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Prada PO, Hirabara SM, de Souza CT, Schenka AA, Zecchin HG, Vassallo J, Velloso LA, Carneiro E, Carvalheira JBC, Curi R, Saad MJ. Retraction Note to: L-glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signalling in liver and muscle of rats with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia 2018; 61:253. [PMID: 29119243 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4477-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In light of forensic evidence indicating duplication and/or manipulation of western blot images the Editor-in-Chief is retracting the article cited above.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Prada
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - S M Hirabara
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - C T de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - A A Schenka
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - H G Zecchin
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J Vassallo
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - E Carneiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto Biomédico da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - R Curi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - M J Saad
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
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2
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Ueno M, Carvalheira JBC, Oliveira RLGS, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Expression of Concern: Circulating ghrelin concentrations are lowered by intracerebroventricular insulin. Diabetologia 2017:10.1007/s00125-017-4357-5. [PMID: 28913540 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ueno
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - R L G S Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil.
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3
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Carvalheira JBC, Ribeiro EB, Araújo EP, Guimarães RB, Telles MM, Torsoni M, Gontijo JAR, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Expression of Concern: Selective impairment of insulin signalling in the hypothalamus of obese Zucker rats. Diabetologia 2017:10.1007/s00125-017-4358-4. [PMID: 28913539 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J B C Carvalheira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - E B Ribeiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - E P Araújo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - R B Guimarães
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M M Telles
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Torsoni
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - J A R Gontijo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Flores MBS, Rocha GZ, Damas-Souza DM, Osório-Costa F, Dias MM, Ropelle ER, Camargo JA, de Carvalho RB, Carvalho HF, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Retraction notice to "Obesity-Induced Increase in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Leads to Development of Colon Cancer in Mice" Gastroenterology 2012;143:741-753.e4. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:871. [PMID: 28864274 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor-in-Chief following an investigation into the data that were presented in several figures within the article. A number of images used in this article are believed to be duplicated images. The authors stated that they inadvertently inserted images of the wrong blots in several of the figures, resulting in the duplications; however, they did not address all of the concerns raised. Because the editors were no longer confident in the conclusions of the article based on these incorrect data, a decision was made to retract the paper. All authors have been notified of this decision. The University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in São Paulo, Brazil was contacted regarding these concerns, but to date the journal has received no response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B S Flores
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Damas-Souza
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Osório-Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília M Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Camargo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita B de Carvalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Carvalho-Filho MA, Ropelle ER, Pauli RJ, Cintra DE, Tsukumo DML, Silveira LR, Curi R, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Expression of Concern: Aspirin attenuates insulin resistance in muscle of diet-induced obese rats by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase production and S-nitrosylation of IRβ/IRS-1 and Akt. Diabetologia 2017:10.1007/s00125-017-4292-5. [PMID: 28516213 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4292-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Carvalho-Filho
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - E R Ropelle
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - R J Pauli
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D E Cintra
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D M L Tsukumo
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - L R Silveira
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - R Curi
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
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6
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Carvalho BM, Guadagnini D, Tsukumo DML, Schenka AA, Latuf-Filho P, Vassallo J, Dias JC, Kubota LT, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Expression of Concern: Modulation of gut microbiota by antibiotics improves insulin signalling in high-fat fed mice. Diabetologia 2017:10.1007/s00125-017-4293-4. [PMID: 28508093 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Carvalho
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D Guadagnini
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D M L Tsukumo
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - A A Schenka
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - P Latuf-Filho
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J Vassallo
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J C Dias
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L T Kubota
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
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Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Fernandes MFA, Rocco SA, Marin RM, Morari J, Souza KK, Dias MM, Gomes-Marcondes MC, Gontijo JAR, Franchini KG, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Statement of Retraction. A Central Role for Neuronal AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in High-Protein Diet-Induced Weight Loss. Diabetes 2008;57:594-605. DOI: 10.2337/db07-0573. Diabetes 2017; 66:786-787. [PMID: 28188143 DOI: 10.2337/db17-rt03b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Oliveira AG, Carvalho BM, Tobar N, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Bagarolli RA, Guadagnini D, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Statement of Retraction. Physical Exercise Reduces Circulating Lipopolysaccharide and TLR4 Activation and Improves Insulin Signaling in Tissues of DIO Rats. Diabetes 2011;60:784-796. DOI: 10.2337/db09-1907. Diabetes 2016; 65:1124-5. [PMID: 27208023 PMCID: PMC6905470 DOI: 10.2337/db16-rt04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Tsukumo DML, Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalheira JBC, Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Schenka AA, Araújo EP, Vassallo J, Curi R, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Statement of Retraction. Loss-of-Function Mutation in Toll-Like Receptor 4 Prevents Diet-Induced Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2007;56:1986-1998. DOI: 10.2337/db06-1595. Diabetes 2016; 65:1126-7. [PMID: 27208024 DOI: 10.2337/db16-rt04a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Fernandes MFA, Rocco SA, Marin RM, Morari J, Souza KK, Dias MM, Gomes-Marcondes MC, Gontijo JAR, Franchini KG, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Expression of Concern. A Central Role for Neuronal AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in High-Protein Diet-Induced Weight Loss. Diabetes 2008;57:594-605. DOI: 10.2337/db07-0573. Diabetes 2016; 65:1122-3. [PMID: 27208022 DOI: 10.2337/db16-ec04a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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11
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Flores MBS, Fernandes MFA, Ropelle ER, Faria MC, Ueno M, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Statement of Retraction. Exercise Improves Insulin and Leptin Sensitivity in Hypothalamus of Wistar Rats. Diabetes 2006;55:2554-2561. DOI: 10.2337/db05-1622. Diabetes 2016; 65:1127-8. [PMID: 27208025 DOI: 10.2337/db16-rt04b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Abstract
Cancer and its morbidities, such as cancer cachexia, constitute a major public health problem. Although cancer cachexia has afflicted humanity for centuries, its underlying multifactorial and complex physiopathology has hindered the understanding of its mechanism. During the last few decades we have witnessed a dramatic increase in the understanding of cancer cachexia pathophysiology. Anorexia and muscle and adipose tissue wasting are the main features of cancer cachexia. These apparently independent symptoms have humoral factors secreted by the tumor as a common cause. Importantly, the hypothalamus has emerged as an organ that senses the peripheral signals emanating from the tumoral environment, and not only elicits anorexia but also contributes to the development of muscle and adipose tissue loss. Herein, we review the roles of factors secreted by the tumor and its effects on the hypothalamus, muscle and adipose tissue, as well as highlighting the key targets that are being exploited for cancer cachexia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina S Mendes
