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Dailey GP, Crosby EJ, Hartman ZC. Cancer vaccine strategies using self-replicating RNA viral platforms. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:794-802. [PMID: 35821284 PMCID: PMC9275542 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development and success of RNA-based vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2 has awakened new interest in utilizing RNA vaccines against cancer, particularly in the emerging use of self-replicating RNA (srRNA) viral vaccine platforms. These vaccines are based on different single-stranded RNA viruses, which encode RNA for target antigens in addition to replication genes that are capable of massively amplifying RNA messages after infection. The encoded replicase genes also stimulate innate immunity, making srRNA vectors ideal candidates for anti-tumor vaccination. In this review, we summarize different types of srRNA platforms that have emerged and review evidence for their efficacy in provoking anti-tumor immunity to different antigens. These srRNA platforms encompass the use of naked RNA, DNA-launched replicons, viral replicon particles (VRP), and most recently, synthetic srRNA replicon particles. Across these platforms, studies have demonstrated srRNA vaccine platforms to be potent inducers of anti-tumor immunity, which can be enhanced by homologous vaccine boosting and combining with chemotherapies, radiation, and immune checkpoint inhibition. As such, while this remains an active area of research, the past and present trajectory of srRNA vaccine development suggests immense potential for this platform in producing effective cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zachary C Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Gigoux M, Holmström MO, Zappasodi R, Park JJ, Pourpe S, Bozkus CC, Mangarin LMB, Redmond D, Verma S, Schad S, George MM, Venkatesh D, Ghosh A, Hoyos D, Molvi Z, Kamaz B, Marneth AE, Duke W, Leventhal MJ, Jan M, Ho VT, Hobbs GS, Knudsen TA, Skov V, Kjær L, Larsen TS, Hansen DL, Lindsley RC, Hasselbalch H, Grauslund JH, Lisle TL, Met Ö, Wilkinson P, Greenbaum B, Sepulveda MA, Chan T, Rampal R, Andersen MH, Abdel-Wahab O, Bhardwaj N, Wolchok JD, Mullally A, Merghoub T. Calreticulin mutant myeloproliferative neoplasms induce MHC-I skewing, which can be overcome by an optimized peptide cancer vaccine. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eaba4380. [PMID: 35704596 PMCID: PMC11182673 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The majority of JAK2V617F-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) have disease-initiating frameshift mutations in calreticulin (CALR), resulting in a common carboxyl-terminal mutant fragment (CALRMUT), representing an attractive source of neoantigens for cancer vaccines. However, studies have shown that CALRMUT-specific T cells are rare in patients with CALRMUT MPN for unknown reasons. We examined class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC-I) allele frequencies in patients with CALRMUT MPN from two independent cohorts. We observed that MHC-I alleles that present CALRMUT neoepitopes with high affinity are underrepresented in patients with CALRMUT MPN. We speculated that this was due to an increased chance of immune-mediated tumor rejection by individuals expressing one of these MHC-I alleles such that the disease never clinically manifested. As a consequence of this MHC-I allele restriction, we reasoned that patients with CALRMUT MPN would not efficiently respond to a CALRMUT fragment cancer vaccine but would when immunized with a modified CALRMUT heteroclitic peptide vaccine approach. We found that heteroclitic CALRMUT peptides specifically designed for the MHC-I alleles of patients with CALRMUT MPN efficiently elicited a CALRMUT cross-reactive CD8+ T cell response in human peripheral blood samples but not to the matched weakly immunogenic CALRMUT native peptides. We corroborated this effect in vivo in mice and observed that C57BL/6J mice can mount a CD8+ T cell response to the CALRMUT fragment upon immunization with a CALRMUT heteroclitic, but not native, peptide. Together, our data emphasize the therapeutic potential of heteroclitic peptide-based cancer vaccines in patients with CALRMUT MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gigoux
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Morten O. Holmström
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Joseph J. Park
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephane Pourpe
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Levi M. B. Mangarin
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Svena Verma
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sara Schad
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mariam M. George
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Hoyos
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zaki Molvi
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Baransel Kamaz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna E. Marneth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Duke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Max Jan
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vincent T. Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gabriela S. Hobbs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Trine Alma Knudsen
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Vibe Skov
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kjær
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | | | - Dennis Lund Hansen
- Department of Hematology, Odense University Hospital, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - R. Coleman Lindsley
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hans Hasselbalch
- Department of Hematology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Jacob H. Grauslund
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Lisle
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Özcan Met
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Patrick Wilkinson
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Manuel A. Sepulveda
- Janssen Oncology Therapeutic Area, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA 19002, USA
| | - Timothy Chan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Immunogenomics and Precision Oncology Platform, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raajit Rampal
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mads H. Andersen
- Department of Oncology, National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy, Herlev Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev 2730, Denmark
| | - Omar Abdel-Wahab
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ann Mullally
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Immuno-Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Khalili M, Daniels L, Lin A, Krebs FC, Snook AE, Bekeschus S, Bowne WB, Miller V. Non-Thermal Plasma-Induced Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer: A Topical Review. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 2019; 52:423001. [PMID: 31485083 PMCID: PMC6726388 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab31c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in biomedical research in cancer immunotherapy have identified the use of an oxidative stress-based approach to treat cancers, which works by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. Since the anti-cancer effects of non-thermal plasma (NTP) are largely attributed to the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are delivered to and generated inside the target cancer cells, it is reasonable to postulate that NTP would be an effective modality for ICD induction. NTP treatment of tumors has been shown to destroy cancer cells rapidly and, under specific treatment regimens, this leads to systemic tumor-specific immunity. The translational benefit of NTP for treatment of cancer relies on its ability to enhance the interactions between NTP-exposed tumor cells and local immune cells which initiates subsequent protective immune responses. This review discusses results from recent investigations of NTP application to induce immunogenic cell death in cancer cells. With further optimization of clinical devices and treatment protocols, NTP can become an essential part of the therapeutic armament against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Khalili
- Division of Surgery Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Lynsey Daniels
- Division of Surgery Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Abraham Lin
- Plasma, Laser Ablation, and Surface Modeling (PLASMANT) Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute for Molecular Medicine &. Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adam E. Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Str.2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wilbur B. Bowne
- Division of Surgery Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vandana Miller
- Division of Surgery Oncology, Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Institute for Molecular Medicine &. Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Felix-Hausdorff-Str.2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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4
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Patel K, Siraj S, Smith C, Nair M, Vishwanatha JK, Basha R. Pancreatic Cancer: An Emphasis on Current Perspectives in Immunotherapy. Crit Rev Oncog 2019; 24:105-118. [PMID: 31679206 PMCID: PMC8038975 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2019031417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer affects both male and female individuals with higher incidences and death rates among the male population. Detection of this malignancy is delayed due to the lack of symptoms in the early-stage cancer, which makes it extremely difficult to treat. Identifying effective strategies has been a challenge for improving the survival rates in pancreatic cancer patients. Resistance to chemotherapy is often developed in pancreatic cancer treatment. Although many strategies are under clinical trials to target certain markers associated with cancer, immunotherapeutic approaches are currently gaining importance. Immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer is in the limelight after preclinical research showed some promise. Immunotherapy approaches were tested along with other treatment options to enhance the treatment effect. Adoptive cell transfer and immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently in clinical trials. The Food and Drug Administration approved pembrolizumab in a fast-tracked review for advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Pembrolizumab blocks the checkpoint protein, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), on T cells to boost the response of the immune system against cancer cells, thereby shrinking tumors. The recent developments in immunotherapy and the early success in other cancers are encouraging to further test immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. The combination of pembrolizumab and pelareorep, an isolate of human reovirus, is in phase II clinical study in metastatic disease. Depending on the results of current clinical trials and testing, the strategies in the pipeline are expected to increase the use of immunotherapy in the clinical testing setting. Success in immunotherapy is urgently needed to address the side-effects, treating patients with advanced disease and reducing metastasis for increasing the survival rate in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chloe Smith
- Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529
| | - Maya Nair
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Jamboor K. Vishwanatha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UNT Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
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5
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Thadi A, Khalili M, Morano WF, Richard SD, Katz SC, Bowne WB. Early Investigations and Recent Advances in Intraperitoneal Immunotherapy for Peritoneal Metastasis. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E54. [PMID: 30103457 PMCID: PMC6160982 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is an advanced stage malignancy largely refractory to modern therapy. Intraperitoneal (IP) immunotherapy offers a novel approach for the control of regional disease of the peritoneal cavity by breaking immune tolerance. These strategies include heightening T-cell response and vaccine induction of anti-cancer memory against tumor-associated antigens. Early investigations with chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells), vaccine-based therapies, dendritic cells (DCs) in combination with pro-inflammatory cytokines and natural killer cells (NKs), adoptive cell transfer, and immune checkpoint inhibitors represent significant advances in the treatment of PM. IP delivery of CAR-T cells has shown demonstrable suppression of tumors expressing carcinoembryonic antigen. This response was enhanced when IP injected CAR-T cells were combined with anti-PD-L1 or anti-Gr1. Similarly, CAR-T cells against folate receptor α expressing tumors improved T-cell tumor localization and survival when combined with CD137 co-stimulatory signaling. Moreover, IP immunotherapy with catumaxomab, a trifunctional antibody approved in Europe, targets epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and has shown considerable promise with control of malignant ascites. Herein, we discuss immunologic approaches under investigation for treatment of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Thadi
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Marian Khalili
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - William F Morano
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Scott D Richard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Steven C Katz
- Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Wilbur B Bowne
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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6
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Kraśko JA, Žilionytė K, Darinskas A, Dobrovolskienė N, Mlynska A, Riabceva S, Zalutsky I, Derevyanko M, Kulchitsky V, Karaman O, Fedosova N, Symchych TV, Didenko G, Chekhun V, Strioga M, Pašukonienė V. Post-operative unadjuvanted therapeutic xenovaccination with chicken whole embryo vaccine suppresses distant micrometastases and prolongs survival in a murine Lewis lung carcinoma model. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5098-5104. [PMID: 29552144 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy in the form of anticancer vaccination relies on the mobilization of the patient's immune system against specific cancer antigens. Instead of focusing on an autologous cell lysate, which is not always available in clinical practice, the present study investigates vaccines utilizing xenogeneic foetal tissue that are rich in oncofoetal antigens. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-challenged C57BL/6 mice were treated with either a xenogeneic vaccine made from chicken whole embryo, or a xenogeneic vaccine made from rat embryonic brain tissue, supplemented with a Bacillus subtilis protein fraction as an adjuvant. Median and overall survival, size of metastatic foci in lung tissue and levels of circulating CD8a+ T cells were evaluated and compared with untreated control mice. Following primary tumour removal, a course of three subcutaneous vaccinations with xenogeneic chicken embryo vaccine led to significant increase in overall survival rate (100% after 70 days of follow-up vs. 40% in untreated control mice), significant increase in circulating CD8a+ T cells (18.18 vs. 12.6% in untreated control mice), and a significant decrease in the area and incidence of metastasis foci. The xenogeneic rat brain tissue-based vaccine did not improve any of the investigated parameters, despite promising reports in other models. We hypothesize that the proper selection of antigen source (tissue) can constitute an effective immunotherapeutic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Aleksander Kraśko
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08660, Lithuania.,Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08406, Lithuania.,Department of Manufacturing, JSC 'Froceth', Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08217, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Žilionytė
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08660, Lithuania
| | - Adas Darinskas
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08660, Lithuania.,Department of Manufacturing, JSC 'Froceth', Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08217, Lithuania.,JSC 'Innovita Research', Vilnius, Vilnius LT-06118, Lithuania
| | - Neringa Dobrovolskienė
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08660, Lithuania
| | - Agata Mlynska
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08660, Lithuania
| | - Svetlana Riabceva
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Pathology, Institute of Physiology, Minsk, Minsk BY-220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - Iosif Zalutsky
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Pathology, Institute of Physiology, Minsk, Minsk BY-220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - Marina Derevyanko
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Pathology, Institute of Physiology, Minsk, Minsk BY-220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - Vladimir Kulchitsky
- Departments of Neurophysiology and Pathology, Institute of Physiology, Minsk, Minsk BY-220072, Republic of Belarus
| | - Olga Karaman
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology and Antitumour Vaccine Engineering, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Kyivs'ka 03022, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Fedosova
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology and Antitumour Vaccine Engineering, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Kyivs'ka 03022, Ukraine
| | - Tatiana Vasyliyvna Symchych
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology and Antitumour Vaccine Engineering, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Kyivs'ka 03022, Ukraine
| | - Gennady Didenko
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology and Antitumour Vaccine Engineering, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Kyivs'ka 03022, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl Chekhun
- Laboratory of Oncoimmunology and Antitumour Vaccine Engineering, R.E. Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Kyivs'ka 03022, Ukraine
| | - Marius Strioga
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08660, Lithuania
| | - Vita Pašukonienė
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Vilnius LT-08660, Lithuania
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7
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Kumar S, Singh R, Malik S, Manne U, Mishra M. Prostate cancer health disparities: An immuno-biological perspective. Cancer Lett 2018; 414:153-165. [PMID: 29154974 PMCID: PMC5743619 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in males, and, in the United States, is the second leading cause of cancer-related death for men older than 40 years. There is a higher incidence of PCa for African Americans (AAs) than for European-Americans (EAs). Investigations related to the incidence of PCa-related health disparities for AAs suggest that there are differences in the genetic makeup of these populations. Other differences are environmentally induced (e.g., diet and lifestyle), and the exposures are different. Men who immigrate from Eastern to Western countries have a higher risk of PCa than men in their native countries. However, the number of immigrants developing PCa is still lower than that of men in Western countries, suggesting that genetic factors are involved in the development of PCa. Altered genetic polymorphisms are associated with PCa progression. Androgens and the androgen receptor (AR) are involved in the development and progression of PCa. For populations with diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds, differences in lifestyle, diet, and biology, including genetic mutations/polymorphisms and levels of androgens and AR, are risk factors for PCa. Here, we provide an immuno-biological perspective on PCa in relation to racial/ethnic disparities and identify factors associated with the disproportionate incidence of PCa and its clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Shalie Malik
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow 226007, India
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Manoj Mishra
- Cancer Biology Research and Training Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
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8
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A general strategy to optimize immunogenicity of HLA-B*0702 restricted cryptic peptides from tumor associated antigens: Design of universal neo-antigen like tumor vaccines for HLA-B*0702 positive patients. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59417-59428. [PMID: 27506946 PMCID: PMC5312321 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Associated Antigens (TAAs) are the privileged targets of almost all the cancer vaccines tested to date. Unfortunately all these vaccines failed to show a clinical efficacy. The main reason for this failure is the immune tolerance to TAAs that are self-proteins expressed by normal and cancer cells. Self-tolerance to TAAs is directed against their dominant rather than against their cryptic epitopes. The best way to overcome self-tolerance to TAAs would therefore be to target their cryptic epitopes. However, because of their low HLA-I affinity, cryptic peptides are non-immunogenic and cannot be used to stimulate an antitumor immune response unless their immunogenicity has been previously enhanced. In this paper we describe a general approach to enhance immunogenicity of almost all the HLA-B*0702 restricted cryptic peptides derived from TAAs. It consists in substituting residues at position 1 or 9 of low HLA-B*0702 affinity cryptic peptides by an Alanine or a Leucine respectively. These substitutions increase affinity of peptides for HLA-B*0702. These optimized cryptic peptides are strongly immunogenic and very importantly CTL they stimulate recognize their native counterparts. TAAs derived optimized cryptic peptides can be considered as universal antitumor vaccine since they escape self-tolerance, are immunogenic and are not patient specific.
