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Liu X, Sun Y, Su Y, Gao Y, Zhang T, Wang Q, Zhang X, Zhang D, Sun C, Li J, Li Z, Zhang B. The compensatory role of T cells from lymph nodes in mice with splenectomy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18363. [PMID: 38770891 PMCID: PMC11107144 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a vital organ for the immune system, while splenectomy may be necessary for various reasons. However, there is limited research on the impact of splenectomy on T cell function in peripheral lymph nodes as a compensatory mechanism in preventing infections. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and function of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in different peripheral lymph nodes during viral infection using a well-established splenectomy model. The results revealed that splenectomy caused an increase in CD8+GP33+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Moreover, we demonstrated that splenectomy resulted in an increase of effector KLRG1+ T cells in the MLN. Additionally, the number of CD4+ cytotoxic T cells (CD4 CTLs) was also elevated in the peripheral lymph nodes of mice with splenectomy. Surprisingly, aged mice exhibited a stronger compensatory ability than adult mice, as evidenced by an increase in effector CD8+ T cells in all peripheral lymph nodes. These findings provide compelling evidence that T cells in MLN play a crucial role in protecting individuals with splenectomy against viral infections. The study offers new insights into understanding the changes in the immune system of individuals with splenectomy and highlights the potential compensatory mechanisms involved by T cells in peripheral lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical SciencesYan'an UniversityYan'anShaanxiChina
| | - Yae Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Medical Immunology, College of Basic Medical SciencesYan'an UniversityYan'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Tianzhe Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine InstituteXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Qianhao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine InstituteXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine InstituteXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Jun Li
- Department of EmergencyShaanxi Provincial People's HospitalXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Zongfang Li
- National‐Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, CHESS‐Shaanxi consortium, The Second Affiliated HospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical SciencesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine InstituteXi'an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi'anShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to DiseasesXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
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2
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Tayebinia M, Sharifzadeh S, Rafiei Dehbidi G, Zare F, Ranjbaran R, Rahimi A, Miri MR, Mirzakhani M, Behzad-Behbahania A. Expression of the Hepatitis C Virus core-NS3 Fusion Protein on the Surface of Bacterial Ghosts: Prospects for Vaccine Production. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2023; 15:173-179. [PMID: 37538239 PMCID: PMC10395460 DOI: 10.18502/ajmb.v15i3.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antigen presentation using bacterial surface display systems, on one hand, has the benefits of bacterial carriers, including low-cost production and ease of manipulation. On the other hand, the bacteria can help in stimulating the immune system as an adjuvant. For example, using bacterial surface display technology, we developed a hepatitis C virus (HCV) multiple antigens displaying bacteria's surface and then turned it into a bacterial ghost. Methods The HCV core and NS3 proteins' conserved epitopes were cloned into the AIDA gene plasmid as an auto transporter. The recombinant plasmid was then transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) Bl21 (DE3). Recombinant bacteria were then turned into a bacterial ghost, an empty cell envelope. Whole-cell ELISA, flow cytometry, and Western blot techniques were used for monitoring the expression of proteins on the surface of bacteria. Results A fusion protein of HCV core-NS3-AIDA was successfully expressed on the E. coli Bl21 (DE3) surface and confirmed by western blotting, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry detection techniques. Conclusion The presence of HCV antigens on non-pathogen bacteria surfaces holds promise for developing safe and cost-benefit-accessible vaccines with optimal intrinsic adjuvant effects and exposure of heterologous antigens to the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoosadat Tayebinia
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sharifzadeh
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Rafiei Dehbidi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Zare
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbaran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Rahimi
- Bioinfirmatic and Computational Biology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Miri
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, the Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahania
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Wu HW, Chen HD, Chen YH, Mao XL, Feng YY, Li SW, Zhou XB. The Effects of Programmed Cell Death of Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the Development of Liver Fibrosis. Stem Cells Int 2023; 2023:4586398. [PMID: 37214784 PMCID: PMC10195177 DOI: 10.1155/2023/4586398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells have shown noticeable potential for unlimited self-renewal. They can differentiate into specific somatic cells, integrate into target tissues via cell-cell contact, paracrine effects, exosomes, and other processes and then regulate the target cells and tissues. Studies have demonstrated that transplantation of MSCs could decrease the expression and concentration of collagen in the liver, thereby reducing liver fibrosis. A growing body of evidence indicates that apoptotic MSCs could inhibit harmful immune responses and reduce inflammatory responses more effectively than viable MSCs. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial transfer from MSCs is a novel strategy for the regeneration of various damaged cells via the rescue of their respiratory activities. This study is aimed at reviewing the functions of MSCs and the related roles of the programmed cell death of MSCs, including autophagy, apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, as well as the regulatory pathogenic mechanisms of MSCs in liver fibrosis. Research has demonstrated that the miR-200B-3p gene is differentially expressed gene between LF and normal liver samples, and that the miR-200B-3p gene expression is positively correlated with the degree of liver fibrosis, suggesting that MSCs could inhibit liver fibrosis through pyroptosis. It was confirmed that circulating monocytes could deliver MSC-derived immunomodulatory molecules to different sites by phagocytosis of apoptotic MSCs, thereby achieving systemic immunosuppression. Accordingly, it was suggested that characterization of the programmed cell death-mediated immunomodulatory signaling pathways in MSCs should be a focus of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wei Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - He-dan Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-hong Chen