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe O Costa
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), MA: 13083-970 Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Ferrari KL, de Camargo JA, Rocha GZ, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA, Billis A, Reis LO. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin efficiently reduces p70S6K1 but not 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 2015; 193:682-9. [PMID: 25200808 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We characterized the functional consequences of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin on the molecular mechanism of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. To our knowledge this has not been reported previously. MATERIALS AND METHODS At age 7 weeks female Fischer 344 rats received 1.5 mg/kg MNU intravesically every other week for 6 weeks. They were randomized at 10 per group to MNU (0.2 ml vehicle), bacillus Calmette-Guérin (10(6) cfu Connaught strain), rapamycin (15 μg/ml) and bacillus Calmette-Guérin plus simultaneous rapamycin, each intravesically for 6 weeks. At week 15 the bladders were collected for histopathology, immunohistochemistry and immunoblot to determine p-AKT, Rictor, Raptor, p-4E-BP1, p-p70S6K1, p-AMPK-α, p-mTOR and p-p53. RESULTS Papillary carcinoma (pTa) and high grade intraepithelial neoplasia (pTis) predominated in the MNU group while normal urothelium, papillary and flat hyperplasia were more common in treated groups. Nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin showed suppression of p70S6K1 but not 4E-BP1 phosphorylation. This suggests that 4E-BP1 is regulated differently than p70S6K1, escaping the bacillus Calmette-Guérin action that occurs in a mTOR independent manner. The association of bacillus Calmette-Guérin with rapamycin but not rapamycin monotherapy affected p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation with no features of in situ carcinoma (pTis). CONCLUSIONS The activation status of p70S6K1 and 4E-BP1 might be used to stratify patients who could benefit from targeting such molecular elements with multitarget/multidrug intravesical therapy. In the future 4E-BP1 might be a worthwhile new target for bacillus Calmette-Guérin refractory nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Linares Ferrari
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alves de Camargo
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Zweig Rocha
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mário J A Saad
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Athanase Billis
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo O Reis
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Pimentel GD, Ganeshan K, Carvalheira JBC. Hypothalamic inflammation and the central nervous system control of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 397:15-22. [PMID: 24952114 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The control of energy homeostasis relies on robust neuronal circuits that regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Although the physiology of these circuits is well understood, the molecular and cellular response of this program to chronic diseases is still largely unclear. Hypothalamic inflammation has emerged as a major driver of energy homeostasis dysfunction in both obesity and anorexia. Importantly, this inflammation disrupts the action of metabolic signals promoting anabolism or supporting catabolism. In this review, we address the evidence that favors hypothalamic inflammation as a factor that resets energy homeostasis in pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirthana Ganeshan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, United States
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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15
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Silva VRR, Micheletti TO, Pimentel GD, Katashima CK, Lenhare L, Morari J, Mendes MCS, Razolli DS, Rocha GZ, de Souza CT, Ryu D, Prada PO, Velloso LA, Carvalheira JBC, Pauli JR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER. Hypothalamic S1P/S1PR1 axis controls energy homeostasis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4859. [PMID: 25255053 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) is a G-protein-coupled receptor for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) that has a role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Here we show that the S1P/S1PR1 signalling pathway in hypothalamic neurons regulates energy homeostasis in rodents. We demonstrate that S1PR1 protein is highly enriched in hypothalamic POMC neurons of rats. Intracerebroventricular injections of the bioactive lipid, S1P, reduce food consumption and increase rat energy expenditure through persistent activation of STAT3 and the melanocortin system. Similarly, the selective disruption of hypothalamic S1PR1 increases food intake and reduces the respiratory exchange ratio. We further show that STAT3 controls S1PR1 expression in neurons via a positive feedback mechanism. Interestingly, several models of obesity and cancer anorexia display an imbalance of hypothalamic S1P/S1PR1/STAT3 axis, whereas pharmacological intervention ameliorates these phenotypes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the neuronal S1P/S1PR1/STAT3 signalling axis plays a critical role in the control of energy homeostasis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner R R Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx). School of Applied Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccarias, 1300, CEP 13484-350 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thayana O Micheletti
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo D Pimentel
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos K Katashima
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciene Lenhare
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina S Mendes
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Razolli
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z Rocha
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio T de Souza
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Physiology, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, CEP 88806-000 Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrícia O Prada
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lício A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx). School of Applied Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccarias, 1300, CEP 13484-350 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx). School of Applied Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccarias, 1300, CEP 13484-350 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil [2] Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil [3] Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- 1] Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx). School of Applied Science, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Pedro Zaccarias, 1300, CEP 13484-350 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil [2] Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), CEP 13083-887 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Chiarreotto-Ropelle EC, Pauli LSS, Katashima CK, Pimentel GD, Picardi PK, Silva VRR, de Souza CT, Prada PO, Cintra DE, Carvalheira JBC, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR. Acute exercise suppresses hypothalamic PTP1B protein level and improves insulin and leptin signaling in obese rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E649-59. [PMID: 23880311 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00272.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic inflammation is associated with insulin and leptin resistance, hyperphagia, and obesity. In this scenario, hypothalamic protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) has emerged as the key phosphatase induced by inflammation that is responsible for the central insulin and leptin resistance. Here, we demonstrated that acute exercise reduced inflammation and PTP1B protein level/activity in the hypothalamus of obese rodents. Exercise disrupted the interaction between PTP1B with proteins involved in the early steps of insulin (IRβ and IRS-1) and leptin (JAK2) signaling, increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of these molecules, and restored the anorexigenic effects of insulin and leptin in obese rats. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory action and the reduction of PTP1B activity mediated by exercise occurred in an interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent manner because exercise failed to reduce inflammation and PTP1B protein level after the disruption of hypothalamic-specific IL-6 action in obese rats. Conversely, intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant IL-6 reproduced the effects of exercise, improving hypothalamic insulin and leptin action by reducing the inflammatory signaling and PTP1B activity in obese rats at rest. Taken together, our study reports that physical exercise restores insulin and leptin signaling, at least in part, by reducing hypothalamic PTP1B protein level through the central anti-inflammatory response.