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9
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Liu TT, Wu Y, Niu T. Human DKK1 and human HSP70 fusion DNA vaccine induces an effective anti-tumor efficacy in murine multiple myeloma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:178-191. [PMID: 29416605 PMCID: PMC5787455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is an ideal target for the immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Heat Shock protein70 (HSP70) is a class of important molecular chaperone to promote antigen presentation. Homologous xenogeneic antigens can enhance immunogenicity and induce stronger anti-tumor immune response than that of allogeneic ones. Therefore, we constructed human DKK1 and human HSP70 DNA fusion vaccine (hDKK1-hHSP70), and then determined its anti-tumor immuno- genicity and anti-tumor effects on immunizing BALB/c mice already inoculated with NS-1 murine multiple myeloma cells in prophylactic and therapeutic models using cytotoxic T lymphocytes, enzyme-lined immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and Hochest staining. The side effects of vaccines were also monitored. We found that hDKK1-hHSP70 fusion vaccine could significantly inhibit tumor growth and prolonged the survival of the mice, whether prophylactic or therapeutic immunotherapy in vivo, by eliciting both humoral and cellular tumor-specific immune responses. A significant decrease of proliferation and increase of apoptosis were also observed in the tumor tissues injected with hDKK1-hHSP70 vaccine. These findings showed the xenogeneic homologous vaccination had stronger immunogenicity and minimal toxicity. Our study may provide an effective and safety immonutheraphy strategy for multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Hematology & Research Laboratory of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China.,Department of Internal Medicine, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Ting Niu
- Department of Hematology & Research Laboratory of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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10
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Chung DJ, Carvajal RD, Postow MA, Sharma S, Pronschinske KB, Shyer JA, Singh-Kandah S, Dickson MA, D'Angelo SP, Wolchok JD, Young JW. Langerhans-type dendritic cells electroporated with TRP-2 mRNA stimulate cellular immunity against melanoma: Results of a phase I vaccine trial. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1372081. [PMID: 29296525 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1372081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We conducted a phase I vaccine trial to determine safety, toxicity, and immunogenicity of autologous Langerhans-type dendritic cells (LCs), electroporated with murine tyrosinase-related peptide-2 (mTRP2) mRNA in patients with resected AJCC stage IIB, IIC, III, or IV (MIa) melanoma. Experimental Design: Nine patients received a priming immunization plus four boosters at three week intervals. Vaccines comprised 10 × 106 mRNA-electroporated LCs, based on absolute number of CD83+CD86brightHLA-DRbrightCD14neg LCs by flow cytometry. Initial vaccines used freshly generated LCs, whereas booster vaccines used viably thawed cells from the cryopreserved initial product. Post-vaccination assessments included evaluation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions after booster vaccines and immune response assays at one and three months after the final vaccine. Results: All patients developed mild DTH reactions at injection sites after booster vaccines, but there were no toxicities exceeding grade 1 (CTCAE, v4.0). At one and three months post-vaccination, antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α), above pre-vaccine levels, and also upregulated the cytotoxicity marker CD107a. Next-generation deep sequencing of the TCR-V-β CDR3 documented fold-increases in clonality of 2.11 (range 0.85-3.22) for CD4 and 2.94 (range 0.98-9.57) for CD8 T cells at one month post-vaccines. Subset analyses showed overall lower fold-increases in clonality in three patients who relapsed (CD4: 1.83, CD8: 1.54) versus non-relapsed patients (CD4: 2.31, CD8: 3.99). Conclusions: TRP2 mRNA-electroporated LC vaccines are safe and immunogenic. Responses are antigen-specific in terms of cytokine secretion, cytolytic degranulation, and increased TCR clonality, which correlates with clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Chung
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunobiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Hematologic Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard D Carvajal
- Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Postow
- Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sneh Sharma
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunobiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Katherine B Pronschinske
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunobiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Justin A Shyer
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunobiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Shahnaz Singh-Kandah
- Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark A Dickson
- Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra P D'Angelo
- Sarcoma Medical Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Melanoma and Immunotherapeutics Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - James W Young
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunobiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Adult Bone Marrow Transplant Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Division of Hematologic Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research.,Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Decker WK, da Silva RF, Sanabria MH, Angelo LS, Guimarães F, Burt BM, Kheradmand F, Paust S. Cancer Immunotherapy: Historical Perspective of a Clinical Revolution and Emerging Preclinical Animal Models. Front Immunol 2017; 8:829. [PMID: 28824608 PMCID: PMC5539135 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
At the turn of the last century, the emerging field of medical oncology chose a cytotoxic approach to cancer therapy over an immune-centered approach at a time when evidence in support of either paradigm did not yet exist. Today, nearly 120 years of data have established that (a) even the best cytotoxic regimens only infrequently cure late-stage malignancy and (b) strategies that supplement and augment existing antitumor immune responses offer the greatest opportunities to potentiate durable remission in cancer. Despite widespread acceptance of these paradigms today, the ability of the immune system to recognize and fight cancer was a highly controversial topic for much of the twentieth century. Why this modern paradigmatic mainstay should have been both dubious and controversial for such an extended period is a topic of considerable interest that merits candid discussion. Herein, we review the literature to identify and describe the watershed events that ultimately led to the acceptance of immunotherapy as a viable regimen for the treatment of neoplastic malignancy. In addition to noting important clinical discoveries, we also focus on research milestones and the development of critical model systems in rodents and dogs including the advanced modeling techniques that allowed development of patient-derived xenografts. Together, their use will further our understanding of cancer biology and tumor immunology, allow for a speedier assessment of the efficacy and safety of novel approaches, and ultimately provide a faster bench to beside transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K. Decker
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo F. da Silva
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Women’s Hospital – CAISM, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mayra H. Sanabria
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Laura S. Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Bryan M. Burt
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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12
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Intraperitoneal immunotherapy: historical perspectives and modern therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2016; 23:373-381. [PMID: 27834358 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intraperitoneal immunotherapy represents a novel strategy for the management of peritoneal metastases (PM). Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has remained the gold standard of treatment for patients with PM, yet despite optimal treatment, recurrence rates remain high and long-term survival poor. From Coley's toxins to immune checkpoint inhibitors, the wide variety of anticancer immunotherapeutic strategies are now garnering attention for control of regional disease of the peritoneal cavity. Early studies with vaccine-based therapies, adoptive cell transfer, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric T cells with tumor-specific antigen receptors (CAR-T cells) are being performed, showing promise for control of peritoneal spread and induction of lasting anticancer immunity. In addition, catumaxomab, a trifunctional antibody, has been approved for intraperitoneal immunotherapy in Europe for the control of malignant ascites in patients with epithelial cell adhesion molecule positive cancers. We review a brief history of immunotherapy and current modalities under investigation for intraperitoneal use in the treatment of PM.
