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Obrador E, Salvador-Palmer R, López-Blanch R, Oriol-Caballo M, Moreno-Murciano P, Estrela JM. Survival Mechanisms of Metastatic Melanoma Cells: The Link between Glucocorticoids and the Nrf2-Dependent Antioxidant Defense System. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030418. [PMID: 36766760 PMCID: PMC9913432 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating glucocorticoids increase during stress. Chronic stress, characterized by a sustained increase in serum levels of cortisol, has been associated in different cases with an increased risk of cancer and a worse prognosis. Glucocorticoids can promote gluconeogenesis, mobilization of amino acids, fat breakdown, and impair the body's immune response. Therefore, conditions that may favor cancer growth and the acquisition of radio- and chemo-resistance. We found that glucocorticoid receptor knockdown diminishes the antioxidant protection of murine B16-F10 (highly metastatic) melanoma cells, thus leading to a drastic decrease in their survival during interaction with the vascular endothelium. The BRAFV600E mutation is the most commonly observed in melanoma patients. Recent studies revealed that VMF/PLX40-32 (vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of mutant BRAFV600E) increases mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BRAFV600E human melanoma cell lines. Early-stage cancer cells lacking Nrf2 generate high ROS levels and exhibit a senescence-like growth arrest. Thus, it is likely that a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU486) could increase the efficacy of BRAF-related therapy in BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma. In fact, during early progression of skin melanoma metastases, RU486 and VMF induced metastases regression. However, treatment at an advanced stage of growth found resistance to RU486 and VMF. This resistance was mechanistically linked to overexpression of proteins of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in different human models). Moreover, melanoma resistance was decreased if AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways were blocked. These findings highlight mechanisms by which metastatic melanoma cells adapt to survive and could help in the development of most effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Obrador
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
| | - Rosario Salvador-Palmer
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Blanch
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Oriol-Caballo
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - José M. Estrela
- Cell Pathophysiology Unit (UFC), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Scientia BioTech S.L., 46002 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.O.); (J.M.E.); Tel.: +34-963864646 (J.M.E.)
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2
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Stapelberg NJC, Bui TA, Mansour V, Johnson S, Branjerdporn G, Adhikary S, Ashton K, Taylor N, Headrick JP. The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder through the lens of systems biology: Network analysis of the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine physiome. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 372:577959. [PMID: 36095861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The psycho-immune-neuroendocrine (PINE) network is a predominantly physiological (metabolomic) model constructed from the literature, inter-linking multiple biological processes associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), thereby integrating putative mechanistic pathways for MDD into a single network. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously published metabolomic pathways for the PINE network based on literature searches conducted in 1991-2021 were used to construct an edge table summarizing all physiological pathways in pairs of origin nodes and target nodes. The Gephi software program was used to calculate network metrics from the edge table, including total degree and centrality measures, to ascertain key network nodes and construct a directed network graph. RESULTS An edge table and directional network graph of physiological relationships in the PINE network is presented. The network has properties consistent with complex biological systems, with analysis yielding key network nodes comprising pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- α, IL6 and IL1), glucocorticoids and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). These may represent central structural and regulatory elements in the context of MDD. CONCLUSION The identified hubs have a high degree of connection and are known to play roles in the progression from health to MDD. These nodes represent strategic targets for therapeutic intervention or prevention. Future work is required to build a weighted and dynamic simulation of the network PINE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J C Stapelberg
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia
| | | | - Verena Mansour
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia
| | | | - Grace Branjerdporn
- Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia; Mater Young Adult Health Service, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Sam Adhikary
- Mater Young Adult Health Service, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin Ashton
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia
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3
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CHEN PZ, CHONG SQ, CHONG Q, CHAN AH, FERNANDEZ CJ, CHEN AG, CHANG SF, YAP HH, ER KB. The use of fecal cortisol for enrolment of free-roaming dogs in Singapore to a national rehabilitation-rehoming program: a possible indicator of allostasis. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100696. [PMID: 35858588 PMCID: PMC9381415 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex, a neural circuit through which the CNS can modulate peripheral immune responses. Signals communicated via the vagus and splenic nerves use acetylcholine, produced by Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ T cells, to downregulate the inflammatory actions of macrophages expressing α7 nicotinic receptors. Pre-clinical studies using transgenic animals, cholinergic agonists, vagotomy, and vagus nerve stimulation have demonstrated this pathway's role and therapeutic potential in numerous inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize what is understood about the inflammatory reflex. We also demonstrate how pre-clinical findings are being translated into promising clinical trials, and we draw particular attention to innovative bioelectronic methods of harnessing the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Kelly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Seamas C Donnelly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Walker KA, Basisty N, Wilson DM, Ferrucci L. Connecting aging biology and inflammation in the omics era. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158448. [PMID: 35838044 PMCID: PMC9282936 DOI: 10.1172/jci158448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by the accumulation of damage to macromolecules and cell architecture that triggers a proinflammatory state in blood and solid tissues, termed inflammaging. Inflammaging has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many age-associated chronic diseases as well as loss of physical and cognitive function. The search for mechanisms that underlie inflammaging focused initially on the hallmarks of aging, but it is rapidly expanding in multiple directions. Here, we discuss the threads connecting cellular senescence and mitochondrial dysfunction to impaired mitophagy and DNA damage, which may act as a hub for inflammaging. We explore the emerging multi-omics efforts that aspire to define the complexity of inflammaging - and identify molecular signatures and novel targets for interventions aimed at counteracting excessive inflammation and its deleterious consequences while preserving the physiological immune response. Finally, we review the emerging evidence that inflammation is involved in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Our goal is to broaden the research agenda for inflammaging with an eye on new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan A Walker
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nathan Basisty
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Biomedical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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6
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Sahu K, Langeh U, Singh C, Singh A. Crosstalk between anticancer drugs and mitochondrial functions. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2021; 2:100047. [PMID: 34909674 PMCID: PMC8663961 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2021.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an important component of cancer treatment, which has side effects like vomiting, peripheral neuropathy, and numerous organ toxicity but the most significant outcomes of chemotherapy are cognitive impairment, which is mainly referred to as chemobrain or CICI (chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment). It is characterized by difficulty with language, concentrating, processing speed, learning, and memory, as it affects the hippocampus areas of the brain. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are one of the major mechanisms causing chemobrain. The generation of reactive oxygen species (byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation) mainly occurs in mitochondria that play a prominent role in the induction of oxidative stress. The homeostasis of ROS in the mitochondria is maintained by mitochondrial antioxidant mechanism via enzymes like catalase, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. Lungs and breast cancer are the two most common types of cancer, which are the most leading cancers in the world with about 4.18 million cases. In this review we exposed the current knowledge regarding chemotherapy-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to cause cognitive impairment.We especially focused on the antineoplastic agent (ADRIAMYCIN, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE), platinum group agent CISPLATIN, antimetabolite agents (METHOTREXATE), and nitrogen mustard agent (CARMUSTINE) which increase oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in the PNS (peripheral nervous system) as well as the central nervous system. We also highlight the behavioural and functional changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuleshwar Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Urvashi Langeh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
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7