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Pimentel GD, Ropelle ER, Rocha GZ, Carvalheira JBC. The role of neuronal AMPK as a mediator of nutritional regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Metabolism 2013; 62:171-8. [PMID: 22898253 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) senses intracellular metabolic stress, i.e., an increase in the cellular AMP:ATP ratio, and integrates diverse hormonal and nutritional signals to restore energy balance. Recent evidence suggests that different nutrients can modulate AMPK activity in the hypothalamus, thereby controlling weight gain through a leptin-independent mechanism. Understanding the mechanisms by which nutrients control hypothalamic AMPK activity is crucial to the development of effective nutritional interventions for the treatment of food intake-related disorders, such as anorexia and obesity. This article highlights the current evidence for the intricate relationship between nutrients and hypothalamic AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Pimentel
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas/São Paulo, Brazil
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Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalho BM, Oliveira AG, Guadagnini D, Ueno M, Dias MM, Tsukumo DM, Hirabara SM, Reis LF, Curi R, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase is a key modulator of insulin sensitivity in physiological conditions and in obesity in mice. Endocrinology 2012; 153:5261-74. [PMID: 22948222 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular integration of nutrient- and pathogen-sensing pathways has become of great interest in understanding the mechanisms of insulin resistance in obesity. The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is one candidate molecule that may provide cross talk between inflammatory and metabolic signaling. The present study was performed to determine, first, the role of PKR in modulating insulin action and glucose metabolism in physiological situations, and second, the role of PKR in insulin resistance in obese mice. We used Pkr(-/-) and Pkr(+/+) mice to investigate the role of PKR in modulating insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, and insulin signaling in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet. Our data show that in lean Pkr(-/-) mice, there is an improvement in insulin sensitivity, and in glucose tolerance, and a reduction in fasting blood glucose, probably related to a decrease in protein phosphatase 2A activity and a parallel increase in insulin-induced thymoma viral oncogene-1 (Akt) phosphorylation. PKR is activated in tissues of obese mice and can induce insulin resistance by directly binding to and inducing insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 serine307 phosphorylation or indirectly through modulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and inhibitor of κB kinase β. Pkr(-/-) mice were protected from high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and showed improved insulin signaling associated with a reduction in c-Jun N-terminal kinase and inhibitor of κB kinase β phosphorylation in insulin-sensitive tissues. PKR may have a role in insulin sensitivity under normal physiological conditions, probably by modulating protein phosphatase 2A activity and serine-threonine kinase phosphorylation, and certainly, this kinase may represent a central mechanism for the integration of pathogen response and innate immunity with insulin action and metabolic pathways that are critical in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Carvalho-Filho
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Carvalho BM, Guadagnini D, Tsukumo DML, Schenka AA, Latuf-Filho P, Vassallo J, Dias JC, Kubota LT, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Modulation of gut microbiota by antibiotics improves insulin signalling in high-fat fed mice. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2823-2834. [PMID: 22828956 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A high-fat dietary intake induces obesity and subclinical inflammation, which play important roles in insulin resistance. Recent studies have suggested that increased concentrations of circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), promoted by changes in intestinal permeability, may have a pivotal role in insulin resistance. Thus, we investigated the effect of gut microbiota modulation on insulin resistance and macrophage infiltration. METHODS Swiss mice were submitted to a high-fat diet with antibiotics or pair-feeding for 8 weeks. Metagenome analyses were performed on DNA samples from mouse faeces. Blood was collected to determine levels of glucose, insulin, LPS, cytokines and acetate. Liver, muscle and adipose tissue proteins were analysed by western blotting. In addition, liver and adipose tissue were analysed, blinded, using histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Antibiotic treatment greatly modified the gut microbiota, reducing levels of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, overall bacterial count and circulating LPS levels. This modulation reduced levels of fasting glucose, insulin, TNF-α and IL-6; reduced activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), inhibitor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells, kinase β (IKKβ) and phosphorylated IRS-1 Ser307; and consequently improved glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance and action in metabolically active tissues. In addition, there was an increase in portal levels of circulating acetate, which probably contributed to an increase in 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in mice. We observed a striking reduction in crown-like structures (CLS) and F4/80(+) macrophage cells in the adipose tissue of antibiotic-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that modulation of gut microbiota in obesity can improve insulin signalling and glucose tolerance by reducing circulating LPS levels and inflammatory signalling. Modulation also appears to increase levels of circulating acetate, which activates AMPK and finally leads to reduced macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Carvalho
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D Guadagnini
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - D M L Tsukumo
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - A A Schenka
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - P Latuf-Filho
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J Vassallo
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J C Dias
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L T Kubota
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - M J A Saad
- Internal Medicine Department-Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
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20
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Flores MBS, Rocha GZ, Damas-Souza DM, Osório-Costa F, Dias MM, Ropelle ER, Camargo JA, de Carvalho RB, Carvalho HF, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. RETRACTED: Obesity-induced increase in tumor necrosis factor-α leads to development of colon cancer in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 143:741-753.e4. [PMID: 22677195 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief and Deputy Editor-in-Chief following an investigation into the data that were presented in several figures within the article. A number of images used in this article are believed to be duplicated images. The authors stated that they inadvertently inserted images of the wrong blots in several of the figures, resulting in the duplications; however, they did not address all of the concerns raised. Because the editors were no longer confident in the conclusions of the article based on these incorrect data, a decision was made to retract the paper. All authors have been notified of this decision. The University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in São Paulo, Brazil was contacted regarding these concerns, but to date the journal has received no response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B S Flores
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Damas-Souza
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Osório-Costa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília M Dias
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Camargo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rita B de Carvalho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F Carvalho
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B C Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lima MHM, Caricilli AM, de Abreu LL, Araújo EP, Pelegrinelli FF, Thirone ACP, Tsukumo DM, Pessoa AFM, dos Santos MF, de Moraes MA, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Topical insulin accelerates wound healing in diabetes by enhancing the AKT and ERK pathways: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36974. [PMID: 22662132 PMCID: PMC3360697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wound healing is impaired in diabetes mellitus, but the mechanisms involved in this process are virtually unknown. Proteins belonging to the insulin signaling pathway respond to insulin in the skin of rats. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulation of the insulin signaling pathway in wound healing and skin repair of normal and diabetic rats, and, in parallel, the effect of a topical insulin cream on wound healing and on the activation of this pathway. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We investigated insulin signaling by immunoblotting during wound healing of control and diabetic animals with or without topical insulin. Diabetic patients with ulcers were randomized to receive topical insulin or placebo in a prospective, double-blind and placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial (NCT 01295177) of wound healing. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Expression of IR, IRS-1, IRS-2, SHC, ERK, and AKT are increased in the tissue of healing wounds compared to intact skin, suggesting that the insulin signaling pathway may have an important role in this process. These pathways were attenuated in the wounded skin of diabetic rats, in parallel with an increase in the time of complete wound healing. Upon topical application of insulin cream, the wound healing time of diabetic animals was normalized, followed by a reversal of defective insulin signal transduction. In addition, the treatment also increased expression of other proteins, such as eNOS (also in bone marrow), VEGF, and SDF-1α in wounded skin. In diabetic patients, topical insulin cream markedly improved wound healing, representing an attractive and cost-free method for treating this devastating complication of diabetes. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01295177.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H. M. Lima
- Department of Nursing, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréa M. Caricilli
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lélia L. de Abreu
- Department of Nursing, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana P. Araújo
- Department of Nursing, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana C. P. Thirone
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela M. Tsukumo
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia M. Pessoa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria A. de Moraes
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B. C. Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lício A. Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario J. A. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ribeiro JT, Macedo LT, Curigliano G, Fumagalli L, Locatelli M, Dalton M, Quintela A, Carvalheira JBC, Manunta S, Mazzarella L, Brollo J, Goldhirsch A. Cytotoxic drugs for patients with breast cancer in the era of targeted treatment: back to the future? Ann Oncol 2012; 23:547-555. [PMID: 21896541 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite current trend of targeted therapy development, cytotoxic agents are a mainstay of treatment of patients with breast cancer. We reviewed recent advances in cytotoxic therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Medline searches were conducted for English language studies using the term 'MBC' and 'cytotoxic drugs'. The data search was restricted to the period 2000-2011. RESULTS Several novel cytotoxic compounds, all microtubule inhibitors, have been approved for clinical use in MBC: (i) nab-paclitaxel, reported to improve tumour response and decrease hypersensitivity reactions in comparison with other taxanes; (ii) ixabepilone, shown to have clinical benefit in taxane- and anthracycline-resistant disease and (iii) eribulin, shown to improve overall survival in heavily pre-treated patients, when compared with best available standard treatment. Agents, such as larotaxel, vinflunine, trabectidin and formulations, including cationic liposomal paclitaxel or paclitaxel poliglumex, are currently under evaluation in phase II/III trials. CONCLUSION Toxicity and chemotherapy resistance are still major limitations in the treatment of patients with MBC. Further research into new cytotoxic compounds is needed in order to maximise benefit, whilst minimising toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Ribeiro
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Lisboa Medical School, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L T Macedo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Clinicas, State University Medical School of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - G Curigliano
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy.
