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Hasegawa K, Nakano K, Nagaya M, Watanabe M, Uchikura A, Matsunari H, Umeyama K, Kobayashi E, Nagashima H. Transplantation of human cells into Interleukin-2 receptor gamma gene knockout pigs under several conditions. Regen Ther 2022; 21:62-72. [PMID: 35765545 PMCID: PMC9198816 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previously, we performed gene knockout (KO) of interleukin-2 receptor gamma (IL2RG) in porcine fetal fibroblasts using zinc finger nuclease-encoding mRNAs, subsequently generating IL2RG KO pigs using these cells through somatic cell nuclear transfer. The IL2RG KO pigs lacked a thymus and were deficient in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, similar to human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patients. The present study aimed to evaluate whether pigs can support the growth of xenografted human cells and have the potential to be an effective animal model. Methods The IL2RG XKOY pigs used in this study were obtained by mating IL2RG XKOX females with wild-type boars. This permitted the routine production of IL2RG KO pigs via natural breeding without complicated somatic cell cloning procedures; therefore, a sufficient number of pigs could be prepared. We transplanted human HeLa S3 cells expressing the tandem dimer tomato into the ears and pancreas of IL2RG KO pigs. Additionally, a newly developed method for the aseptic rearing of SCID pigs was used in case of necessity. Results Tumors from the transplanted cells quickly developed in all pigs and were verified by histology and immunohistochemistry. We also transplanted these cells into the pancreas of designated pathogen-free pigs housed in novel biocontainment facilities, and large tumors were confirmed. Conclusions IL2RG KO pigs have the potential to become useful animal models in a variety of translational biology fields. The present study aimed to evaluate whether IL2RG KO SCID-like pigs can host and support the growth of xenografted human cells under several conditions. Tumors from transplanted cells quickly developed in all pigs, as verified by histology and immunohistochemistry. IL2RG KO pigs have the potential to become extremely useful animal models in a variety of translational biology fields.
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Key Words
- DPF, designated pathogen-free
- IL, Interleukin
- IL2RG, interleukin-2 receptor gamma
- Interleukin-2 receptor gamma
- KO, knock out pigs
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- OIDP, operational immunodeficient pig
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pig
- SCID
- SCID, Severe combined immunodeficiency
- SCNT, somatic cell nuclear transfer
- SD, standard deviation
- U-iR, uterectomy-isolated rearing
- WT, wild-type pigs
- XLGD, X-linked genetic diseases
- Xenotransplantation
- ZFN, Zinc finger nuclease
- tdTomato, tandem dimer Tomato
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- PorMedTec Co. Ltd., 2-3227 MIta, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-0034, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagaya
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- PorMedTec Co. Ltd., 2-3227 MIta, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-0034, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ayuko Uchikura
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeyama
- PorMedTec Co. Ltd., 2-3227 MIta, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-0034, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine - Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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Goel R, Eapen CE. Recognizing Dysfunctional Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Contributing to Liver Damage in Patients With Cirrhosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:993-1002. [PMID: 34744379 PMCID: PMC8560502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human host immune system wards off attacks by enemies such as viruses by mounting an inflammatory response which may sometimes injure self-tissues. Dysfunctional immune/inflammatory response by the host may affect the functioning of vital organs. The largest number of innate immune cells in the body resides in the liver. On encountering a new insult or injury to the liver, the innate immune system responds quickly to counter it. Acute liver insults may trigger acute liver failure or acute on chronic liver failure; these disorders are associated with a predominant innate immune response. Activation of the reticuloendothelial system (part of the innate immune response) predicts short-term and medium-term survival in patients with acute on chronic liver failure. Liver diseases associated with an aberrant adaptive immune response like autoimmune hepatitis respond well to treatment with steroids and other immunosuppressants, while those associated with innate immune dysfunction like acute on chronic liver failure do not respond well to steroids; recent reports suggest that the latter disorders may respond to therapeutic plasma exchange. How does the immune system in a patient with liver disease respond to SARS CoV2 infection? While commonly used tests in routine clinical practice provide clues to activation of different arms of immune response in patients with cirrhosis, specialized tests may help characterize this further. This review discusses the tests which reflect aberrant immune responses and treatment of patients with cirrhosis.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute on chronic liver failure