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Abd-El-Basset EM, Rao MS, Alshawaf SM, Ashkanani HK, Kabli AH. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces astrogliosis, microgliosis and promotes survival of cortical neurons. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:558-584. [PMID: 34877406 PMCID: PMC8611192 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Neuro-inflammation occurs as a sequence of brain injury and is associated with production of cytokines. Cytokines can modulate the function and survival of neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of TNF on the neurons, microglia and astrocytes in normal brain and stab wound brain injury. Methods Normal BALB/c male mice (N) without any injury were subdivided into NA and NB groups. Another set mouse was subjected to stab wound brain injury (I) and were subdivided into IA and IB. NA and IA groups received intraperitoneal injections of TNF (1 µg/kg body weight/day) for nine days, whereas NB and IB groups received intraperitoneal injections of PBS. Animals were killed on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, and 9th day. Frozen brain sections through the injury site in IA and IB or corresponding region in NA and NB groups were stained for neurodegeneration, immunostained for astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Western blotting for GFAP and ELISA for BDNF were done from the tissues collected from all groups. Results The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in TNF treated groups. There was a significant increase in the number of astrocytes and microglia in TNF treated groups compared to PBS treated groups. In addition, it was found that TNF stimulated the expression of GFAP and BDNF in NA and IA groups. Conclusions TNF induces astrogliosis and microgliosis in normal and injured brain and promotes the survival of cortical neurons in stab wound brain injury, may be by upregulating the BDNF level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam M Abd-El-Basset
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13100, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna Sakkattu Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13100, Kuwait
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8
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Sheikhpour M, Shokrgozar MA, Biglari A, Pornour M, Abdolrahimi F, Poorazar Dizaji S, Khanipour S, Masoumi M, Ebrahimzadeh N, Abolfathi H. Gene Expression and In Vitro Pharmacogenetic Studies of Dopamine and Serotonin Gene Receptors in Tuberculosis. TANAFFOS 2021; 20:126-133. [PMID: 34976083 PMCID: PMC8710225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine and serotonin receptors are present in lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils, and have a mediating role in the immune system to respond to infections, including bacterial tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, at first, the changes in the expression pattern of 5 dopamine and 2 serotonin (5HTR2B & 5HTR2C) gene receptors were examined in the two groups of healthy and Tuberculosis patients using Real-Time PCR. Then pharmacogenetic studies aimed to induce autophagy on a lung monocyte cell line (THP1) infected with the standard strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37RV) were performed. Stimulation of the pro-inflammatory pathway by secreting cytokines before and after drug efficacy was investigated. RESULTS According to the result, dopamine receptor 2 genes showed decreased expression in patients with tuberculosis compared to normal individuals, and serotonin receptor genes showed increased expression. Additionally, with the effects of Bromocriptine and Fluoxetine, pro-inflammatory pathways were activated in macrophages infected with H37RV, and ELISA results showed that the levels of IL6 and TNFα secreted in these cells were significantly increased. CONCLUSION According to the results, these receptors agonists or antagonists can activate the autophagy pathway to kill TB bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Sheikhpour
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,,Correspondence to: Sheikhpour M, Address: Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran, Email address:
| | - Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | - Majid Pornour
- Photo Healing and Regeneration Research Group, Medical Laser Research Center, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abdolrahimi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Poorazar Dizaji
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharareh Khanipour
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Masoumi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayereh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Abolfathi
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Hale C, Véniant MM. Growth differentiation factor 15 as a potential therapeutic for treating obesity. Mol Metab 2020; 46:101117. [PMID: 33220493 PMCID: PMC8085570 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is rapidly becoming one of the world's most critical health care concerns. Comorbidities accompanying excess weight include cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. These comorbidities result in greater hospitalization and other health care-related costs. Economic impacts are likely to be felt more acutely in developing countries, where obesity rates continue to rise and health care resources are already insufficient. Some of the more effective treatments are invasive and expensive surgeries, which some economies in the world cannot afford to offer to a broad population. Pharmacological therapies are needed to supplement treatment options for patients who cannot, or will not, undergo surgical treatment. However, the few drug therapies currently available have either limited efficacy or safety concerns. A possible exception has been glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs, although these have shown a number of adverse events. New drug therapies that are safe and produce robust weight loss are needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW Herein, we review the role of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in feeding behavior and obesity, summarize some of the new and exciting biological discoveries around signaling pathways and tissue sites of action, and highlight initial efforts to develop GDF15-based therapies suitable for inducing weight loss in humans. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Within the last several years, great strides have been made in understanding the biology of GDF15. Recent developments include identification of an endogenous receptor, biological localization of the receptor system, impact on energy homeostasis, and identification of molecules suitable for administration to humans as anti-obesity treatments. New and exciting research on GDF15 suggests that it holds promise as a novel obesity treatment as new molecules progress toward clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Hale
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
| | - Murielle M Véniant
- Amgen Research, Department of Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Dr., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Onyango MG, Attardo GM, Kelly ET, Bialosuknia SM, Stout J, Banker E, Kuo L, Ciota AT, Kramer LD. Zika Virus Infection Results in Biochemical Changes Associated With RNA Editing, Inflammatory and Antiviral Responses in Aedes albopictus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559035. [PMID: 33133033 PMCID: PMC7561680 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.559035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid and significant range expansion of both the Zika virus (ZIKV) and its Aedes vector species has resulted in the declaration of ZIKV as a global health threat. Successful transmission of ZIKV by its vector requires a complex series of interactions between these entities including the establishment, replication and dissemination of the virus within the mosquito. The metabolic conditions within the mosquito tissues play a critical role in mediating the crucial processes of viral infection and replication and represent targets for prevention of virus transmission. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive metabolomic phenotyping of ZIKV infected and uninfected Ae. albopictus by untargeted analysis of primary metabolites, lipids and biogenic amines. We performed a comparative metabolomic study of infection state with the aim of understanding the biochemical changes resulting from the interaction between the ZIKV and its vector. We have demonstrated that ZIKV infection results in changes to the cellular metabolic environment including a significant enrichment of inosine and pseudo-uridine (Ψ) levels which may be associated with RNA editing activity. In addition, infected mosquitoes demonstrate a hypoglycemic phenotype and show significant increases in the abundance of metabolites such as prostaglandin H2, leukotriene D4 and protoporphyrinogen IX which are associated with antiviral activity. These provide a basis for understanding the biochemical response to ZIKV infection and pathology in the vector. Future mechanistic studies targeting these ZIKV infection responsive metabolites and their associated biosynthetic pathways can provide inroads to identification of mosquito antiviral responses with infection blocking potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Onyango
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
| | - Geoffrey M. Attardo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Erin Taylor Kelly
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sean M. Bialosuknia
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
- School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jessica Stout
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
| | - Elyse Banker
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
| | - Lili Kuo
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
| | - Alexander T. Ciota
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
- School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, United States
- School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States
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11
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Lankadeva YR, May CN, McKinley MJ, Neeland MR, Ma S, Hocking DM, Robins-Browne R, Bedoui S, Farmer DGS, Bailey SR, Martelli D, McAllen RM. Sympathetic nerves control bacterial clearance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15009. [PMID: 32929135 PMCID: PMC7490383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A neural reflex mediated by the splanchnic sympathetic nerves regulates systemic inflammation in negative feedback fashion, but its consequences for host responses to live infection are unknown. To test this, conscious instrumented sheep were infected intravenously with live E. coli bacteria and followed for 48 h. A month previously, animals had undergone either bilateral splanchnic nerve section or a sham operation. As established for rodents, sheep with cut splanchnic nerves mounted a stronger systemic inflammatory response: higher blood levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 but lower levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, compared with sham-operated animals. Sequential blood cultures revealed that most sham-operated sheep maintained high circulating levels of live E. coli throughout the 48-h study period, while all sheep without splanchnic nerves rapidly cleared their bacteraemia and recovered clinically. The sympathetic inflammatory reflex evidently has a profound influence on the clearance of systemic bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugeesh R Lankadeva
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Clive N May
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Michael J McKinley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | - Shuai Ma
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Dianna M Hocking
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roy Robins-Browne
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David G S Farmer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Davide Martelli
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Robin M McAllen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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12