| | - L Fumagalli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - M Locatelli
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - M Dalton
- Oxford University Medical School, Brasenose College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Quintela
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Lisboa Medical School, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital de Clinicas, State University Medical School of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - S Manunta
- Sassari University Medical School, Ospedale S. Campus, Sassari, Italy
| | - L Mazzarella
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - J Brollo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - A Goldhirsch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Tobar N, Oliveira AG, Guadagnini D, Bagarolli RA, Rocha GZ, Araújo TG, Santos-Silva JC, Zollner RL, Boechat LHB, Carvalheira JBC, Prada PO, Saad MJA. Diacerhein improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice on a high-fat diet. Endocrinology 2011; 152:4080-93. [PMID: 21896669 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes are characterized by insulin resistance, and the common basis of these events is a chronic and systemic inflammatory process marked by the activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibitor-κB kinase (IKKβ)/nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathways, up-regulated cytokine synthesis, and endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diacerhein administration, an antiinflammatory drug that reduces the levels of inflammatory cytokines, on insulin sensitivity and signaling in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Swiss mice were fed with conventional chow (control group) or a high-fat diet (DIO group). Later, DIO mice were randomly subdivided into a new subgroup (DAR) that received 20 mg/kg diacerhein for 10 d. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression and phosphorylation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, and Akt and of inflammatory mediators that modulate insulin signaling in a negative manner (IKKβ, JNK, and inducible nitric oxide synthase). We show here, for the first time, that the administration of diacerhein in DIO mice improved endoplasmic reticulum stress, reduced JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation, and resulted in a marked improvement in fasting glucose, a decrease in macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, and a reduced expression and activity of proinflammatory mediators accompanied by an improvement in the insulin signaling mainly in the liver and adipose tissue. Taken together, these results indicate that diacerhein treatment improves insulin sensitivity in obesity, mediated by the reversal of subclinical inflammation, and that this drug may be an alternative therapy for insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Tobar
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Macedo LT, Ribeiro J, Curigliano G, Fumagalli L, Locatelli M, Carvalheira JBC, Quintela A, Bertelli S, De Cobelli O. Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of patients with small cell bladder carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011; 37:558-62. [PMID: 21555200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (SCCUB) is considered to be a tumor with a neuroendocrine phenotype characterised by aggressive behaviour and poor prognosis. Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder comprises 0.35 to 1% of all bladder cancers and is frequently observed in combination with other histological subtypes of carcinoma. Clinical presentation is characterized by advanced stage at diagnosis and rapidly progressive disease. In daily clinical practice there is no gold standard for the management of patients affected by this disease. Treatment of patients with limited disease combines neoadjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy followed by specific local treatment of the primary tumour. Cystectomy or radiotherapy should be proposed on an individual basis. In the metastatic setting, prognosis remains poor with a potential benefit from chemotherapy containing platinum compounds. Treatment of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is based on evidence obtained from case reports and retrospective analyses. Due to low disease frequency there is a lack of randomized trials to provide guidance as to optimal therapy. Thus, systemic and local approaches are extrapolated from the literature available for the treatment of small cell carcinomas at other (non-urological) sites. We provide an overview of the currently available literature with it's main focus on the treatment of either locally advanced or metastatic small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Macedo
- Division of Medical Oncology, State University Medical School of Campinas, Hospital de Clinicas, Campinas, Brazil
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25
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Rocha GZ, Dias MM, Ropelle ER, Osório-Costa F, Rossato FA, Vercesi AE, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Metformin amplifies chemotherapy-induced AMPK activation and antitumoral growth. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:3993-4005. [PMID: 21543517 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug whose anticancer effects, mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and reduction of mTOR signaling, have become noteworthy. Chemotherapy produces genotoxic stress and induces p53 activity, which can cross-talk with AMPK/mTOR pathway. Herein, we investigate whether the combination of metformin and paclitaxel has an effect in cancer cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human tumors were xenografted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and the cancer cell lines were treated with only paclitaxel or only metformin, or a combination of both drugs. Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were then used to characterize the effects of the different treatments. RESULTS The results presented herein show that the addition of metformin to paclitaxel leads to quantitative potentialization of molecular signaling through AMPK and a subsequent potent inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway. Treatment with metformin and paclitaxel resulted in an increase in the number of cells arrested in the G(2)-M phase of the cell cycle, and decreased the tumor growth and increased apoptosis in tumor-bearing mice, when compared with individual drug treatments. CONCLUSION We have provided evidence for a convergence of metformin and paclitaxel induced signaling at the level of AMPK. This mechanism shows how different drugs may cooperate to augment antigrowth signals, and suggests that target activation of AMPK by metformin may be a compelling ally in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Z Rocha
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Da Silva ASR, Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Oliveira AG, Cintra DE, De Souza CT, Velloso LA, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Exercise intensity, inflammatory signaling, and insulin resistance in obese rats. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010; 42:2180-8. [PMID: 20473230 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e45d08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of intensity of exercise on insulin resistance and the expression of inflammatory proteins in the skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese (DIO) rats after a single bout of exercise. METHODS In the first exercise protocol, the rats swam for two 3-h bouts, separated by a 45-min rest period (with 6 h in duration--O + EXE), and in the second protocol, the rats were exercised with 45 min of swimming at 70% of the maximal lactate steady state--SS (DIO + MLSS). RESULTS Our data demonstrated that both protocols of exercise increased insulin sensitivity and increased insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 and serine phosphorylation of protein kinase B in the muscle of DIO rats by the same magnitude. In parallel, both exercise protocols also reduced protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B activity and insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation, with concomitant reduction in c-jun N-terminal kinase and IJB kinase activities in the muscle of DIO rats in a similar fashion. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our data demonstrate that either exercise protocols with low intensity and high volume or exercise with moderate intensity and low volume represents different strategies to restore insulin sensitivity with the same efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelino S R Da Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ropelle ER, Flores MB, Cintra DE, Rocha GZ, Pauli JR, Morari J, de Souza CT, Moraes JC, Prada PO, Guadagnini D, Marin RM, Oliveira AG, Augusto TM, Carvalho HF, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. IL-6 and IL-10 anti-inflammatory activity links exercise to hypothalamic insulin and leptin sensitivity through IKKbeta and ER stress inhibition. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000465. [PMID: 20808781 PMCID: PMC2927536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overnutrition caused by overeating is associated with insulin and leptin resistance through IKKbeta activation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the hypothalamus. Here we show that physical exercise suppresses hyperphagia and associated hypothalamic IKKbeta/NF-kappaB activation by a mechanism dependent upon the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6. The disruption of hypothalamic-specific IL-6 action blocked the beneficial effects of exercise on the re-balance of food intake and insulin and leptin resistance. This molecular mechanism, mediated by physical activity, involves the anti-inflammatory protein IL-10, a core inhibitor of IKKbeta/NF-kappaB signaling and ER stress. We report that exercise and recombinant IL-6 requires IL-10 expression to suppress hyperphagia-related obesity. Moreover, in contrast to control mice, exercise failed to reverse the pharmacological activation of IKKbeta and ER stress in C3H/HeJ mice deficient in hypothalamic IL-6 and IL-10 signaling. Hence, inflammatory signaling in the hypothalamus links beneficial physiological effects of exercise to the central action of insulin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B. Flores