- Health Management Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin-li Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-yi Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian-bin Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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Costa B, Vale N. Modulating Immune Response in Viral Infection for Quantitative Forecasts of Drug Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010167. [PMID: 36678799 PMCID: PMC9867121 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The antiretroviral drug, the total level of viral production, and the effectiveness of immune responses are the main topics of this review because they are all dynamically interrelated. Immunological and viral processes interact in extremely complex and non-linear ways. For reliable analysis and quantitative forecasts that may be used to follow the immune system and create a disease profile for each patient, mathematical models are helpful in characterizing these non-linear interactions. To increase our ability to treat patients and identify individual differences in disease development, immune response profiling might be useful. Identifying which patients are moving from mild to severe disease would be more beneficial using immune system parameters. Prioritize treatments based on their inability to control the immune response and prevent T cell exhaustion. To increase treatment efficacy and spur additional research in this field, this review intends to provide examples of the effects of modelling immune response in viral infections, as well as the impact of pharmaceuticals on immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Costa
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426537
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Wang LW, Li J, Gao LX, Chen FY. A novel dibenzofuran from endophytic fungus Mycosphaerella nawae preferentially inhibits CD4 + T cell activation and proliferation. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3502-3511. [PMID: 35973736 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To obtain promising immunosuppressants from endophytic fungus. METHODS AND RESULTS The endophytic fungus Mycosphaerella nawae (ZJLQ129) was isolated from the plant Smilax china L. and its secondary metabolites extracted and fractionated through column chromatography. The metabolites were further modified by a derivatization reaction with ammonium hydroxide. After isolation and derivatization, a new dibenzofuran named as (+)isomycousnine enamine (iME) was obtained. The structures of the derivatives were determined based on chemical evidences and extensive spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR, DEPT and HRESI-MS spectra. The immune activities of iME were first evaluated on the proliferation and cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ) production of T and B cells by using MTT and ELISA methods, respectively. Then, its effects on the proliferation of T cell subsets (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), as well as CD25 and CD69 expressions were also determined by flow cytometry. Finally, by using Cytometric Bead Array (CBA), the impacts of iME on the secretion of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines from purified CD4+ T cells were assayed. The results showed that iME not only selectively suppressed the immune responses of T cells, but also preferentially inhibited the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSION A novel dibenzofuran derived from endophytic fungus Mycosphaerella nawae preferentially inhibits CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This work obtained iME, a new dibenzofuran derived from endophytic fungus. iME has the capacity to inhibit CD4+ T cell activation and therefore is a novel potential immunosuppressant for development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Le-Xin Gao
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, 310053, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Yang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, 310053, Hangzhou, China
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Shoukry NH, Walker CM. T cell responses during HBV and HCV infections: similar but not quite the same? Curr Opin Virol 2021; 51:80-86. [PMID: 34619514 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis B and C viruses persist by evasion of T cell immunity. Persistence depends upon premature failure of CD4+ T cell help and loss of CD8+ T cell control because of epitope mutational escape and/or functional exhaustion. Powerful new immunological and transcriptomic tools provide insight into the mechanisms of T cell silencing by HBV and HCV. Similarities are apparent, including dysregulated expression of common inhibitory/immune checkpoint receptors and transcription factors. There are also differences. T cell exhaustion is uniform in HCV infection, but varies in HBV infection depending on disease stage and/or protein target. Here, we review recent advances defining similarities and differences in T cell evasion by HBV and HCV, and the potential for reversal following antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher M Walker
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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7
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Shoukry NH. Towards a Systems Immunology Approach to Understanding Correlates of Protective Immunity against HCV. Viruses 2021; 13:1871. [PMID: 34578451 PMCID: PMC8473057 DOI: 10.3390/v13091871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in systems biology-based approaches to studying immunity to viral infections and responses to vaccines. These approaches that integrate multiple facets of the immune response, including transcriptomics, serology and immune functions, are now being applied to understand correlates of protective immunity against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to inform vaccine development. This review focuses on recent progress in understanding immunity to HCV using systems biology, specifically transcriptomic and epigenetic studies. It also examines proposed strategies moving forward towards an integrated systems immunology approach for predicting and evaluating the efficacy of the next generation of HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa H. Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Tour Viger, Local R09.414, 900 Rue St-Denis, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada;