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Leite JA, Isaksen TJ, Heuck A, Scavone C, Lykke-Hartmann K. The α 2 Na +/K +-ATPase isoform mediates LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14180. [PMID: 32843655 PMCID: PMC7447643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Na+/K+-ATPase is a transmembrane ion pump that is essential for the maintenance of ion gradients and regulation of multiple cellular functions. Na+/K+-ATPase has been associated with nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) signalling, a signal associated with lipopolysaccharides (LPSs)-induced immune response in connection with activated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling. However, the contribution of Na+/K+-ATPase to regulating inflammatory responses remains elusive. We report that mice haploinsufficient for the astrocyte-enriched α2Na+/K+-ATPase isoform (α2+/G301R mice) have a reduced proinflammatory response to LPS, accompanied by a reduced hypothermic reaction compared to wild type litter mates. Following intraperitoneal injection of LPS, gene expressions of Tnf-α, Il-1β, and Il-6 was reduced in the hypothalamus and hippocampus from α2+/G301R mice compared to α2+/+ littermates. The α2+/G301R mice experienced increased expression of the gene encoding an antioxidant enzyme, NRF2, in hippocampal astrocytes. Our findings indicate that α2Na+/K+-ATPase haploinsufficiency negatively modulates LPS-induced immune responses, highlighting a rational pharmacological target for reducing LPS-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Leite
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - T J Isaksen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - A Heuck
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - C Scavone
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Lykke-Hartmann
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
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13
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Benedetti F, Frisaldi E, Barbiani D, Camerone E, Shaibani A. Nocebo and the contribution of psychosocial factors to the generation of pain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:687-696. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02104-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Shi W, Han Y, Guan X, Rong J, Su W, Zha S, Tang Y, Du X, Liu G. Fluoxetine suppresses the immune responses of blood clams by reducing haemocyte viability, disturbing signal transduction and imposing physiological stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:681-689. [PMID: 31150888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The antidepressant fluoxetine (FLX), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, is widely prescribed for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders. Nowadays, measurable quantities of FLX have been frequently detected in the aquatic ecosystems worldwide, which may pose a potential threat to aquatic organisms. Although the impacts of FLX exposure on immune responses are increasingly well documented in mammals, they remain poorly understood in aquatic invertebrates. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the ecotoxicological effects of FLX, the impacts of waterborne FLX exposure on the immune responses of blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, were investigated in this study. Results obtained showed that both cellular and humoural immune responses in T. granosa were suppressed by exposure to waterborne FLX, as indicated by total counts of haemocytes (THC), phagocytic rate, and activities of superoxide dismutases (SOD) and catalase (CAT), suggesting that waterborne FLX renders blood clams more vulnerable to pathogen challenges. To ascertain the mechanisms explaining how waterborne FLX affects immune responses, haemocyte viabilities, intracellular Ca2+ levels, in vivo concentrations of neurotransmitters, physiological stress conditions (as indicated by in vivo concentrations of cortisol), and expressions of key regulatory genes from Ca2+ and neurotransmitter signal transduction, as well as immune-related signalling pathways, were examined after 10 days of FLX exposure by blood clams via 1, 10 and 100 μg/L waterborne FLX. The results obtained indicated that immune response suppression caused by waterborne FLX could be due to (i) inhibited haemocyte viabilities, which subsequently reduce the THC; (ii) altered intracellular Ca2+ and neurotransmitter concentrations, which lead to constrained phagocytosis; and (iii) aggravated physiological stress, which thereafter hampers immune-related NFκB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Guan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiahuan Rong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenhao Su
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Xueying Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China.
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15
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Thompson LA, Romano TA. Effects of health status on pressure-induced changes in phocid immune function and implications for dive ability. J Comp Physiol B 2019; 189:637-657. [PMID: 31346696 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-019-01228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of marine mammals to cope with environmental challenges is a key determining factor in strandings and successful release of rehabilitated animals. Dive behavior is related to foraging and thus survival. While dive adaptations have been well studied, it is unknown how the immune system responds to diving and whether health status impacts immune function during diving. This study investigated the functional response of ex situ immune cells from stranded phocids to in vitro increased pressure, over the course of rehabilitation. Blood samples were drawn from stranded harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) and harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) at the time of admit to the Mystic Aquarium, Mystic, CT and again after rehabilitation (pre-release). Phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation and immune cell activation were measured in vitro, with and without exposure to 2000 psi (simulated dive depth of 1360 m). Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine, and serum cortisol were measured in vivo. All hormone values decreased between admit and release conditions. Under admit or release conditions, pressure exposures resulted in significant changes in granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis, granulocyte expression of CD11b and lymphocyte expression of the IL2 receptor (IL2R). Overall, pressure exposures resulted in decreased phagocytosis for admit conditions, but increased phagocytosis in release samples. Expression of leukocyte activation markers, CD11b and IL2R, increased and the response did not differ between admit and release samples. Specific hematological and serum chemistry values also changed significantly between admit and release and were significantly correlated with pressure-induced changes in immune function. Results suggest (1) dive duration affects the response of immune cells, (2) different white blood cell types respond differently to pressure and (3) response varies with animal health. This is the first study describing the relationship between diving, immune function and health status in phocids.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Thompson
- Mystic Aquarium a Division of Sea Research Foundation, 55 Coogan Blvd, Mystic, CT, 06355, USA.
| | - T A Romano
- Mystic Aquarium a Division of Sea Research Foundation, 55 Coogan Blvd, Mystic, CT, 06355, USA
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16
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Udeh-Momoh CT, Su B, Evans S, Zheng B, Sindi S, Tzoulaki I, Perneczky R, Middleton LT. Cortisol, Amyloid-β, and Reserve Predicts Alzheimer’s Disease Progression for Cognitively Normal Older Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 70:553-562. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu T. Udeh-Momoh
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bowen Su
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Evans
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Bang Zheng
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shireen Sindi
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Tzoulaki
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Lefkos T. Middleton
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
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Meyer JD, Hayney MS, Coe CL, Ninos CL, Barrett BP. Differential Reduction of IP-10 and C-Reactive Protein via Aerobic Exercise or Mindfulness-Based Stress-Reduction Training in a Large Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 41:96-106. [PMID: 31027457 PMCID: PMC6777863 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2018-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exercise and meditation improve health and well-being, potentially through decreasing systemic inflammation. In this study, healthy adults (N = 413) were randomized to 8 weeks of training in aerobic exercise, matched mindfulness-based stress reduction, or wait-list control. Three inflammation-related biomarkers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10) were assessed preintervention, directly postintervention, and 17 weeks later. Within-group analyses found that exercise participants had decreased serum interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10 postintervention and 17 weeks later, whereas C-reactive protein was lower in mindfulness-based stress-reduction participants 17 weeks postintervention only. Self-reported physical activity or amount of meditation practice did not predict biomarker changes. This study suggests that (a) training in aerobic exercise can lower interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10, a chemokine associated with interferon activity and illness, and (b) training in mindfulness meditation may have a delayed effect on C-reactive protein, an important inflammatory biomarker. The findings highlight the likelihood of multiple, distinct pathways underlying the health-promoting effects of these lifestyle interventions.
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18
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O'Sullivan-Greene E, Kameneva T, Trevaks D, Shafton A, Payne SC, McAllen R, Furness JB, Grayden DB. Modeling experimental recordings of vagal afferent signaling of intestinal inflammation for neuromodulation. J Neural Eng 2018; 15:056032. [PMID: 30095078 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aad96d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Artificial modulation of peripheral nerve signals (neuromodulation) by electrical stimulation is an innovation with potential to develop treatments that replace or supplement drugs. One function of the nervous system that can be exploited by neuromodulation is regulation of disease intensity. Optimal interfacing of devices with the nervous system requires suitable models of peripheral nerve systems so that closed-loop control can be utilized for therapeutic benefit. APPROACH We use physiological data to model afferent signaling in the vagus nerve that carries information about inflammation in the small intestine to the brain. MAIN RESULTS The vagal nerve signaling system is distributed and complex; however, we propose a class of reductive models using a state-space formalism that can be tuned in a patient-specific manner. SIGNIFICANCE These models provide excellent fits to a large range of nerve recording data but are computationally simple enough for feedback control in implantable neuromodulation devices.