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Z. Rocha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R. Pauli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseane Morari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio T. de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Moraes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia O. Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Marin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre G. Oliveira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taize M. Augusto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hernandes F. Carvalho
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, Physiology and Biophysics, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lício A. Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario J. A. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B. C. Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, De Souza CT, da Silva ASR, Moraes JC, Prada PO, de Almeida Leme JAC, Luciano E, Velloso LA, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Acute exercise reverses aged-induced impairments in insulin signaling in rodent skeletal muscle. Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:323-9. [PMID: 20307567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The insulin resistance associated with aging is improved by exercise, but the molecular mechanisms of this improvement are not fully understood. We investigated whether the improvement in insulin action, associated with acute exercise in old rats is dependent on the modulation of pIRS-1Ser307, JNK, IkBalpha and PTP-1B. Aging rats were subjected to swimming for two 1.5-h long bouts, separated by a 45min rest period. Sixteen hours after the exercise, the rats were killed and proteins from the insulin signaling pathway were analyzed by immunoblotting. Our results show that the reduction in glucose disappearance rate (Kitt), observed in aged rats, was restored at 16h after exercise. Aging led to an increase in Ser307 phosphorylation of IRS-1, and this was reversed by exercise in the skeletal muscle, in parallel with a reduction in pJNK and IkBalpha degradation. Moreover, aging induced an increase in the expression of PTP-1B and attenuated insulin signaling in the muscle of rats, a phenomenon that was reversed by exercise. Interestingly, the decrease in PTP-1B expression in the muscle of exercised old rats was accompanied by an increase in SIRT1 expression. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which exercise restores insulin sensitivity during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Pauli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Carvalho-Filho MA, Ropelle ER, Pauli RJ, Cintra DE, Tsukumo DML, Silveira LR, Curi R, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Aspirin attenuates insulin resistance in muscle of diet-induced obese rats by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase production and S-nitrosylation of IRbeta/IRS-1 and Akt. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2425-34. [PMID: 19730809 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS High-dose aspirin treatment improves fasting and postprandial hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in animal models of insulin resistance associated with obesity and sepsis. In this study, we investigated the effects of aspirin treatment on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated insulin resistance and on S-nitrosylation of insulin receptor (IR)-beta, IRS-1 and protein kinase B (Akt) in the muscle of diet-induced obese rats and also in iNos (also known as Nos2)-/- mice on high fat diet. METHODS Aspirin (120 mg kg-1 day-1 for 2 days) or iNOS inhibitor (L-NIL; 80 mg/kg body weight) were administered to diet-induced obese rats or mice and iNOS production and insulin signalling were investigated. S-nitrosylation of IRbeta/IRS-1 and Akt was investigated using the biotin switch method. RESULTS iNOS protein levels increased in the muscle of diet-induced obese rats, associated with an increase in S-nitrosylation of IRbeta, IRS-1 and Akt. These alterations were reversed by aspirin treatment, in parallel with an improvement in insulin signalling and sensitivity, as measured by insulin tolerance test and glucose clamp. Conversely, while aspirin reversed the increased phosphorylation of IkappaB kinase beta and c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, as well as IRS-1 serine phosphorylation in diet-induced obese rats and iNos -/- mice on high-fat diet, these alterations were not associated with the improvement of insulin action induced by this drug. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data demonstrate that aspirin treatment not only reduces iNOS protein levels, but also S-nitrosylation of IRbeta, IRS-1 and Akt. These changes are associated with improved insulin resistance and signalling, suggesting a novel mechanism of insulin sensitisation evoked by aspirin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Carvalho-Filho
- FCM-UNICAMP, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-887, Brazil
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Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Prada P, Cintra DE, Rocha GZ, Moraes JC, Frederico MJS, da Luz G, Pinho RA, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Saad MA, De Souza CT. Inhibition of hypothalamic Foxo1 expression reduced food intake in diet-induced obesity rats. J Physiol 2009; 587:2341-51. [PMID: 19332486 PMCID: PMC2697302 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.170050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signalling in the hypothalamus plays a role in maintaining body weight. The forkhead transcription factor Foxo1 is an important mediator of insulin signalling in the hypothalamus. Foxo1 stimulates the transcription of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein through the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signalling pathway, but the role of hypothalamic Foxo1 in insulin resistance and obesity remains unclear. Here, we identify that a high-fat diet impaired insulin-induced hypothalamic Foxo1 phosphorylation and degradation, increasing the nuclear Foxo1 activity and hyperphagic response in rats. Thus, we investigated the effects of the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) microinfusion of Foxo1-antisense oligonucleotide (Foxo1-ASO) and evaluated the food consumption and weight gain in normal and diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. Three days of Foxo1-ASO microinfusion reduced the hypothalamic Foxo1 expression by about 85%. i.c.v. infusion of Foxo1-ASO reduced the cumulative food intake (21%), body weight change (28%), epididymal fat pad weight (22%) and fasting serum insulin levels (19%) and increased the insulin sensitivity (34%) in DIO but not in control animals. Collectively, these data showed that the Foxo1-ASO treatment blocked the orexigenic effects of Foxo1 and prevented the hyperphagic response in obese rats. Thus, pharmacological manipulation of Foxo1 may be used to prevent or treat obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Ropelle
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Osório-Costa F, Rocha GZ, Dias MM, Carvalheira JBC. Epidemiological and molecular mechanisms aspects linking obesity and cancer. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 53:213-26. [PMID: 19466214 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302009000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
About 25% of cancer cases globally are due to excess weight and a sedentary lifestyle. These results are alarming, as the world knows a pandemic of obesity and, in consequence, insulin resistance. Obesity may increase risk for various cancers by several mechanisms, including increasing sex and metabolic hormones, and inflammation. Here, we present a review of epidemiological and molecular evidences linking obesity and cancer--particularly colorectal, post-menopausal breast, endometrial, pancreatic, high grade prostate, hepatocellular, gallbladder, kidney and esophageal adenocarcinoma. The expected striking increase in the incidence of cancer in the near future related to obesity turns the knowledge of this field of great impact as it is needed to the development of strategies to prevent and treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Osório-Costa
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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33
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Milanski M, Degasperi G, Coope A, Morari J, Denis R, Cintra DE, Tsukumo DML, Anhe G, Amaral ME, Takahashi HK, Curi R, Oliveira HC, Carvalheira JBC, Bordin S, Saad MJ, Velloso LA. Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neurosci 2009; 29:359-70. [PMID: 19144836 PMCID: PMC6664935 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2760-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal models of diet-induced obesity, the activation of an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus produces molecular and functional resistance to the anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin. The primary events triggered by dietary fats that ultimately lead to hypothalamic cytokine expression and inflammatory signaling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that dietary fats act through the activation of toll-like receptors 2/4 and endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce cytokine expression in the hypothalamus of rodents. According to our results, long-chain saturated fatty acids activate predominantly toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which determines not only the induction of local cytokine expression but also promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress. Rats fed on a monounsaturated fat-rich diet do not develop hypothalamic leptin resistance, whereas toll-like receptor 4 loss-of-function mutation and immunopharmacological inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 protects mice from diet-induced obesity. Thus, toll-like receptor 4 acts as a predominant molecular target for saturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus, triggering the intracellular signaling network that induces an inflammatory response, and determines the resistance to anorexigenic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel Anhe
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Hilton K. Takahashi
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C. Oliveira
- 2Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, and
| | | | - Silvana Bordin