- AIH, autoimmune hepatitis
- ANCA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
- APASL, Asia Pacific Association for Study of Liver
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease of 2019
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- EASL, European Association for Study of Liver
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgG4 RD, IgG4 related disease
- MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PBC, primary biliary cholangitis
- PSC, primary sclerosing cholangitis
- SARS CoV2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- VWF, von Willebrand factor
- cirrhosis
- immune dysfunction
- investigations
- reticuloendothelial activation
- sMR, soluble mannose receptor
- treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Goel
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chundamannil Eapen Eapen
- Hepatology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India,Address for correspondence: Dr CE Eapen, Hepatology Department, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
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Abstract
The recently identified novel cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) activates the downstream adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) by catalysing the synthesis of cyclic GMP-AMP. This in turn initiates an innate immune response through the release of various cytokines, including type I interferon. Foreign DNA (microbial infection) or endogenous DNA (nuclear or mitochondrial leakage) can serve as cGAS ligands and lead to the activation of cGAS-STING signalling. Therefore, the cGAS-STING pathway plays essential roles in infectious diseases, sterile inflammation, tumours, and autoimmune diseases. In addition, cGAS-STING signalling affects the progression of liver inflammation through other mechanisms, such as autophagy and metabolism. In this review, we summarise recent advances in our understanding of the role of cGAS-STING signalling in the innate immune modulation of different liver diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cGAS-STING pathway in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Key Words
- AIM2, absent in melanoma 2
- ALD, alcohol-related liver disease
- APCs, antigen-presenting cells
- CDNs, cyclic dinucleotides
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- GVHD, graft-versus-host disease
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HSCs, hepatic stellate cells
- IFN-I, type I interferon
- IL, interleukin
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- IRI, ischaemia refusion injury
- KCs, Kupffer cells
- LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- NPCs, non-parenchymal cells
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein-1
- PD-L1, programmed cell death protein ligand-1
- PPRs, pattern recognition receptors
- SAVI, STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- TBK1, TANK-binding kinase 1
- TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumour necrosis factor
- XRCC, X-ray repair cross complementing
- aHSCT, allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- cGAMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate
- cGAS, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase
- cGAS-STING signalling
- dsDNA, double-strand DNA
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- innate immune response
- liver injury
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- siRNA, small interfering RNA
- ssRNA, single-stranded RNA
- viral hepatitis
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Chen
- Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Ling
- Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Kohsar M, Landahl J, Neumann-Haefelin C, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Human hepatitis D virus-specific T cell epitopes. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100294. [PMID: 34308324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HDV is a small, defective RNA virus that requires the HBsAg of HBV for its assembly, release, and transmission. Chronic HBV/HDV infection often has a severe clinical outcome and is difficult to treat. The important role of a robust virus-specific T cell response for natural viral control has been established for many other chronic viral infections, but the exact role of the T cell response in the control and progression of chronic HDV infection is far less clear. Several recent studies have characterised HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses on a peptide level. This review comprehensively summarises all HDV-specific T cell epitopes described to date and describes our current knowledge of the role of T cells in HDV infection. While we now have better tools to study the adaptive anti-HDV-specific T cell response, further efforts are needed to define the HLA restriction of additional HDV-specific T cell epitopes, establish additional HDV-specific MHC tetramers, understand the degree of cross HDV genotype reactivity of individual epitopes and understand the correlation of the HBV- and HDV-specific T cell response, as well as the breadth and specificity of the intrahepatic HDV-specific T cell response.
