess formation, and disease progression. Coagulase-negative mutants that do not produce the public goods themselves are able to exploit those cooperatively secreted by producers and thereby thrive during coinfection at the expense of others. This study shows the importance of social interactions among pathogens concerning clinical outcomes.
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5
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Alvarez CA, Jones MB, Hambor J, Cobb BA. Characterization of Polysaccharide A Response Reveals Interferon Responsive Gene Signature and Immunomodulatory Marker Expression. Front Immunol 2020; 11:556813. [PMID: 33193325 PMCID: PMC7649347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.556813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA), a capsular carbohydrate from the commensal gut bacteria Bacteroides fragilis, has been shown to possess both potent T cell-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. PSA is able to induce abscess and adhesion formation in sepsis models, but can also inhibit asthma, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through MHCII-dependent activation of CD4+ T cells. Yet, despite decades of study, the ability of PSA to balance both these pro- and anti-inflammatory responses remains poorly understood. Here, we utilized an unbiased systems immunology approach consisting of RNAseq transcriptomics, high-throughput flow cytometry, and Luminex analysis to characterize the full impact of PSA-mediated stimulation of CD4+ T cells. We found that exposure to PSA resulted in the upregulation and secretion of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-6, and CXCL10, consistent with an interferon responsive gene (IRG) signature. Importantly, PSA stimulation also led to expression of immune checkpoint markers Lag3, Tim3, and, especially, PD1, which were also enriched and sustained in the gut associated lymphoid tissue of PSA-exposed mice. Taken together, PSA responding cells display an unusual mixture of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory surface receptors, consistent with the ability to both cause and inhibit inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A. Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mark B. Jones
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - John Hambor
- Research Beyond Borders, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, United States
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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6
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A potential species of next-generation probiotics? The dark and light sides of Bacteroides fragilis in health. Food Res Int 2019; 126:108590. [PMID: 31732047 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) is a commensal Gram-negative obligate anaerobe that resides in the mammalian lower gut and can profoundly affect the susceptibility of the host to inflammatory diseases. Previous studies have identified B. fragilis as a common opportunistic pathogen in clinical infections and suggested that it may be responsible for a range of diseases involving a permeable intestinal barrier. However, recent studies of the relationship between nontoxigenic B. fragilis and the immune system have indicated that several B. fragilis strains may be potential probiotic. In the present review, we summarize the factors influencing the intestinal abundance of B. fragilis and discuss the biological interactions between this microbe and the host. Immune system development, age, individual dietary habits, physical condition, drug intake and personal lifestyle habits can all affect the abundance of B. fragilis in the human intestine. Polysaccharide A or outer membrane vesicles from nontoxigenic B. fragilis may mediate beneficial interactions with the host, whereas enterotoxigenic B. fragilis toxin or lipopolysaccharide may stimulate colitis or even systemic inflammation. Generally, this review summarizes the biological characteristics of B. fragilis and describes future application of probiotics.
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7
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Bezerra IDL, Caillot ARC, Oliveira AFD, Santana-Filho AP, Sassaki GL. Cabernet Sauvignon wine polysaccharides attenuate sepsis inflammation and lethality in mice. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 210:254-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Polysaccharide-experienced effector T cells induce IL-10 in FoxP3+ regulatory T cells to prevent pulmonary inflammation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:50-58. [PMID: 29087497 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of peripheral inflammatory disease by carbohydrate antigens derived from normal gut microbiota has been demonstrated for the GI tract, brain, peritoneum, and most recently the airway. We have demonstrated that polysaccharide A (PSA) from the commensal organism Bacteroides fragilis activates CD4+ T cells upon presentation by the class II major histocompatibility complex, and that these PSA-experienced T cells prevent the development of lung inflammation in murine models. While the PSA-responding T cells themselves are not canonical FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), their ability to prevent inflammation is dependent upon the suppressive cytokine IL-10. Using an adoptive T cell transfer approach, we have discovered that PSA-experienced T cells require IL-10 expression by PSA-naïve recipient animals in order to prevent inflammation. A cooperative relationship was found between PSA-activated effector/memory T cells and tissue-resident FoxP3+ Tregs both in vivo and in vitro, and it is this cooperation that enables the suppressive activity of PSA outside of the gut environment where exposure takes place. These findings suggest that carbohydrate antigens from the normal microbiota communicate with peripheral tissues to maintain homeostasis through T cell-to-T cell cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
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9
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Opazo MC, Ortega-Rocha EM, Coronado-Arrázola I, Bonifaz LC, Boudin H, Neunlist M, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Intestinal Microbiota Influences Non-intestinal Related Autoimmune Diseases. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:432. [PMID: 29593681 PMCID: PMC5857604 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is colonized by millions of microorganisms named microbiota that interact with our tissues in a cooperative and non-pathogenic manner. These microorganisms are present in the skin, gut, nasal, oral cavities, and genital tract. In fact, it has been described that the microbiota contributes to balancing the immune system to maintain host homeostasis. The gut is a vital organ where microbiota can influence and determine the function of cells of the immune system and contributes to preserve the wellbeing of the individual. Several articles have emphasized the connection between intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Crohn's disease with dysbiosis or an imbalance in the microbiota composition in the gut. However, little is known about the role of the microbiota in autoimmune pathologies affecting other tissues than the intestine. This article focuses on what is known about the role that gut microbiota can play in the pathogenesis of non-intestinal autoimmune diseases, such as Grave's diseases, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, we discuss as to how metabolites derived from bacteria could be used as potential therapies for non-intestinal autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Opazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elizabeth M Ortega-Rocha