- 3Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil
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Ropelle ER, Fernandes MFA, Flores MBS, Ueno M, Rocco S, Marin R, Cintra DE, Velloso LA, Franchini KG, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Central exercise action increases the AMPK and mTOR response to leptin. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3856. [PMID: 19052642 PMCID: PMC2585815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) are key regulators of cellular energy balance and of the effects of leptin on food intake. Acute exercise is associated with increased sensitivity to the effects of leptin on food intake in an IL-6-dependent manner. To determine whether exercise ameliorates the AMPK and mTOR response to leptin in the hypothalamus in an IL-6-dependent manner, rats performed two 3-h exercise bouts, separated by one 45-min rest period. Intracerebroventricular IL-6 infusion reduced food intake and pretreatment with AMPK activators and mTOR inhibitor prevented IL-6-induced anorexia. Activators of AMPK and fasting increased food intake in control rats to a greater extent than that observed in exercised ones, whereas inhibitor of AMPK had the opposite effect. Furthermore, the reduction of AMPK and ACC phosphorylation and increase in phosphorylation of proteins involved in mTOR signal transduction, observed in the hypothalamus after leptin infusion, were more pronounced in both lean and diet-induced obesity rats after acute exercise. Treatment with leptin reduced food intake in exercised rats that were pretreated with vehicle, although no increase in responsiveness to leptin-induced anorexia after pretreatment with anti-IL6 antibody, AICAR or Rapamycin was detected. Thus, the effects of leptin on the AMPK/mTOR pathway, potentiated by acute exercise, may contribute to appetite suppressive actions in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R. Ropelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo B. S. Flores
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Ueno
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Rocco
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Marin
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E. Cintra
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lício A. Velloso
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kleber G. Franchini
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario J. A. Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José B. C. Carvalheira
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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35
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Oliveira JC, Souza KK, Dias MM, Faria MC, Ropelle ER, Flores MBS, Ueno M, Velloso LA, Saad ST, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Antineoplastic effect of rapamycin is potentiated by inhibition of IRS-1 signaling in prostate cancer cells xenografts. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134:833-9. [PMID: 18264722 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-008-0359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proper activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway is critical for the prevention of tumorigenesis. Recent data have characterized a negative feedback loop, wherein mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) blocks additional activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway through inhibition insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) function. However, the potential of IRS-1 inhibition during rapamycin treatment has not been examined. Herein, we show that IRS-1 antisense oligonucleotide and rapamycin synergistically antagonize the activation of mTOR in vivo and induced tumor suppression, through inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, in prostate cancer cell xenografts. These data demonstrate that the addition of agents that blocks IRS-1 potentiate the effect of mTOR inhibition in the growth of prostate cancer cell xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josenilson C Oliveira
- Departament of Internal Medicine, FCM-UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP, 13081-970, Brazil
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36
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Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Fernandes MFA, Rocco SA, Marin RM, Morari J, Souza KK, Dias MM, Gomes-Marcondes MC, Gontijo JAR, Franchini KG, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. A central role for neuronal AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in high-protein diet-induced weight loss. Diabetes 2008; 57:594-605. [PMID: 18057094 DOI: 10.2337/db07-0573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A high-protein diet (HPD) is known to promote the reduction of body fat, but the mechanisms underlying this change are unclear. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) function as majors regulators of cellular metabolism that respond to changes in energy status, and recent data demonstrated that they also play a critical role in systemic energy balance. Here, we sought to determine whether the response of the AMPK and mTOR pathways could contribute to the molecular effects of an HPD. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Western blotting, confocal microscopy, chromatography, light microscopy, and RT-PCR assays were combined to explore the anorexigenic effects of an HPD. RESULTS An HPD reduced food intake and induced weight loss in both normal rats and ob/ob mice. The intracerebroventricular administration of leucine reduced food intake, and the magnitude of weight loss and reduction of food intake in a leucine-supplemented diet are similar to that achieved by HPD in normal rats and in ob/ob mice, suggesting that leucine is a major component of the effects of an HPD. Leucine and HPD decrease AMPK and increase mTOR activity in the hypothalamus, leading to inhibition of neuropeptide Y and stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin expression. Consistent with a cross-regulation between AMPK and mTOR to control food intake, our data show that the activation of these enzymes occurs in the same specific neuronal subtypes. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide support for the hypothesis that AMPK and mTOR interact in the hypothalamus to regulate feeding during HPD in a leucine-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Ropelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Pauli JR, Ropelle ER, Cintra DE, Carvalho-Filho MA, Moraes JC, De Souza CT, Velloso LA, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA. Acute physical exercise reverses S-nitrosation of the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B/Akt in diet-induced obese Wistar rats. J Physiol 2008; 586:659-71. [PMID: 17974582 PMCID: PMC2375587 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.142414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Early evidence demonstrates that exogenous nitric oxide (NO) and the NO produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can induce insulin resistance. Here, we investigated whether this insulin resistance, mediated by S-nitrosation of proteins involved in early steps of the insulin signal transduction pathway, could be reversed by acute physical exercise. Rats on a high-fat diet were subjected to swimming for two 3 h-long bouts, separated by a 45 min rest period. Two or 16 h after the exercise protocol the rats were killed and proteins from the insulin signalling pathway were analysed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting. We demonstrated that a high-fat diet led to an increase in the iNOS protein level and S-nitrosation of insulin receptor beta (IR beta), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and Akt. Interestingly, an acute bout of exercise reduced iNOS expression and S-nitrosation of proteins involved in the early steps of insulin action, and improved insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obesity rats. Furthermore, administration of GSNO (NO donor) prevents this improvement in insulin action and the use of an inhibitor of iNOS (L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)lysine; L-NIL) simulates the effects of exercise on insulin action, insulin signalling and S-nitrosation of IR beta, IRS1 and Akt. In summary, a single bout of exercise reverses insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese rats by improving the insulin signalling pathway, in parallel with a decrease in iNOS expression and in the S-nitrosation of IR/IRS1/Akt. The decrease in iNOS protein expression in the muscle of diet-induced obese rats after an acute bout of exercise was accompanied by an increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. These results provide new insights into the mechanism by which exercise restores insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Pauli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM-UNICAMP, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil
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38
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Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Zecchin KG, Ueno M, de Souza CT, Morari J, Faria MC, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. A central role for neuronal adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase in cancer-induced anorexia. Endocrinology 2007; 148:5220-9. [PMID: 17717055 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cancer anorexia is multifactorial and associated with disturbances of the central physiological mechanisms controlling food intake. However, the neurochemical mechanisms responsible for cancer-induced anorexia are unclear. Here we show that chronic infusion of 5-amino-4imidazolecarboxamide-riboside into the third cerebral ventricle and a chronic peripheral injection of 2 deoxy-d-glucose promotes hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, increases food intake, and prolongs the survival of anorexic tumor-bearing (TB) rats. In parallel, the pharmacological activation of hypothalamic AMPK in TB animals markedly reduced the hypothalamic production of inducible nitric oxide synthase, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha and modulated the expression of proopiomelanocortin, a hypothalamic neuropeptide that is involved in the control of energy homeostasis. Furthermore, the daily oral and intracerebroventricular treatment with biguanide antidiabetic drug metformin also induced AMPK phosphorylation in the central nervous system and increased food intake and life span in anorexic TB rats. Collectively, the findings of this study suggest that hypothalamic AMPK activation reverses cancer anorexia by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory molecules and controlling the neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus, reflecting in a prolonged life span in TB rats. Thus, our data indicate that hypothalamic AMPK activation presents an attractive opportunity for the treatment of cancer-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Ropelle
