Protective effects of Biebersteinia multifida on sub-chronic toxicity of DZN in male Wistar rats: biochemical, hematological, and oxidative stress indices

The protective effect of Biebersteinia Multifida on diazinon-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats was investigated over 8 weeks. Impacts of diazinon (10 mg/kg daily), Biebersteinia Multifida (500 mg/kg daily), and coadministration of them on oxidative stress parameters besides hematological and biochemical indices were assessed in various groups. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to identify the antioxidant components of plant extract by comparing the mass spectra and retention indices with those given in the literature. Pseudocholinesterase level demonstrated a significant attenuation in the Biebersteinia Multifida+diazinon-treated group in comparison to the diazinon group at the end of the 8th week. Statistical significant differences in hematological and biochemical indices were detectable when the diazinon group was compared to Biebersteinia Multifida+diazinon-treated rats. While diazinon destroyed hepatic and renal functions, Biebersteinia Multifida protected the liver and kidney from diazinon toxic effects by normalizing related function indices at the end of the 8th week. By diminishing malondialdehyde and enhancing the ferric-reducing power, Biebersteinia Multifida minimized the hazardous effect of diazinon-induced oxidative stress. Following these results, the beneficial effects of Biebersteinia Multifida in reducing the toxicity of diazinon should be taken into consideration.

Subchronic neurotoxicity of diazinon in albino mice: Impact of oxidative stress, AChE activity, and gene expression disturbances in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus on mood, spatial learning, and memory function

Diazinon (DZN) with prominent neurotoxic effects perturbs CNS function via multiple mechanisms. This investigation intends to explore mood, spatial learning, and memory dysfunction, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity, and neurodegeneration-related gene expression in the cortex and hippocampus regions of mice exposed to DZN for 63 consecutive days (subchronic exposure). Adult male albino mice were orally given sublethal DZN (DZNL = 0.1 mg/kg, DZNM = 1 mg/kg and DZNH = 10 mg/kg). All mice in the DZNH group died within 3 weeks postexposure. DZNL and DZNM caused body and brain weight loss (p < 0.05). Completing 9 weeks of DZN exposure, a marked decline in AChE activity and oxidative stress level was indicated in both brain regions (p < 0.05). Also, synaptophysin, vesicular acetylcholine transferase, and glutamate decarboxylase gene expressions were affected in both brain regions (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the present study revealed that DZN administration increased anxiety and depressive-like behaviors (p < 0.0001). Spatial learning and short- and long-memory were severely affected by DZNL and DZNM treatments (p < 0.0001). Taken together, subchronic exposure to low and medium doses of DZN can cause AChE inhibition, oxidative damage, and neurotransmitter disturbances in brain cells and induce neurodegeneration. These changes would impair mood, spatial learning, and memory function.

Protective effects of glycyrrhizin on sub-chronic diazinon-induced biochemical, hematological alterations and oxidative stress indices in male Wistar rats

The aim of this study was to elucidate the protective effect of glycyrrhizin on diazinon-induced changes in body and organ weights, blood hematology, lipid profile, biochemistry parameters and tissue markers of oxidative stress in male Wistar rats over a 7-week period. Rats were orally given sublethal dose of diazinon (10 mg/kg daily; 0.008 LD50), while glycyrrhizin (25 mg kg^-1 daily) was given alone or in combination with diazinon. At the end of 7th week, statistically significant decrease of pseudocholinesterase activity was detected when diazinon- and glycyrrhizin + diazinon-treated groups were compared to the control group. Diazinon treated rats showed weight loss and organ weight changes which were comparable to other groups. There was a statistically significance in hematological indices except mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) when diazinon treated group was compared to glycyrrhizin + diazinon treated rats. Glycyrrhizin protected the liver and kidney from diazinon toxic effects with significantly decrease in serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities as well as ameliorated hepatic and renal function indices (such as bilirubin, total protein, albumin, BUN, creatinine glucose). In addition, glycyrrhizin minimized the hazardous effect of diazinon on plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The protective effects of glycyrrhizin were confirmed by tissue markers of oxidative stress analysis as glycyrrhizin in combination diminished malondialdehyde and glycyrrhizin alone or in combination enhanced thiol group and the ferric reducing power. In accordance to these results, our observations demonstrated the beneficial effects of glycyrrhizin in reducing the toxicity of diazinon.

Prediction of Inpatient Survival and Graft Loss in Rehospitalized Kidney Recipients

INTRODUCTION

Despite a sizeable amount of research conducted hitherto into predictors of renal transplantation outcomes, there are scarce, data on predictors of in-hospital outcomes of post-kidney transplant rehospitalization. This study sought to provide a user-friendly prediction model for inpatient mortality and graft loss among rehospitalized kidney recipients.

METHOD

This retrospective review of 424 consecutive kidney recipients rehospitalized after kidney transplantation between the years 2000 and 2005 used multiple logistic regression analysis to evaluate predictors of hospitalization outcomes.

RESULTS

Multivariate analysis showed that age at admission, diabetes mellitus as the cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), admission due to cerebrovascular accident (CVA), surgical complications were predictors of in-hospital death; age at transplantation, surgical complications, and rejection were predictors of graft loss. Equation for prediction of in-hospital death was Logit(death) -0.304 * age at transplantation (year) + 0.284 age at admission (year) + 1.621 admission for surgical complication + 4.001 admission for CVA-ischemic heart disease + 2.312 diabetes as cause of ESRD. Equation for prediction of in-hospital death was Logit(graft loss) = 0.041 age at transplantation (year) + 1.184 admission for graft rejection + 1.798 admission for surgical complication.

CONCLUSIONS

Our prediction equations, using simple demographic and clinical variables, estimated the probability of inpatient mortality and graft loss among re-hospitalized kidney recipients.