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From feedback loop transitions to biomarkers in the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine network: Detecting the critical transition from health to major depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Ebrahimi Daryani N, Saghazadeh A, Moossavi S, Sadr M, Shahkarami S, Soltani S, Farhadi E, Rezaei N. Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Immunol Invest 2018; 46:714-729. [PMID: 28872970 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1360343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in cytokine expression have been frequently found in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Cytokine values outside the normal range may be somewhat related to common polymorphisms within cytokine genes. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the possible association between polymorphisms within Interleukin IL-4 and IL-10 genes and susceptibility to and clinical features of IBD. METHODS The study population was composed of 140 healthy controls and 75 patients with IBD (40 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 35 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC)). Genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. RESULTS Higher frequencies for the C allele of IL-4-590 polymorphism (P < 0.0001; odds ratio [OR], 5.68; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.28-9.83) and for the T allele of IL-4-1098 polymorphism (P = 0.016; OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.11-3.02) were observed in the whole group of IBD patients. The IL-4-590 C allele was also significantly overrepresented when IBD patients were subdivided into CD and UC (P < 0.0001; OR, 5.2-6.28). While the IL-4-1098 T allele was present at higher frequencies in patients with UC (P = 0.05; OR, 1.95), but not in CD (P = 0.09). Multiple pairwise comparisons indicated that genotypes of all polymorphisms investigated within IL-4 gene are correlated with IBD, CD, and UC. Haplotype analysis showed that the IL-4-1098/-590 TC haplotype might predispose individuals to IBD, CD, and UC whereas the IL-4-1098/-590 TT and GC haplotypes have a protective effect. On the contrary, neither allele nor genotype frequencies of IL-10 polymorphisms (IL-10-1082 A > G, IL-10-592 A > C, and IL-10-819 T > C) were associated with IBD, CD, or UC. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that IL-4 polymorphisms might play a role in susceptibility to IBD and its major subtypes in the Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Ebrahimi Daryani
- a Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amene Saghazadeh
- b Molecular Immunology Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Systematic Review and Mata-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- d Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Sadr
- b Molecular Immunology Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sepideh Shahkarami
- b Molecular Immunology Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Medical Genetics Network (MeGeNe) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Samaneh Soltani
- b Molecular Immunology Research Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Elham Farhadi
- f Hematology Department , School of Allied Medical Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- g Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,h Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,i Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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21
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22
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Tong J, Yu Y, Zheng L, Zhang C, Tu Y, Liu Y, Wu J, Li H, Wang S, Jiang C, Zhou EM, Wang G, Cai X. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis involves in anti-viral ability through regulation of immune response in piglets infected by highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29540178 PMCID: PMC5853143 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has been responsible for several viral attacks in the Asian porcine industry, since the first outbreak in China in 2006. During the early stages of the HP-PRRSV infection, high levels of proinflammatory cytokines are noted in the host peripheral blood, which are accompanied by severe lesions in the lungs and immune system organs; these are considered as the greatest contributors to the overall disease burden. We hypothesized that the anti-PRRSV response in piglets might be mediated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which led to a decrease in the psycho-neuroendocrinological manifestation of HP-PRRSV etiology via immune response regulation. RESULTS We investigated the regulation of the HPA axis in HP-PRRSV-infected piglets that were treated with 1 mg/kg body weight (b. w.)/day mifepristone (RU486) or 2 mg/kg b.w./day dexamethasone (DEX). Both RU486 and DEX enhanced the disease status of the piglets infected by the HP-PRRSV HuN4 strain, resulting in high mortality and more severe pathological changes in the lungs. CONCLUSIONS HP-PRRSV infection activates the HPA axis, and artificial regulation of the immune-endocrine system enhances disease severity in HP-PRRSV-infected piglets. Thus, DEX and RU486 should be avoided in the clinical treatment of HP-PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Linlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China.
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23
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O'Sullivan SA, O'Sullivan C, Healy LM, Dev KK, Sheridan GK. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors regulate TLR4-induced CXCL5 release from astrocytes and microglia. J Neurochem 2018; 144:736-747. [PMID: 29377126 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PR) are G protein-coupled and compose a family with five subtypes, S1P1R-S1P5R. The drug Gilenya® (Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) (Fingolimod; FTY720) targets S1PRs and was the first oral therapy for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). The phosphorylated form of FTY720 (pFTY720) binds S1PRs causing initial agonism, then subsequent receptor internalization and functional antagonism. Internalization of S1P1R attenuates sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes, limiting aberrant immune function in MS. pFTY720 also exerts direct actions on neurons and glial cells which express S1PRs. In this study, we investigated the regulation of pro-inflammatory chemokine release by S1PRs in enriched astrocytes and microglial cultures. Astrocytes and microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and increases in C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5), also known as LIX (lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine) expression were quantified. Results showed that pFTY720 attenuated LPS-induced CXCL5 (LIX) protein release from astrocytes, as did the S1P1R selective agonist, SEW2871. In addition, pFTY720 blocked messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcription of the chemokines, (i) CXCL5/LIX, (ii) C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) also known as interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP10) and (iii) chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1). Interestingly, inhibition of sphingosine kinase attenuated LPS-induced increases in mRNA levels of all three chemokines, suggesting that LPS-TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) signalling may enhance chemokine expression via S1P-S1PR transactivation. Lastly, these observations were not limited to astrocytes since we also found that pFTY720 attenuated LPS-induced release of CXCL5 from microglia. These data highlight a role for S1PR signalling in regulating the levels of chemokines in glial cells and support the notion that pFTY720 efficacy in multiple sclerosis may involve the direct modulation of astrocytes and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead A O'Sullivan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Luke M Healy
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kumlesh K Dev
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graham K Sheridan
- Drug Development, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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Qin Y, Smith TG, Jackson F, Gallardo-Romero NF, Morgan CN, Olson V, Hutson CL, Wu X. Revisiting rabies virus neutralizing antibodies through infecting BALB/c mice with live rabies virus. Virus Res 2018; 248:39-43. [PMID: 29471052 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing antibody after virus infection through a mouse model. The BALB/c mice from different age groups (three, five, seven week old) were intramuscularly inoculated with live rabies virus (TX coyote 323R). Without pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), we found there is a decreased fatality with increased age of animals, the mortalities are 60%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. Interestingly, through assay of rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT), direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), the results showed that all the animals that succumbed to rabies challenge, except one, developed circulating neutralizing antibodies, and all the healthy animals, except two, did not generate virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA). Our animal study suggests that the induction of VNA was an indicator of infection progression in the central nervous system (CNS) and speculate that RABV neutralizing antibodies did not cross the blood-brain barrier of the CNS for those diseased animals. We hypothesize that early release of viral antigens from damaged nerve tissue might potentially be a benefit for survivors, and we also discuss several other aspects of the interaction of RABV and its neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Qin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Chronic Viral Diseases Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Todd G Smith
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Felix Jackson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Nadia F Gallardo-Romero
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Clint N Morgan
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christina L Hutson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Xianfu Wu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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25
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Shen Y, Guo X, Han C, Wan F, Ma K, Guo S, Wang L, Xia Y, Liu L, Lin Z, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. The implication of neuronimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in the pathophysiologic process of Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3741-3768. [PMID: 28623510 PMCID: PMC11107509 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2549-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder implicitly marked by the substantia nigra dopaminergic neuron degeneration and explicitly characterized by the motor and non-motor symptom complexes. Apart from the nigrostriatal dopamine depletion, the immune and endocrine study findings are also frequently reported, which, in fact, have helped to broaden the symptom spectrum and better explain the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Nevertheless, based on the neural, immune, and endocrine findings presented above, it is still difficult to fully recapitulate the pathophysiologic process of PD. Therefore, here, in this review, we have proposed the neuroimmunoendocrine (NIE) modulatory network in PD, aiming to achieve a more comprehensive interpretation of the pathogenesis and progression of this disease. As a matter of fact, in addition to the classical motor symptoms, NIE modulatory network can also underlie the non-motor symptoms such as gastrointestinal, neuropsychiatric, circadian rhythm, and sleep disorders in PD. Moreover, the dopamine (DA)-melatonin imbalance in the retino-diencephalic/mesencephalic-pineal axis also provides an alternative explanation for the motor complications in the process of DA replacement therapy. In conclusion, the NIE network can be expected to deepen our understanding and facilitate the multi-dimensional management and therapy of PD in future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xingfang Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyi Guo