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Irenice Coronado-Arrázola
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Helene Boudin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1235, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad, Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Erturk-Hasdemir D, Kasper DL. Finding a needle in a haystack: Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A as the archetypical symbiosis factor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018. [PMID: 29528123 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Starting from birth, all animals develop a symbiotic relationship with their resident microorganisms that benefits both the microbe and the host. Recent advances in technology have substantially improved our ability to direct research toward the identification of important microbial species that affect host physiology. The identification of specific commensal molecules from these microbes and their mechanisms of action is still in its early stages. Polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis is the archetypical example of a commensal molecule that can modulate the host immune system in health and disease. This zwitterionic polysaccharide has a critical impact on the development of the mammalian immune system and also on the stimulation of interleukin 10-producing CD4+ T cells; consequently, PSA confers benefits to the host with regard to experimental autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of B. fragilis PSA and discuss these effects as a novel immunological paradigm. In particular, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the unique functional mechanisms of this molecule and its therapeutic potential, and we review the recent literature in the field of microbiome research aimed at discovering new commensal products and their immunomodulatory potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Erturk-Hasdemir
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Abstract
The human intestine harbors a dense microbial ecosystem (microbiota) that is different between individuals, dynamic over time, and critical for aspects of health and disease. Dietary polysaccharides directly shape the microbiota because of a gap in human digestive physiology, which is equipped to assimilate only proteins, lipids, simple sugars, and starch, leaving nonstarch polysaccharides as major nutrients reaching the microbiota. A mutualistic role of gut microbes is to digest dietary complex carbohydrates, liberating host-absorbable energy via fermentation products. Emerging data indicate that polysaccharides play extensive roles in host-gut microbiota symbiosis beyond dietary polysaccharide digestion, including microbial interactions with endogenous host glycans and the importance of microbial polysaccharides. In this review, we consider multiple mechanisms through which polysaccharides mediate aspects of host-microbe symbiosis in the gut, including some affecting health. As host and microbial metabolic pathways are intimately connected with diet, we highlight the potential to manipulate this system for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T Porter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
| | - Eric C Martens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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12
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Propofol Sedation Exacerbates Kidney Pathology and Dissemination of Bacteria during Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00097-17. [PMID: 28461390 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00097-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for large numbers of postsurgical nosocomial infections across the United States and worldwide. Propofol anesthesia is widely used in surgery and in intensive care units, and recent evidence indicates that even brief exposure to propofol can substantially increase host susceptibility to microbial infection. Here, we delineate the impact of propofol sedation on MRSA bloodstream infections in mice in the presence and absence of prophylactic antibiotic treatment. Consistent with previous reports, brief periods of anesthesia with propofol were sufficient to significantly increase bacterial burdens and kidney pathology in mice infected with MRSA. Propofol exposure increased neutrophilic infiltrates into the kidney and enhanced bacterial dissemination throughout kidney tissue. Propofol sedation reduced populations of effector phagocytes and mature dendritic cells within the kidney and led to the apparent expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like populations. When propofol was coadministered with vancomycin prophylaxis, it dramatically increased kidney abscess formation and bacterial dissemination throughout kidney tissue at early times post-S. aureus infection compared to antibiotic-treated but nonsedated animals. Taken together, our data indicate that short-term sedation with propofol significantly increases the severity of bloodstream MRSA infection, even when administered in conjunction with vancomycin prophylaxis.
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13
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Preparation and characterization of cationic and amphoteric mannans from Candida albicans. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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Entirely Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines: An Emerging Field for Specific and Selective Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020019. [PMID: 27213458 PMCID: PMC4931636 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are regarded as promising targets for vaccine development against infectious disease because cell surface glycans on many infectious agents are attributed to playing an important role in pathogenesis. In addition, oncogenic transformation of normal cells, in many cases, is associated with aberrant glycosylation of the cell surface glycan generating tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs). Technological advances in glycobiology have added a new dimension to immunotherapy when considering carbohydrates as key targets in developing safe and effective vaccines to combat cancer, bacterial infections, viral infections, etc. Many consider effective vaccines induce T-cell dependent immunity with satisfactory levels of immunological memory that preclude recurrence. Unfortunately, carbohydrates alone are poorly immunogenic as they do not bind strongly to the MHCII complex and thus fail to elicit T-cell immunity. To increase immunogenicity, carbohydrates have been conjugated to carrier proteins, which sometimes can impede carbohydrate specific immunity as peptide-based immune responses can negate antibodies directed at the targeted carbohydrate antigens. To overcome many challenges in using carbohydrate-based vaccine design and development approaches targeting cancer and other diseases, zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), isolated from the capsule of commensal anaerobic bacteria, will be discussed as promising carriers of carbohydrate antigens to achieve desired immunological responses.