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13
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Menez-Jamet J, Gallou C, Rougeot A, Kosmatopoulos K. Optimized tumor cryptic peptides: the basis for universal neo-antigen-like tumor vaccines. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:266. [PMID: 27563653 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.05.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The very impressive clinical results recently obtained in cancer patients treated with immune response checkpoint inhibitors boosted the interest in immunotherapy as a therapeutic choice in cancer treatment. However, these inhibitors require a pre-existing tumor specific immune response and the presence of tumor infiltrating T cells to be efficient. This immune response can be triggered by cancer vaccines. One of the main issues in tumor vaccination is the choice of the right antigen to target. All vaccines tested to date targeted tumor associated antigens (TAA) that are self-antigens and failed to show a clinical efficacy because of the immune self-tolerance to TAA. A new class of tumor antigens has recently been described, the neo-antigens that are created by point mutations of tumor expressing proteins and are recognized by the immune system as non-self. Neo-antigens exhibit two main properties: they are not involved in the immune self-tolerance process and are immunogenic. However, the majority of the neo-antigens are patient specific and their use as cancer vaccines requires their previous identification in each patient individualy that can be done only in highly specialized research centers. It is therefore evident that neo-antigens cannot be used for patient vaccination worldwide. This raises the question of whether we can find neo-antigen like vaccines, which would not be patient specific. In this review we show that optimized cryptic peptides from TAA are neo-antigen like peptides. Optimized cryptic peptides are recognized by the immune system as non-self because they target self-cryptic peptides that escape self-tolerance; in addition they are strongly immunogenic because their sequence is modified in order to enhance their affinity for the HLA molecule. The first vaccine based on the optimized cryptic peptide approach, Vx-001, which targets the widely expressed tumor antigen telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), has completed a large phase I clinical study and is currently being tested in a randomized phase II trial in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aude Rougeot
- Vaxon Biotech, 3 rue de l'Arrivée 75015, Paris, France
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14
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Cancer immunology and canine malignant melanoma: A comparative review. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 169:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Spontaneous cancers in client-owned dogs closely recapitulate their human counterparts with respect to clinical presentation, histological features, molecular profiles, and response and resistance to therapy, as well as the evolution of drug-resistant metastases. In several instances the incorporation of dogs with cancer into the preclinical development path of cancer therapeutics has influenced outcome by helping to establish pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics relationships, dose/regimen, expected clinical toxicities, and ultimately the potential for biologic activity. As our understanding regarding the molecular drivers of canine cancers has improved, unique opportunities have emerged to leverage this spontaneous model to better guide cancer drug development so that therapies likely to fail are eliminated earlier and therapies with true potential are optimized prior to human studies. Both pets and people benefit from this approach, as it provides dogs with access to cutting-edge cancer treatments and helps to insure that people are given treatments more likely to succeed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheryl A London
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210;
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16
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Ya Z, Hailemichael Y, Overwijk W, Restifo NP. Mouse model for pre-clinical study of human cancer immunotherapy. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 108:20.1.1-20.1.43. [PMID: 25640991 PMCID: PMC4361407 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im2001s108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This unit describes protocols for developing tumors in mice, including subcutaneous growth, pulmonary metastases of B16 melanoma, and spontaneous melanoma in B-Raf V600E/PTEN deletion transgenic mouse models. Two immunization methods to prevent B16 tumor growth are described using B16.GM-CSF and recombinant vaccinia virus. A therapeutic approach is also included that uses adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific T cells. Methods including CTL induction, isolation, testing, and genetic modification of mouse T cells for adoptive transfer by using retrovirus-expressing genes of interest are provided. Additional sections, including growing B16 melanoma, enumerating pulmonary metastases, tumor imaging technique, and use of recombinant viruses for vaccination, are discussed together with safety concerns.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- Antibodies/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/adverse effects
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/adverse effects
- Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy/methods
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Immunization/methods
- Immunotherapy/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/diagnosis
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Imaging/methods
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Ya
- National Cancer Institute, Surgery Branch, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yared Hailemichael
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology-Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Willem Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology-Research, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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17
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Cavallo F, Aurisicchio L, Mancini R, Ciliberto G. Xenogene vaccination in the therapy of cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:1427-42. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.927433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Strioga MM, Darinskas A, Pasukoniene V, Mlynska A, Ostapenko V, Schijns V. Xenogeneic therapeutic cancer vaccines as breakers of immune tolerance for clinical application: to use or not to use? Vaccine 2014; 32:4015-24. [PMID: 24837511 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of firm evidence that clinically apparent cancer develops only when malignant cells manage to escape immunosurveillance led to the introduction of tumor immunotherapy strategies aiming to reprogramm the cancer-dysbalanced antitumor immunity and restore its capacity to control tumor growth. There are several immunotherapeutical strategies, among which specific active immunotherapy or therapeutic cancer vaccination is one of the most promising. It targets dendritic cells (DCs) which have a unique ability of inducing naive and central memory T cell-mediated immune response in the most efficient manner. DCs can be therapeutically targeted either in vivo/in situ or by ex vivo manipulations followed by their re-injection back into the same patient. The majority of current DC targeting strategies are based on autologous or allogeneic tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) which possess various degrees of inherent tolerogenic potential. Therefore still limited efficacy of various tumor immunotherapy approaches may be attributed, among various other mechanisms, to the insufficient immunogenicity of self-protein-derived TAAs. Based on such an idea, the use of homologous xenogeneic antigens, derived from different species was suggested to overcome the natural immune tolerance to self TAAs. Xenoantigens are supposed to differ sufficiently from self antigens to a degree that renders them immunogenic, but at the same time preserves an optimal homology range with self proteins still allowing xenoantigens to induce cross-reactive T cells. Here we discuss the concept of xenogeneic vaccination, describe the cons and pros of autologous/allogeneic versus xenogeneic therapeutic cancer vaccines, present the results of various pre-clinical and several clinical studies and highlight the future perspectives of integrating xenovaccination into rapidly developing tumor immunotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius M Strioga
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Adas Darinskas
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Vita Pasukoniene
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Agata Mlynska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Valerijus Ostapenko
- Section of Breast Surgery, 3(rd) Department of Surgery, Center of Oncosurgery, Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Virgil Schijns
- Immune Intervention, Cell Biology & Immunology group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Epitopoietic Research Corporation (ERC), Namur, Belgium.
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19
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Abstract
DNA vaccination with antigen expression plasmids has been introduced as a simple method of inducing immunity to the antigens of infectious agents or tumors. Although DNA vaccination is generally immunostimulatory, it is possible to design suppressive vaccines that protect against autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes. In mice prone to diabetes, investigators have delivered a plasmid encoding an islet-cell antigen such as insulin B chain, glutamic acid decarboxylase, or antigen/immunoglobulin G-Fc fusion constructs, with or without co-delivery of another gene encoding a cytokine or other immunoregulatory molecule. This approach has led to protection against disease, related to the generation of regulatory T-cells and increased production of regulatory cytokines. DNA vaccination is a promising approach to autoimmune disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald J Prud'homme
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Room 2013CC, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.