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
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Gobran ST, Ancuta P, Shoukry NH. A Tale of Two Viruses: Immunological Insights Into HCV/HIV Coinfection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726419. [PMID: 34456931 PMCID: PMC8387722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly 2.3 million individuals worldwide are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Odds of HCV infection are six times higher in people living with HIV (PLWH) compared to their HIV-negative counterparts, with the highest prevalence among people who inject drugs (PWID) and men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV coinfection has a detrimental impact on the natural history of HCV, including higher rates of HCV persistence following acute infection, higher viral loads, and accelerated progression of liver fibrosis and development of end-stage liver disease compared to HCV monoinfection. Similarly, it has been reported that HCV coinfection impacts HIV disease progression in PLWH receiving anti-retroviral therapies (ART) where HCV coinfection negatively affects the homeostasis of CD4+ T cell counts and facilitates HIV replication and viral reservoir persistence. While ART does not cure HIV, direct acting antivirals (DAA) can now achieve HCV cure in nearly 95% of coinfected individuals. However, little is known about how HCV cure and the subsequent resolution of liver inflammation influence systemic immune activation, immune reconstitution and the latent HIV reservoir. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of HIV/HCV coinfection, the effects of HCV coinfection on HIV disease progression in the context of ART, the impact of HIV on HCV-associated liver morbidity, and the consequences of DAA-mediated HCV cure on immune reconstitution and HIV reservoir persistence in coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaa T Gobran
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Petronela Ancuta
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de microbiologie, infectiologie et immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
HDV is a small, defective RNA virus that requires the HBsAg of HBV for its assembly, release, and transmission. Chronic HBV/HDV infection often has a severe clinical outcome and is difficult to treat. The important role of a robust virus-specific T cell response for natural viral control has been established for many other chronic viral infections, but the exact role of the T cell response in the control and progression of chronic HDV infection is far less clear. Several recent studies have characterised HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses on a peptide level. This review comprehensively summarises all HDV-specific T cell epitopes described to date and describes our current knowledge of the role of T cells in HDV infection. While we now have better tools to study the adaptive anti-HDV-specific T cell response, further efforts are needed to define the HLA restriction of additional HDV-specific T cell epitopes, establish additional HDV-specific MHC tetramers, understand the degree of cross HDV genotype reactivity of individual epitopes and understand the correlation of the HBV- and HDV-specific T cell response, as well as the breadth and specificity of the intrahepatic HDV-specific T cell response.
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Key Words
- ADAR1, adenosine deaminases acting on RNA
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CD4+
- CD8+
- ELISpot, enzyme-linked immune spot assay
- HBV
- HDAg, hepatitis delta antigen
- HDV
- Hepatitis Delta
- ICS, intracellular cytokine staining
- IFN-, interferon-
- L-HDAg, large hepatitis delta antigen
- MAIT, mucosa-associated invariant T cells
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Peg-IFN-α, pegylated interferon alpha
- S-HDAg, small hepatitis delta antigen
- T cell
- TCF, T cell-specific transcription factor
- TNFα, tumour necrosis factor-α
- Th1, T helper 1
- aa, amino acid(s)
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- epitope
- viral escape
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Zhu M, Hua T, Ouyang T, Qian H, Yu B. Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Fibrosis: Novel Strategies, Mechanisms, and Clinical Practice. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6546780. [PMID: 34434239 PMCID: PMC8380491 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6546780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common result of most chronic liver diseases, and advanced fibrosis often leads to cirrhosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for liver cirrhosis except liver transplantation. Therefore, it is important to carry out antifibrosis treatment to reverse liver damage in the early stage of liver fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely used stem cells in the field of regenerative medicine. The preclinical and clinical research results of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis show that MSC administration is a promising treatment for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. MSCs reverse liver fibrosis and increase liver function mainly through differentiation into hepatocytes, immune regulation, secretion of cytokines and other nutritional factors, reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis, and promotion of hepatocyte regeneration. Recently, many studies provided a variety of new methods and strategies to improve the effect of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarized the current effective methods and strategies and their potential mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis, as well as the current research progress in clinical practice. We expect to achieve complete reversal of liver injury with MSC-based therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianzhen Hua
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Ouyang
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huofu Qian
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Taizhou, China
| | - Bing Yu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
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