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Romano F, Di Porzio A, Iaccarino N, Riccardi G, Di Lorenzo R, Laneri S, Pagano B, Amato J, Randazzo A. G-quadruplexes in cancer-related gene promoters: from identification to therapeutic targeting. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:745-773. [PMID: 37855085 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2271168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guanine-rich DNA sequences can fold into four-stranded noncanonical secondary structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s) which are widely distributed in functional regions of the human genome, such as telomeres and gene promoter regions. Compelling evidence suggests their involvement in key genome functions such as gene expression and genome stability. Notably, the abundance of G4-forming sequences near transcription start sites suggests their potential involvement in regulating oncogenes. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of current knowledge on G4s in human oncogene promoters. The most representative G4-binding ligands have also been documented. The objective of this work is to present a comprehensive overview of the most promising targets for the development of novel and highly specific anticancer drugs capable of selectively impacting the expression of individual or a limited number of genes. EXPERT OPINION Modulation of G4 formation by specific ligands has been proposed as a powerful new tool to treat cancer through the control of oncogene expression. Actually, most of G4-binding small molecules seem to simultaneously target a range of gene promoter G4s, potentially influencing several critical driver genes in cancer, thus producing significant therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Di Porzio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Iaccarino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jussara Amato
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Liu Z, Song L, Xie J, Wu XR, Gin GE, Wang B, Uchio E, Zi X. Kavalactone Kawain Impedes Urothelial Tumorigenesis in UPII-Mutant Ha-Ras Mice via Inhibition of mTOR Signaling and Alteration of Cancer Metabolism. Molecules 2023; 28:1666. [PMID: 36838656 PMCID: PMC9966944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UPII-mutant Ha-ras transgenic mice develop urothelial hyperplasia and low-grade papillary carcinoma, which mimics human non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). We investigated the effects and mechanisms of kawain, a main kavalactone in the kava plant, on oncogenic Ha-ras-driven urothelial carcinoma in these mice. The mice were fed at six weeks of age with vehicle control or kawain (6 g/kg) formulated food for approximately five months. Seventy-eight percent of the mice or more fed with kawain food survived more than six months of age, whereas only 32% control food-fed male mice survived, (p = 0.0082). The mean wet bladder weights (a surrogate for tumor burden) of UPII-mutant Ha-ras transgenic mice with kawain diet was decreased by approximately 56% compared to those fed with the control diet (p = 0.035). The kawain diet also significantly reduced the occurrence of hydronephrosis and hematuria in UPII-mutant Ha-ras transgenic mice. Histological examination and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that vehicle control-treated mice displayed more urothelial carcinoma and Ki67-positive cells in the bladder compared to kawain treated mice. Global metabolic profiling of bladder tumor samples from mice fed with kawain food showed significantly more enrichment of serotonin and less abundance of xylulose, prostaglandin A2, D2 and E2 compared to those from control diet-fed mice, suggesting decreased shunting of glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and reduced inflammation. In addition, kawain selectively inhibited the growth of human bladder cancer cell lines with a significant suppression of 4E-BP1 expression and rpS6 phosphorylation. These observations indicate a potential impact of kawain consumption on bladder cancer prevention by rewiring the metabolic programs of the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Liankun Song
- Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Greg E. Gin
- Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
| | - Beverly Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Edward Uchio
- Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Veterans Affairs Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Guo CC, Czerniak B. Molecular Taxonomy and Immune Checkpoint Therapy in Bladder Cancer. Surg Pathol Clin 2022; 15:681-694. [PMID: 36344183 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease, which exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical and pathologic features. Recent genomic studies have revealed that distinct molecular alterations may underlie the diverse clinical behaviors of bladder cancer, leading to a novel molecular classification. The intrinsic molecular subtypes exhibit distinct gene expression signatures and different clinicopathologic features. Genomic alterations also underlie the development of bladder cancer histologic subtypes. Genomic characterization provides new insights to understanding the biology of bladder cancer and improves the diagnosis and treatment of this complex disease. Biomarkers can aid the selection of patients for immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Guo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0085, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 0085, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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He F, Zhang F, Liao Y, Tang MS, Wu XR. Structural or functional defects of PTEN in urothelial cells lacking P53 drive basal/squamous-subtype muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 550:215924. [PMID: 36195293 PMCID: PMC9813857 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) exhibits strong inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity that affects biological behaviors, therapeutic responses, and prognoses. Mutations that activate RTK-RAS-PI3K and inactivate P19-P53-P21 coexist in 60-70% of MIBC. By time-controlled ablation of Tp53 and Pten, singly or combined, in adult mouse urothelium, we found that Tp53 loss alone produced no abnormality. While Pten loss elicited hyperplasia, it synergized with Tp53 loss to trigger 100% penetrant MIBC that exhibited basal/squamous features that resembled its human counterpart. Furthermore, PTEN was inactivated in human MIBC cell lines and specimens primarily by hyperphosphorylation of the C-terminus. Mutated or tailless PTEN incapable of C-terminal phosphorylation demonstrated increased inhibition of proliferation and invasion than full-length PTEN in cultured MIBC cells. In xenograft and transgenic mice, tailless PTEN, but not full-length PTEN, prevented further growth in established tumors. Collectively, deficiencies of both PTEN and P53 drive basal/squamous subtype MIBC. PTEN is inactivated by C-terminal hyperphosphorylation, and this modification may serve as a biomarker for subtyping MIBC and predicting tumor progression. Tailless PTEN is a potential molecular therapeutic for tumors, such as bladder cancer (BC), that can be readily accessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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Tu WL, Chih YC, Shih YT, Yu YR, You LR, Chen CM. Context-specific roles of diphthamide deficiency in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. J Pathol 2022; 258:149-163. [PMID: 35781884 DOI: 10.1002/path.5986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diphthamide biosynthesis protein 1 (DPH1) is biochemically involved in the first step of diphthamide biosynthesis, a post-translational modification of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (EEF2). Earlier studies showed that DPH1, also known as ovarian cancer-associated gene 1 (OVCA1), is involved in ovarian carcinogenesis. However, the role of DPH1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. To investigate the impact of DPH1 in hepatocellular carcinogenesis, we have performed data mining from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC) dataset. We found that reduced DPH1 levels were associated with advanced stages and poor survival of patients with HCC. Also, we generated hepatocyte-specific Dph1 deficient mice and showed that diphthamide deficient EEF2 resulted in a reduced translation elongation rate in the hepatocytes and let to mild liver damage with fatty accumulation. After N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) -induced acute liver injury, p53-mediated pericentral hepatocyte death was increased, and compensatory proliferation was reduced in Dph1-deficient mice. Consistent with these effects, Dph1 deficiency decreased the incidence of DEN-induced pericentral-derived HCC and revealed a protective effect against p53 loss. In contrast, Dph1 deficiency combined with Trp53- or Trp53/Pten-deficient hepatocytes led to increased tumor loads associated with KRT19 (K19)-positive periportal-like cell expansion in mice. Further gene set enrichment analysis also revealed that HCC patients with lower levels of DPH1 and TP53 expression had enriched gene-sets related to the cell cycle and K19-upregulated HCC. Additionally, liver tumor organoids obtained from 6-month-old Pten/Trp53/Dph1-triple-mutant mice had a higher frequency of organoid re-initiation cells and higher proliferative index compared with those of the Pten/Trp53-double-mutant. Pten/Trp53/Dph1-triple-mutant liver tumor organoids showed expression of genes associated with stem/progenitor phenotypes, including Krt19 and Prominin-1 (Cd133) progenitor markers, combined with low hepatocyte-expressed fibrinogen genes. These findings indicate that diphthamide deficiency differentially regulates hepatocellular carcinogenesis, which inhibits pericentral hepatocytes-derived tumor and promotes periportal progenitors-associated liver tumors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Tu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming, Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chih
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming, Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tung Shih
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming, Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ru Yu
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming, Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ru You
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming, Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Liu Z, Song L, Xie J, Simoneau AR, Uchio E, Zi X. Chemoprevention of Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Tumorigenesis by Dietary Flavokawain A in UPII-Mutant Ha-ras Transgenic Mice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:496. [PMID: 35335874 PMCID: PMC8955676 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) has one of the highest recurrence rates among all solid cancers and the highest lifetime treatment cost per patient. Therefore, the development of chemoprevention strategies for reducing the occurrence and recurrence of NMIBC as well as its burdens on the healthcare system is valuable. Our aim was to determine whether flavokawain A (FKA), a kava chalcone isolated from the kava plant, can target the in vivo activated Ha-ras pathway for prevention and treatment of NMIBC. UPII-mutant Ha-ras transgenic mice that develop papillary urothelial cell carcinoma were fed orally with vehicle control or FKA-formulated food for 6 months starting at 6 weeks of age. Seventy-nine percent (15/19) of male mice fed with 6 g FKA per kilogram (kg) of food survived beyond the 6 months of treatment, while 31.6% (6/19) of control food-fed male mice survived the 6-month treatment period (p = 0.02). The mean bladder weights in FKA vs. control food-fed mice were 0.216 ± 0.033 vs. 0.342 ± 0.039 g in male mice (p = 0.0413) and 0.043 ± 0.004 vs. 0.073 ± 0.004 g in female mice (p < 0.0001); FKA reduced bladder weight by 37% and 41%, respectively. The tumor burdens, determined by the wet bladder weight, in these mice were inversely related to plasma FKA concentrations. In addition to decreased bladder weight, FKA treatment significantly reduced the incidences of hydronephrosis and hematuria. FKA-treated mice exhibited more well-differentiated tumors in the bladder and ureter. Immunohistochemical analysis of FKA-treated tumors compared to those in the control group revealed fewer Ki-67- and survivin-positive cells and an increased number of p27- and TUNEL-positive cells, indicating that FKA inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis. Overall, the results suggest that FKA can target the in vivo activated Ha-ras pathway for the prevention and treatment of NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (Z.L.); (L.S.); (J.X.); (A.R.S.); (E.U.)
| | - Liankun Song
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (Z.L.); (L.S.); (J.X.); (A.R.S.); (E.U.)