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15
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Ryan PM, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Caplice NM, Stanton C. Sugar-coated: exopolysaccharide producing lactic acid bacteria for food and human health applications. Food Funct 2015; 6:679-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00529e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human enteric microbiome represents a veritable organ relied upon by the host for a range of metabolic and homeostatic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Ryan
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre
- Cork
- Ireland
- Department of Microbiology
- University College Cork
| | - R. P. Ross
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
- College of Science
- Engineering & Food Science
| | - G. F. Fitzgerald
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
- Department of Microbiology
- University College Cork
| | | | - C. Stanton
- Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre
- Cork
- Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre
- University College Cork
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16
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Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Polysaccharide A from the capsule of Bacteroides fragilis induces clonal CD4+ T cell expansion. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:5007-5014. [PMID: 25540199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For 3 decades, the view of MHCII-dependent antigen presentation has been completely dominated by peptide antigens despite our 2004 discovery in which MHCII was shown to present processed fragments of zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides to T cells. Published findings further demonstrate that polysaccharide A (PSA) from the capsule of Bacteroides fragilis is a potent activator of CD4(+) T cells and that these T cells have important biological functions, especially in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis. However, little is known about the nature of T cell recognition of the polysaccharide-MHCII complex or the phenotype of the resulting activated cells. Here, we use next-generation sequencing of the αβT cell receptor of CD4(+) T cells from mice stimulated with PSA in comparison with protein antigen simulation and non-immunized controls and found that PSA immunization induced clonal expansion of a small subset of suppressive CD4(+)CD45RB(low) effector/memory T cells. Moreover, the sequences of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) loop from top clones indicate a lack of specific variable β and joining region use and average CDR3 loop length. There was also a preference for a zwitterionic motif within the CDR3 loop sequences, aligning well with the known requirement for a similar motif within PSA to enable T cell activation. These data support a model in which PSA, and possibly other T cell-dependent polysaccharide antigens, elicits a clonal and therefore specific CD4(+) T cell response often characterized by pairing dual-charged CDR3 loop sequences with dual-charged PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Mark B Jones
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Brian A Cobb
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
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17
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Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Bacterial capsular polysaccharide prevents the onset of asthma through T-cell activation. Glycobiology 2014; 25:368-75. [PMID: 25347992 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last four decades, increases in the incidence of immune-mediated diseases in the Western world have been linked to changes in microbial exposure. It is becoming increasingly clear that the normal microbiota in the gut can profoundly alter susceptibility to a wide range of diseases, such as asthma, in which immune homeostasis is disrupted, yet the mechanisms governing this microbial influence remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that gastrointestinal exposure to PSA, a capsular polysaccharide derived from the commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis, significantly limits susceptibility to the induction of experimental asthma. We report that direct treatment of mice with PSA generates protection from asthma, and this effect can be given to a naïve recipient by adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from PSA-exposed mice. Remarkably, we found that these PSA-induced T cells are not canonical FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, but that they potently inhibit both Th1 and Th2 models of asthma in an IL-10-dependent fashion. These findings reveal that bacterial polysaccharides link the microbiota with the peripheral immune system by activating CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells upon exposure in the gut, and they facilitate resistance to unnecessary inflammatory responses via the production of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Ryan SO, Leal SM, Abbott DW, Pearlman E, Cobb BA. Mgat2 ablation in the myeloid lineage leads to defective glycoantigen T cell responses. Glycobiology 2013; 24:262-71. [PMID: 24310166 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a central regulatory factor that influences the immune system in varied and profound ways, including leukocyte homing, T cell receptor signaling and others. Moreover, N-glycan branching has been demonstrated to change as a function of infection and inflammation. Our previous findings suggest that complex-type N-glycans on the class II major histocompatibility complex play an important role in antigen selection within antigen presenting cells (APCs) such that highly branched N-glycans promote polysaccharide (glycoantigen, GlyAg) presentation following Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent antigen processing. In order to explore the impact of N-glycan branching on the myeloid-derived APC population without the confounding problems of altering the branching of lymphocytes and non-hematopoietic cells, we created a novel myeloid-specific knockout of the β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (Mgat2) enzyme. Using this novel mouse, we found that the reduction in multi-antennary N-glycans characteristic of Mgat2 ablation had no impact on GlyAg-mediated TLR2 signaling. Likewise, no deficits in antigen uptake or cellular homing to lymph nodes were found. However, we discovered that Mgat2 ablation prevented GlyAg presentation and T cell activation in vitro and in vivo without apparent alterations in protein antigen response or myeloid-mediated protection from infection. These findings demonstrate that GlyAg presentation can be regulated by the N-glycan branching pattern of APCs, thereby establishing an in vivo model where the T cell-dependent activity of GlyAgs can be experimentally distinguished from GlyAg-mediated stimulation of the innate response through TLR2.
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19
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Avci FY, Li X, Tsuji M, Kasper DL. Carbohydrates and T cells: a sweet twosome. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:146-51. [PMID: 23757291 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates as T cell-activating antigens have been generating significant interest. For many years, carbohydrates were thought of as T-independent antigens, however, more recent research had demonstrated that mono- or oligosaccharides glycosidically linked to peptides can be recognized by T cells. T cell recognition of these glycopeptides depends on the structure of both peptide and glycan portions of the antigen. Subsequently, it was discovered that natural killer T cells recognized glycolipids when presented by the antigen presenting molecule CD1d. A transformative insight into glycan-recognition by T cells occurred when zwitterionic polysaccharides were discovered to bind to and be presented by MHCII to CD4+ T cells. Based on this latter observation, the role that carbohydrate epitopes generated from glycoconjugate vaccines had in activating helper T cells was explored and it was found that these epitopes are presented to specific carbohydrate recognizing T cells through a unique mechanism. Here we review the key interactions between carbohydrate antigens and the adaptive immune system at the molecular, cellular and systems levels exploring the significant biological implications in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Y Avci
- Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Dartora N, de Souza LM, Paiva SM, Scoparo CT, Iacomini M, Gorin PA, Rattmann YD, Sassaki GL. Rhamnogalacturonan from Ilex paraguariensis: A potential adjuvant in sepsis treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1776-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Cohen-Poradosu R, McLoughlin RM, Lee JC, Kasper DL. Bacteroides fragilis–Stimulated Interleukin-10 Contains Expanding Disease. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:363-71. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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22
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Cheng AG, DeDent AC, Schneewind O, Missiakas D. A play in four acts: Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:225-32. [PMID: 21353779 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes skin and soft tissue abscesses. Abscess formation is not unique to staphylococcal infection and purulent discharge has been widely considered a physiological feature of healing and tissue repair. Here we present a different view, whereby S. aureus deploys specific virulence factors to promote abscess lesions that are distinctive for this pathogen. In support of this model, only live S. aureus is able to form abscesses, requiring genes that act at one or more of four discrete stages during the development of these infectious lesions. Protein A and coagulases are distinctive virulence attributes for S. aureus, and humoral immune responses specific for these polypeptides provide protection against abscess formation in animal models of staphylococcal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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23
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The modulation of adaptive immune responses by bacterial zwitterionic polysaccharides. Int J Microbiol 2010; 2010:917075. [PMID: 21234388 PMCID: PMC3017905 DOI: 10.1155/2010/917075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of pathogen-derived molecules as foreign particles by adaptive immune cells triggers T and B lymphocytes to mount protective cellular and humoral responses, respectively. Recent immunological advances elucidated that proteins and some lipids are the principle biological molecules that induce protective T cell responses during microbial infections. Polysaccharides are important components of microbial pathogens and many vaccines. However, research concerning the activation of the adaptive immune system by polysaccharides gained interest only recently. Traditionally, polysaccharides were considered to be T cell-independent antigens that did not directly activate T cells or induce protective immune responses. Here, we review several recent advances in “carbohydrate immunobiology”. A group of bacterial polysaccharides that are known as “zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs)” were recently identified as potent immune modulators. The immunomodulatory effect of ZPSs required antigen processing and presentation by antigen presenting cells, the activation of CD4 T cells and subpopulations of CD8 T cells and the modulation of host cytokine responses. In this review, we also discuss the potential use of these unique immunomodulatory ZPSs in new vaccination strategies against chronic inflammatory conditions, autoimmunity, infectious diseases, allergies and asthmatic conditions.