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20
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Chen X, Chang CH, Goldenberg DM. Novel strategies for improved cancer vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:567-76. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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21
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Pavlenko M, Leder C, Pisa P. Plasmid DNA vaccines against cancer: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction against tumor antigens. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 4:315-27. [PMID: 16026247 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.3.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of tumor vaccination strategies have been developed. Most of these rely on the identification of tumor antigens that can be recognized by the immune system. DNA vaccination represents one such approach for the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses against tumor antigens. Studies in animal models have demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing DNA vaccination to elicit protective antitumor immune responses. However, most tumor antigens expressed by cancer cells in humans are weakly immunogenic, and therefore require the development of strategies to potentiate DNA vaccine efficacy in the clinical setting. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding of the immunology of DNA vaccines, as well as strategies used to increase DNA vaccine potency with respect to cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Pavlenko
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm S-171 76, Sweden.
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22
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Enhanced responses to tumor immunization following total body irradiation are time-dependent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82496. [PMID: 24349298 PMCID: PMC3861406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of successful cancer vaccines is contingent on the ability to induce effective and persistent anti-tumor immunity against self-antigens that do not typically elicit immune responses. In this study, we examine the effects of a non-myeloablative dose of total body irradiation on the ability of tumor-naïve mice to respond to DNA vaccines against melanoma. We demonstrate that irradiation followed by lymphocyte infusion results in a dramatic increase in responsiveness to tumor vaccination, with augmentation of T cell responses to tumor antigens and tumor eradication. In irradiated mice, infused CD8+ T cells expand in an environment that is relatively depleted in regulatory T cells, and this correlates with improved CD8+ T cell functionality. We also observe an increase in the frequency of dendritic cells displaying an activated phenotype within lymphoid organs in the first 24 hours after irradiation. Intriguingly, both the relative decrease in regulatory T cells and increase in activated dendritic cells correspond with a brief window of augmented responsiveness to immunization. After this 24 hour window, the numbers of dendritic cells decline, as does the ability of mice to respond to immunizations. When immunizations are initiated within the period of augmented dendritic cell activation, mice develop anti-tumor responses that show increased durability as well as magnitude, and this approach leads to improved survival in experiments with mice bearing established tumors as well as in a spontaneous melanoma model. We conclude that irradiation can produce potent immune adjuvant effects independent of its ability to induce tumor ablation, and that the timing of immunization and lymphocyte infusion in the irradiated host are crucial for generating optimal anti-tumor immunity. Clinical strategies using these approaches must therefore optimize such parameters, as the correct timing of infusion and vaccination may mean the difference between an ineffective treatment and successful tumor eradication.
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Chang DZ, Lomazow W, Joy Somberg C, Stan R, Perales MA. Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor: An Adjuvant for Cancer Vaccines. Hematology 2013; 9:207-15. [PMID: 15204102 DOI: 10.1080/10245330410001701549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances immune responses by inducing the proliferation, maturation, and migration of dendritic cells, and the expansion and differentiation of B and T lymphocytes. There is significant data in pre-clinical animal models demonstrating the adjuvant effects of GM-CSF in a variety of cancer vaccine approaches, including cellular vaccines, viral vaccines, peptide and protein vaccines, and DNA vaccines. GM-CSF is an attractive vaccine adjuvant because of its immune modulation effects and low toxicity profile. The results in animal models have been confirmed in pilot clinical trials and several clinical trials are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z Chang
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Research shows that cancers are recognized by the immune system but that the immune recognition of tumors does not uniformly result in tumor rejection or regression. Quantitating the success or failure of the immune system in tumor elimination is difficult because we do not really know the total numbers of encounters of the immune system with the tumors. Regardless of that important issue, recognition of the tumor by the immune system implicitly contains the idea of the tumor antigen, which is what is actually recognized. We review the molecular identity of all forms of tumor antigens (antigens with specific mutations, cancer-testis antigens, differentiation antigens, over-expressed antigens) and discuss the use of these multiple forms of antigens in experimental immunotherapy of mouse and human melanoma. These efforts have been uniformly unsuccessful; however, the approaches that have not worked or have somewhat worked have been the source of many new insights into melanoma immunology. From a critical review of the various approaches to vaccine therapy we conclude that individual cancer-specific mutations are truly the only sources of cancer-specific antigens, and therefore, the most attractive targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Blanchard
- Department of Immunology, and Carole and Ray Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1601, USA
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Cappello P, Rolla S, Chiarle R, Principe M, Cavallo F, Perconti G, Feo S, Giovarelli M, Novelli F. Vaccination with ENO1 DNA prolongs survival of genetically engineered mice with pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1098-106. [PMID: 23333712 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive tumor, and patients typically present with late-stage disease; rates of 5-year survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy are low. Antibodies against α-enolase (ENO1), a glycolytic enzyme, are detected in more than 60% of patients with PDA, and ENO1-specific T cells inhibit the growth of human pancreatic xenograft tumors in mice. We investigated whether an ENO1 DNA vaccine elicits antitumor immune responses and prolongs survival of mice that spontaneously develop autochthonous, lethal pancreatic carcinomas. METHODS We injected and electroporated a plasmid encoding ENO1 (or a control plasmid) into Kras(G12D)/Cre (KC) mice and Kras(G12D)/Trp53(R172H)/Cre (KPC) mice at 4 weeks of age (when pancreatic intraepithelial lesions are histologically evident). Antitumor humoral and cellular responses were analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot and cytotoxicity assays. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS The ENO1 vaccine induced antibody and a cellular response and increased survival times by a median of 138 days in KC mice and 42 days in KPC mice compared with mice given the control vector. On histologic analysis, the vaccine appeared to slow tumor progression. The vaccinated mice had increased serum levels of anti-ENO1 immunoglobulin G, which bound the surface of carcinoma cells and induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity. ENO1 vaccination reduced numbers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and T-regulatory cells and increased T-helper 1 and 17 responses. CONCLUSIONS In a genetic model of pancreatic carcinoma, vaccination with ENO1 DNA elicits humoral and cellular immune responses against tumors, delays tumor progression, and significantly extends survival. This vaccination strategy might be developed as a neoadjuvant therapy for patients with PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cappello
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
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Biolistic DNA vaccination against melanoma. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 940:317-37. [PMID: 23104352 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-110-3_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe here the use of particle-mediated gene transfer for the induction of immune responses against melanoma antigens in murine tumor models using the melanocyte differentiation antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) as an antigen in a murine B16 melanoma model. We have utilized marker genes such as β-galactosidase (βgal) and EGFP, which can be readily detected, as control antigens to establish the gene delivery and to detect antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. After biolistic DNA vaccination with plasmids encoding the TRP2 gene we observed the induction of TRP2-specific T-cells and antibodies associated with vitiligo-like fur depigmentation and tumor immunity against B16 melanoma cells. Here we describe the preparation of cartridges with DNA-coated gold beads and the in vivo gene transfer into skin using the Helios Gene Gun system. We also describe protocols for the measurement of humoral and cellular immune responses against the melanocyte differentiation antigen TRP2. These protocols can subsequently be adapted to other antigens.
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Abstract
Despite significant scientific knowledge in the field of cancer immunology, therapeutic strategies using cancer vaccines to generate anti-tumor immunity have historically resulted in only modest clinical benefit. Disappointing results from prior cancer vaccine trials are likely due to multifactorial causes. Perhaps the most important is the role of inherent tumor-induced immune suppression and enhanced immunologic tolerance. Current research directed toward understanding the mechanisms of immunologic tolerance has led to the development of promising therapeutic immune regulatory antibodies that inhibit immunologic checkpoints and subsequently enhance immunologic anti-tumor activity. This review discusses the prior challenges associated with cancer vaccines and describes how, by breaking immune inhibition and facilitating immune stimulation, immune regulatory antibodies show great promise in the treatment of a variety of tumors.