- Department of Internal Medicine, FCM, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Souza CTD, Schenka AA, Zecchin HG, Vassallo J, Velloso LA, Carneiro E, Carvalheira JBC, Curi R, Saad MJ. L-glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue and improves insulin signalling in liver and muscle of rats with diet-induced obesity. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1949-1959. [PMID: 17604977 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/30/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is associated with insulin resistance in liver and muscle, but not in adipose tissue. Mice with fat-specific disruption of the gene encoding the insulin receptor are protected against DIO and glucose intolerance. In cell culture, glutamine induces insulin resistance in adipocytes, but has no effect in muscle cells. We investigated whether supplementation of a high-fat diet with glutamine induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue in the rat, improving insulin sensitivity in the whole animal. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats received standard rodent chow or a high-fat diet (HF) or an HF supplemented with alanine or glutamine (HFGln) for 2 months. Light microscopy and morphometry, oxygen consumption, hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp and immunoprecipitation/immunoblotting were performed. RESULTS HFGln rats showed reductions in adipose mass and adipocyte size, a decrease in the activity of the insulin-induced IRS-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)-protein kinase B-forkhead transcription factor box 01 pathway in adipose tissue, and an increase in adiponectin levels. These results were associated with increases in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and insulin-induced suppression of hepatic glucose output, and were accompanied by an increase in the activity of the insulin-induced IRS-PI3-K-Akt pathway in these tissues. In parallel, there were decreases in TNFalpha and IL-6 levels and reductions in c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), IkappaB kinase subunit beta (IKKbeta) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue. There was also an increase in oxygen consumption and a decrease in the respiratory exchange rate in HFGln rats. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Glutamine supplementation induces insulin resistance in adipose tissue, and this is accompanied by an increase in the activity of the hexosamine pathway. It also reduces adipose mass, consequently attenuating insulin resistance and activation of JNK and IKKbeta, while improving insulin signalling in liver and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P O Prada
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - S M Hirabara
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - C T de Souza
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - A A Schenka
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - H G Zecchin
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - J Vassallo
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - L A Velloso
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - E Carneiro
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto Biomédico da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - J B C Carvalheira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - R Curi
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, San Paulo, Brazil
| | - M J Saad
- Departamento de Clínica Médica da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Tessália Viera de Camargo 126, Campinas, San Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil.
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40
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Tsukumo DML, Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalheira JBC, Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Schenka AA, Araújo EP, Vassallo J, Curi R, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Loss-of-function mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2007; 56:1986-98. [PMID: 17519423 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 647] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance and a state of abnormal inflammatory response. The Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 has an important role in inflammation and immunity, and its expression has been reported in most tissues of the body, including the insulin-sensitive ones. Because it is activated by lipopolysaccharide and saturated fatty acids, which are inducers of insulin resistance, TLR4 may be a candidate for participation in the cross-talk between inflammatory and metabolic signals. Here, we show that C3H/HeJ mice, which have a loss-of-function mutation in TLR4, are protected against the development of diet-induced obesity. In addition, these mice demonstrate decreased adiposity, increased oxygen consumption, a decreased respiratory exchange ratio, improved insulin sensitivity, and enhanced insulin-signaling capacity in adipose tissue, muscle, and liver compared with control mice during high-fat feeding. Moreover, in these tissues, control mice fed a high-fat diet show an increase in IkappaB kinase complex and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activity, which is prevented in C3H/HeJ mice. In isolated muscles from C3H/HeJ mice, protection from saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is observed. Thus, TLR4 appears to be an important mediator of obesity and insulin resistance and a potential target for the therapy of these highly prevalent medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M L Tsukumo
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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41
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da Costa França AFE, Siqueira NS, Carvalheira JBC, Saad MJA, Souza EM. Acanthosis nigricans, tripe palms and the sign of Leser-Trelat in a patient with a benign hepatic neoplasia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007; 21:846-8. [PMID: 17567332 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.02053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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42
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Zecchin HG, Priviero FBM, Souza CT, Zecchin KG, Prada PO, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Antunes E, Saad MJA. Defective insulin and acetylcholine induction of endothelial cell-nitric oxide synthase through insulin receptor substrate/Akt signaling pathway in aorta of obese rats. Diabetes 2007; 56:1014-24. [PMID: 17229938 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The actions of acetylcholine (ACh) on endothelium mainly are mediated through muscarinic receptors, which are members of the G protein-coupled receptor family. In the present study, we show that ACh induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in rat aorta. Upon JAK2 activation, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 is detected. In addition, ACh induces JAK2/IRS-1 and IRS-1/phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase associations, downstream activation of Akt/protein kinase B, endothelial cell-nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2. The pharmacological blockade of JAK2 or PI 3-kinase reduced ACh-stimulated eNOS phosphorylation, NOS activity, and aorta relaxation. These data indicate a new signal transduction pathway for IRS-1/PI 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS activation and ERK1/2 by means of JAK2 tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by ACh in vessels. Moreover, we demonstrate that in aorta of obese rats (high-fat diet), there is an impairment in the insulin- and ACh-stimulated IRS-1/PI 3-kinase pathway, leading to reduced activation with lower protein levels of eNOS associated with a hyperactivated ERK/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. These results suggest that in aorta of obese rats, there not only is insulin resistance but also ACh resistance, probably mediated by a common signaling pathway that controls the activity and the protein levels of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique G Zecchin
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
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Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Prada PO, de Souza CT, Picardi PK, Faria MC, Cintra DE, Fernandes MFDA, Flores MB, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Reversal of diet-induced insulin resistance with a single bout of exercise in the rat: the role of PTP1B and IRS-1 serine phosphorylation. J Physiol 2006; 577:997-1007. [PMID: 17008371 PMCID: PMC1890392 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.120006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle interventions including exercise programmes are cornerstones in the prevention of obesity-related diabetes. In this study, we demonstrate that a single bout of exercise inhibits high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) increased the expression and activity of the protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and attenuated insulin signalling in gastrocnemius muscle of rats, a phenomenon which was reversed by a single session of exercise. In addition, DIO was observed to lead to serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), which was also reversed by exercise in muscle in parallel with a reduction in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity. Thus, acute exercise increased the insulin sensitivity during high-fat feeding in obese rats. Overall, these results provide new insights into the mechanism by which exercise restores insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Ropelle
- Departamento de Clínica, Médica, FCM-UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 13081-970