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Abstract
The capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) of most pathogenic bacteria are T cell-independent antigens whose conjugation to carrier proteins evokes a carbohydrate-specific response eliciting T cell help. However, certain bacterial CPSs, known as zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), activate the adaptive immune system through processing by antigen-presenting cells and presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class II pathway to CD4(+) T cells. This discovery was the first mechanistic insight into how carbohydrates-a class of biological molecules previously thought to be T cell independent-can in fact activate T cells. Through their ability to activate CD4(+) T cells, ZPSs direct the cellular and physical maturation of the developing immune system. In this review, we explore the still-enigmatic relations between CPSs and the adaptive immune machinery at the cellular and molecular levels, and we discuss how new insights into the biological impact of ZPSs expand our concepts of the role of carbohydrates in microbial interactions with the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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25
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Abstract
This study describes refined electroporation parameters for efficient transformation of Bacteroides fragilis by plasmids prepared from laboratory strains of Escherichia coli. Development of the method used included determination of the optimal growth conditions for competent cell preparation, selectable antimicrobial resistance markers, electric field strength, and postpulse incubation time. Of the four E. coli-Bacteroides shuttle plasmids tested (pVAL-1, pVAL-2, pNLY1, and pLYL05), pLYL05 containing the cefoxitin resistance marker was found to be the most suitable for B. fragilis transformation, and it generated 2- to 900-fold more transformants (about 10(4) transformants per microg pLYL05 DNA) than the other plasmids. For the 72-h cultivation period tested, B. fragilis cells harvested at 48 h yielded the highest numbers of transformants. The transformation efficiency of pLYL05 increased linearly with the electric field strength over a range from 5.0 to 12.5 kV/cm. At least 3 h of postpulse incubation was required to maximize the transformation efficiency. For deletion of B. fragilis genes by homologous recombination, competent cells grown to early exponential phase and 12 h of postpulse incubation were required for efficient integration of the pLYL05-based suicide vector into the target site. The expected integration was obtained in B. fragilis strain NCTC9343 only when a homologously prepared (i.e., in vivo methylated) suicide vector was used. Spontaneous resolution of the diploid successfully deleted the expected genetic region. Our simple and efficient plasmid transfer method enabled disruption of a B. fragilis gene using in vivo-methylated targeted vectors. Our optimized electroporation parameters provide a useful tool for genetic manipulation of Bacteroides species.
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26
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Cheng AG, Kim HK, Burts ML, Krausz T, Schneewind O, Missiakas DM. Genetic requirements for Staphylococcus aureus abscess formation and persistence in host tissues. FASEB J 2009; 23:3393-404. [PMID: 19525403 PMCID: PMC2747682 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-135467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are associated with abscess formation and bacterial persistence; however, the genes that enable this lifestyle are not known. We show here that following intravenous infection of mice, S. aureus disseminates rapidly into organ tissues and elicits abscess lesions that develop over weeks but cannot be cleared by the host. Staphylococci grow as communities at the center of abscess lesions and are enclosed by pseudocapsules, separating the pathogen from immune cells. By testing insertional variants in genes for cell wall-anchored surface proteins, we are able to infer the stage at which these molecules function. Fibrinogen-binding proteins ClfA and ClfB are required during the early phase of staphylococcal dissemination. The heme scavenging factors IsdA and IsdB, as well as SdrD and protein A, are necessary for abscess formation. Envelope-associated proteins, Emp and Eap, are either required for abscess formation or contribute to persistence. Fluorescence microscopy revealed Eap deposition within the pseudocapsule, whereas Emp was localized within staphylococcal abscess communities. Antibodies directed against envelope-associated proteins generated vaccine protection against staphylococcal abscess formation. Thus, staphylococci employ envelope proteins at discrete stages of a developmental program that enables abscess formation and bacterial persistence in host tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice G Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, 920 East 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Meng C, Peng X, Shi X, Wang H, Guo Y. Effects of a chemically derived homo zwitterionic polysaccharide on immune activation in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:737-44. [PMID: 19727522 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a chemically modified homo zwitterionic polysaccharide (ZPS), sulfated chitosan, was used to examine its effects on murine immune response. The results showed that homoZPS could markedly promote the proliferation of both splenic T/B cells and adhesive cells. In particular, flow cytometry assay demonstrated that the sulfated chitosan could non-specifically activate CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells proliferation in vitro. The effectiveness of sulfated chitosan as adjuvant was tested using bovine serum albumin (BSA) and diphtheria toxin (DT) as antigens and compared with that of aluminum hydroxide. The levels of specific antibodies to BSA and DT significantly increased after homoZPS vaccination. Both homoZPS and aluminum hydroxide adjuvants could protect mice against the attack of DT from edemas of spleen and tail. The present findings demonstrated the chemically derived homoZPS could be a potential candidate in the development of T-lymphocyte dependent vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Meng
- College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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28
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Oligoclonal CD4+ T cells promote host memory immune responses to Zwitterionic polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3705-12. [PMID: 19546196 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01492-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zwitterionic polysaccharides of the normal flora bacteria represent a novel class of antigens in that they correct systemic CD4(+) T-cell deficiencies and direct lymphoid organogenesis during colonization of the host. Presentation of these polysaccharides to CD4(+) T cells depends on major histocompatibility complex class II- and DM-dependent retrograde transport from lysosomes to the cell surface. Yet the phenotype and clonality of the immune response to the polysaccharide in the mature host immune system have not been studied. Using the zwitterionic capsular polysaccharide Sp1 of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a transient member of the bacterial flora, in an experimental mouse model of cellular immunity, we demonstrated the accumulation of TH1- and TH17-polarized CD4(+) CD44(high) CD62(low) CD25(-) memory T cells. Subcutaneous immunization with Sp1 resulted in an increase of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), predominantly of the IgG1 subclass, and suggested the presence of a humoral memory response to the polysaccharide. CD4(+) T cells stimulated with polysaccharide in vitro and in vivo showed a nonrestricted pattern for the T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain variable region, as demonstrated by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR and flow cytometry. Clonotype mapping of in vivo and in vitro polysaccharide-activated CD4(+) T cells revealed clonotypic TCR transcripts. Taken together, the data show the induction of clonal expansion of CD4(+) T cells by polysaccharides of commensal bacteria. Cellular and humoral memory host responses imply the ability of these polysaccharides to mediate the expansion of T cells via recognition within the CDR3 region of the TCR.