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Key Words
- ADAR1, adenosine deaminases acting on RNA
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- CD4+
- CD8+
- ELISpot, enzyme-linked immune spot assay
- HBV
- HDAg, hepatitis delta antigen
- HDV
- Hepatitis Delta
- ICS, intracellular cytokine staining
- IFN-, interferon-
- L-HDAg, large hepatitis delta antigen
- MAIT, mucosa-associated invariant T cells
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1
- PTM, post-translational modification
- Peg-IFN-α, pegylated interferon alpha
- S-HDAg, small hepatitis delta antigen
- T cell
- TCF, T cell-specific transcription factor
- TNFα, tumour necrosis factor-α
- Th1, T helper 1
- aa, amino acid(s)
- cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA
- epitope
- viral escape
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Sharma S, Baweja S, Maras JS, Shasthry SM, Moreau R, Sarin SK. Differential blood transcriptome modules predict response to corticosteroid therapy in alcoholic hepatitis. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100283. [PMID: 34095796 PMCID: PMC8165449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims In patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH), little is known about the profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at baseline and during corticosteroid therapy, among those who can be treated successfully with steroids (steroid-responders [R] and those who cannot (steroid-non-responders [NR]); 2 groups with different outcomes. Methods We performed RNA-seq analysis in PBMCs from 32 patients with definite SAH, at baseline and after 7 days of corticosteroids. The data were sorted into R and NR (n = 16, each group) using the Lille model and 346 blood transcription modules (BTMs) were identified. BTMs are predefined modules of highly co-expressed PBMC genes, which can determine specific immune cell types and cellular functions. The activity of each BTM was taken as the mean value of its member genes. Results At baseline, 345 BTMs had higher activity (i.e. were upregulated) in NR relative to R. The 100 most upregulated BTMs in NR, included several modules related to lymphoid lineage (T, B, and natural killer [NK] cells), modules for cell division and mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain (ETC, relating to energy production), but only a few modules of myeloid cells. Correlation studies of BTM activities found features of significantly greater activation/proliferation and differentiation for T and B cells in NR relative to R. After 7 days of corticosteroids, NR had no significant changes in BTM activities relative to baseline, whereas R had downregulation of BTMs related to innate and adaptive immunity. Conclusions At baseline and during corticosteroid therapy, increased activity in the PBMCs of gene modules related to activation/proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells, NK cells, and mitochondrial ETC, is a hallmark of SAH patients who are steroid-non-responders. Lay summary Patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis receive steroid therapy as the main line of treatment; however, this treatment is ineffective in some patients. This only becomes apparent after 7 days of steroid therapy. We have developed an approach where it can be estimated if a patient is going to respond or not to steroid therapy using the gene expression information of blood cells. This method will allow clinicians to assess the response of patients to steroids earlier, and will help them in adopting alternate strategies if the treatment is found to be ineffective in a particular patient. RNA-seq is an unprecedented tool for analysis of the bulk peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transcriptome. Co-expressed genes in the bulk PBMC transcriptome can be grouped as blood transcriptional modules (BTMs). Patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, non-responsive to corticosteroids, have a distinct BTM profile at baseline. Deconvolution of RNA-seq data using CIBERSORTx showed increases in different populations of B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and NK cells. Baseline FACS analysis of PBMCs can be reflective of immune cells identified by RNA-seq data analysis.
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Key Words
- Alcoholic liver disease
- BTM, blood transcription module
- CTP score, Child-Turcott-Pugh score
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Glucocorticoid receptor
- MDF, Maddrey’s discriminant function
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- NR, non-responders
- NR3C1
- NR3C1, nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group c gene member 1
- OxPhos, oxidative phosphorylation
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- R, responders
- RNA-seq, RNA sequencing
- SAH, severe alcoholic hepatitis
- Steroid
- Transcriptome
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Affiliation(s)
- Shvetank Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukriti Baweja
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jaswinder S Maras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Saggere M Shasthry
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Richard Moreau
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Service d'Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clichy, France
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Gonzalez-Diaz SN, Martin B, Villarreal-Gonzalez RV, Lira-Quezada CED, Macouzet-Sanchez C, Macias-Weinmann A, Guzman-Avilan RI, Garcia-Campa M, Noyola-Perez A, Garcia-Gonzalez DU. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with allergic diseases. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14:100510. [PMID: 33520081 PMCID: PMC7826023 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic disease. Interactions between allergy-related inflammatory and psychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been documented. Therefore, those who have pre-existing allergic conditions may have an increased psychiatric reaction to the stresses of the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE Identify the psychological impact of COVID-19 in patients with allergic diseases and determine if these individuals have a greater risk of presenting with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS It is a cross-sectional, survey-based study designed to assess the degree of symptoms of depression and the risk of PTSD using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), respectively, in allergic patients. RESULTS A total of 4106 surveys were evaluated; 1656 (40.3%) were patients with allergic disease, and 2450 (59.7%) were non-allergic (control) individuals. Of those with allergies, 76.6% had respiratory allergic disease including asthma and allergic rhinitis. Individuals with allergic disease reported higher scores regarding symptoms of PTSD on the IES-R scale (p = 0.052, OR 1.24 CI 0.99-1.55) as well as a higher depression risk score in the PHQ-9 questionnaire (mean 6.82 vs. 5.28) p = 0.000 z = -8.76.The allergy group presented a higher score in the IES-R questionnaire (mean 25.42 vs. 20.59), being more susceptible to presenting PTSD (p = 0.000, z = -7.774).The individuals with allergic conditions were further divided into subgroups of those with respiratory allergies such as allergic rhinitis and asthma vs those with non-respiratory allergies such as drug and food allergy, urticaria and atopic dermatitis. This subgroup analysis compares respiratory versus non-respiratory allergic patients, with similar results on the IES-R (mean 25.87 vs 23.9) p = 0.0124, z = -1.539. There was no significant difference on intrusion (p = 0.061, z = -1.873) and avoidance (p = 0.767, z = -0.297), but in the hyperarousal subscale, patients with respiratory allergy had higher scores (mean 1.15 vs. 0.99) p = 0.013 z = -2.486. CONCLUSIONS Psychological consequences such as depression and reported PTSD are present during the COVID-19 pandemic causing an impact particularly in individuals with allergic diseases. If we acknowledge the impact and how it is affecting our patients, we are able to implement interventions, follow up, and contribute to their overall well-being.