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Grosenbaugh DA, Leard AT, Bergman PJ, Klein MK, Meleo K, Susaneck S, Hess PR, Jankowski MK, Jones PD, Leibman NF, Johnson MH, Kurzman ID, Wolchok JD. Safety and efficacy of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine encoding for human tyrosinase as adjunctive treatment for oral malignant melanoma in dogs following surgical excision of the primary tumor. Am J Vet Res 2012; 72:1631-8. [PMID: 22126691 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a vaccine containing plasmid DNA with an insert encoding human tyrosinase (ie, huTyr vaccine) as adjunctive treatment for oral malignant melanoma (MM) in dogs. ANIMALS 111 dogs (58 prospectively enrolled in a multicenter clinical trial and 53 historical controls) with stage II or III oral MM (modified World Health Organization staging scale, I to IV) in which locoregional disease control was achieved. PROCEDURES 58 dogs received an initial series of 4 injections of huTyr vaccine (102 μg of DNA/injection) administered transdermally by use of a needle-free IM vaccination device. Dogs were monitored for adverse reactions. Surviving dogs received booster injections at 6-month intervals thereafter. Survival time for vaccinates was compared with that of historical control dogs via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for the outcome of death. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier analysis of survival time until death attributable to MM was determined to be significantly improved for dogs that received the huTyr vaccine, compared with that of historical controls. However, median survival time could not be determined for vaccinates because < 50% died of MM before the end of the observation period. No systemic reactions requiring veterinary intervention were associated with vaccination. Local reactions were primarily limited to acute wheal or hematoma formation, mild signs of pain at the injection site, and postvaccination bruising. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results support the safety and efficacy of the huTyr DNA vaccine in dogs as adjunctive treatment for oral MM. IMPACT FOR HUMAN MEDICINE Response to DNA vaccination in dogs with oral MM may be useful in development of plasmid DNA vaccination protocols for human patients with similar disease.
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Oncolytic plasmid: A novel strategy for tumor immuno-gene therapy. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:387-390. [PMID: 22740917 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncolytic virus is expected to proliferate in and destroy tumor cells. The virus is also thought to generate antitumor immunity. Virally infected tumor cells express viral antigens on their surfaces. Such tumor cells or their fragments would be taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) together with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), and facilitated cross-priming of tumor-specific T cells. Virus-specific protein presented on the infected cells therefore played a crucial role in the enhancement of the adaptive antitumor immunity. In this study, a plasmid encoding adenovirus protein, the adenovirus death protein (ADP), was constructed, and a very fine complex of the plasmid with polyethylenimine (PEI) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) was injected into tumor-bearing mice. Transfection of the ADP gene was shown to suppress tumor growth as effectively as granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) transfection. When mice were administered plasmid coding ADP (pDNA-ADP) to generate an immune response to ADP prior to therapy, transfection of the ADP gene induced a much higher level of tumor growth suppression than that found in the non-immunized mice. An evident synergistic effect of ADP and GM-CSF genes was also observed, and at a pDNA-ADP/pDNA-GM-CSF ratio of 4:1, significant suppression of tumor growth was achieved even in the non-immunized mice.
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Abstract
In this age of promise of new therapies for cancer, immunotherapy is emerging as an exciting treatment option for patients. Vaccines and cytokines are being tested extensively in clinical trials, and strategies using monoclonal antibodies and cell transfer are mediating dramatic regression of tumors in patients with certain malignancies. However, although initially advocated as being more specific for cancer and having fewer side effects than conventional therapies, it is becoming increasingly clear that many immunotherapies can lead to immune reactions against normal tissues. Immunotoxicities resulting from treatment can range from relatively minor conditions, such as skin depigmentation, to severe toxicities against crucial organ systems, such as liver, bowel, and lung. Treatment-related toxicity has correlated with better responses in some cases, and it is probable that serious adverse events from immune-mediated reactions will increase in frequency and severity as immunotherapeutic approaches become more effective. This review introduces immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer treatment, provides details of toxicities arising from therapy, and discusses future potential ways to avoid or circumvent these side effects.
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Yu WY, Chuang TF, Guichard C, El-Garch H, Tierny D, Laio AT, Lin CS, Chiou KH, Tsai CL, Liu CH, Li WC, Fischer L, Chu RM. Chicken HSP70 DNA vaccine inhibits tumor growth in a canine cancer model. Vaccine 2011; 29:3489-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Orlandi F, Guevara-Patiño JA, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Houghton AN, Gregor PD. Combination of epitope-optimized DNA vaccination and passive infusion of monoclonal antibody against HER2/neu leads to breast tumor regression in mice. Vaccine 2011; 29:3646-54. [PMID: 21435405 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HER2/neu is an oncogene amplified and over-expressed in 20-30% of breast adenocarcinomas. Treatment with the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab has shown efficacy in combination with cytotoxic agents, although resistance occurs over time. Novel approaches are needed to further increase antibody efficacy. In this study, we provide evidence in a mouse breast cancer therapeutic tumor model that the combination of active immunization with a modified HER2/neu DNA vaccine and passive infusion of an anti-HER2/neu monoclonal antibody leads to significant regression of established tumors. Our data indicate that combination therapy with a HER2/neu DNA vaccine and trastuzumab may have clinical activity in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Orlandi
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, United States
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Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TYRP1/gp75) in human cutaneous melanoma. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:150-5. [PMID: 21324755 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma prognosis is based on specific pathological features at the primary lesion. In metastatic patients, the extent of lymph node involvement is also an important prognosis indicator. Many progression markers both in tissues and serum, including circulating tumor cells, have been studied and new molecular markers are awaited from high-throughput screenings to discriminate between clinical stages and predict disease progression. The present review focuses on human tyrosinase related protein 1 also known as gp75 glycoprotein (Tyrp1/gp75), a melanosomal protein involved in the pigmentary machinery of the melanocyte and often used as differentiation marker, with a special emphasis on its emerging roles in the malignant melanocyte and melanoma progression.
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DNA vaccination: using the patient's immune system to overcome cancer. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:169484. [PMID: 21197271 PMCID: PMC3010826 DOI: 10.1155/2010/169484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most challenging diseases of today. Optimization of standard treatment protocols consisting of the main columns of chemo- and radiotherapy followed or preceded by surgical intervention is often limited by toxic side effects and induction of concomitant malignancies and/or development of resistant mechanisms. This requires the development of therapeutic strategies which are as effective as standard therapies but permit the patients a life without severe negative side effects. Along this line, the development of immunotherapy in general and the innovative concept of DNA vaccination in particular may provide a venue to achieve this goal. Using the patient's own immune system by activation of humoral and cellular immune responses to target the cancer cells has shown first promising results in clinical trials and may allow reduced toxicity standard therapy regimen in the future. The main challenge of this concept is to transfer the plethora of convincing preclinical and early clinical results to an effective treatment of patients.