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29
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Maung AA, Fujimi S, MacConmara MP, Tajima G, McKenna AM, Delisle AJ, Stallwood C, Onderdonk AB, Mannick JA, Lederer JA. Injury enhances resistance to Escherichia coli infection by boosting innate immune system function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:2450-8. [PMID: 18250454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.4.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Major injury is widely thought to predispose the injured host to opportunistic infections. This idea is supported by animal studies showing that major injury causes reduced resistance to polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Although cecal ligation and puncture represents a clinically relevant sepsis model, we wanted to test whether injury might also lead to greater susceptibility to peritoneal infection caused by a single common pathogen, Escherichia coli. Contrary to our expectation, we show herein that the LD(50) for sham-injured mice was 10(3) CFU of E. coli, whereas the LD(50) for burn-injured mice was 50 x 10(3) CFU at 7 days postinjury. This injury-associated enhanced resistance was apparent as early as 1 day after injury, and maximal resistance was observed at days 7 and 14. We found that burn-injured mice had higher numbers of circulating neutrophils and monocytes than did sham mice before infection and that injured mice were able to recruit greater numbers of neutrophils to the site of infection. Moreover, the peritoneal neutrophils in burn-injured mice were more highly activated than neutrophils from sham mice as determined by Mac-1 expression, superoxide generation, and bactericidal activity. Our findings suggest that the enhanced innate immune response that develops following injury, although it is commonly accepted as the mediator of the detrimental systemic inflammatory response syndrome, may also, in some cases, benefit the injured host by boosting innate immune antimicrobial defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Maung
- Department of Surgery (Immunology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Mazmanian SK, Kasper DL. The love-hate relationship between bacterial polysaccharides and the host immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:849-58. [PMID: 17024229 DOI: 10.1038/nri1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This article explores the fascinating relationship between the mammalian immune system and the bacteria that are present in the mammalian gut. Every human is an ecosystem that hosts 10(13)-10(14) bacteria. We review the evidence that immunomodulatory molecules produced by commensal bacteria in the gut have a beneficial influence on the development of certain immune responses, through eliciting the clonal expansion of CD4(+) T-cell populations. This process seems to contribute to the overall health of the host by offering protection against various diseases and might provide supporting evidence at a molecular level for the 'hygiene hypothesis' of allergic immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Mail code 156-29, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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31
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Ruiz-Perez B, Chung DR, Sharpe AH, Yagita H, Kalka-Moll WM, Sayegh MH, Kasper DL, Tzianabos AO. Modulation of surgical fibrosis by microbial zwitterionic polysaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:16753-8. [PMID: 16275921 PMCID: PMC1283807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505688102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial carbohydrates have long been considered T cell-independent antigens that primarily induce humoral immune responses. Recently, it has been demonstrated that bacterial capsules that possess a zwitterionic charge motif can activate CD4(+) T cells after processing and presentation by antigen-presenting cells. Here we show that these zwitterionic polysaccharides can prevent T helper 1-mediated fibrosis by signaling for the release of IL-10 from CD4(+) T cells in vivo. IL-10 production by these T cells and their ability to prevent fibrosis is controlled by the inducible costimulator (ICOS)-ICOS ligand pathway. These data demonstrate that the interaction of the zwitterionic polysaccharides with T cells results in modulation of surgical fibrosis in vivo and suggest a previously undescribed approach to "harnessing" T cell function to prevent inflammatory tissue disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begonia Ruiz-Perez
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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32
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Kayali H, Ozdag MF, Kahraman S, Aydin A, Gonul E, Sayal A, Odabasi Z, Timurkaynak E. The antioxidant effect of beta-Glucan on oxidative stress status in experimental spinal cord injury in rats. Neurosurg Rev 2005; 28:298-302. [PMID: 15864722 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-005-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effect of beta-Glucan in experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Injury was produced using weight-drop technique in rats. beta-Glucan was given by intraperitoneal injection following trauma. The rats were sacrificed at the sixth day of injury. Oxidative stress status was assessed by measuring the spinal cord tissue content of Malonyldialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Gluthatione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. No effect of beta-Glucan on SOD and MDA activities was found but, GSH-Px levels were found to decrease to the baseline (preinjury) levels when it was compared to untreated group (U=0.000; p=0.002). According to our results, beta-Glucan works like a scavenger and has an antioxidant effect on lipid peroxidation in spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Kayali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, 06018 Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
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33
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Tzianabos A, Wang JY, Kasper DL. Biological chemistry of immunomodulation by zwitterionic polysaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2004; 338:2531-8. [PMID: 14670714 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2003.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Capsular polysaccharides isolated from pathogenic bacteria are comprised typically of many repeating units from one to eight or more monosaccharides in length. These polysaccharides stimulate the murine humoral immune system to elicit primarily IgM antibody responses. Studies conducted primarily in the mouse have characterized these polymers as T cell-independent antigens. These mouse studies and the relatively poor immunogenicity of polysaccharides in human hosts have led to the design of vaccines by coupling these polysaccharides to protein carriers to stimulate a T cell-dependent response. However, a newly described class of bacterial polysaccharides has been characterized that have the ability to modulate the cellular immune system. They are structurally diverse, but all share a zwitterionic charge motif that allows them to directly interact with T cells and antigen-presenting cells to initiate an immunomodulatory T cell response. These polymers, termed zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs), elicit T cell-derived chemokines and cytokines that influence the immune response governing at least one classic host response to bacterial infection: abscess formation. This review will describe the biological and structural aspects of ZPSs that convey these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Tzianabos