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Key Words
- Allergic
- COVID 19, coronavirus disease 2019
- COVID-19
- CoV-2, coronavirus 2
- DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition
- IFN-g, interferon gamma
- IL-1, interleukin 1
- IL-4, interleukin 4
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- Impact
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- OR, odds ratio
- Psychologic
- SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- TNF- α, tumoral necrosis factor alfa
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nora Gonzalez-Diaz
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - Bryan Martin
- Allergy and Immunology at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rosalaura Virginia Villarreal-Gonzalez
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - Cindy Elizabeth de Lira-Quezada
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - Carlos Macouzet-Sanchez
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Macias-Weinmann
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - Rosa Ivett Guzman-Avilan
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - Mariano Garcia-Campa
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - Andres Noyola-Perez
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
| | - David Uriel Garcia-Gonzalez
- Regional Center of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Gonzalitos y Madero s/n Colonia Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, CP 64460, Mexico
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Khalil BA, Elemam NM, Maghazachi AA. Chemokines and chemokine receptors during COVID-19 infection. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:976-988. [PMID: 33558827 PMCID: PMC7859556 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators needed during an immune response to clear pathogens. However, their excessive release is the main cause of hyperinflammation. In the recent COVID-19 outbreak, chemokines may be the direct cause of acute respiratory disease syndrome, a major complication leading to death in about 40% of severe cases. Several clinical investigations revealed that chemokines are directly involved in the different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we review the role of chemokines and their receptors in COVID-19 pathogenesis to better understand the disease immunopathology which may aid in developing possible therapeutic targets for the infection.
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Key Words
- AECs, airway epithelial cells
- AP-1, Activator Protein 1
- ARDS
- ARDS, acute respiratory disease syndrome
- BALF, bronchial alveolar lavage fluid
- CAP, community acquired pneumonia
- COVID-19
- CRS, cytokine releasing syndrome
- Chemokine Receptors
- Chemokines
- DCs, dendritic cells
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- GAGs, glycosaminoglycans
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HRSV, human respiratory syncytial virus
- IFN, interferon
- IMM, inflammatory monocytes and macrophages
- IP-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Immunity
- MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- NF-κB, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PRR, pattern recognition receptors
- RSV, rous sarcoma virus
- SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TRIF, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
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Affiliation(s)
- Bariaa A. Khalil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Azzam A. Maghazachi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Immuno-Oncology Group, Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Yan C, Luo Z, Li W, Li X, Dallmann R, Kurihara H, Li YF, He RR. Disturbed Yin-Yang balance: stress increases the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections of herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:383-98. [PMID: 32140387 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), a neurotropic herpes virus, is able to establish a lifelong latent infection in the human host. Following primary replication in mucosal epithelial cells, the virus can enter sensory neurons innervating peripheral tissues via nerve termini. The viral genome is then transported to the nucleus where it can be maintained without producing infectious progeny, and thus latency is established in the cell. Yin–Yang balance is an essential concept in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Yin represents stable and inhibitory factors, and Yang represents the active and aggressive factors. When the organism is exposed to stress, especially psychological stress caused by emotional stimulation, the Yin–Yang balance is disturbed and the virus can re-engage in productive replication, resulting in recurrent diseases. Therefore, a better understanding of the stress-induced susceptibility to HSV-1 primary infection and reactivation is needed and will provide helpful insights into the effective control and treatment of HSV-1. Here we reviewed the recent advances in the studies of HSV-1 susceptibility, latency and reactivation. We included mechanisms involved in primary infection and the regulation of latency and described how stress-induced changes increase the susceptibility to primary and recurrent infections.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP, eIF4E-binding protein
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AKT, protein kinase B
- AMPK, AMP-dependent kinase
- BCL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2
- CNS, central nervous system