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Manley CA, Leibman NF, Wolchok JD, Rivière IC, Bartido S, Craft DM, Bergman PJ. Xenogeneic murine tyrosinase DNA vaccine for malignant melanoma of the digit of dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2010; 25:94-9. [PMID: 21143299 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant melanoma of dogs is a highly aggressive neoplasm and is the 2nd most common digit tumor. Metastatic disease is a common sequela for which few effective treatment options exist. Studies show that xenogeneic tyrosinase DNA vaccination yields immune responses and prolongation of survival in dogs with oral malignant melanoma. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Describe clinical findings and tumor characteristics of a cohort of dogs with digit malignant melanoma, and evaluate the prognostic utility of a proposed staging system. Determine if a novel xenogeneic DNA vaccine is safe and potentially effective for treatment of dogs with digit melanoma. ANIMALS Fifty-eight dogs with digit malignant melanoma treated at the Animal Medical Center between 2004 and 2007. METHODS Retrospective, medical records review of dogs with digit melanoma treated with xenogeneic DNA vaccine. RESULTS Overall median survival time (MST) for dogs treated with loco-regional control and xenogeneic DNA vaccine was 476 days with a 1-year survival rate of 63%. MST for dogs presenting with metastasis was 105 days versus 533 days for dogs presenting without metastasis (P < .0001). Forty-eight percent of the dogs in the latter group were alive at 2 and 3 years. A proposed staging system proved prognostic with stages I-IV dogs surviving >952, >1,093, 321, and 76 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The xenogeneic murine tyrosinase DNA vaccine was safe and appears effective when used in conjunction with local and regional disease control. The proposed staging system was prognostic in this study and future studies might benefit from utilizing this staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Manley
- Donaldson-Atwood Cancer Clinic, The Animal Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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36
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Cai H, Guang Y, Liu L. The protective effects of in vitro cultivated calculus bovis on the cerebral and myocardial cells in hypoxic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 27:635-8. [PMID: 18231729 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effects of in vitro cultivated calculus bovis (ICCB) on the cerebral and myocardial cells in hypoxic mice and the mechanism were examined. In one group, mice were intragastrically (i.g.) given ICCB for 15 days and then they were subjected to acute cerebral ischemia by decapitation, and then the panting time was recorded. In the other group, 12 min after exposure to hypoxia, mice was administered the ICCB i.g. for 5 days, and then the blood serum and tissues of brain, heart, liver were harvested and examined for SOD, GSH-px and T-AOC activity and content of MDA. The tissues of brain and heart were observed electron-microscopically for ultrastructural changes. The corpus striatum and hippocampus of brain were collected and examined for content of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). The ultrastructural examination showed that the pathological change in brain and heart in the ICCB group was very slight, while abnormal changes in the control group were obviously more serious. ICCB significantly prolonged the panting time of the hypoxic mice (P<0.001), increased the activity of SOD, GSH-px, T-AOC in serum and tissues of brain, liver, heart and elevated the content of DA and NE. ICCB also pronouncedly reduced content of MDA in serum and tissues of brain, heart and liver. Significant differences in these parameters were noted between ICCB group and controls. It is concluded that ICCB can exert protective effect on the cells of brain and myocardium by enhancing the tolerance of the tissues to hypoxia and the body's ability to remove free radicals and regulating the neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Cai
- Department of Surgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Abstract
The use of gene constructs for DNA immunization offers several potential advantages over other commonly used vaccine approaches: (1) full-length cDNA provides multiple potential class I and class II epitopes, thus bypassing limitations of MHC restriction; (2) bacterial plasmid DNA contains immunogenic unmethylated CpG motifs (immunostimulatory sequences) that may act as a potent immunological adjuvant; and (3) DNA is relatively simple to purify in large quantities. The cDNA encoding the antigen of interest is cloned into a bacterial expression plasmid with a constitutively active promoter and this plasmid is injected into the skin or muscle where it is taken up by professional antigen-presenting cells, particularly dendritic cells, either through direct transfection or cross-priming. One can further enhance or modulate the immune response through co-delivery of DNA encoding cytokines or chemokines, including cytokine-Fc fusion molecules. The latter use molecular techniques to fuse a cytokine to the Fc portion of IgG1, creating a chimeric molecule with functional activity. In the present chapter, we will outline the approach to develop cytokine-Fc fusion genes as molecular adjuvants and will use GM-CSF as an example.
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a significant public health problem, and the most commonly diagnosed cancer in the USA. The long natural history of prostate cancer, the presence of a serum biomarker that can be used to detect very early recurrences, and the previous identification of multiple potential tissue-specific target antigens are all features that make this disease suitable for the development of anti-tumor vaccines. To date, many anti-tumor vaccines have entered clinical testing for patients with prostate cancer, and some have demonstrated clinical benefit. DNA vaccines represent one vaccine approach that has been evaluated in multiple preclinical models and clinical trials. The safety, specificity for the target antigen, ease of manufacturing and ease of incorporating other immune-modulating approaches make DNA vaccines particularly relevant for future development. This article focuses on DNA vaccines specifically in the context of prostate cancer treatment, focusing on antigens targeted in preclinical models, recent clinical trials and efforts to improve the potency of these vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Alam
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
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Alphavirus replicon particles expressing TRP-2 provide potent therapeutic effect on melanoma through activation of humoral and cellular immunity. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20844763 PMCID: PMC2937034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and is refractory to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore alternative approaches to treat this disease, such as immunotherapy, are needed. Melanoma vaccine design has mainly focused on targeting CD8+ T cells. Activation of effector CD8+ T cells has been achieved in patients, but provided limited clinical benefit, due to immune-escape mechanisms established by advanced tumors. We have previously shown that alphavirus-based virus-like replicon particles (VRP) simultaneously activate strong cellular and humoral immunity against the weakly immunogenic melanoma differentiation antigen (MDA) tyrosinase. Here we further investigate the antitumor effect and the immune mechanisms of VRP encoding different MDAs. Methodology/Principal Findings VRP encoding different MDAs were screened for their ability to prevent the growth of the B16 mouse transplantable melanoma. The immunologic mechanisms of efficacy were investigated for the most effective vaccine identified, focusing on CD8+ T cells and humoral responses. To this end, ex vivo immune assays and transgenic mice lacking specific immune effector functions were used. The studies identified a potent therapeutic VRP vaccine, encoding tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP-2), which provided a durable anti-tumor effect. The efficacy of VRP-TRP2 relies on a novel immune mechanism of action requiring the activation of both IgG and CD8+ T cell effector responses, and depends on signaling through activating Fcγ receptors. Conclusions/Significance This study identifies a VRP-based vaccine able to elicit humoral immunity against TRP-2, which plays a role in melanoma immunotherapy and synergizes with tumor-specific CD8+ T cell responses. These findings will aid in the rational design of future immunotherapy clinical trials.