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, 181 Longwood Ave., Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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34
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Stingele F, Corthésy B, Kusy N, Porcelli SA, Kasper DL, Tzianabos AO. Zwitterionic polysaccharides stimulate T cells with no preferential V beta usage and promote anergy, resulting in protection against experimental abscess formation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1483-90. [PMID: 14734725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.3.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polysaccharides (Zps) from pathogenic bacteria, such as Bacteroides fragilis, are virulence factors responsible for abscess formation associated with intra-abdominal sepsis. The underlying cellular mechanism for abscess formation requires T cell activation. Conversely, abscess formation can be prevented by prophylactic s.c. injection of purified Zps alone, a process also dependent on T cells. Hence, the modulatory role of T cells in abscess formation was investigated. We show that Zps interact directly with T cells with fast association/dissociation kinetics. Vbeta repertoire analysis using RT-PCR demonstrates that Zps have broad Vbeta usage. Zps-specific hybridomas responded to a variety of other Zps, but not to a nonzwitterionic polysaccharide, indicating cross-reactivity between different Zps. Furthermore, Zps-reactive T cell hybridomas could effectively transfer protection against abscess formation. Analysis of the proliferative capacity of T cells recovered from Zps-treated animals revealed that these T cells are anergic to subsequent stimulation by the different Zps or to alloantigens in an MLR. This anergic response was relieved by addition of IL-2. Taken together, the data show that this class of polysaccharides interacts directly with T cells in a nonbiased manner to elicit an IL-2-dependent anergic response that confers protection against abscess formation.
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MESH Headings
- Abscess/immunology
- Abscess/prevention & control
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacteroides Infections/immunology
- Bacteroides Infections/microbiology
- Bacteroides Infections/prevention & control
- Bacteroides fragilis/immunology
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Hybridomas
- Ions
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew/microbiology
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
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35
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Chung DR, Kasper DL, Panzo RJ, Chitnis T, Grusby MJ, Sayegh MH, Tzianabos AO, Chtinis T. CD4+ T cells mediate abscess formation in intra-abdominal sepsis by an IL-17-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:1958-63. [PMID: 12574364 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.4.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Abscess formation associated with intra-abdominal sepsis causes severe morbidity and can be fatal. Previous studies have implicated T cells in the pathogenesis of abscess formation, and we have recently shown that CD4(+) T cells activated in vitro by zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides from abscess-inducing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacteroides fragilis initiate this host response when transferred to naive rats. In this study, we show that mice deficient in alphabetaTCR-bearing T cells or CD4(+) T cells fail to develop abscesses following challenge with B. fragilis or abscess-inducing zwitterionic polysaccharides, compared with CD8(-/-) or wild-type animals. Transfer of CD4(+) T cells from wild-type mice to alphabetaTCR(-/-) animals reconstituted this ability. The induction of abscesses required T cell costimulation via the CD28-B7 pathway, and T cell transfer experiments with STAT4(-/-) and STAT6(-/-) mice demonstrated that this host response is dependent on STAT4 signaling. Significantly higher levels of IL-17, a proinflammatory cytokine produced almost exclusively by activated CD4(+) T cells, were associated with abscess formation in Th2-impaired (STAT6(-/-)) mice, while STAT4(-/-) mice had significantly lower levels of this cytokine than control animals. The formation of abscesses was preceded by an increase in the number of activated CD4(+) T cells in the peritoneal cavity 24 h following bacterial challenge. Confocal laser-scanning microscopy analysis revealed that CD4(+) T cells comprise the abscess wall in these animals and produce IL-17 at this site. Administration of a neutralizing Ab specific for IL-17 prevented abscess formation following bacterial challenge in mice. These data delineate the specific T cell response necessary for the development of intra-abdominal abscesses and underscore the role of IL-17 in this disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Ryeon Chung
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tzianabos AO, Wang JY, Lee JC. Structural rationale for the modulation of abscess formation by Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9365-70. [PMID: 11470905 PMCID: PMC55426 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.161175598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a medically important bacterial pathogen that is a common cause of superficial and deep-seated abscesses in humans. Most S. aureus isolates produce either a serotype 5 or 8 capsular polysaccharide (CP) that has been shown to enhance bacterial virulence. We investigated the role of S. aureus CPs in modulating abscess formation in an experimental animal model of intraabdominal infection. Structural studies of CP8 revealed that it has a zwitterionic charge motif conferred by the negatively charged carboxyl group of N-acetylmannosaminuronic acid and free amino groups available on partially N-acetylated fucosamine residues. We report that purified CP5 and CP8 facilitated intraabdominal abscess formation in animals when given i.p. with a sterile cecal contents adjuvant. Chemical modifications that neutralized the positively or negatively charged groups on CP8 abrogated its ability to provoke abscesses. Rats prophylactically treated with CP8 s.c. were protected against abscess formation induced by homologous or heterologous zwitterionic polysaccharides. Likewise, treatment with CP8 protected against challenge with viable S. aureus strains PS80 (a capsule type 8 strain) or COL (a methicillin-resistant capsule type 5 strain). Purified CP8 was a potent activator of rat and human CD4(+) T cells in vitro. When transferred to naive rats, these activated T cells modulated the development of intraabdominal abscess formation. These results provide a structure/function rationale for abscess formation by S. aureus and expand the sphere of encapsulated organisms that interact directly with T cells to regulate this host response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Tzianabos