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (Z.L.); (L.S.); (J.X.); (A.R.S.); (E.U.)
| | - Anne R. Simoneau
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (Z.L.); (L.S.); (J.X.); (A.R.S.); (E.U.)
| | - Edward Uchio
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (Z.L.); (L.S.); (J.X.); (A.R.S.); (E.U.)
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (Z.L.); (L.S.); (J.X.); (A.R.S.); (E.U.)
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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7
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Xia Y, Wang X, Liu Y, Shapiro E, Lepor H, Tang MS, Sun TT, Wu XR. PKM2 Is Essential for Bladder Cancer Growth and Maintenance. Cancer Res 2022; 82:571-585. [PMID: 34903602 PMCID: PMC8857058 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) has been shown to promote tumorigenesis by facilitating the Warburg effect and enhancing the activities of oncoproteins. However, this paradigm has recently been challenged by studies in which the absence of PKM2 failed to inhibit and instead accelerated tumorigenesis in mouse models. These results seem inconsistent with the fact that most human tumors overexpress PKM2. To further elucidate the role of PKM2 in tumorigenesis, we investigated the effect of PKM2 knockout in oncogenic HRAS-driven urothelial carcinoma. While PKM2 ablation in mouse urothelial cells did not affect tumor initiation, it impaired the growth and maintenance of HRAS-driven tumors. Chemical inhibition of PKM2 recapitulated these effects. Both conditions substantially reduced complex formation of PKM2 with STAT3, their nuclear translocation, and HIF1α- and VEGF-related angiogenesis. The reduction in nuclear STAT3 in the absence of PKM2 also correlated with decreased autophagy and increased apoptosis. Time-controlled, inducible PKM2 overexpression in simple urothelial hyperplasia did not trigger tumorigenesis, while overexpression of PKM2, but not PKM1, in nodular urothelial hyperplasia with angiogenesis strongly accelerated tumorigenesis. Finally, in human patients, PKM2 was overexpressed in low-grade nonmuscle-invasive and high-grade muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Based on these data, PKM2 is not required for tumor initiation but is essential for tumor growth and maintenance by enhancing angiogenesis and metabolic addiction. The PKM2-STAT3-HIF1α/VEGF signaling axis may play a critical role in bladder cancer and may serve as an actionable therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE Genetic manipulation and pharmacologic inhibition of PKM2 in mouse urothelial lesions highlight its essential role in promoting angiogenesis and metabolic addiction, events indispensable for tumor growth and maintenance.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Autophagy/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/blood supply
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Pyruvate Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Kinase/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xia
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010
| | - Ellen Shapiro
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Herbert Lepor
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Moon-shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010
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Ou H, Hoffmann R, González‐López C, Doherty GJ, Korkola JE, Muñoz‐Espín D. Cellular senescence in cancer: from mechanisms to detection. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:2634-2671. [PMID: 32981205 PMCID: PMC8486596 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence refers to a cellular state featuring a stable cell-cycle arrest triggered in response to stress. This response also involves other distinct morphological and intracellular changes including alterations in gene expression and epigenetic modifications, elevated macromolecular damage, metabolism deregulation and a complex pro-inflammatory secretory phenotype. The initial demonstration of oncogene-induced senescence in vitro established senescence as an important tumour-suppressive mechanism, in addition to apoptosis. Senescence not only halts the proliferation of premalignant cells but also facilitates the clearance of affected cells through immunosurveillance. Failure to clear senescent cells owing to deficient immunosurveillance may, however, lead to a state of chronic inflammation that nurtures a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment favouring cancer initiation, migration and metastasis. In addition, senescence is a response to post-therapy genotoxic stress. Therefore, tracking the emergence of senescent cells becomes pivotal to detect potential pro-tumorigenic events. Current protocols for the in vivo detection of senescence require the analysis of fixed or deep-frozen tissues, despite a significant clinical need for real-time bioimaging methods. Accuracy and efficiency of senescence detection are further hampered by a lack of universal and more specific senescence biomarkers. Recently, in an attempt to overcome these hurdles, an assortment of detection tools has been developed. These strategies all have significant potential for clinical utilisation and include flow cytometry combined with histo- or cytochemical approaches, nanoparticle-based targeted delivery of imaging contrast agents, OFF-ON fluorescent senoprobes, positron emission tomography senoprobes and analysis of circulating SASP factors, extracellular vesicles and cell-free nucleic acids isolated from plasma. Here, we highlight the occurrence of senescence in neoplasia and advanced tumours, assess the impact of senescence on tumorigenesis and discuss how the ongoing development of senescence detection tools might improve early detection of multiple cancers and response to therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Ling Ou
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection ProgrammeDepartment of OncologyHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeUK
| | - Reuben Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringKnight Cancer InstituteOHSU Center for Spatial Systems BiomedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Cristina González‐López
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection ProgrammeDepartment of OncologyHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeUK
| | - Gary J. Doherty
- Department of OncologyCambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustCambridge Biomedical CampusUK
| | - James E. Korkola
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringKnight Cancer InstituteOHSU Center for Spatial Systems BiomedicineOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Daniel Muñoz‐Espín
- CRUK Cambridge Centre Early Detection ProgrammeDepartment of OncologyHutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeUK
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9
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Yang J, Liu M, Hong D, Zeng M, Zhang X. The Paradoxical Role of Cellular Senescence in Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:722205. [PMID: 34458273 PMCID: PMC8388842 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence occurs in proliferating cells as a consequence of various triggers including telomere shortening, DNA damage, and inappropriate expression of oncogenes. The senescent state is accompanied by failure to reenter the cell cycle under mitotic stimulation, resistance to cell death and enhanced secretory phenotype. A growing number of studies have convincingly demonstrated a paradoxical role for spontaneous senescence and therapy-induced senescence (TIS), that senescence may involve both cancer prevention and cancer aggressiveness. Cellular senescence was initially described as a physiological suppressor mechanism of tumor cells, because cancer development requires cell proliferation. However, there is growing evidence that senescent cells may contribute to oncogenesis, partly in a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-dependent manner. On the one hand, SASP prevents cell division and promotes immune clearance of damaged cells, thereby avoiding tumor development. On the other hand, SASP contributes to tumor progression and relapse through creating an immunosuppressive environment. In this review, we performed a review to summarize both bright and dark sides of senescence in cancer, and the strategies to handle senescence in cancer therapy were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongchun Hong
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Musheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Dominant role of CDKN2B/p15INK4B of 9p21.3 tumor suppressor hub in inhibition of cell-cycle and glycolysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2047. [PMID: 33824349 PMCID: PMC8024281 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22327-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human chromosome 9p21.3 is susceptible to inactivation in cell immortalization and diseases, such as cancer, coronary artery disease and type-2 diabetes. Although this locus encodes three cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (p15INK4B, p14ARF and p16INK4A), our understanding of their functions and modes of action is limited to the latter two. Here, we show that in vitro p15INK4B is markedly stronger than p16INK4A in inhibiting pRb1 phosphorylation, E2F activity and cell-cycle progression. In mice, urothelial cells expressing oncogenic HRas and lacking p15INK4B, but not those expressing HRas and lacking p16INK4A, develop early-onset bladder tumors. The potency of CDKN2B/p15INK4B in tumor suppression relies on its strong binding via key N-terminal residues to and inhibition of CDK4/CDK6. p15INK4B also binds and inhibits enolase-1, a glycolytic enzyme upregulated in most cancer types. Our results highlight the dual inhibition of p15INK4B on cell proliferation, and unveil mechanisms whereby p15INK4B aberrations may underpin cancer and non-cancer conditions. The human chromosome locus 9p21.3 is a tumour suppressor hub which encodes three CDK inhibitors, p15INK4B, p14ARF and p16INK4A. Here, the authors show that p15INK4B inhibits the cell cycle and glycolysis in a murine model of HRas + ‐mediated urothelial carcinoma and has a more relevant role as a tumour suppressor than its neighbouring p16INK4A.