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Zhicheng Lin
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, and Mailman Neuroscience Research Center, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Bhakta A, Gavini K, Yang E, Lyman-Henley L, Parameshwaran K. Chronic traumatic stress impairs memory in mice: Potential roles of acetylcholine, neuroinflammation and corticotropin releasing factor expression in the hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Le Thuc O, Rovère C. [Hypothalamic inflammation and energy balance deregulations: focus on chemokines.]. Biol Aujourdhui 2017; 210:211-225. [PMID: 28327280 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance. It especially controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural and nutrient-related signals and cues. Hypothalamic neurons and glial cells act jointly to orchestrate, both spatially and temporally, regulated metabolic functions of the hypothalamus. Thus, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and deregulations of feeding behavior, such as involuntary weight-loss or obesity, has been suggested. Among the inflammatory mediators that could induce deregulations of hypothalamic control of the energy balance, chemokines represent interesting candidates. Indeed, chemokines, primarily known for their chemoattractant role of immune cells to the inflamed site, have also been suggested capable of neuromodulation. Thus, chemokines could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators that are involved in the maintenance of energy balance. Here, we relate, on one hand, recent results showing the primary role of the central chemokinergic signaling CCL2/CCR2 for metabolic and behavioral adaptation to high-grade inflammation, especially loss of appetite and weight, through its activity on hypothalamic neurons producing the orexigenic peptide Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) and, on the other hand, results that suggest that chemokines could also deregulate hypothalamic neuropeptidergic circuits to induce an opposite phenotype and eventually participate in the onset/development of obesity. In more details, we will emphasize a study recently showing, in a model of high-grade acute inflammation of LPS injection in mice, that central CCL2/CCR2 signaling is of primary importance for several aspects explaining weight loss associated with inflammation: after LPS injection, animals lose weight, reduce their food intake, increase their fat oxidation (thus energy consumption from fat storage)...These inflammation-induced metabolic and behavioral changes are reduced when central CCR2 signaling is disrupted either pharmacologically (by a specific inhibitor of CCR2) or genetically (in mice deficient for CCR2). This underlines the importance of this signaling in inflammation-related weight loss. We further determined that the LPS-induced and CCR2-mediated weight loss depends on the direct effect of CCR2 activation on MCH neurons activity. Indeed, the MCH neurons express CCR2, and the application of CCL2 on brain slices revealed that activation of CCR2 actually depolarizes MCH neurons and induces delays and/or failures of action potential emission. Furthermore, CCL2 is able to reduce KCl-evoked MCH secretion from hypothalamic explants. Taken together, these results demonstrate the role of the central CCL2/CCR2 signaling in metabolic and behavioral adaptation to inflammation. On the other hand, this first description of how the chemokinergic system can actually modulate the activity of the hypothalamic regulation of energy balance, but also some less advanced studies and some unpublished data, suggest that some other chemokines, such as CCL5, could participate in the development of the opposite phenotype, that is to say obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France - Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC) & German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München & Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Carole Rovère
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Le Thuc O, Stobbe K, Cansell C, Nahon JL, Blondeau N, Rovère C. Hypothalamic Inflammation and Energy Balance Disruptions: Spotlight on Chemokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:197. [PMID: 28855891 PMCID: PMC5557773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a key brain region in the regulation of energy balance as it controls food intake and both energy storage and expenditure through integration of humoral, neural, and nutrient-related signals and cues. Many years of research have focused on the regulation of energy balance by hypothalamic neurons, but the most recent findings suggest that neurons and glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, in the hypothalamus actually orchestrate together several metabolic functions. Because glial cells have been described as mediators of inflammatory processes in the brain, the existence of a causal link between hypothalamic inflammation and the deregulations of feeding behavior, leading to involuntary weight loss or obesity for example, has been suggested. Several inflammatory pathways that could impair the hypothalamic control of energy balance have been studied over the years such as, among others, toll-like receptors and canonical cytokines. Yet, less studied so far, chemokines also represent interesting candidates that could link the aforementioned pathways and the activity of hypothalamic neurons. Indeed, chemokines, in addition to their role in attracting immune cells to the inflamed site, have been suggested to be capable of neuromodulation. Thus, they could disrupt cellular activity together with synthesis and/or secretion of multiple neurotransmitters/mediators involved in the maintenance of energy balance. This review discusses the different inflammatory pathways that have been identified so far in the hypothalamus in the context of feeding behavior and body weight control impairments, with a particular focus on chemokines signaling that opens a new avenue in the understanding of the major role played by inflammation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélia Le Thuc
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center (HDC), German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Stobbe
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Nicolas Blondeau
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Carole Rovère
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
- *Correspondence: Carole Rovère,
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Saloman JL, Albers KM, Rhim AD, Davis BM. Can Stopping Nerves, Stop Cancer? Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:880-889. [PMID: 27832915 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system is viewed as a tissue affected by cancer and as a conduit for the transmission of cancer pain and perineural invasion. Here, we review recent studies that indicate a more direct role. Several studies have shown that reducing stress or suppressing sympathetic drive correlates with improved outcomes and prolonged survival. Recent studies using animal models of visceral and somatic cancer further support a role for the nervous system in cancer progression. Specifically, nerve ablation had a profound impact on disease progression, including delayed development of precancerous lesions, and decreased tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we summarize new evidence and discuss how future studies may address the role of neural signaling in the modulation of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami L Saloman
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Albers
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrew D Rhim
- Zayed Center for Pancreatic Cancer Research and Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Brian M Davis
- University of Pittsburgh, Center for Pain Research and Department of Neurobiology, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Hamadi N, Sheikh A, Madjid N, Lubbad L, Amir N, Shehab SADS, Khelifi-Touhami F, Adem A. Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, glial activation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus after short-term bilateral adrenalectomy. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:61. [PMID: 27586269 PMCID: PMC5009504 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bilateral adrenalectomy has been shown to damage the hippocampal neurons. Although the effects of long-term adrenalectomy have been studied extensively there are few publications on the effects of short-term adrenalectomy. In the present study we aimed to investigate the effects of short-term bilateral adrenalectomy on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α; the response of microglia and astrocytes to neuronal cell death as well as oxidative stress markers GSH, SOD and MDA over the course of time (4 h, 24 h, 3 days, 1 week and 2 weeks) in the hippocampus of Wistar rats. Results Our results showed a transient significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 from 4 h to 3 days in the adrenalectomized compared to sham operated rats. After 1 week, the elevation of both cytokines returns to the sham levels. Surprisingly, TNF-α levels were significantly elevated at 4 h only in adrenalectomized compared to sham operated rats. The occurrence of neuronal cell death in the hippocampus following adrenalectomy was confirmed by Fluoro-Jade B staining. Our results showed a time dependent increase in degenerated neurons in the dorsal blade of the dentate gyrus from 3 days to 2 weeks after adrenalectomy. Our results revealed an early activation of microglia on day three whereas activation of astroglia in the hippocampus was observed at 1 week postoperatively. A progression of microglia and astroglia activation all over the dentate gyrus and their appearance for the first time in CA3 of adrenalectomized rats hippocampi compared to sham operated was seen after 2 weeks of surgery. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of microglia (3, 7 and 14 days) and astrocytes (7 and 14 days) of ADX compared to sham operated rats. Our study revealed no major signs of oxidative stress until 2 weeks after adrenalectomy when a significant decrease of GSH levels and SOD activity as well as an increase in MDA levels were found in adrenalectomized compared to sham rats. Conclusion Our study showed an early increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines followed by neurodegeneration and activation of glial cells as well as oxidative stress. Taking these findings together it could be speculated that the early inflammatory components might contribute to the initiation of the biological cascade responsible for subsequent neuronal death in the current neurodegenerative animal model. These findings suggest that inflammatory mechanisms precede neurodegeneration and glial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naserddine Hamadi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Ethnobotany-Palynology and Ethnopharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, Constantine-1 University, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Azimullah Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nather Madjid
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loai Lubbad
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naheed Amir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Safa Al-Deen Saudi Shehab
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatima Khelifi-Touhami
- Ethnobotany-Palynology and Ethnopharmacology-Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Animal Biology, Constantine-1 University, 25000, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, United Arab Emirates University, 17666, Maqam, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Estrela JM, Ortega A, Mena S, Sirerol JA, Obrador E. Glutathione in metastases: From mechanisms to clinical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:253-67. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1136259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Estrela
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Angel Ortega