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wang Y, Kalka-Moll WM, Roehrl MH, Kasper DL. Structural basis of the abscess-modulating polysaccharide A2 from Bacteroides fragilis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:13478-83. [PMID: 11106392 PMCID: PMC17600 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.25.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides from pathogenic bacteria have peculiar immunological properties. They are capable of eliciting T-cell proliferation and modulating the course of abscess formation. To understand the molecular basis of this characteristic immune response, we are conducting detailed structure-function studies on these polysaccharides. We have identified, purified, and characterized an abscess-modulating polysaccharide, PS A2, from the clinical strain Bacteroides fragilis 638R. Here, we report the elucidation of both the chemical and three-dimensional structures of PS A2 by NMR spectroscopy, chemical methods, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and restrained molecular dynamics calculations. PS A2 consists of a pentasaccharide repeating unit containing mannoheptose, N-acetylmannosamine, 3-acetamido-3,6-dideoxyglucose, 2-amino-4-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose, fucose, and 3-hydroxybutanoic acid. PS A2 is zwitterionic and carries one cationic free amine and one anionic carboxylate in each repeating unit. It forms an extended right-handed helix with two repeating units per turn and a pitch of 20 A. Positive and negative charges are exposed on the outer surface of the polymer in a regularly spaced pattern, which renders them easily accessible to other molecules. The helix is characterized by repeated large grooves whose lateral boundaries are occupied by the charges. The three-dimensional structure of PS A2 explicitly suggests mechanisms of interaction between zwitterionic polysaccharides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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38
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Tzianabos AO, Chandraker A, Kalka-Moll W, Stingele F, Dong VM, Finberg RW, Peach R, Sayegh MH. Bacterial pathogens induce abscess formation by CD4(+) T-cell activation via the CD28-B7-2 costimulatory pathway. Infect Immun 2000; 68:6650-5. [PMID: 11083777 PMCID: PMC97762 DOI: 10.1128/iai.68.12.6650-6655.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abscesses are a classic host response to infection by many pathogenic bacteria. The immunopathogenesis of this tissue response to infection has not been fully elucidated. Previous studies have suggested that T cells are involved in the pathologic process, but the role of these cells remains unclear. To delineate the mechanism by which T cells mediate abscess formation associated with intra-abdominal sepsis, the role of T-cell activation and the contribution of antigen-presenting cells via CD28-B7 costimulation were investigated. T cells activated in vitro by zwitterionic bacterial polysaccharides (Zps) known to induce abscess formation required CD28-B7 costimulation and, when adoptively transferred to the peritoneal cavity of naïve rats, promoted abscess formation. Blockade of T-cell activation via the CD28-B7 pathway in animals with CTLA4Ig prevented abscess formation following challenge with different bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacteroides fragilis, and a combination of Enterococcus faecium and Bacteroides distasonis. In contrast, these animals had an increased abscess rate following in vivo T-cell activation via CD28 signaling. Abscess formation in vivo and T-cell activation in vitro required costimulation by B7-2 but not B7-1. These results demonstrate that abscess formation by pathogenic bacteria is under the control of a common effector mechanism that requires T-cell activation via the CD28-B7-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Tzianabos
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000. [PMID: 11023954 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.523-533.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide immunomodulators were first discovered over 40 years ago. Although very few have been rigorously studied, recent reports have revealed the mechanism of action and structure-function attributes of some of these molecules. Certain polysaccharide immunomodulators have been identified that have profound effects in the regulation of immune responses during the progression of infectious diseases, and studies have begun to define structural aspects of these molecules that govern their function and interaction with cells of the host immune system. These polymers can influence innate and cell-mediated immunity through interactions with T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear lymphocytes. The ability to modulate the immune response in an appropriate way can enhance the host's immune response to certain infections. In addition, this strategy can be utilized to augment current treatment regimens such as antimicrobial therapy that are becoming less efficacious with the advent of antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on recent studies that illustrate the structural and biologic activities of specific polysaccharide immunomodulators and outlines their potential for clinical use.
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Tzianabos AO. Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:523-33. [PMID: 11023954 PMCID: PMC88946 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide immunomodulators were first discovered over 40 years ago. Although very few have been rigorously studied, recent reports have revealed the mechanism of action and structure-function attributes of some of these molecules. Certain polysaccharide immunomodulators have been identified that have profound effects in the regulation of immune responses during the progression of infectious diseases, and studies have begun to define structural aspects of these molecules that govern their function and interaction with cells of the host immune system. These polymers can influence innate and cell-mediated immunity through interactions with T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear lymphocytes. The ability to modulate the immune response in an appropriate way can enhance the host's immune response to certain infections. In addition, this strategy can be utilized to augment current treatment regimens such as antimicrobial therapy that are becoming less efficacious with the advent of antibiotic resistance. This review focuses on recent studies that illustrate the structural and biologic activities of specific polysaccharide immunomodulators and outlines their potential for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Tzianabos
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Tzianabos AO, Finberg RW, Wang Y, Chan M, Onderdonk AB, Jennings HJ, Kasper DL. T cells activated by zwitterionic molecules prevent abscesses induced by pathogenic bacteria. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:6733-40. [PMID: 10702228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.10.6733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunologic paradigms classify bacterial polysaccharides as T cell-independent antigens. However, these models fail to explain how zwitterionic polysaccharides (Zps) confer protection against intraabdominal abscess formation in a T cell-dependent manner. Here, we demonstrate that Zps elicit a potent CD4+ T cell response in vitro that requires available major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on antigen-presenting cells. Specific chemical modifications to Zps show that: 1) the activity is specific for carbohydrate structure, and 2) the proliferative response depends upon free amino and carboxyl groups on the repeating units of these polysaccharides. Peptides synthesized to mimic the zwitterionic charge motif associated with Zps also exhibited these biologic properties. Lysine-aspartic acid (KD) peptides with more than 15 repeating units stimulated CD4+ T cells in vitro and conferred protection against abscesses induced by bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Evidence for the biologic importance of T cell activation by these zwitterionic polymers was provided when human CD4+ T cells stimulated with these molecules in vitro and adoptively transferred to rats in vivo conferred protection against intraabdominal abscesses induced by viable bacterial challenge. These studies demonstrate that bacterial polysaccharides with a distinct charge motif activate T cells and that this activity confers immunity to a distinct pathologic response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Tzianabos