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Zhao J, Zhang X, He M, Chen X, Cui X, Qin T, Niu X, Zhao L. Poor Prognosis of Pulmonary Adenosquamous Carcinoma with NRAS and HRAS Double Mutation. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:1113-1116. [PMID: 33628034 PMCID: PMC7898223 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s295813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS mutations constitute one of the major tumorigenic mechanisms and are detected in approximately 20% of lung cancers. The most frequent mutated and well-studied RAS isoform is KRAS, which is associated with an overall poor prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the clinical significances of NRAS and HRAS in NSCLC are rarely reported. Here, we present a 58-year-old male smoker who was diagnosed with stage IV lung adenosquamous carcinoma. A rare NRAS and HRAS double mutation was detected in the primary tumor and lymph node samples using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The patient showed rapid disease progression and passed away due to respiratory failure after 15 days of osimertinib in combination with cisplatin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report associating NRAS and HRAS double mutation in the poor prognosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Zhang
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Qin
- Medical Department, Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueliang Niu
- Medical Department, Burning Rock Biotech, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Xingtai, Xingtai, People's Republic of China
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12
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Papadaki V, Asada K, Watson JK, Tamura T, Leung A, Hopkins J, Dellett M, Sasai N, Davaapil H, Nik-Zainal S, Longbottom R, Nakakido M, Torii R, Veerakumarasivam A, Kaneko S, Sagoo MS, Murphy G, Mitani A, Tsumoto K, Kelly JD, Hamamoto R, Ohnuma SI. Two Secreted Proteoglycans, Activators of Urothelial Cell-Cell Adhesion, Negatively Contribute to Bladder Cancer Initiation and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3362. [PMID: 33202923 PMCID: PMC7697838 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteomodulin (OMD) and proline/arginine-rich end leucine repeat protein (PRELP) are secreted extracellular matrix proteins belonging to the small leucine-rich proteoglycans family. We found that OMD and PRELP were specifically expressed in umbrella cells in bladder epithelia, and their expression levels were dramatically downregulated in all bladder cancers from very early stages and various epithelial cancers. Our in vitro studies including gene expression profiling using bladder cancer cell lines revealed that OMD or PRELP application suppressed the cancer progression by inhibiting TGF-β and EGF pathways, which reversed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), activated cell-cell adhesion, and inhibited various oncogenic pathways. Furthermore, the overexpression of OMD in bladder cancer cells strongly inhibited the anchorage-independent growth and tumorigenicity in mouse xenograft studies. On the other hand, we found that in the bladder epithelia, the knockout mice of OMD and/or PRELP gene caused partial EMT and a loss of tight junctions of the umbrella cells and resulted in formation of a bladder carcinoma in situ-like structure by spontaneous breakdowns of the umbrella cell layer. Furthermore, the ontological analysis of the expression profiling of an OMD knockout mouse bladder demonstrated very high similarity with those obtained from human bladder cancers. Our data indicate that OMD and PRELP are endogenous inhibitors of cancer initiation and progression by controlling EMT. OMD and/or PRELP may have potential for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Papadaki
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- Institute of Fundamental Biological Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Ken Asada
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (K.A.); (S.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Julie K. Watson
- The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; (J.K.W.); (A.V.); (G.M.); (J.D.K.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
- Stem Cell Technologies, Building 7100, Cambridge Research Park, Beach Drive, Waterbeach, Cambridge CB25 9TL, UK
| | - Toshiya Tamura
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- Integrated Biology, Research Division Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Inc. 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-0012, Japan
| | - Alex Leung
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Jack Hopkins
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Margaret Dellett
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- C-TRIC, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, NI Centre for Stratified Medicine, Glenshane Road, Derry/Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- Developmental Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama-cho, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hongorzul Davaapil
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, Wellcome—MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Serena Nik-Zainal
- MRC Cancer Unit University of Cambridge Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK;
- Academic Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Box 238, Lv 6 Addenbrooke’s Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Longbottom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- Critical Care, University College London Hospital, 3rd floor, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2PG, UK
| | - Makoto Nakakido
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
| | - Ryo Torii
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK;
| | - Abhi Veerakumarasivam
- The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; (J.K.W.); (A.V.); (G.M.); (J.D.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Syuzo Kaneko
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (K.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Mandeep S. Sagoo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- Retinoblastoma Service, Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Road, London E1 1BB, UK
- Ocular Oncology Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Gillian Murphy
- The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; (J.K.W.); (A.V.); (G.M.); (J.D.K.)
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Akihisa Mitani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Kohei Tsumoto
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
| | - John D. Kelly
- The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; (J.K.W.); (A.V.); (G.M.); (J.D.K.)
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, 74 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6AU, UK
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (K.A.); (S.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; (J.K.W.); (A.V.); (G.M.); (J.D.K.)
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan;
| | - Shin-ichi Ohnuma
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; (V.P.); (T.T.); (A.L.); (J.H.); (M.D.); (N.S.); (H.D.); (R.L.); (M.N.); (M.S.S.)
- The Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK; (J.K.W.); (A.V.); (G.M.); (J.D.K.)
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Wu PK, Becker A, Park JI. Growth Inhibitory Signaling of the Raf/MEK/ERK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155436. [PMID: 32751750 PMCID: PMC7432891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to extracellular stimuli, the Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway regulates diverse cellular processes. While mainly known as a mitogenic signaling pathway, the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway can mediate not only cell proliferation and survival but also cell cycle arrest and death in different cell types. Growing evidence suggests that the cell fate toward these paradoxical physiological outputs may be determined not only at downstream effector levels but also at the pathway level, which involves the magnitude of pathway activity, spatial-temporal regulation, and non-canonical functions of the molecular switches in this pathway. This review discusses recent updates on the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathway-mediated growth inhibitory signaling, with a major focus on the regulation mediated at the pathway level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Kei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Correspondence: (P.-K.W.); (J.-I.P.)
| | - Andrew Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (P.-K.W.); (J.-I.P.)
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14
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Salotti J, Johnson PF. Regulation of senescence and the SASP by the transcription factor C/EBPβ. Exp Gerontol 2019; 128:110752. [PMID: 31648009 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) serves as an important barrier to tumor progression in cells that have acquired activating mutations in RAS and other oncogenes. Senescent cells also produce a secretome known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that includes pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. SASP factors reinforce and propagate the senescence program and identify senescent cells to the immune system for clearance. The OIS program is executed by several transcriptional effectors that include p53, RB, NF-κB and C/EBPβ. In this review, we summarize the critical role of C/EBPβ in regulating OIS and the SASP. Post-translational modifications induced by oncogenic RAS signaling control C/EBPβ activity and dimerization, and these alterations switch C/EBPβ to a pro-senescence form during OIS. In addition, C/EBPβ is regulated by a unique 3'UTR-mediated mechanism that restrains its activity in tumor cells to facilitate senescence bypass and suppression of the SASP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Salotti
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter F Johnson
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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15
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Up-regulated ENO1 promotes the bladder cancer cell growth and proliferation via regulating β-catenin. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190503. [PMID: 31431517 PMCID: PMC6734116 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common malignancy throughout the world. The molecular mechanisms of this disease remain largely unclear. The glycolytic enzyme enolase 1 (ENO1) has been shown to regulate the development of various cancers. However, the significance of ENO1 in BC is underdetermined. In this study, we found that ENO1 was highly expressed in BC tissues and cells. High expression of ENO1 was associated with the poor survival of BC patients. Using lentivirus-mediated knockdown and over-expression, we revealed that ENO1 was critical for the growth and proliferation of BC cells. ENO1 over-expression also promoted the proliferation of SV-HUC-1 cells. At the molecular level, the cell cycle and apoptosis related genes were regulated by ENO1. β-catenin expression was positively regulated by ENO1. Furthermore, ectopic expression of β-catenin reversed the effect of ENO1 knockdown on T24 cell proliferation and growth. Opposite results were observed in β-catenin knockdown T24 cells. Our findings suggested that ENO1 functioned as an oncogene in BC through regulating cell cycle, apoptosis and β-catenin. Targeting ENO1/β-catenin cascade may benefit for BC patients.