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - J. Antoni Sirerol
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Odontology and
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Müller A, Niederstadt L, Jonas W, Yi CX, Meyer F, Wiedmer P, Fischer J, Grötzinger C, Schürmann A, Tschöp M, Kleinau G, Grüters A, Krude H, Biebermann H. Ring Finger Protein 11 Inhibits Melanocortin 3 and 4 Receptor Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2016; 7:109. [PMID: 27551276 PMCID: PMC4976663 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2016.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intact melanocortin signaling via the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R), and melanocortin receptor 3 (MC3R) is crucial for body weight maintenance. So far, no connection between melanocortin signaling and hypothalamic inflammation has been reported. Using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation library screen, we identified a new interaction partner for these receptors, ring finger protein 11 (RNF11). RNF11 participates in the constitution of the A20 complex that is involved in reduction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced NFκB signaling, an important pathway in hypothalamic inflammation. Mice treated with high-fat diet (HFD) for 3 days demonstrated a trend toward an increase in hypothalamic Rnf11 expression, as shown for other inflammatory markers under HFD. Furthermore, Gs-mediated signaling of MC3/4R was demonstrated to be strongly reduced to 20-40% by co-expression of RNF11 despite unchanged total receptor expression. Cell surface expression was not affected for MC3R but resulted in a significant reduction of MC4R to 61% by co-expression with RNF11. Mechanisms linking HFD, inflammation, and metabolism remain partially understood. In this study, a new axis between signaling of specific body weight regulating GPCRs and factors involved in hypothalamic inflammation is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Müller
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Niederstadt
- Tumor Targeting Laboratory, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chun-Xia Yi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Franziska Meyer
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Wiedmer
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jana Fischer
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Tumor Targeting Laboratory, Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Molecular Cancer Research Center (MKFZ), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center of Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Grüters
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Krude
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heike Biebermann
- Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Heike Biebermann,
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Olshansky B. Vagus nerve modulation of inflammation: Cardiovascular implications. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2016; 26:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN CAPTIVE ROCK HYRAX (PROCAVIA CAPENSIS) IN THE UNITED STATES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:798-805. [PMID: 26667536 DOI: 10.1638/2014-0248.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective examination of gross and histologic reports was performed to find common lesions in young and adult captive rock hyrax ( Procavia capensis ) from multiple zoo populations. One hundred and thirty-seven reports were analyzed from specimens that were submitted to Northwest ZooPath from 1997 to 2013. Histologic findings from necropsy and biopsy reports and causes of mortality only from necropsy reports were compiled to determine the most common findings. Within the study population, 41 (30%) were male, 62 (45%) were female, and the remainder (34, 25%) were of undetermined sex. Of the 111 necropsies, 87 (78%) died naturally, and 24 (22%) were euthanatized. There were 26 (19%) biopsies with no known status of the animal. The most frequent causes of death or reason for euthanasia were bacterial septicemia (n = 29, 21%) and degenerative cardiomyopathy (n = 29, 21%). The other most prevalent lesions were hemosiderosis (n = 55, 40%), pancreatic islet and interstitial fibrosis (n = 36, 26%), pneumonia of undetermined cause (n = 26, 19%), enteritis/colitis (n = 24, 18%), and renal tubular necrosis (n = 20, 15%). In many animals of this study population (n = 115, 84%), multiple lesions affecting multiple organs were found.
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Davies C, Redmond C, Toole SO, Coughlan B. Has bioscience reconciled mind and body? J Clin Nurs 2015; 25:2713-22. [PMID: 26373677 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this discursive paper is to explore the question 'has biological science reconciled mind and body?'. BACKGROUND This paper has been inspired by the recognition that bioscience has a historical reputation for privileging the body over the mind. The disregard for the mind (emotions and behaviour) cast bioscience within a 'mind-body problem' paradigm. It has also led to inherent limitations in its capacity to contribute to understanding the complex nature of health. DESIGN This is a discursive paper. METHODS Literature from the history and sociology of science and psychoneuroimmunology (1975-2015) inform the arguments in this paper. The historical and sociological literature provides the basis for a socio-cultural debate on mind-body considerations in science since the 1970s. The psychoneuroimmunology literature draws on mind-body bioscientific theory as a way to demonstrate how science is reconciling mind and body and advancing its understanding of the interconnections between emotions, behaviour and health. RESULTS Using sociological and biological evidence, this paper demonstrates how bioscience is embracing and advancing its understanding of mind-body interconnectedness. It does this by demonstrating the emotional and behavioural alterations that are caused by two common phenomena; prolonged, chronic peripheral inflammation and prolonged psychological stress. The evidence and arguments provided has global currency that advances understanding of the inter-relationship between emotions, behaviour and health. CONCLUSIONS This paper shows how bioscience has reconciled mind and body. In doing so, it has advanced an understanding of science's contribution to the inter-relationship between emotions, behaviour and health. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The biological evidence supporting mind-body science has relevance to clinical practice for nurses and other healthcare professions. This paper discusses how this evidence can inform and enhance clinical practice directly and through research, education and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Davies
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Redmond
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead O Toole
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Barbara Coughlan
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Liu Z, Zhou Z, Wang L, Song X, Chen H, Wang W, Liu R, Wang M, Wang H, Song L. The enkephalinergic nervous system and its immunomodulation on the developing immune system during the ontogenesis of oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 45:250-259. [PMID: 25907641 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Enkephalinergic neuroendocrine-immune regulatory system is one of the most important neuroendocrine-immune systems in both vertebrates and invertebrates for its significant role in the immune regulation. In the present study, the early onset of enkephalinergic nervous system and its immunomodulation on the developing immune system during the ontogenesis of oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated to illustrate the function of neural regulation on the innate immune system in oyster larvae. [Met(5)]-enkephalin (Met-ENK) was firstly observed on the marginal of the dorsal half of D-hinged larvae. Six immune-related molecules, including four PRRs (CgCTL-1, CgCTL-2, CgCTL-4, CgNatterin-3) and two immune effectors (CgTNF-1 and CgEcSOD) were detected in the early developmental stages of trochophore, D-hinged and umbo larvae of oyster. After incubated with [Met(5)]-enkephalin, the mRNA expression level of all the PRRs changed significantly (p < 0.05). In trochophore larvae, the expression level of CgNatterin-3 decreased dramatically (p < 0.05) at 6 h, and the expression level of CgCTL-4 was significantly down-regulated at 3 h and 6 h (p < 0.05), respectively. In D-hinged and umbo larvae, only CgCTL-1 was significantly down-regulated and the differences were significant at 3 h and 6 h (p < 0.05), while the expression level of CgCTL-2 and CgCTL-4 increased significantly at 3 h after treatment (p < 0.05). Moreover, the expression levels of immune effectors were up-regulated significantly at 3 h and 6 h in trochophore larvae (p < 0.05). The expression level of CgTNF-1 in both blank and experiment groups was up-regulated but there was no significant difference in D-hinged larvae stage. On the contrary, the expression level of CgEcSOD in D-hinged larvae decreased dramatically at 3 h and 6 h after [Met(5)]-enkephalin incubation (p < 0.05). In umbo larvae, the expression level of CgTNF-1 and CgEcSOD in the experiment group increased significantly at 6 h after [Met(5)]-enkephalin treatment (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was found in the blank group. In addition, the anti-bacterial activities of the total protein extract from trochophore, D-hinged and umbo larvae increased significantly (p < 0.05) at both 3 h and 6 h after [Met(5)]-enkephalin incubation compared to that in the blank group, and PO activities of both D-hinged and umbo larvae total protein extract increased significantly (p < 0.05) while no significant difference was observed in trochophore larvae. The PO activities of the total protein extract in all the experiment groups decreased after the treatment with [Met(5)]-enkephalin for 6 h, but no significant difference was observed when compared to the blank group. Furthermore, after incubation for 6 h, the concentration of both CgTNF-1 and CgIL17-5 increased dramatically compared to that in the blank group (p < 0.05). These results together indicated that the enkephalinergic nervous system of oyster was firstly appeared in D-hinged larvae, while the primitive immune defense system existed in the region of prototroch in trochophore larvae and developed maturely after D-hinged larvae. The developing immune system could be regulated by the neurotransmitter [Met(5)]-enkephalin released by the neuroendocrine system in oyster C. gigas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mengqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
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Guerrero-Vargas NN, Guzmán-Ruiz M, Fuentes R, García J, Salgado-Delgado R, Basualdo MDC, Escobar C, Markus RP, Buijs RM. Shift Work in Rats Results in Increased Inflammatory Response after Lipopolysaccharide Administration: A Role for Food Consumption. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 30:318-30. [PMID: 26017928 DOI: 10.1177/0748730415586482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives circadian rhythms in behavioral and physiological variables, including the inflammatory response. Shift work is known to disturb circadian rhythms and is associated with increased susceptibility to develop disease. In rodents, circadian disruption due to shifted light schedules (jet lag) induced increased innate immune responses. To gain more insight into the influence of circadian disruption on the immune response, we characterized the inflammatory response in a model of rodent shift work and demonstrated that circadian disruption affected the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) both in vivo and in vitro. Since food consumption is a main disturbing element in the shift work schedule, we also evaluated the inflammatory response to LPS in a group of rats that had no access to food during their working hours. Our results demonstrated that the shift work schedule decreased basal TNF-α levels in the liver but not in the circulation. Despite this, we observed that shift work induced increased cytokine response after LPS stimulation in comparison to control rats. Also, Kupffer cells (liver macrophages) isolated from shift work rats produced more TNF-α in response to in vitro LPS stimulation, suggesting important effects of circadian desynchronization on the functionality of this cell type. Importantly, the effects of shift work on the inflammatory response to LPS were prevented when food was not available during the working schedule. Together, these results show that dissociating behavior and food intake from the synchronizing drive of the SCN severely disturbs the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalí N Guerrero-Vargas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Mara Guzmán-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Rebeca Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Joselyn García