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Ueno M, Carvalheira JBC, Oliveira RLGS, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Circulating ghrelin concentrations are lowered by intracerebroventricular insulin. Diabetologia 2006; 49:2449-52. [PMID: 16955211 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Ghrelin is a peptide that is mainly produced by the stomach and stimulates food intake, adiposity and weight gain. Previous studies have documented that plasma levels of ghrelin are reduced by insulin, but the mechanisms that mediate this effect are unclear. METHODS To determine whether phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K) and/or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are involved in this insulin action, we tested the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) effect of specific inhibitors of PI(3)K (LY294002 and wortmannin) and MAPK (PD98059 and UO126) on the insulin-mediated reduction of ghrelin levels in rats. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular treatment with insulin reduced ghrelin levels. Inhibition of PI(3)K specifically blocked the insulin-induced reduction in ghrelin concentration, whereas inhibition of MAPK had no effect on insulin-mediated actions. Moreover, pretreatment with i.c.v. PI(3)K inhibitors blocked the reduction of ghrelin levels after OGTT-induced hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate that changes in insulin action in the central nervous system regulate circulating ghrelin levels and that PI(3)K is a specific mediator of this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ueno
- Department of Internal Medicine, State, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13081-970, Brazil
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45
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Carvalho-Filho MA, Ueno M, Carvalheira JBC, Velloso LA, Saad MJA. Targeted disruption of iNOS prevents LPS-induced S-nitrosation of IRbeta/IRS-1 and Akt and insulin resistance in muscle of mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 291:E476-82. [PMID: 16638822 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00422.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the insulin resistance associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in two different models of obesity, diet-induced obesity and the ob/ob mice, is mediated by S-nitrosation of proteins involved in insulin signal transduction: insulin receptor beta-subunit (IRbeta), insulin receptor substrate 1(IRS-1), and Akt. S-nitrosation of IRbeta and Akt impairs their kinase activities, and S-nitrosation of IRS-1 reduces its tissue expression. In this study, we observed that LPS-induced insulin resistance in the muscle of wild-type mice, as demonstrated by reduced insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRbeta and IRS-1, reduced IRS-1 expression and reduced insulin-induced serine phosphorylation of Akt. This resistance occurred in parallel with enhanced iNOS expression, which was accompanied by S-nitrosation of IRbeta/IRS-1 and Akt. In the muscle of iNOS(-/-) mice, we did not observe enhanced iNOS expression or any S-nitrosation of IRbeta/IRS-1 and Akt after LPS treatment. Moreover, insulin resistance was not present. The preservation of insulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRbeta and IRS-1, of IRS-1 protein expression, and of insulin-induced serine phosphorylation of Akt observed in LPS-treated iNOS(-/-) mice strongly suggests that the insulin resistance induced by LPS is iNOS mediated, probably through S-nitrosation of proteins of early steps of insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Carvalho-Filho
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13081 970, Campinas SP, Brazil
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Flores MBS, Fernandes MFA, Ropelle ER, Faria MC, Ueno M, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Exercise improves insulin and leptin sensitivity in hypothalamus of Wistar rats. Diabetes 2006; 55:2554-61. [PMID: 16936204 DOI: 10.2337/db05-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exercise of medium to high intensity is known to promote a substantial effect on the energy balance of rats. In male rats, moderately to severely intense programs lead to a reduction in food intake. However, the exact causes for the appetite-suppressive effects of exercise are not known. Here, we show that intracerebroventricular insulin or leptin infusion reduced food intake in exercised rats to a greater extent than that observed in control animals. Exercise was associated with a markedly increased phosphorylation/activity of several proteins involved in leptin and insulin signal transduction in the hypothalamus. The regulatory role of interleukin (IL)-6 in mediating the increase in leptin and insulin sensitivity in hypothalamus was also investigated. Treatment with insulin or leptin markedly reduced food intake in exercised rats that were pretreated with vehicle, although no increase in sensitivity to leptin- and insulin-induced anorexia after pretreatment with anti-IL-6 antibody was detected. The current study provides direct measurements of leptin and insulin signaling in the hypothalamus and documents increased sensitivity to these hormones in the hypothalamus of exercised rats in an IL-6-dependent manner. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the appetite-suppressive actions of exercise may be mediated by the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B S Flores
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13081-970-Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
In the past years, in Brazil and in developed countries, obesity has become a major public health problem. It was identified that besides DM2 and metabolic syndrome other clinical entities were associated with insulin resistance. In this review we describe some of these alterations emphasizing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but also including polycistic ovary disease, hyperuricemia, chronic renal failure, heart failure, cognitive decline and cancer.
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48
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Prattali RR, Barreiro GC, Caliseo CT, Fugiwara FY, Ueno M, Prada PO, Velloso LA, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Retracted: Aspirin inhibits serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 in growth hormone treated animals. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:3152-8. [PMID: 15922338 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 04/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate that pretreatment with aspirin inhibits GH-induced insulin resistance. GH was observed to lead to serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, a phenomenon which was reversed by aspirin in liver, muscle and WAT in parallel with a reduction in JNK activity. In addition, our data show an impairment of insulin activation in the IR/IRS/PI(3)kinase pathway and a reduction in IRS-1 protein levels in rats treated with GH, which was also reversed in the animals pretreated with aspirin. Overall, these results provide new insights into the mechanism of GH-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael R Prattali
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Carvalho-Filho MA, Ueno M, Hirabara SM, Seabra AB, Carvalheira JBC, de Oliveira MG, Velloso LA, Curi R, Saad MJA. S-nitrosation of the insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, and protein kinase B/Akt: a novel mechanism of insulin resistance. Diabetes 2005; 54:959-67. [PMID: 15793233 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.4.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence demonstrates that exogenous nitric oxide (NO) and the NO produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) can induce insulin resistance in muscle. Here, we investigated whether this insulin resistance could be mediated by S-nitrosation of proteins involved in early steps of the insulin signal transduction pathway. Exogenous NO donated by S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) induced in vitro and in vivo S-nitrosation of the insulin receptor beta subunit (IRbeta) and protein kinase B/Akt (Akt) and reduced their kinase activity in muscle. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 was also rapidly S-nitrosated, and its expression was reduced after chronic GSNO treatment. In two distinct models of insulin resistance associated with enhanced iNOS expression-diet-induced obesity and the ob/ob diabetic mice-we observed enhanced S-nitrosation of IRbeta/IRS-1 and Akt in muscle. Reversal of S-nitrosation of these proteins by reducing iNOS expression yielded an improvement in insulin action in both animal models. Thus, S-nitrosation of proteins involved in insulin signal transduction is a novel molecular mechanism of iNOS-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Carvalho-Filho
- Department of Internal Medicine, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
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Cardoso AR, Carvalho CRO, Velloso LA, Brenelli SL, Saad MJA, Carvalheira JBC. Effect of thiopental, pentobarbital and diethyl ether on early steps of insulin action in liver and muscle of the intact rat. Life Sci 2005; 76:2287-97. [PMID: 15748623 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large number of experimental studies have investigated insulin signaling in rats. In these studies different anaesthetics have been used to anaesthetize rats. However, the direct effects of anaesthetics on the regulation of the early steps of insulin action are not known. In the present study, we investigated the effect of thiopental, pentobarbital and diethyl ether on the plasma glucose disappearance rate, IR, IRS-1 and IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, IRSs association with PI 3-kinase, Akt and Erk phosphorylation, in liver and muscle of rats. Fasting plasma glucose levels were higher in animals anaesthetized with ether. No differences in plasma glucose disappearance rates were observed, however. Insulin-induced IR, IRS-1 and IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation, association of these substrates with PI 3-kinase and Akt and ERK phosphorylation were similar in the three groups of animals in both tissues. These data suggest that both thiopental and pentobarbital may be used in studies where changes in insulin signaling are being measured and where adequate general anaesthesia is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilson R Cardoso
- Departamento de Anestesia, FCM, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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