- CORT, corticosterone
- CPE, cytopathic effect
- CTCF, CCCTC-binding factor
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- CoREST, REST corepressor 1
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DEX, dexamethasone
- GREs, GR response elements
- GRs, glucocorticoid receptors
- H3K9, histone H3 on lysines 9
- HCF-1, host cell factor 1
- HDACs, histone deacetylases
- HPA axis, hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis
- HPK, herpetic simplex keratitis
- HPT axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis
- HSV-1
- HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1
- Herpes simplex virus type 1
- ICP, infected cell polypeptide
- IRF3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- KLF15, Krüppel-like transcription factor 15
- LAT, latency-associated transcripts
- LRF, Luman/CREB3 recruitment factor
- LSD1, lysine-specific demethylase 1
- Latency
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- ND10, nuclear domains 10
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- OCT-1, octamer binding protein 1
- ORFs, open reading frames
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinases
- PML, promyelocytic leukemia protein
- PNS, peripheral nervous system
- PRC1, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1
- PRRs, pattern-recognition receptors
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligands
- REST, RE1-silencing transcription factor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Reactivation
- SGKs, serum and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinases
- SIRT1, sirtuin 1
- Stress
- Susceptibility
- T3, thyroid hormone
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TG, trigeminal ganglia
- TK, thymidine kinase
- TRIM14, tripartite motif-containing 14
- TRKA, tropomyosin receptor kinase A
- TRM, tissue resident memory T cells
- cGAS, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- sncRNAs, small non-coding RNAs
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Arai Y, Martin-Ruiz CM, Takayama M, Abe Y, Takebayashi T, Koyasu S, Suematsu M, Hirose N, von Zglinicki T. Inflammation, But Not Telomere Length, Predicts Successful Ageing at Extreme Old Age: A Longitudinal Study of Semi-supercentenarians. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1549-58. [PMID: 26629551 PMCID: PMC4634197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the most important drivers of successful ageing at extreme old age, we combined community-based prospective cohorts: Tokyo Oldest Old Survey on Total Health (TOOTH), Tokyo Centenarians Study (TCS) and Japanese Semi-Supercentenarians Study (JSS) comprising 1554 individuals including 684 centenarians and (semi-)supercentenarians, 167 pairs of centenarian offspring and spouses, and 536 community-living very old (85 to 99 years). We combined z scores from multiple biomarkers to describe haematopoiesis, inflammation, lipid and glucose metabolism, liver function, renal function, and cellular senescence domains. In Cox proportional hazard models, inflammation predicted all-cause mortality with hazard ratios (95% CI) 1.89 (1.21 to 2.95) and 1.36 (1.05 to 1.78) in the very old and (semi-)supercentenarians, respectively. In linear forward stepwise models, inflammation predicted capability (10.8% variance explained) and cognition (8(.)6% variance explained) in (semi-)supercentenarians better than chronologic age or gender. The inflammation score was also lower in centenarian offspring compared to age-matched controls with Δ (95% CI) = - 0.795 (- 1.436 to - 0.154). Centenarians and their offspring were able to maintain long telomeres, but telomere length was not a predictor of successful ageing in centenarians and semi-supercentenarians. We conclude that inflammation is an important malleable driver of ageing up to extreme old age in humans.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase or alanine transaminase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase or aspartate transaminase
- Ageing
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Centenarian
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- GGTP, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase
- IL-6, interleukin 6
- IQR, inter-quartile range
- Inflammation
- JSS, Japanese Semi-Supercentenarians Study
- LTL, leukocyte telomere length
- MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SD, standard deviation
- TCS, Tokyo Centenarians Study
- TNF-alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
- TOOTH, Tokyo Oldest Old Survey on Total Health
- Telomere
- eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumichi Arai
- Centre for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Carmen M. Martin-Ruiz
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Michiyo Takayama
- Centre for Preventive Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Centre for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koyasu
- Laboratory for Immune Cell Systems, RIKEN Centre for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Centre for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, and JST, ERATO, Suematsu Gas Biology Project, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Centre for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence to: N. Hirose, Centre for Supercentenarian Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35, Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Thomas von Zglinicki
- Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, UK
- Correspondence to: T. von Zglinicki, Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL, UK.