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | | | - María del Carmen Basualdo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Departamento de Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
| | - Regina P Markus
- Laboratory of Chronopharmacology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruud M Buijs
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Bosker FJ, Terpstra P, Gladkevich AV, Janneke Dijck-Brouwer DA, te Meerman G, Nolen WA, Schoevers RA, Meesters Y. Changes in winter depression phenotype correlate with white blood cell gene expression profiles: a combined metagene and gene ontology approach. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 58:8-14. [PMID: 25455571 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluate the feasibility of gene expression in white blood cells as a peripheral marker for winter depression. Sixteen patients with winter type seasonal affective disorder were included in the study. Blood was taken by venous puncture at three time points; in winter prior and following bright light therapy and in summer. RNA was isolated, converted into cRNA, amplified and hybridized on Illumina® gene expression arrays. The raw optical array data were quantile normalized and thereafter analyzed using a metagene approach, based on previously published Affymetrix gene array data. The raw data were also subjected to a secondary analysis focusing on circadian genes and genes involved in serotonergic neurotransmission. Differences between the conditions were analyzed, using analysis of variance on the principal components of the metagene score matrix. After correction for multiple testing no statistically significant differences were found. Another approach uses the correlation between metagene factor weights and the actual expression values, averaged over conditions. When comparing the correlations of winter vs. summer and bright light therapy vs. summer significant changes for several metagenes were found. Subsequent gene ontology analyses (DAVID and GeneTrail) of 5 major metagenes suggest an interaction between brain and white blood cells. The hypothesis driven analysis with a smaller group of genes failed to demonstrate any significant effects. The results from the combined metagene and gene ontology analyses support the idea of communication between brain and white blood cells. Future studies will need a much larger sample size to obtain information at the level of single genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fokko J Bosker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Centre for Psychiatry, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter Terpstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Epidemiology, the Netherlands
| | - Anatoliy V Gladkevich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Centre for Psychiatry, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard te Meerman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Genetics, the Netherlands; Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, USA
| | - Willem A Nolen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Centre for Psychiatry, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Centre for Psychiatry, the Netherlands
| | - Ybe Meesters
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, University Centre for Psychiatry, the Netherlands
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39
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Liu Z, Zhou Z, Wang L, Jiang S, Wang W, Zhang R, Song L. The immunomodulation mediated by a delta-opioid receptor for [Met(5)]-enkephalin in oyster Crassostrea gigas. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 49:217-224. [PMID: 25475959 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (OR) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands, which play an important role in triggering the second messengers to modulate immune response in vertebrate immunocytes. In the present study, the full length cDNA of a homologue of δ-opioid receptor (DOR) for [Met(5)]-enkaphalin was cloned from oyster Crassostrea gigas (designated as CgDOR), which was 1104 bp encoding a peptide of 367 amino acids containing a conserved 7tm_1 domain. After the stimulation of [Met(5)]-enkephalin, the concentration of second messengers Ca(2+) and cAMP in the HEK293T cells decreased significantly (p <0.05) with the expression of CgDOR. However, this trend was reverted with the addition of DOR antagonist BNTX. The CgDOR transcripts were ubiquitously detected in the tested tissues including haemocytes, gonad, mantle, kidney, gill, adductor muscle and hepatopancreas, with the highest expression level in the hepatopancreas. After LPS stimulation, the expression level of CgDOR mRNA began to increase (4.05-fold, p <0.05) at 6 h, and reached the highest level (5.00-fold, p <0.05) at 12 h. Haemocyte phagocytic and antibacterial activities increased significantly after [Met(5)]-enkephalin stimulation, whereas the increase was repressed with the addition of DOR antagonist BNTX. These results collectively suggested that CgDOR for [Met(5)]-enkephalin could modulate the haemocyte phagocytic and antibacterial functions through the second messengers Ca(2+) and cAMP, which might be requisite for pathogen elimination and homeostasis maintenance in oyster.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Benzylidene Compounds/pharmacology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crassostrea/immunology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Enkephalin, Methionine/immunology
- HEK293 Cells
- Hepatopancreas/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharides
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Phagocytosis/immunology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Vibrio/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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40
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Jentsch MC, Van Buel EM, Bosker FJ, Gladkevich AV, Klein HC, Oude Voshaar RC, Ruhé HG, Eisel ULM, Schoevers RA. Biomarker approaches in major depressive disorder evaluated in the context of current hypotheses. Biomark Med 2015; 9:277-97. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.14.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a heterogeneous disorder, mostly diagnosed on the basis of symptomatic criteria alone. It would be of great help when specific biomarkers for various subtypes and symptom clusters of depression become available to assist in diagnosis and subtyping of depression, and to enable monitoring and prognosis of treatment response. However, currently known biomarkers do not reach sufficient sensitivity and specificity, and often the relation to underlying pathophysiology is unclear. In this review, we evaluate various biomarker approaches in terms of scientific merit and clinical applicability. Finally, we discuss how combined biomarker approaches in both preclinical and clinical studies can help to make the connection between the clinical manifestations of depression and the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike C Jentsch
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erin M Van Buel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko J Bosker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anatoliy V Gladkevich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C Klein
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard C Oude Voshaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henricus G Ruhé
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uli LM Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Behavioural & Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Schoevers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University Centre of Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
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41
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Shivers KY, Amador N, Abrams L, Hunter D, Jenab S, Quiñones-Jenab V. Estrogen alters baseline and inflammatory-induced cytokine levels independent from hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Cytokine 2015; 72:121-9. [PMID: 25647266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although estrogen reduces inflammatory-mediated pain responses, the mechanisms behind its effects are unclear. This study investigated if estrogen modulates inflammatory signaling by reducing baseline or inflammation-induced cytokine levels in the injury-site, serum, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and/or spinal cord. We further tested whether estrogen effects on cytokine levels are in part mediated through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. Lumbar DRG, spinal cord, serum, and hind paw tissue were analyzed for cytokine levels in 17β-estradiol-(20%) or vehicle-(100% cholesterol) treated female rats following ovariectomy/sham adrenalectomy (OVX), adrenalectomy/sham ovariectomy (ADX) or ADX+OVX operation at baseline and post formalin injection. Formalin significantly increased pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 levels in the paw, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the DRG, spinal cord and serum in comparison to naïve conditions. Estrogen replacement significantly increased anti-inflammatory IL-10 levels in the DRG. Centrally, estradiol significantly decreased pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β levels, as well as IL-10 levels, in the spinal cord in comparison to cholesterol treatment. At both sites, most estradiol modulatory effects occurred irrespective of pain or surgical condition. Estradiol alone had no influence on cytokine release in the paw or serum, indicating that estrogen effects were site-specific. Although cytokine levels were altered between surgical conditions at baseline and following formalin administration, ADX operation did not significantly reverse estradiol's modulation of cytokine levels. These results suggest that estrogen directly regulates cytokines independent of HPA axis activity in vivo, in part by reducing cytokine levels in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yvonne Shivers
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Nicole Amador
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lisa Abrams
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Road, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Deirtra Hunter
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Marymount Manhattan College, 221 71st Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Shirzad Jenab
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vanya Quiñones-Jenab
- Hunter College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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42
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Abstract
It has been postulated that chronic pain and chronic migraine in particular, can be connected to immunologic disturbances. Moreover the psychiatric comorbidity is often responsible of migraine chronification, but also of developing of particular immune function alterations. The role of the immune system in migraine precipitation is still under debate also if speculations about the evidence of infections in migraine patients has been performed, but not always corroborated by clinical and scientific explanations. In this report we present an evaluation of specific immune parameters in patients suffering from different forms of migraine respect to controls in order to determine possible alterations in immune function: speculations about the evidenced abnormalities are attempted.