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Ryu CM, Shin JH, Yu HY, Ju H, Kim S, Lim J, Heo J, Lee S, Shin DM, Choo MS. N-acetylcysteine prevents bladder tissue fibrosis in a lipopolysaccharide-induced cystitis rat model. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8134. [PMID: 31148586 PMCID: PMC6544636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for non-Hunner type interstitial cystitis (IC), which is histologically characterized by fibrosis and mast cell infiltration, are limited. We developed a rat model that replicates chronic inflammation and fibrosis and evaluated the therapeutic effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a well-known anti-fibrotic agent, on the model. Intravesical instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 750 μg) after protamine sulfate (10 mg) was conducted twice per week for five consecutive weeks. One week after final instillation, 200 mg/kg NAC (n = 10, IC + NAC group) or phosphate-buffered saline (n = 10, IC group) was daily injected intraperitoneally once daily for 5 days. LPS instillation induced bladder fibrosis, mast cell infiltration, and apoptotic tissue damage. Functionally, LPS insult led to irregular micturition, decreased inter-contraction intervals, and decreased micturition volume. NAC significantly improved most of the voiding parameters and reversed histological damages including fibrosis. NAC inhibited the induction and nuclear localization of phospho-Smad2 protein in bladder tissues and the upregulation of genes related to fibrosis, such as Tgfb2, Tgfb3, Smad2, Smad3, Cxcl10, and Card10. This is the first study to demonstrate the beneficial effects on NAC in restoring voiding function, relieving tissue fibrosis and related bladder injuries, in the LPS-induced cystitis rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Min Ryu
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Shin
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan Yeul Yu
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyein Ju
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinbeom Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Physiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Myung-Soo Choo
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Abstract
CONTEXT.— Bladder cancer is a heterogeneous disease that exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical and pathologic features. The classification of bladder cancer has been traditionally based on morphologic assessment with the aid of immunohistochemistry. However, recent genomic studies have revealed that distinct alterations of DNA and RNA in bladder cancer may underlie its diverse clinicopathologic features, leading to a novel molecular classification of this common human cancer. OBJECTIVE.— To update recent developments in genomic characterization of bladder cancer, which may shed insights on the molecular mechanisms underlying the origin of bladder cancer, dual-track oncogenic pathways, intrinsic molecular subtyping, and development of histologic variants. DATA SOURCES.— Peer-reviewed literature retrieved from PubMed search and authors' own research. CONCLUSIONS.— Bladder cancer is likely to arise from different uroprogenitor cells through papillary/luminal and nonpapillary/basal tracks. The intrinsic molecular subtypes of bladder cancer referred to as luminal and basal exhibit distinct expression signatures, clinicopathologic features, and sensitivities to standard chemotherapy. Genomic characterization of bladder cancer provides new insights to understanding the biological nature of this complex disease, which may lead to more effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Guo
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- From the Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Abstract
The three RAS genes - HRAS, NRAS and KRAS - are collectively mutated in one-third of human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather distinct patterns to RAS mutations; the isoform mutated as well as the position and type of substitution vary between different cancers. As RAS genes are among the earliest, if not the first, genes mutated in a variety of cancers, understanding how these mutation patterns arise could inform on not only how cancer begins but also the factors influencing this event, which has implications for cancer prevention. To this end, we suggest that there is a narrow window or 'sweet spot' by which oncogenic RAS signalling can promote tumour initiation in normal cells. As a consequence, RAS mutation patterns in each normal cell are a product of the specific RAS isoform mutated, as well as the position of the mutation and type of substitution to achieve an ideal level of signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Tu WL, You LR, Tsou AP, Chen CM. Pten Haplodeficiency Accelerates Liver Tumor Growth in miR-122a–Null Mice via Expansion of Periportal Hepatocyte-Like Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2688-2702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Erman A, Kapun G, Novak S, Pavlin M, Dražić G, Drobne D, Veranič P. How cancer cells attach to urinary bladder epithelium in vivo: study of the early stages of tumorigenesis in an orthotopic mouse bladder tumor model. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 151:263-273. [PMID: 30280243 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of bladder cancers in humans are non-muscle-invasive cancers that recur frequently after standard treatment procedures. Mouse models are widely used to develop anti-tumor treatments. The purpose of our work was to establish an orthotopic mouse bladder tumor model and to explore early stages of implantation of cancerous MB49 cells in vivo using various labeling and microscopic techniques. To distinguish cancer cells from normal urothelial cells in mouse urinary bladders, we performed molecular characterization of MB49 cells before intravesical injection experiments. In this new approach we applied internalized metal nanoparticles to unequivocally discriminate cancer cells from normal cells. This method revealed that cancer cells attached to the urothelium or basal lamina within just 1 hour of intravesical injection, whereas small tumors and localized hyperplastic urothelial regions developed within two days. We found that cancer cells initially adhere to normal urothelial cells through filopodia and by focal contacts with basal lamina. This is the first in vivo characterization of intercellular contacts between cancerous and normal urothelial cells in the bladder. Our study yields new data about poorly known early events of tumorigenesis in vivo, which could be helpful for the translation into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Erman
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Gregor Kapun
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Novak
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Dražić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Inamura K. Bladder Cancer: New Insights into Its Molecular Pathology. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E100. [PMID: 29614760 PMCID: PMC5923355 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Unfortunately, there have been few advances in its clinical management due to a poor understanding of the correlations between its molecular and clinical features. Mounting evidence suggests that bladder cancer comprises a group of molecularly heterogeneous diseases that undergo a variety of clinical courses and possess diverse therapeutic responses. Owing to the close association between its molecular subtypes and clinicopathological features, specific therapeutic strategies have recently been suggested. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular pathology of bladder cancer, including its molecular biomarkers/pathways and molecular subtypes that have been newly identified using high-throughput technologies. It also discusses advances in our understanding of personalized treatments for specific molecular subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
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22
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Springer SU, Chen CH, Rodriguez Pena MDC, Li L, Douville C, Wang Y, Cohen JD, Taheri D, Silliman N, Schaefer J, Ptak J, Dobbyn L, Papoli M, Kinde I, Afsari B, Tregnago AC, Bezerra SM, VandenBussche C, Fujita K, Ertoy D, Cunha IW, Yu L, Bivalacqua TJ, Grollman AP, Diaz LA, Karchin R, Danilova L, Huang CY, Shun CT, Turesky RJ, Yun BH, Rosenquist TA, Pu YS, Hruban RH, Tomasetti C, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Dickman KG, Netto GJ. Non-invasive detection of urothelial cancer through the analysis of driver gene mutations and aneuploidy. eLife 2018; 7:32143. [PMID: 29557778 PMCID: PMC5860864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current non-invasive approaches for detection of urothelial cancers are suboptimal. We developed a test to detect urothelial neoplasms using DNA recovered from cells shed into urine. UroSEEK incorporates massive parallel sequencing assays for mutations in 11 genes and copy number changes on 39 chromosome arms. In 570 patients at risk for bladder cancer (BC), UroSEEK was positive in 83% of those who developed BC. Combined with cytology, UroSEEK detected 95% of patients who developed BC. Of 56 patients with upper tract urothelial cancer, 75% tested positive by UroSEEK, including 79% of those with non-invasive tumors. UroSEEK detected genetic abnormalities in 68% of urines obtained from BC patients under surveillance who demonstrated clinical evidence of recurrence. The advantages of UroSEEK over cytology were evident in low-grade BCs; UroSEEK detected 67% of cases whereas cytology detected none. These results establish the foundation for a new non-invasive approach for detection of urothelial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon U Springer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Chung-Hsin Chen
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maria Del Carmen Rodriguez Pena
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States
| | - Christopher Douville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Joshua David Cohen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Pathology, Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Natalie Silliman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Joy Schaefer
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Janine Ptak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Lisa Dobbyn
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Maria Papoli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Isaac Kinde
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bahman Afsari
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Aline C Tregnago
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | | | | | | | - Dilek Ertoy
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Isabela W Cunha
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lijia Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
| | | | - Arthur P Grollman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Rachel Karchin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ludmila Danilova
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Chao-Yuan Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Byeong Hwa Yun
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Thomas A Rosenquist
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Cristian Tomasetti
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States.,Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Ken W Kinzler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Baltimore, United States.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, United States
| | - Kathleen G Dickman
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States
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23
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Yang J, Platt LT, Maity B, Ahlers KE, Luo Z, Lin Z, Chakravarti B, Ibeawuchi SR, Askeland RW, Bondaruk J, Czerniak BA, Fisher RA. RGS6 is an essential tumor suppressor that prevents bladder carcinogenesis by promoting p53 activation and DNMT1 downregulation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69159-69172. [PMID: 27713144 PMCID: PMC5342467 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer (UBC) is largely caused by exposure to toxic chemicals including those in cigarette smoke (i.e. BBN). An activating SNP in RGS6 is associated with a pronounced reduction in UBC risk, especially among smokers. However, the mechanism underlying this reduction remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that RGS6 is robustly expressed in human urothelium, where urothelial cell carcinoma originates, and is downregulated in human UBC. Utilizing RGS6-/- mice we interrogated a possible role for RGS6 as a tumor suppressor using the BBN-induced bladder carcinogenesis model that closely recapitulates human disease. As in humans, RGS6 is robustly expressed in mouse urothelium. RGS6 loss dramatically accelerates BBN-induced bladder carcinogenesis, with RGS6-/- mice consistently displaying more advanced pathological lesions than RGS6+/+ mice. Furthermore, BBN treatment promotes urothelial RGS6 mRNA and protein downregulation. RGS6 loss impairs p53 activation and promotes aberrant accumulation of oncogenic protein DNMT1 in urothelium. Tumor suppressor RASSF1A, a DNMT1-regulated gene, is also silenced, likely via methylation of its promoter during BBN exposure. We hypothesize that this BBN-induced RGS6 loss represents a critical hit in UBC as it irrevocably impairs the anti-proliferative actions of the ATM/p53 and RASSF1A pathways. Consistent with these findings, RGS6-/- mice treated with CP-31398, a p53-stablizing agent, and/or 5-Aza, a DNMT1 inhibitor, are protected from BBN-induced tumorigenesis. Together, our data identify RGS6 as a master tumor suppressor modulating two critical signaling pathways that are often dysregulated in UBC; therefore, RGS6 represents a potential novel biomarker for UBC diagnosis/prognosis and an appealing new target in its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lance T Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Biswanath Maity