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Metsalu T, Viltrop T, Tiirats A, Rajashekar B, Reimann E, Kõks S, Rull K, Milani L, Acharya G, Basnet P, Vilo J, Mägi R, Metspalu A, Peters M, Haller-Kikkatalo K, Salumets A. Using RNA sequencing for identifying gene imprinting and random monoallelic expression in human placenta. Epigenetics 2015; 9:1397-409. [PMID: 25437054 DOI: 10.4161/15592294.2014.970052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the possible critical importance of placental gene imprinting and random monoallelic expression on fetal and infant health, most of those genes must be identified, in order to understand the risks that the baby might meet during pregnancy and after birth. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to introduce a workflow and tools for analyzing imprinted and random monoallelic gene expression in human placenta, by applying whole-transcriptome (WT) RNA sequencing of placental tissue and genotyping of coding DNA variants in family trios. Ten family trios, each with a healthy spontaneous single-term pregnancy, were recruited. Total RNA was extracted for WT analysis, providing the full sequence information for the placental transcriptome. Parental and child blood DNA genotypes were analyzed by exome SNP genotyping microarrays, mapping the inheritance and estimating the abundance of parental expressed alleles. Imprinted genes showed consistent expression from either parental allele, as demonstrated by the SNP content of sequenced transcripts, while monoallelically expressed genes had random activity of parental alleles. We revealed 4 novel possible imprinted genes (LGALS8, LGALS14, PAPPA2 and SPTLC3) and confirmed the imprinting of 4 genes (AIM1, PEG10, RHOBTB3 and ZFAT-AS1) in human placenta. The major finding was the identification of 4 genes (ABP1, BCLAF1, IFI30 and ZFAT) with random allelic bias, expressing one of the parental alleles preferentially. The main functions of the imprinted and monoallelically expressed genes included: i) mediating cellular apoptosis and tissue development; ii) regulating inflammation and immune system; iii) facilitating metabolic processes; and iv) regulating cell cycle.
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Key Words
- ASE, allele-specific expression
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GEO, Gene Expression Omnibus
- IUGR, intrauterine growth restriction
- MAF, minor allele frequency
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- RNA sequencing
- RNA-Seq, RNA-sequencing
- RPKM, reads per kilobase per million
- UCSC, University of California Santa Cruz
- WT, whole-transcriptome
- allele-specific expression
- imprinting
- placenta
- random monoallelic expression
- short read mapping
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauno Metsalu
- a Institute of Computer Science ; University of Tartu ; Tartu , Estonia
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Toma M, Wehner R, Kloß A, Hübner L, Fodelianaki G, Erdmann K, Füssel S, Zastrow S, Meinhardt M, Seliger B, Brech D, Noessner E, Tonn T, Schäkel K, Bornhäuser M, Bachmann MP, Wirth MP, Baretton G, Schmitz M. Accumulation of tolerogenic human 6-sulfo LacNAc dendritic cells in renal cell carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008342. [PMID: 26155414 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) essentially contribute to the induction and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Based on these important properties, DCs may profoundly influence tumor progression in patients. However, little is known about the role of distinct human DC subsets in primary tumors and their impact on clinical outcome. In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of human 6-sulfo LacNAc (slan) DCs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). slanDCs have been shown to display various tumor-directed properties and to accumulate in tumor-draining lymph nodes from patients. When evaluating 263 ccRCC and 227 tumor-free tissue samples, we found increased frequencies of slanDCs in ccRCC tissues compared to tumor-free tissues. slanDCs were also detectable in the majority of 24 metastatic lymph nodes and 67 distant metastases from ccRCC patients. Remarkably, a higher density of slanDCs was significantly associated with a reduced progression-free, tumor-specific or overall survival of ccRCC patients. Tumor-infiltrating slanDCs displayed an immature phenotype expressing interleukin-10. ccRCC cells efficiently impaired slanDC-induced T-cell proliferation and programming as well as natural killer (NK) cell activation. In conclusion, these findings indicate that higher slanDC numbers in ccRCC tissues are associated with poor prognosis. The induction of a tolerogenic phenotype in slanDCs leading to an insufficient activation of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity may represent a novel immune escape mechanism of ccRCC. These observations may have implications for the design of therapeutic strategies that harness tumor-directed functional properties of DCs against ccRCC.