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Revillard J. Mécanismes immunologiques impliqués dans les infections par les bactéries anaérobies. Med Mal Infect 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(00)89108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kalka-Moll WM, Tzianabos AO, Wang Y, Carey VJ, Finberg RW, Onderdonk AB, Kasper DL. Effect of molecular size on the ability of zwitterionic polysaccharides to stimulate cellular immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:719-24. [PMID: 10623815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.2.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The large-molecular-sized zwitterionic capsular polysaccharide of the anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343, designated polysaccharide (PS) A, stimulates T cell proliferation in vitro and induces T cell-dependent protection against abscess formation in vivo. In the present study, we utilized a modification of a recently developed ozonolytic method for depolymerizing polysaccharides to examine the influence of the molecular size of PS A on cell-mediated immunity. Ozonolysis successfully depolymerized PS A into structurally intact fragments. PS A with average molecular sizes of 129.0 (native), 77.8, 46.9, and 17.1 kDa stimulated CD4+-cell proliferation in vitro to the same degree, whereas the 5.0-kDa fragment was much less stimulatory than the control 129.0-kDa PS A. Rats treated with 129.0-kDa, 46.9-kDa, and 17.1-kDa PS A molecules, but not those treated with the 5.0-kDa molecule, were protected against intraabdominal abscesses induced by challenge with viable B. fragilis. These results demonstrate that a zwitterionic polysaccharide as small as 22 repeating units (88 monosaccharides) elicits a T cell-dependent immune response. These findings clearly distinguish zwitterionic T cell-dependent polysaccharides from T cell-independent polysaccharides and give evidence of the existence of a novel mechanism for a polysaccharide-induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Kalka-Moll
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Tzianabos AO, Russell PR, Onderdonk AB, Gibson FC, Cywes C, Chan M, Finberg RW, Kasper DL. IL-2 Mediates Protection Against Abscess Formation in an Experimental Model of Sepsis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Little is known regarding the mechanism by which T cells control intraabdominal abscess formation. Treating animals with polysaccharide A (PS A) from Bacteroides fragilis shortly before or after challenge protects against abscess formation subsequent to challenge with different abscess-inducing bacteria. Although bacterial polysaccharides are considered to be T cell-independent Ags, T cells from PS A-treated animals mediate this protective activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells transfer PS A-mediated protection against abscess formation, and that a soluble mediator produced by these cells confers this activity. Cytokine mRNA analysis showed that T cells from PS A-treated animals produced transcript for IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-10, but not for IL-4. The addition of IL-2-specific Ab to T cell lysates taken from PS A-treated animals abrogated the ability to transfer protection, whereas the addition of Abs specific for IFN-γ and IL-10 did not affect protection. Finally, administration of rIL-2 to animals at the time of bacterial challenge prevented abscess formation in a dose-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that PS A-mediated protection against abscess formation is dependent upon a CD4+ T cell-dependent response, and that IL-2 is essential to this immune mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew B. Onderdonk
- *Medicine and
- †Pathology, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Frank C. Gibson
- ¶Maxwell Finland Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | | | - Melvin Chan
- ‡Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert W. Finberg
- ‡Division of Infectious Disease, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Dennis L. Kasper
- *Medicine and
- §Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; and
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Comstock LE, Coyne MJ, Tzianabos AO, Pantosti A, Onderdonk AB, Kasper DL. Analysis of a capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis locus of Bacteroides fragilis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:3525-32. [PMID: 10377135 PMCID: PMC116540 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.7.3525-3532.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major clinical manifestation of infection with Bacteroides fragilis is the formation of intra-abdominal abscesses, which are induced by the capsular polysaccharides of this organism. Transposon mutagenesis was used to locate genes involved in the synthesis of capsular polysaccharides. A 24,454-bp region was sequenced and found to contain a 15,379-bp locus (designated wcf) with 16 open reading frames (ORFs) encoding products similar to those encoded by genes of other bacterial polysaccharide biosynthesis loci. Four genes encode products that are similar to enzymes involved in nucleotide sugar biosynthesis. Seven genes encode products that are similar to sugar transferases. Two gene products are similar to O-acetyltransferases, and two products are probably involved in polysaccharide transport and polymerization. The product of one ORF, WcfH, is similar to a set of deacetylases of the NodB family. Deletion mutants demonstrated that the wcf locus is necessary for the synthesis of polysaccharide B, one of the two capsular polysaccharides of B. fragilis 9343. The virulence of the polysaccharide B-deficient mutant was comparable to that of the wild type in terms of its ability to induce abscesses in a rat model of intra-abdominal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Comstock
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Gleason TG, Sawyer RG, Pruett TL. Bacterially preexposed T cells impair bacterial elimination by non-Th1/Th2 cell mechanisms in a model of intra- abdominal infection. Surgery 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(98)70149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Gibson FC, Onderdonk AB, Kasper DL, Tzianabos AO. Cellular Mechanism of Intraabdominal Abscess Formation by Bacteroides fragilis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.10.5000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the cellular mechanism by which Bacteroides fragilis promotes the development of intraabdominal abscesses in experimental models of sepsis. B. fragilis, as well as purified capsular polysaccharide complex (CPC) from this organism, adhered to primary murine mesothelial cells (MMCs) in vitro. The binding of CPC to murine peritoneal macrophage stimulated TNF-α production, which when transferred to monolayers of MMCs elicited significant ICAM-1 expression by these cells. This response resulted in enhanced polymorphonuclear leukocyte attachment to MMCs that could be inhibited by Abs specific for TNF-α or ICAM-1. Mice treated with TNF-α- or ICAM-1-specific Abs failed to develop intraabdominal abscesses following challenge with purified CPC. These results illustrated the role of the CPC in promoting adhesion of B. fragilis to the peritoneal wall and coordinating the cellular events leading to the development of abscesses associated with experimental intraabdominal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew B. Onderdonk
- †Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Channing Laboratory, Departments of
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