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Sasaki N, Shinji S, Shichi Y, Ishiwata T, Arai T, Yamada T, Takahashi G, Ohta R, Sonoda H, Matsuda A, Iwai T, Takeda K, Yonaga K, Ueda K, Kuriyama S, Miyasaka T, Yoshida H. TGF-β1 increases cellular invasion of colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma cell line through partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101239. [PMID: 35252596 PMCID: PMC8891970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression and metastasis in many types of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Although the importance of EMT is also considered in colorectal neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC), its regulatory mechanisms have not been elucidated. We recently established a human colorectal NEC cell line, SS-2. In this study, we aimed to clarify whether these cells were sensitive to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and whether EMT could be induced through TGF-β1/Smad signaling, with the corresponding NEC cell-specific changes in invasiveness. In SS-2 cells, activation of TGF-β1 signaling, as indicated by phosphorylation of Smad2/3, was dose-dependent, demonstrating that SS-2 cells were responsive to TGF-β1. Analysis of EMT markers showed that mRNA levels changed with TGF-β1 treatment and that E-cadherin, an EMT marker, was expressed in cell-cell junctions even after TGF-β1 treatment. Invasion assays showed that TGF-β1-treated SS-2 cells invaded more rapidly than non-treated cells, and these cells demonstrated increased metalloproteinase activity and cell adhesion. Among integrins involved in cell-to-matrix adhesion, α2-integrin was exclusively upregulated in TGF-β1-treated SS-2 cells, but not in other colon cancer cell lines, and adhesion and invasion were inhibited by an anti-α2-integrin blocking antibody. Our findings suggest that α2-integrin may represent a novel therapeutic target for the metastasis of colorectal NEC cells. NEC cell line SS-2 is responsive to TGF-β1. TGF-β1 stimulation induces partial EMT, maintaining E-cadherin in SS-2 cells. TGF-β1-treated SS-2 cells exhibit increase in metalloproteinase activity and cell adhesion. α2-integrin is exclusively upregulated in TGF-β1-treated SS-2 cells. Use of anti-α2-integrin blocking antibody inhibits enhanced adhesion and invasion.
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Key Words
- Adhesion
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- EMT
- EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorter
- Invasion
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NEC, neuroendocrine carcinoma
- NENs, neuroendocrine neoplasms
- Neuroendocrine carcinoma
- SD, standard deviation
- SEM, scanning electron microscopic
- TGF, transforming growth factor-beta
- TGF-β1
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
- α2-integrin
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Sasaki
- Research Team for Geriatric Medicine (Vascular Medicine), Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Seiichi Shinji
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Yuuki Shichi
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ishiwata
- Division of Aging and Carcinogenesis, Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Tomio Arai
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Goro Takahashi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohta
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sonoda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Akihisa Matsuda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Takuma Iwai
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kohki Takeda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yonaga
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Koji Ueda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Sho Kuriyama
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Miyasaka
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
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Karimani A, Ramezani N, Afkhami Goli A, Nazem Shirazi MH, Nourani H, Jafari AM. Subchronic neurotoxicity of diazinon in albino mice: Impact of oxidative stress, AChE activity, and gene expression disturbances in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus on mood, spatial learning, and memory function. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1280-1288. [PMID: 34277358 PMCID: PMC8261896 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazinon (DZN) with prominent neurotoxic effects perturbs CNS function via multiple mechanisms. This investigation intends to explore mood, spatial learning, and memory dysfunction, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and neurodegeneration-related gene expression in the cortex and hippocampus regions of mice exposed to DZN for 63 consecutive days (subchronic exposure). Adult male albino mice were orally given sublethal DZN (DZNL = 0.1 mg/kg, DZNM = 1 mg/kg and DZNH = 10 mg/kg). All mice in the DZNH group died within 3 weeks postexposure. DZNL and DZNM caused body and brain weight loss (p < 0.05). Completing 9 weeks of DZN exposure, a marked decline in AChE activity and oxidative stress level was indicated in both brain regions (p < 0.05). Also, synaptophysin, vesicular acetylcholine transferase, and glutamate decarboxylase gene expressions were affected in both brain regions (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the present study revealed that DZN administration increased anxiety and depressive-like behaviors (p < 0.0001). Spatial learning and short- and long-memory were severely affected by DZNL and DZNM treatments (p < 0.0001). Taken together, subchronic exposure to low and medium doses of DZN can cause AChE inhibition, oxidative damage, and neurotransmitter disturbances in brain cells and induce neurodegeneration. These changes would impair mood, spatial learning, and memory function.