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Katelin E Ahlers
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zili Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zhibo Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bandana Chakravarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stella-Rita Ibeawuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ryan W Askeland
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jolanta Bondaruk
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, the University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bogdan A Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, the University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rory A Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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24
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Jäger W, Moskalev I, Raven P, Goriki A, Bidnur S, Black PC. Orthotopic Mouse Models of Urothelial Cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1655:177-197. [PMID: 28889387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7234-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Orthotopic mouse models of urothelial cancer are essential for testing novel therapies and molecular manipulations of cell lines in vivo. These models are either established by orthotopic inoculation of human (xenograft models) or murine tumor cells (syngeneic models) in immunocompromised or immune competent mice. Current techniques rely on inoculation by intravesical instillation or direct injection into the bladder wall. Alternative models include the induction of murine bladder tumors by chemical carcinogens (BBN) or genetic engineering (GEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jäger
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Igor Moskalev
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter Raven
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Akihiro Goriki
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samir Bidnur
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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25
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Rodriguez Pena MDC, Tregnago AC, Eich ML, Springer S, Wang Y, Taheri D, Ertoy D, Fujita K, Bezerra SM, Cunha IW, Raspollini MR, Yu L, Bivalacqua TJ, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Netto GJ. Spectrum of genetic mutations in de novo PUNLMP of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:761-767. [PMID: 28597078 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Our group and others have previously demonstrated the presence of TERT promoter mutations (TERT-mut) in 60-80% of urothelial carcinomas and some of their histologic variants. Five other genes have been frequently implicated in bladder cancer: FGRF3, TP53, PIK3CA, HRAS, and CDKN2A. In the current study, we sought to determine the prevalence of mutations in TERT and these five other genes in de novo papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) of the urinary bladder. A retrospective search of our archives for PUNLMP was performed and 30 de novo cases were identified and included in the study. We found mutations in TERT (TERT-mut) and FGFR3 (FGFR3-mut) to be the most common alterations in the cohort (63 and 60%, respectively). The majority of the TERT-mut-positive tumors (84%) had a g.1295228C > T alteration with the remaining tumors demonstrating g.1295250C > T. Approximately one fourth of tumors had TP53 mutations. These findings support the potential utility of a uniform genetic mutation panel to detect bladder cancers of various subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline C Tregnago
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Marie-Lisa Eich
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Simeon Springer
- The Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- The Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Diana Taheri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Dilek Ertoy
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | - Isabela W Cunha
- Department of Pathology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Lijia Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA
| | | | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- The Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- The Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- The Ludwig Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - George J Netto
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35249, USA.
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, WP Building, Suite P230, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35249-7331, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is a highly prevalent disease and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality and cost. Environmental or occupational exposures to carcinogens, especially tobacco, are the main risk factors for bladder cancer. Most bladder cancers are diagnosed after patients present with macroscopic haematuria, and cases are confirmed after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT), which also serves as the first stage of treatment. Bladder cancer develops via two distinct pathways, giving rise to non-muscle-invasive papillary tumours and non-papillary (solid) muscle-invasive tumours. The two subtypes have unique pathological features and different molecular characteristics. Indeed, The Cancer Genome Atlas project identified genetic drivers of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) as well as subtypes of MIBC with distinct characteristics and therapeutic responses. For non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), intravesical therapies (primarily Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)) with maintenance are the main treatments to prevent recurrence and progression after initial TURBT; additional therapies are needed for those who do not respond to BCG. For localized MIBC, optimizing care and reducing morbidity following cystectomy are important goals. In metastatic disease, advances in our genetic understanding of bladder cancer and in immunotherapy are being translated into new therapies.
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27
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Liu Z, Ha US, Yu K, Wu C, Yokoyama N, Zi X. Kavalactone yangonin induces autophagy and sensitizes bladder cancer cells to flavokawain A and docetaxel via inhibition of the mTOR pathway. J Biomed Res 2017; 31:408-418. [PMID: 28959001 PMCID: PMC5706433 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.31.20160160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of kava (Piper methysticum Forst) has been linked to reduced cancer risk in the South Pacific Islands. Kavalactones are major bioactive components in kava root extracts, which have recently demonstrated anti-cancer activities. However, molecular mechanisms of kavalactones' anti-cancer action remain largely unknown. We have identified two kavalactones, yangonin and 5′ 6'-dehydrokawain, as potent inducers of autophagic cell death in bladder cancer cells. The effect of yangonin inducing autophagy is associated with increased expression of beclin and ATG5. In addition, yangonin increases the expression of LKB1 and decreases the phosphorylation of Akt, PRAS40, rpS6, p70S6K and 4E-BP1, leading to increased binding of 4E-BP1 to m7 GTP. The growth inhibitory effects of yangonin were attenuated inTSC1 or LKB1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting that TSC1 and LKB1 expression may contribute to optimal growth inhibition by yangonin. Furthermore, yangonin reduces the viability of bladder cancer cell lines derived from different stages of human bladder cancer, and acts synergistically with apoptosis-inducing agents such as docetaxel and flavokawain A. Our results support a novel anti-bladder cancer mechanism by yangonin and further studies are needed to assess the potential use of yangonin for bladder cancer prevention and treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Departments of Urology,University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - U-Syn Ha
- Departments of Urology,University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Ke Yu
- Departments of Urology,University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Chunli Wu
- Departments of Urology,University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Noriko Yokoyama
- Departments of Urology,University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Departments of Urology,Pharmacology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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28
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Gong Y, Qiu W, Ning X, Yang X, Liu L, Wang Z, Lin J, Li X, Guo Y. CCDC34 is up-regulated in bladder cancer and regulates bladder cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Oncotarget 2016; 6:25856-67. [PMID: 26312564 PMCID: PMC4694871 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coiled coil is a superhelical structural protein motif involved in a diverse array of biological functions, and the abnormal expression of the coiled-coil domain containing proteins has a direct link with the phenotype of tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the critical role of Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 34 (CCDC34) in bladder carcinogenesis, which has never been reported to date. Here, we found CCDC34 expression was elevated in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines. The knockdown of CCDC34 via lentivirus-mediated siRNA significantly suppressed bladder cancer cells proliferation and migration, and induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and increased apoptosis in vitro. In addition, CCDC34 knockdown suppressed bladder tumor growth in nude mice. Moreover, CCDC34 silencing decreased the phosphorylation of MEK, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 and Akt, and the expressions of c-Raf and c-Jun, indicating MAPK and AKT pathways (ERK/MAPK, p38/MAPK, JNK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt) might be involved in CCDC34 regulation of bladder cancer cell proliferation and migration. Our findings revealed for the first time a potential oncogenic role for CCDC34 in bladder carcinoma pathogenesis and it may serve as a biomarker or even a therapeutic target for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xianghui Ning
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yinglu Guo
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, China
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29
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FGFR3b Extracellular Loop Mutation Lacks Tumorigenicity In Vivo but Collaborates with p53/pRB Deficiency to Induce High-grade Papillary Urothelial Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25596. [PMID: 27157475 PMCID: PMC4860634 DOI: 10.1038/srep25596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) occur in up to 80% of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (LGP-UCB) suggesting that these mutations are tumor drivers, although direct experimental evidence is lacking. Here we show that forced expression of FGFR3b-S249C, the most prevalent FGFR3 mutation in human LGP-UCB, in cultured urothelial cells resulted in slightly reduced surface translocation than wild-type FGFR3b, but nearly twice as much proliferation. When we expressed a mouse equivalent of this mutant (FGFR3b-S243C) in urothelia of adult transgenic mice in a tissue-specific and inducible manner, we observed significant activation of AKT and MAPK pathways. This was, however, not accompanied by urothelial proliferation or tumorigenesis over 12 months, due to compensatory tumor barriers in p16-pRB and p19-p53-p21 axes. Indeed, expressing FGFR3b-S249C in cultured human urothelial cells expressing SV40T, which functionally inactivates pRB/p53, markedly accelerated proliferation and cell-cycle progression. Furthermore, expressing FGFR3b-S243C in transgenic mouse urothelium expressing SV40T converted carcinoma-in-situ to high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma. Together, our study provides new experimental evidence indicating that the FGFR3 mutations have very limited urothelial tumorigenicity and that these mutations must collaborate with other genetic events to drive urothelial tumorigenesis.