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43
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Pimentel GD, Ganeshan K, Carvalheira JBC. Hypothalamic inflammation and the central nervous system control of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:15-22. [PMID: 24952114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of energy homeostasis relies on robust neuronal circuits that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Although the physiology of these circuits is well understood, the molecular and cellular response of this program to chronic diseases is still largely unclear. Hypothalamic inflammation has emerged as a major driver of energy homeostasis dysfunction in both obesity and anorexia. Importantly, this inflammation disrupts the action of metabolic signals promoting anabolism or supporting catabolism. In this review, we address the evidence that favors hypothalamic inflammation as a factor that resets energy homeostasis in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirthana Ganeshan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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44
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Timmerman KL, Amonette WE, Markofski MM, Ansinelli HA, Gleason EA, Rasmussen BB, Mossberg KA. Blunted IL-6 and IL-10 response to maximal aerobic exercise in patients with traumatic brain injury. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:111-8. [PMID: 25213007 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2997-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In healthy individuals, strenuous exercise typically results in a transient increase in the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6). This increase in IL-6 is reported to have pleiotropic effects including increased glucose uptake, increased fat oxidation, and anti-inflammatory actions. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) have a differential cytokine response to exercise compared to healthy control subjects (CON). METHODS Eight patients with a TBI and eight age- and sex-matched controls completed an exercise test to volitional exhaustion. Metabolic data were collected continuously, and blood was collected at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and every 10 min for an hour post-exercise. Serum was analyzed for IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10 (IL-10), and cortisol. RESULTS Peak oxygen consumption (CON 33 ± 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1); TBI 29 ± 2 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and respiratory exchange ratio during exercise were equivalent between groups. There were no baseline differences between groups for cytokine or cortisol concentrations. Exercise did not increase IL-6 in TBI, whereas IL-6 was elevated from baseline in CON at 0, 40, and 50 min post-exercise (p < 0.05). IL-10 and cortisol increased from baseline in CON at 40 min post-exercise (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that patients recovering from TBI have blunted IL-6, IL-10, and cortisol responses following a peak exercise test compared to non-TBI controls. This lack of an exercise response may represent impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.
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45
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Ameli PA, Ameli NJ, Gubernick DM, Ansari S, Mohan S, Satriotomo I, Buckley AK, Maxwell CW, Nayak VH, Shushrutha Hedna V. Role of vasopressin and its antagonism in stroke related edema. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1091-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pouya A. Ameli
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Orlando Florida
| | - Neema J. Ameli
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine; Orlando Florida
| | - David M. Gubernick
- Department of Neurology; University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida
| | - Saeed Ansari
- Department of Neurology; University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida
- Department of Surgery; University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida
| | - Shekher Mohan
- Department of Anesthesiology; University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida
| | - Irawan Satriotomo
- Department of Neurology; University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida
| | - Alexis K. Buckley
- Department of Neurology; University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida
| | | | - Vignesh H. Nayak
- Department of Neurology; University of Florida College of Medicine; Gainesville Florida
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46
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El Aidy S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Immune modulation of the brain-gut-microbe axis. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:146. [PMID: 24778631 PMCID: PMC3985034 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Sadat City University Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork Cork, Ireland ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
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Rodgers KM, Deming YK, Bercum FM, Chumachenko SY, Wieseler JL, Johnson KW, Watkins LR, Barth DS. Reversal of established traumatic brain injury-induced, anxiety-like behavior in rats after delayed, post-injury neuroimmune suppression. J Neurotrauma 2013; 31:487-97. [PMID: 24041015 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety disorders. Yet, there are presently no therapeutic interventions to prevent the development of post-traumatic anxiety or effective treatments once it has developed. This is because, in large part, of a lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. Recent research suggests that chronic neuroinflammatory responses to injury may play a role in the development of post-traumatic anxiety in rodent models. Acute peri-injury administration of immunosuppressive compounds, such as Ibudilast (MN166), have been shown to prevent reactive gliosis associated with immune responses to injury and also prevent lateral fluid percussion injury (LFPI)-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats. There is evidence in both human and rodent studies that post-traumatic anxiety, once developed, is a chronic, persistent, and drug-refractory condition. In the present study, we sought to determine whether neuroinflammation is associated with the long-term maintenance of post-traumatic anxiety. We examined the efficacy of an anti-inflammatory treatment in decreasing anxiety-like behavior and reactive gliosis when introduced at 1 month after injury. Delayed treatment substantially reduced established LFPI-induced freezing behavior and reactive gliosis in brain regions associated with anxiety and continued neuroprotective effects were evidenced 6 months post-treatment. These results support the conclusion that neuroinflammation may be involved in the development and maintenance of anxiety-like behaviors after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista M Rodgers
- 1 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado
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48
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Schmidinger M. Understanding and managing toxicities of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors. EJC Suppl 2013; 11:172-91. [PMID: 26217127 PMCID: PMC4041401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Mousa A, Bakhiet M. Role of cytokine signaling during nervous system development. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13931-57. [PMID: 23880850 PMCID: PMC3742226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are signaling proteins that were first characterized as components of the immune response, but have been found to have pleiotropic effects in diverse aspects of body function in health and disease. They are secreted by numerous cells and are used extensively in intercellular communications to produce different activities, including intricate processes engaged in the ontogenetic development of the brain. This review discusses factors involved in brain growth regulation and recent findings exploring cytokine signaling pathways during development of the central nervous system. In view of existing data suggesting roles for neurotropic cytokines in promoting brain growth and repair, these molecules and their signaling pathways might become targets for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative processes due to diseases, toxicity, or trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Mousa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait; E-Mail:
| | - Moiz Bakhiet
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Princess Al-Jawhara Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, P.O. Box 26671 Manama, Bahrain
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +973-1723-7300
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50
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Suzuki H, Asakawa A, Amitani H, Fujitsuka N, Nakamura N, Inui A. Cancer cachexia pathophysiology and translational aspect of herbal medicine. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 43:695-705. [PMID: 23737606 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyt075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of all cancer patients show a syndrome of cachexia, characterized by anorexia and loss of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Numerous cytokines have been postulated to play a role in the etiology of cancer cachexia. Cytokines can elicit effects that mimic leptin signaling and suppress orexigenic ghrelin and neuropeptide Y signaling, inducing sustained anorexia and cachexia not accompanied by the usual compensatory response. Furthermore, cytokines have been implicated in the induction of cancer-related muscle wasting. In particular, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and interferon-gamma have been implicated in the induction of cancer-related muscle wasting. Cytokine-induced skeletal muscle wasting is probably a multifactorial process, which involves a depression in protein synthesis, an increase in protein degradation or a combination of both. Cancer patients suffer from the reduction in physical function, tolerance to anti-cancer therapy and survival, while many effective chemotherapeutic agents for cancer are burdened by toxicities that can reduce patient's quality of life or hinder their effective use. Herbal medicines have been widely used to help improve such conditions. Recent studies have shown that herbal medicines such as rikkunshito enhance ghrelin signaling and consequently improve nausea, appetite loss and cachexia associated with cancer or cancer chemotherapy, which worsens the quality of life and life expectancy of the patients. The multicomponent herbal medicines capable of targeting multiple sites could be useful for future drug discovery. Mechanistic studies and identification of active compounds could lead to new discoveries in biological and biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Suzuki
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan
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