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Key Words
- AChE, acetylcholine esterase
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- Ach, acetylcholine
- COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- CX, cerebral cortex
- Cerebral cortex
- DZN, diazinon
- DZO, diazoxon
- Diazinon
- FRAP, ferric reducing antioxidant power
- FST, forced swim test
- GABA, ϒ-aminobutyric acid
- GAD65, glutamate decarboxylase 65
- HP, hippocampus
- Hippocampus
- LD50, lethal dose 50
- MB, marble burying test
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MWM, Morris water maze test
- Memory
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- Neurodegenerative diseases
- Ops, organophosphates
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- SYP, synaptophysin
- Spatial learning
- VAChT, vesicular acetylcholine transferase
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Asieh Karimani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nasrin Ramezani
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Afkhami Goli
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hosein Nourani
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Moghaddam Jafari
- Department of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Kim SH, Singh KB, Hahm ER, Lokeshwar BL, Singh SV. Withania somnifera root extract inhibits fatty acid synthesis in prostate cancer cells. J Tradit Complement Med 2020; 10:188-197. [PMID: 32670813 PMCID: PMC7340880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior research argues for a role of increased de novo fatty acid synthesis in pathogenesis of prostate adenocarcinoma, which remains a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in American men. A safe and effective inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis is still a clinically unmet need. Herein, we investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Withania somnifera root (WRE) standardized for one of its components (withaferin A) on fatty acid synthesis using LNCaP and 22Rv1 human prostate cancer cells. Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant used in the Ayurvedic medicine practiced in India. Western blotting and confocal microscopy revealed a statistically significant decrease in protein levels of key fatty acid metabolism enzymes including ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) in WRE-treated cells compared with solvent control. The mRNA levels of ACLY, ACC1, FASN, and CPT1A were also lower in WRE-treated cells in comparison with control. Consequently, WRE treatment resulted in a significant decrease in intracellular levels of acetyl-CoA, total free fatty acids, and neutral lipid droplets in both LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells. WRE exhibited greater potency for fatty acid synthesis inhibition at equimolar concentration than cerulenin and etomoxir. Exposure to WRE results in downregulation of c-Myc and p-Akt(S473) proteins in 22Rv1 cell line. However, overexpression of only c-Myc conferred protection against clonogenic cell survival and lipogenesis inhibition by WRE. In conclusion, these results indicate that WRE is a novel inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis in human prostate cancer cells. Withania somnifera is a medicinal plant used in alternative medicine (Ayurvedic medicine) system practiced in India. Withania somnifera root extract exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects including anticancer activity. The present study reveals that Withania somnifera root extract is a potent inhibitor of lipogenesis in prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of lipogenesis seems to be a useful biomarker of anticancer efficacy of Withania somnifera in prostate cancer.
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Key Words
- ACC1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
- ACLY, ATP citrate lyase
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- ATP citrate lyase
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
- CPT1A, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A
- CTCF, corrected total cell fluorescence
- Cer, cerulenin
- Chemoprevention
- Eto, etomoxir
- FASN, fatty acid synthase
- Fatty acid synthase
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Prostate cancer
- Vec, pcDNA3 empty vector transfected cells
- WRE, Withania somnifera root extract
- caAkt, constitutively active Akt
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Krishna B Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eun-Ryeong Hahm
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Bertucci F, Finetti P, Mamessier E, Pantaleo MA, Astolfi A, Ostrowski J, Birnbaum D. PDL1 expression is an independent prognostic factor in localized GIST. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1002729. [PMID: 26155391 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.1002729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most frequently occurring digestive sarcomas. The prognosis of localized GIST is heterogeneous, notably for patients with an Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) intermediate or high risk of relapse. Despite imatinib effectiveness, it is crucial to develop therapies able to overcome the resistance mechanisms. The immune system represents an attractive prognostic and therapeutic target. The Programmed cell Death 1 (PD1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) pathway is a key inhibitor of the immune response; recently, anti-PD1 and anti-PDL1 drugs showed very promising results in patients with solid tumors. However, PDL1 expression has never been studied in GIST. Our objective was to analyze PDL1 expression in a large series of clinical samples. We analyzed mRNA expression data of 139 operated imatinib-untreated localized GIST profiled using DNA microarrays and searched for correlations with histoclinical features including postoperative metastatic relapse. PDL1 expression was heterogeneous across tumors and was higher in AFIP low-risk than in high-risk samples, and in samples without than with metastatic relapse. PDL1 expression was associated with immunity-related parameters such as T-cell-specific and CD8+ T-cell-specific gene expression signatures and probabilities of activation of interferon α (IFNα), IFNγ, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) pathways, suggesting positive correlation with a cytotoxic T-cell response. In multivariate analysis, the PDL1-low group was associated with a higher metastatic risk independently of the AFIP classification and the KIT mutational status. In conclusion, PDL1 expression refines the prediction of metastatic relapse in localized GIST and might improve our ability to better tailor adjuvant imatinib. In the metastatic setting, PDL1 expression might guide the use of PDL1 inhibitors, alone or associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Key Words
- AFIP, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
- DNA microarray
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GEO, gene expression omnibus
- GES, gene expression signatures
- GIST
- GIST, gastrointestinal stromal tumors
- GO, gene ontology
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- MFS, metastasis-free survival
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PD1, programmed cell death 1
- PDGFRA, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α
- PDL1
- PDL1, programmed cell death ligand 1
- REMARK, REcommendations for tumor MARKer
- RMA, robust multichip average
- ROC, receiver operating characteristic
- TILs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- WT, wild type
- gene expression
- immune response
- prognosis
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bertucci
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France ; Aix-Marseille University ; Marseille, France ; French Sarcoma Group ; Lyon, France
| | - Pascal Finetti
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Mamessier
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
| | - Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
- Department of Specialized, Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine; Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital ; Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Giorgio Prodi Cancer Research Center; University of Bologna ; Bologna, Italy
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Cancer Center-Institute and Medical Center of Postgraduate Education ; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Department of Molecular Oncology; Institut Paoli-Calmettes; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille ; UMR1068 Inserm; Marseille, France
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