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30
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Kamat AM, Agarwal P, Bivalacqua T, Chisolm S, Daneshmand S, Doroshow JH, Efstathiou JA, Galsky M, Iyer G, Kassouf W, Shah J, Taylor J, Williams SB, Quale DZ, Rosenberg JE. Collaborating to Move Research Forward: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank. Bladder Cancer 2016; 2:203-213. [PMID: 27376139 PMCID: PMC4927866 DOI: 10.3233/blc-169007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The 10th Annual Bladder Cancer Think Tank was hosted by the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network and brought together a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, researchers, representatives and Industry to advance bladder cancer research efforts. Think Tank expert panels, group discussions, and networking opportunities helped generate ideas and strengthen collaborations between researchers and physicians across disciplines and between institutions. Interactive panel discussions addressed a variety of timely issues: 1) data sharing, privacy and social media; 2) improving patient navigation through therapy; 3) promising developments in immunotherapy; 4) and moving bladder cancer research from bench to bedside. Lastly, early career researchers presented their bladder cancer studies and had opportunities to network with leading experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Piyush Agarwal
- Section of Urological Surgery, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Trinity Bivalacqua
- Brady Urological Institute , Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sia Daneshmand
- Institute of Urology, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Section of Urological Surgery, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jason A Efstathiou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Galsky
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine , New York, NY, USA
| | - Gopa Iyer
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Wassim Kassouf
- Department of Urology, McGill University , Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jay Shah
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Taylor
- Division of Urology, University of Connecticut Health , Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan E Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Genitourinary Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
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31
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Zhou H, Wang X, Mo L, Liu Y, He F, Zhang F, Huang KH, Wu XR. Role of isoenzyme M2 of pyruvate kinase in urothelial tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23947-60. [PMID: 26992222 PMCID: PMC5029676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of precancerous lesions to full-fledged cancers requires the affected cells to surpass certain rate-limiting steps. We recently showed that activation of HRAS proto-oncogene in urothelial cells of transgenic mice causes simple urothelial hyperplasia (SUH) which is persistent and whose transition to low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (UC) must undergo nodular urothelial hyperplasia (NUH). We hypothesized that NUH, which has acquired fibrovascular cores, plays critical roles in mesenchymal-to-epithelial signaling, breaching the barriers of urothelial tumor initiation. Using proteomics involving two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting with pan-phosphotyrosine antibody and MALDI-mass spectrometry, we identified isoform 2 of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) as the major tyrosine-phosphorylated protein switched on during NUH. We extended this finding using specimens from transgenic mice, human UC and UC cell lines, establishing that PKM2, but not its spliced variant PKM1, was over-expressed in low-grade and, more prominently, high-grade UC. In muscle-invasive UC, PKM2 was co-localized with cytokeratins 5 and 14, UC progenitor markers. Specific inhibition of PKM2 by siRNA or shRNA suppressed UC cell proliferation via increased apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response. These results strongly suggest that PKM2 plays an important role in the genesis of low-grade non-invasive and high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Isoforms
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/genetics
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Uroplakin II/physiology
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Zhou
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lan Mo
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System Manhattan Campus, New York, NY 10010, USA
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32
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Liu Z, Yokoyama NN, Blair CA, Li X, Avizonis D, Wu XR, Uchio E, Youssef R, McClelland M, Pollak M, Zi X. High Sensitivity of an Ha-RAS Transgenic Model of Superficial Bladder Cancer to Metformin Is Associated with ∼240-Fold Higher Drug Concentration in Urine than Serum. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:430-8. [PMID: 26921394 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0714-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While pharmacoepidemiologic and laboratory studies have supported the hypothesis that the antidiabetic drug metformin may be useful in treating or preventing cancer, there is limited evidence to suggest which specific cancer sites may be particularly sensitive. Sensitivity likely is determined both by features of tumor pathophysiology and by pharmacokinetic factors. We used UPII-mutant Ha-ras transgenic mice that develop hyperplasia and low-grade, papillary urothelial cell carcinoma to determine whether metformin has activity in a model of superficial bladder cancer. Metformin significantly improved survival, reduced urinary tract obstruction, reduced bladder weight (a surrogate for tumor volume), and led to clear activation of AMP α kinase and inhibition of mTOR signaling in neoplastic tissue. We investigated the basis of the unusual sensitivity of this model to metformin, and observed that following oral dosing, urothelium is exposed to drug concentrations via the urine that are approximately 240-fold higher than those in the circulation. In addition, we observed that bladder cancer cell lines (RT4, UMUC-3, and J82) with homozygous deletion of either TSC1 or PTEN are more sensitive to metformin than those (TEU2, TCCSUP, and HT1376) with wild-type TSC1 and PTEN genes. Our findings provide a strong rationale for clinical trials of oral metformin in treatment of superficial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Noriko N Yokoyama
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | | | - Xuesen Li
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Daina Avizonis
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York
| | - Edward Uchio
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Ramy Youssef
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Michael McClelland
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California
| | - Michael Pollak
- Department of Oncology and Segal Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California. Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California. Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California.
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33
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Miglietta G, Gouda AS, Cogoi S, Pedersen EB, Xodo LE. Nucleic Acid Targeted Therapy: G4 Oligonucleotides Downregulate HRAS in Bladder Cancer Cells through a Decoy Mechanism. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1179-83. [PMID: 26713101 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we have demonstrated that two neighboring G-quadruplexes, hras-1 and hras-2, located immediately upstream of the major transcription start site of HRAS, bind MAZ, a nuclear factor that activates transcription (Cogoi, S.; et al. Nucl. Acid Res. 2014, 42, 8379). For the present study we have designed G4 oligonucleotides with anthraquinone insertions and locked nucleic acids (LNA) modifications mimicking quadruplex hras-1. Luciferase, qRT-PCR, and Western blot data demonstrate that these constructs efficiently down regulate HRAS in T24 bladder cancer cells. The inhibitory efficiency of the G4 oligonucleotides correlates with their nuclease resistance in the cell environment. By chromatin immunoprecipitation we show that the association of MAZ to the HRAS promoter is strongly attenuated by the designed G4 oligonucleotides, thus suggesting that these constructs behave with a decoy mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Miglietta
- Department
of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alaa S. Gouda
- Nucleic
Acid Center, Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cogoi
- Department
of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Erik B. Pedersen
- Nucleic
Acid Center, Institute of Physics and Chemistry, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Luigi E. Xodo
- Department
of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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34
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Palmbos PL, Wang L, Yang H, Wang Y, Leflein J, Ahmet ML, Wilkinson JE, Kumar-Sinha C, Ney GM, Tomlins SA, Daignault S, Kunju LP, Wu XR, Lotan Y, Liebert M, Ljungman ME, Simeone DM. ATDC/TRIM29 Drives Invasive Bladder Cancer Formation through miRNA-Mediated and Epigenetic Mechanisms. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5155-66. [PMID: 26471361 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common and deadly malignancy but its treatment has advanced little due to poor understanding of the factors and pathways that promote disease. ATDC/TRIM29 is a highly expressed gene in several lethal tumor types, including bladder tumors, but its role as a pathogenic driver has not been established. Here we show that overexpression of ATDC in vivo is sufficient to drive both noninvasive and invasive bladder carcinoma development in transgenic mice. ATDC-driven bladder tumors were indistinguishable from human bladder cancers, which displayed similar gene expression signatures. Clinically, ATDC was highly expressed in bladder tumors in a manner associated with invasive growth behaviors. Mechanistically, ATDC exerted its oncogenic effects by suppressing miR-29 and subsequent upregulation of DNMT3A, leading to DNA methylation and silencing of the tumor suppressor PTEN. Taken together, our findings established a role for ATDC as a robust pathogenic driver of bladder cancer development, identified downstream effector pathways, and implicated ATDC as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Palmbos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lidong Wang
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Huibin Yang
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yin Wang
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacob Leflein
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - McKenzie L Ahmet
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John E Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gina M Ney
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephanie Daignault
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lakshmi P Kunju
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology and Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Manhattan, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Monica Liebert
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mats E Ljungman
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Diane M Simeone
- Translational Oncology Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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35
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Kim SJ, Kim JH, Jung HS, Lee TJ, Lee KM, Chang IH. Phosphorylated p70S6K in noninvasive low-grade urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: correlation with tumor recurrence. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:611-7. [PMID: 24625880 PMCID: PMC4104092 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.123675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether inhibiting phosphorylated p70S6K (p-p70S6K) suppresses the proliferation and growth of noninvasive low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LG-URCa) in vitro and whether p-p70S6K can serve as a predictive biomarker for the recurrence of noninvasive LG-URCa of the bladder in patients. We constructed a tissue microarray (TMA) for 95 LG-URCa and 35 benign urothelium samples and performed immunohistochemical staining for p-p70S6K and p-4E-BP1. A Cox regression model was used to investigate the predictive factors for recurrence of LG-URCa. We investigated the dose-dependent antiproliferative effect of rapamycin, its antiproliferative effect and the growth-inhibition effect of p70S6K siRNA transfection in RT4 and 253J cell lines. The pT1 staged group (P < 0.05; hazard ratio (HR), 2.415) and the high p-p70S6K staining group (P < 0.05; HR, 2.249) were independent factors for predicting recurrence. Rapamycin inhibited RT4 and 253J cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (r = −0.850, P < 0.001 in RT4 cells; r = −0.835, P < 0.001 in 253J cells). RT4 and 253J cell proliferation and growth were inhibited by the transfection of p70S6K siRNA and rapamycin, respectively (P < 0.05). Transfection of p70S6K siRNA resulted in inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and growth that were similar to those of rapamycin. Our results suggest that inhibiting p70S6K phosphorylation is important to prevent recurrence and that p70S6K phosphorylation can be used as a molecular biomarker to predict recurrence of certain LG-URCa of the bladder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Korea
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36
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Wu XR, Mendelsohn C, DeGraff DJ. Tumorigenicity of RTK/RAS in urothelium. Oncoscience 2015; 2:739-40. [PMID: 26501074 PMCID: PMC4606002 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J DeGraff
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, USA
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37
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Is 5´-AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Both Jekyll and Hyde in Bladder Cancer? Int Neurourol J 2015; 19:55-66. [PMID: 26126434 PMCID: PMC4490316 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2015.19.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5´-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulator of cellular metabolism and energy homeostasis in mammalian tissues. Metabolic adaptation is a critical step in ensuring cell survival during metabolic stress. Because of its critical role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism, AMPK is involved in many human diseases, including cancers. Although AMPK signaling was originally characterized as a tumor-suppressive signaling pathway, several lines of evidence suggest that AMPK plays a much broader role and cannot simply be defined as either an oncogenic regulator or tumor suppressor. Notably, several recent studies demonstrated that the antitumorigenic effects of many indirect AMPK activators, such as metformin, do not depend on AMPK. Conversely, activation of AMPK induces the progression of cancers, emphasizing its oncogenic effect. Bladder cancer can be divided into two groups: non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The molecular mechanisms underlying these two types of cancer are distinct: NMIBC is associated with activation of the Ras pathway, whereas MIBC is characterized by loss of major tumor suppressors. Importantly, both pathways are connected to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In addition, our recent metabolomic findings suggest that β-oxidation of fatty acids is an important factor in the development of bladder cancer. Both mTOR and β-oxidation are tightly associated with the AMPK pathway. Here, I summarize and discuss the recent findings on the two distinct roles of AMPK in cancer, as well as the relationship between bladder cancer and AMPK.