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Key Words
- CTLs, cytotoxic T cells
- DCs, dendritic cells
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IFNγ, interferonγ
- IL, interleukin
- ILT, immunoglobulin-like transcript
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
- T cells
- TMAs, tissue microarrays
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- Th1 cells, T helper type I cells
- ccRCC, clear cell renal cell carcinoma
- dendritic cells
- renal cell carcinoma
- slan, 6-sulfo LacNAc
- tumor immunology
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta Toma
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Rebekka Wehner
- Institute of Immunology; Medical Faculty; TU Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Anja Kloß
- Institute of Immunology; Medical Faculty; TU Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hübner
- Institute of Immunology; Medical Faculty; TU Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Georgia Fodelianaki
- Institute of Immunology; Medical Faculty; TU Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Kati Erdmann
- Department of Urology; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Füssel
- Department of Urology; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Zastrow
- Department of Urology; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg ; Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dorothee Brech
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich ; Munich, Germany
| | - Elfriede Noessner
- Institute of Molecular Immunology; Helmholtz Center Munich; German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich ; Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; German Red Cross Blood Service ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Knut Schäkel
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital of Heidelberg ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Bornhäuser
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Medicine I; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael P Bachmann
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Radioimmunology; Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research; Helmholtz Center Dresden-Rossendorf ; Dresden, Germany
| | - Manfred P Wirth
- Department of Urology; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Baretton
- Institute of Pathology; University Hospital of Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institute of Immunology; Medical Faculty; TU Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) ; Dresden, Germany ; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Bertucci F, Finetti P, Mamessier E, Pantaleo MA, Astolfi A, Ostrowski J, Birnbaum D. PDL1 expression is an independent prognostic factor in localized GIST. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1002729. [PMID: 26155391 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1002729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most frequently occurring digestive sarcomas. The prognosis of localized GIST is heterogeneous, notably for patients with an Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) intermediate or high risk of relapse. Despite imatinib effectiveness, it is crucial to develop therapies able to overcome the resistance mechanisms. The immune system represents an attractive prognostic and therapeutic target. The Programmed cell Death 1 (PD1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) pathway is a key inhibitor of the immune response; recently, anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 drugs showed very promising results in patients with solid tumors. However, PDL1 expression has never been studied in GIST. Our objective was to analyze PDL1 expression in a large series of clinical samples. We analyzed mRNA expression data of 139 operated imatinib-untreated localized GIST profiled using DNA microarrays and searched for correlations with histoclinical features including postoperative metastatic relapse. PDL1 expression was heterogeneous across tumors and was higher in AFIP low-risk than in high-risk samples, and in samples without than with metastatic relapse. PDL1 expression was associated with immunity-related parameters such as T-cell-specific and CD8+ T-cell-specific gene expression signatures and probabilities of activation of interferon α (IFNα), IFNγ, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) pathways, suggesting positive correlation with a cytotoxic T-cell response. In multivariate analysis, the PDL1-low group was associated with a higher metastatic risk independently of the AFIP classification and the KIT mutational status. In conclusion, PDL1 expression refines the prediction of metastatic relapse in localized GIST and might improve our ability to better tailor adjuvant imatinib. In the metastatic setting, PDL1 expression might guide the use of PDL1 inhibitors, alone or associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Key Words
- AFIP, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
- DNA microarray
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GEO, gene expression omnibus
- GES, gene expression signatures
- GIST
- GIST, gastrointestinal stromal tumors
- GO, gene ontology
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- MFS, metastasis-free survival
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PD1, programmed cell death 1
- PDGFRA, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α
- PDL1
- PDL1, programmed cell death ligand 1
- REMARK, REcommendations for tumor MARKer
- RMA, robust multichip average
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- WT, wild type
- gene expression
- immune response
- prognosis
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bertucci
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France ; Aix-Marseille University ; Marseille, France ; French Sarcoma Group ; Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
| | - Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine; Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital ; Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Giorgio Prodi Cancer Research Center; University of Bologna ; Bologna, Italy
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Cancer Center-Institute and Medical Center of Postgraduate Education ; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
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