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38
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He F, Melamed J, Tang MS, Huang C, Wu XR. Oncogenic HRAS Activates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Confers Stemness to p53-Deficient Urothelial Cells to Drive Muscle Invasion of Basal Subtype Carcinomas. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2017-28. [PMID: 25795707 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinomas of the bladder (MIUCB) exhibit frequent receptor tyrosine kinase alterations, but the precise nature of their contributions to tumor pathophysiology is unclear. Using mutant HRAS (HRAS*) as an oncogenic prototype, we obtained evidence in transgenic mice that RTK/RAS pathway activation in urothelial cells causes hyperplasia that neither progresses to frank carcinoma nor regresses to normal urothelium through a period of one year. This persistent hyperplastic state appeared to result from an equilibrium between promitogenic factors and compensatory tumor barriers in the p19-MDM2-p53-p21 axis and a prolonged G2 arrest. Conditional inactivation of p53 in urothelial cells of transgenic mice expressing HRAS* resulted in carcinoma in situ and basal-subtype MIUCB with focal squamous differentiation resembling the human counterpart. The transcriptome of microdissected MIUCB was enriched in genes that drive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the upregulation of which is associated with urothelial cells expressing multiple progenitor/stem cell markers. Taken together, our results provide evidence for RTK/RAS pathway activation and p53 deficiency as a combinatorial theranostic biomarker that may inform the progression and treatment of urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Moon-Shong Tang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Department of Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Manhattan Campus, New York, New York. Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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39
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Kobayashi T, Owczarek TB, McKiernan JM, Abate-Shen C. Modelling bladder cancer in mice: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:42-54. [PMID: 25533675 PMCID: PMC4386904 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis and treatment of bladder cancer have improved little in the past 20 years. Bladder cancer remains a debilitating and often fatal disease, and is among the most costly cancers to treat. The generation of informative mouse models has the potential to improve our understanding of bladder cancer progression, as well as to affect its diagnosis and treatment. However, relatively few mouse models of bladder cancer have been described, and in particular, few that develop invasive cancer phenotypes. This Review focuses on opportunities for improving the landscape of mouse models of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Cory Abate-Shen
- 1] Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center. [2] Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [3] Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. [4] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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40
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Lei YY, Wang WJ, Mei JH, Wang CL. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction in Solid Tumors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:8539-48. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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41
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Cogoi S, Shchekotikhin AE, Xodo LE. HRAS is silenced by two neighboring G-quadruplexes and activated by MAZ, a zinc-finger transcription factor with DNA unfolding property. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8379-88. [PMID: 25013182 PMCID: PMC4117790 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The HRAS promoter contains immediately upstream of the transcription start site two neighboring G-elements, each capable of folding into a G-quadruplex structure. We have previously found that these G-quadruplexes bind to the zinc-finger transcription factors MAZ and Sp1. In the present study we have examined the interaction between the HRAS promoter and MAZ, demonstrating for the first time that the protein unfolds the G-quadruplex structures. We also demonstrate that MAZ-GST, in the presence of the complementary strands, promotes a rapid transformation of the two HRAS quadruplexes into duplexes. By a mutational analysis of the HRAS G-elements, we dissected the MAZ-binding sites from the quadruplex-forming motifs, finding that the two neighboring G-quadruplexes bring about a dramatic repression of transcription, in a synergistic manner. We also discovered that the two G-quadruplexes are strong targets for small anticancer molecules. We found that a cell-penetrating anthratiophenedione (ATPD-1), which binds tightly to the G-quadruplexes (ΔT > 15°C), promotes the total extinction of HRAS transcription. In contrast, when one of the two G-quadruplexes was abrogated by point mutations, ATPD-1 repressed transcription by only 50%. Our study provides relevant information for the rationale design of targeted therapy drugs specific for the HRAS oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cogoi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Andrey E Shchekotikhin
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, B. Pirogovskaya, 11, Moscow 119021, Russia Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology, 9 Miusskaya Square, Moscow 125190, Russia
| | - Luigi E Xodo
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, P.le Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
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42
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Pinto-Leite R, Carreira I, Melo J, Ferreira SI, Ribeiro I, Ferreira J, Filipe M, Bernardo C, Arantes-Rodrigues R, Oliveira P, Santos L. Genomic characterization of three urinary bladder cancer cell lines: understanding genomic types of urinary bladder cancer. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:4599-617. [PMID: 24459064 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1604-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genomic regions are frequently altered and associated with the type, stage and progression of urinary bladder cancer (UBC). We present the characterization of 5637, T24 and HT1376 UBC cell lines by karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. Some cytogenetic anomalies present in UBC were found in the three cell lines, such as chromosome 20 aneuploidy and the loss of 9p21. Some gene loci losses (e.g. CDKN2A) and gains (e.g. HRAS, BCL2L1 and PTPN1) were coincident across all cell lines. Although some significant heterogeneity and complexity were detected between them, their genomic profiles exhibited a similar pattern to UBC. We suggest that 5637 and HT1376 represent the E2F3/RB1 pathway due to amplification of 6p22.3, concomitant with loss of one copy of RB1 and mutation of the remaining copy. The HT1376 presented a 10q deletion involving PTEN region and no alteration of PIK3CA region which, in combination with the inactivation of TP53, bears more invasive and metastatic properties than 5637. The T24 belongs to the alternative pathway of FGFR3/CCND1 by presenting mutated HRAS and over-represented CCND1. These cell lines cover the more frequent subtypes of UBC and are reliable models that can be used, as a group, in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosário Pinto-Leite
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, Hospital Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
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43
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Degoricija M, Situm M, Korać J, Miljković A, Matić K, Paradžik M, Marinović Terzić I, Jerončić A, Tomić S, Terzić J. High NF-κB and STAT3 activity in human urothelial carcinoma: a pilot study. World J Urol 2014; 32:1469-75. [PMID: 24448750 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Given that the tumor-promoting inflammation has been previously established in squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder but its contribution to development of urothelial carcinoma (UC) still remains elusive, our aim was to study changes in expression and activity of inflammation-mediating NF-κB and STAT3 transcription factors in human urothelial bladder carcinoma as well as expression of their target genes cyclin D1, VEGFA and TGFβ1. METHODS Gene expression of STAT3, NF-κB, TGFβ1, cyclin D1 and VEGFA was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in both tumor and healthy bladder tissue from 36 patients with UC of the bladder. Activation of STAT3 and NF-κB was assessed with immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. RESULTS Urothelial bladder carcinoma displayed elevated expression as well as activation of NF-κB (P = 5.38e-10) and STAT3 (P = 0.002) transcription factors. Furthermore, elevated level of expression was observed for cyclin D1, VEGFA and TGFβ1 (P = 9.71e-09, P = 9.71e-09, P = 5.38e-10). Preliminary statistical analysis indicated that the level of upregulation of STAT3 or NF-κB was probably not dependent upon the grade (P = 0.984 and 0.803, respectively) and invasiveness of the tumor (0.399 and 0.949), nor to the gender (0.780 and 0.536) and age (0.660 and 0.816) of the patients. CONCLUSIONS NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways, as main inflammatory mediators, are found to be activated in urothelial bladder carcinoma indicating that chronic inflammatory processes are accompanying development of this tumor type. Future studies will have to determine possible causative role of inflammatory processes in development of urothelial bladder carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Degoricija
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
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Liu Z, Antalek M, Nguyen L, Li X, Tian X, Le A, Zi X. The effect of gartanin, a naturally occurring xanthone in mangosteen juice, on the mTOR pathway, autophagy, apoptosis, and the growth of human urinary bladder cancer cell lines. Nutr Cancer 2014; 65 Suppl 1:68-77. [PMID: 23682785 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.785011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Garcinia mangostana, often referred to as mangosteen, is a fruit grown in Southeast Asia and has been used for centuries as a local beverage and natural medicine. Its bioactive compounds, xanthones (i.e., gartanin, α-mangostin, etc), have reported effects on ailments ranging from skin infections and inflammation to urinary tract infections. We demonstrate that mangosteen xanthones (i.e., gartanin and α-mangostin) at pharmacologically achievable concentrations inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines from different stages of human urinary bladder cancer. The growth inhibitory effects of gartanin in mouse embryonic fibroblasts are at least in part dependent on the existence of p53 or TSC1. Indeed, further studies have shown that gartanin treatment of bladder cancer cell lines T24 and RT4 resulted in a marked suppression of p70S6 and 4E-BP1 expression and induction of autophagy, suggesting the inhibition of the mTOR pathway. In addition, gartanin downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and activated the p53 pathway leading to apoptosis induction. Together, these results suggested that gartanin is a multiple targeting agent that is suitable for further study into its chemopreventive properties for human urinary bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Liu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California 92868, USA
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Calderaro J, Rebouissou S, de Koning L, Masmoudi A, Hérault A, Dubois T, Maille P, Soyeux P, Sibony M, de la Taille A, Vordos D, Lebret T, Radvanyi F, Allory Y. PI3K/AKT pathway activation in bladder carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1776-84. [PMID: 24122582 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/AKT pathway is considered to play a major role in bladder carcinogenesis, but its relationships with other molecular alterations observed in bladder cancer remain unknown. We investigated PI3K/AKT pathway activation in a series of human bladder urothelial carcinomas (UC) according to PTEN expression, PTEN deletions and FGFR3, PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, NRAS and TP53 gene mutations. The series included 6 normal bladder urothelial samples and 129 UC (Ta n = 25, T1 n = 34, T2-T3-T4 n = 70). Expression of phospho-AKT (pAKT), phospho-S6-Ribosomal Protein (pS6) (one downstream effector of PI3K/AKT pathway) and PTEN was evaluated by reverse phase protein Array. Expression of miR-21, miR-19a and miR-222, known to regulate PTEN expression, was also evaluated. pAKT expression levels were higher in tumors than in normal urothelium (p < 0.01), regardless of stage and showed a weak and positive correlation with pS6 (Spearman coefficient RS = 0.26; p = 0.002). No association was observed between pAKT or pS6 expression and the gene mutations studied. PTEN expression was decreased in PTEN-deleted tumors, and in T1 (p = 0.0089) and T2-T3-T4 (p < 0.001) tumors compared to Ta tumors; it was also negatively correlated with miR-19a (RS = -0.50; p = 0.0088) and miR-222 (RS = -0.48; p = 0.0132), but not miR-21 (RS = -0.27; p = 0.18) expression. pAKT and PTEN expressions were not negatively correlated, and, on the opposite, a positive and moderate correlation was observed in Ta (RS = 0.54; p = 0.0056) and T1 (RS = 0.56; p = 0.0006) tumors. Our study suggests that PI3K/AKT pathway activation occurs in the entire spectrum of bladder UC regardless of stage or known most frequent molecular alterations, and independently of low PTEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Calderaro
- APHP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, Département de Pathologie, 51 avenue du Mal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94010, Créteil, France; INSERM, U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, 94010, Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est Créteil, 94010, Créteil, France
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Biomarkers in bladder cancer: translational and clinical implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:73-111. [PMID: 24029603 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is associated with high recurrence and mortality rates. These tumors show vast heterogeneity reflected by diverse morphologic manifestations and various molecular alterations associated with these disease phenotypes. Biomarkers that prospectively evaluate disease aggressiveness, progression risk, probability of recurrence and overall prognosis would improve patient care. Integration of molecular markers with conventional pathologic staging of bladder cancers may refine clinical decision making for the selection of adjuvant and salvage therapy. In the past decade, numerous bladder cancer biomarkers have been identified, including various tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, growth factors, growth factor receptors, hormone receptors, proliferation and apoptosis markers, cell adhesion molecules, stromal factors, and oncoproteins. Recognition of two distinct pathways for urothelial carcinogenesis represents a major advance in the understanding and management of this disease. Nomograms for combining results from multiple biomarkers have been proposed to increase the accuracy of clinical predictions. The scope of this review is to summarize the major biomarker findings that may have translational and clinical implications.
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The DNA damage checkpoint precedes activation of ARF in response to escalating oncogenic stress during tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1485-97. [PMID: 23852374 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic stimuli trigger the DNA damage response (DDR) and induction of the alternative reading frame (ARF) tumor suppressor, both of which can activate the p53 pathway and provide intrinsic barriers to tumor progression. However, the respective timeframes and signal thresholds for ARF induction and DDR activation during tumorigenesis remain elusive. Here, these issues were addressed by analyses of mouse models of urinary bladder, colon, pancreatic and skin premalignant and malignant lesions. Consistently, ARF expression occurred at a later stage of tumor progression than activation of the DDR or p16(INK4A), a tumor-suppressor gene overlapping with ARF. Analogous results were obtained in several human clinical settings, including early and progressive lesions of the urinary bladder, head and neck, skin and pancreas. Mechanistic analyses of epithelial and fibroblast cell models exposed to various oncogenes showed that the delayed upregulation of ARF reflected a requirement for a higher, transcriptionally based threshold of oncogenic stress, elicited by at least two oncogenic 'hits', compared with lower activation threshold for DDR. We propose that relative to DDR activation, ARF provides a complementary and delayed barrier to tumor development, responding to more robust stimuli of escalating oncogenic overload.
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DeGraff DJ, Robinson VL, Shah JB, Brandt WD, Sonpavde G, Kang Y, Liebert M, Wu XR, Taylor JA. Current preclinical models for the advancement of translational bladder cancer research. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 12:121-30. [PMID: 23269072 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a common disease representing the fifth most diagnosed solid tumor in the United States. Despite this, advances in our understanding of the molecular etiology and treatment of bladder cancer have been relatively lacking. This is especially apparent when recent advances in other cancers, such as breast and prostate, are taken into consideration. The field of bladder cancer research is ready and poised for a series of paradigm-shifting discoveries that will greatly impact the way this disease is clinically managed. Future preclinical discoveries with translational potential will require investigators to take full advantage of recent advances in molecular and animal modeling methodologies. We present an overview of current preclinical models and their potential roles in advancing our understanding of this deadly disease and for advancing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J DeGraff
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville,Tennessee, USA
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Peek EM, Li DR, Zhang H, Kim HP, Zhang B, Garraway IP, Chin AI. Stromal modulation of bladder cancer-initiating cells in a subcutaneous tumor model. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:745-751. [PMID: 23226620 PMCID: PMC3512189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new cancer therapeutics would benefit from incorporating efficient tumor models that mimic human disease. We have developed a subcutaneous bladder tumor regeneration system that recapitulates primary human bladder tumor architecture by recombining benign human fetal bladder stromal cells with SW780 bladder carcinoma cells. As a first step, SW780 cells were seeded in ultra low attachment cultures in order to select for sphere-forming cells, the putative cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype. Spheroids were combined with primary human fetal stromal cells or vehicle control and injected subcutaneously with Matrigel into NSG mice. SW780 bladder tumors that formed in the presence of stroma showed accelerated growth, muscle invasion, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), decreased differentiation, and greater activation of growth pathways compared to tumors formed in the absence of fetal stroma. Tumors grown with stroma also demonstrated a greater similarity to typical malignant bladder architecture, including the formation of papillary structures. In an effort to determine if cancer cells from primary tumors could form similar structures in vivo using this recombinatorial approach, putative CSCs, sorted based on the CD44(+)CD49f(+) antigenic profile, were collected and recombined with fetal bladder stromal cells and Matrigel prior to subcutaneous implantation. Retrieved grafts contained tumors that exhibited the same structure as the original primary human tumor. Primary bladder tumor regeneration using human fetal bladder stroma may help elucidate the influences of stroma on tumor growth and development, as well as provide an efficient and accessible system for therapeutic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Peek
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - David R Li
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Hanwei Zhang
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Hyun Pyo Kim
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Baohui Zhang
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
| | - Isla P Garraway
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
| | - Arnold I Chin
- UCLA Department of UrologyLos Angeles, California
- Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, UCLALos Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLALos Angeles, California
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50
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A high resolution genomic portrait of bladder cancer: correlation between genomic aberrations and the DNA damage response. Oncogene 2012; 32:3577-86. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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