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Ni J, Schirrmacher V, Fournier P. The hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of Newcastle Disease Virus: a powerful molecular adjuvant for DNA anti-tumor vaccination. Vaccine 2010; 28:6891-900. [PMID: 20709006 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid-encoded DNA vaccine is a novel and potentially powerful tool for cancer therapy. Since the strength of immune responses induced by DNA vaccine is usually rather low, a major goal in DNA vaccine development is to enhance vaccine-induced immunity. In this study, we investigated an approach based on the use of a viral surface protein with pleiotropic function as a potential immune enhancer. To this end, we prepared bicistronic DNA plasmids encoding the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of Newcastle Disease Virus in addition to a tumor target antigen. We demonstrate a higher tumor antigen-specific T cell-mediated immune response and a lower humoral response upon vaccination with a bicistronic DNA plasmid with incorporated HN gene. In a prophylactic immunization tumor model with the surrogate tumor antigen beta-galactosidase (β-gal) and in a therapeutic immunization tumor model with the xenogeneic tumor antigen human Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (hEpCAM), HN gene incorporation into the DNA vaccine led to better survival and tumor regression in mice. There was also cross protection in the therapeutic tumor model against a second challenge by the parental mouse mammary carcinoma cells in mice vaccinated with the bicistronic plasmids. This is the first report describing the HN protein as an immunomodulator for enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses via DNA plasmids. The results show that co-expression of HN with a tumor target antigen through bicistronic vectors ensures precise temporal and spatial co-delivery to direct anti-tumor immune responses preferentially towards Th1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Tumorimmunology Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Ginsberg BA, Gallardo HF, Rasalan TS, Adamow M, Mu Z, Tandon S, Bewkes BB, Roman RA, Chapman PB, Schwartz GK, Carvajal RD, Panageas KS, Terzulli SL, Houghton AN, Yuan JD, Wolchok JD. Immunologic response to xenogeneic gp100 DNA in melanoma patients: comparison of particle-mediated epidermal delivery with intramuscular injection. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:4057-65. [PMID: 20647477 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies show that i.m. injection of xenogeneic orthologues of melanosomal antigens (tyrosinase, gp100) induces CD8(+) T-cell responses to the syngeneic protein. To further define the optimal vaccination strategy, we conducted a pilot clinical trial comparing i.m. injection with particle-mediated epidermal delivery (PMED). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201(+) disease-free melanoma patients were randomized to the PMED or i.m. arm, receiving eight vaccinations over 4 months. Patients received 4 microg or 2,000 microg per injection, respectively, of mouse gp100 DNA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected, cultured with gp100 peptides, and analyzed by tetramer and intracellular cytokine staining for responses to HLA-A*0201-restricted gp100 epitopes [gp100(209-217) (ITDQVPFSV) and gp100(280-288) (YLEPGPVTA)]. RESULTS Twenty-seven patients with stage IIB-IV melanoma were analyzable for immune response. The only common toxicity was grade 1 injection site reaction in nine patients with no intergroup difference, and one dose-limiting toxicity of acute hypersensitivity occurred in a PMED patient with undiagnosed gold allergy. Four of 27 patients produced gp100 tetramer(+)CD8(+) T cells, all carrying the CCR7(lo)CD45RA(lo) effector-memory phenotype. Five of 27 patients generated IFN-gamma(+)CD8(+) T cells, one who was also tetramer-positive. Overall, vaccination induced a response in 30% of patients, which was not significantly associated with study arm or clinical outcome. However, the PMED group showed a trend toward increased IFN-gamma(+)CD8(+) T-cell generation (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION A comparable efficacy and safety profile was shown between the i.m. and PMED arms, despite a significantly decreased dose of DNA used for PMED injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Ginsberg
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Thacker EE, Nakayama M, Smith BF, Bird RC, Muminova Z, Strong TV, Timares L, Korokhov N, O'Neill AM, de Gruijl TD, Glasgow JN, Tani K, Curiel DT. A genetically engineered adenovirus vector targeted to CD40 mediates transduction of canine dendritic cells and promotes antigen-specific immune responses in vivo. Vaccine 2009; 27:7116-24. [PMID: 19786146 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeting viral vectors encoding tumor-associated antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo is likely to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapeutic cancer vaccines. We have previously shown that genetic modification of adenovirus (Ad) 5 to incorporate CD40 ligand (CD40L) rather than native fiber allows selective transduction and activation of DCs in vitro. Here, we examine the capacity of this targeted vector to induce immune responses to the tumor antigen CEA in a stringent in vivo canine model. CD40-targeted Ad5 transduced canine DCs via the CD40-CD40L pathway in vitro, and following vaccination of healthy dogs, CD40-targeted Ad5 induced strong anti-CEA cellular and humoral responses. These data validate the canine model for future translational studies and suggest targeting of Ad5 vectors to CD40 for in vivo delivery of tumor antigens to DCs is a feasible approach for successful cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Thacker
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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Huebener N, Fest S, Hilt K, Schramm A, Eggert A, Durmus T, Woehler A, Stermann A, Bleeke M, Baykan B, Weixler S, Gaedicke G, Lode HN. Xenogeneic immunization with human tyrosine hydroxylase DNA vaccines suppresses growth of established neuroblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2392-401. [PMID: 19671753 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a challenging malignancy of the sympathetic nervous tissue characterized by a very poor prognosis. One important marker for NB is the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first-step enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis. We could show stable and high TH gene expression in 67 NB samples independent of the clinical stage. Based on this observation, we addressed the question of whether xenogeneic TH DNA vaccination is effective in inducing an anti-NB immune response. For this purpose, we generated three DNA vaccines based on pCMV-F3Ub and pBUD-CE4.1 plasmids encoding for human (h)THcDNA (A), hTH minigene (B), and hTHcDNA in combination with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 12 (C), and tested prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy to suppress primary tumor growth and spontaneous metastasis. Here we report that xenogeneic TH DNA vaccination was effective in eradicating established primary tumors and inhibiting metastasis. Interestingly, this effect could not be enhanced by adding the Th1 cytokine interleukin 12. However, increased IFN-gamma production and NB cytotoxicity of effector cells harvested from vaccinated mice suggested the participation of tumor-specific CTLs in the immune response. The depletion of CD8(+)T cells completely abrogated the hTH vaccine-mediated anti-NB immune response. Furthermore, rechallenging of surviving mice resulted in reduced primary tumor growth, indicating the induction of a memory immune response. In conclusion, xenogeneic immunization with TH-derived DNA vaccines is effective against NB, and may open a new venue for a novel and effective immunotherapeutic strategy against this challenging childhood tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Huebener
- Department of Pediatrics, Allergy Center Charité, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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44
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Yuan J, Ku GY, Gallardo HF, Orlandi F, Manukian G, Rasalan TS, Xu Y, Li H, Vyas S, Mu Z, Chapman PB, Krown SE, Panageas K, Terzulli SL, Old LJ, Houghton AN, Wolchok JD. Safety and immunogenicity of a human and mouse gp100 DNA vaccine in a phase I trial of patients with melanoma. CANCER IMMUNITY 2009; 9:5. [PMID: 19496531 PMCID: PMC2888533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A differentiation antigen commonly expressed on melanoma cells, gp100 is the target of infiltrating T cells. We conducted a phase I randomized cross-over trial of melanoma patients with either xenogeneic (mouse) or human gp100 plasmid DNA injected intramuscularly at three dosages (100, 500 or 1,500 microg) every three weeks for three doses. After the first three injections, patients were then immunized three times with gp100 from the other species. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed at various time points following 10-day culture with gp100 peptides using multi-parametric flow cytometry. A total of 19 patients were enrolled, with 18 assessable for immune function and survival. 14 (74%) were male, with a median age of 56 years (range, 20-82). All patients had no evidence of disease; 10 (53%) had stage III disease, 3 each (16%) had stage IIB and IV disease, 2 (11%) had choroidal and 1 (5%) had anal mucosal involvement. With a median follow-up of 30 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) is 44 months. Median survival is not reached. There was no grade 3/4 toxicity; the most common grade 1/2 toxicity was an injection site reaction in 12 patients (63%, all grade 1). Five patients developed CD8+ cells binding gp100(280-288) HLA-A2-restricted tetramer. One patient had an increase in CD8+ IFN-gamma+ cells. This xenogeneic immunization strategy was safe and associated with minimal toxicity. There was also evidence of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianda Yuan
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Geoffrey Y. Ku
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Humilidad F. Gallardo
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Francesca Orlandi
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Gregor Manukian
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Teresa S. Rasalan
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Yinyan Xu
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Hao Li
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Shachi Vyas
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Zhenyu Mu
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Paul B. Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
| | - Susan E. Krown
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
| | - Katherine Panageas
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Stephanie L. Terzulli
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research,
New York Branch, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer CenterNew
York, NYUSA
| | - Alan N. Houghton
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
| | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy,
Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering InstituteNew
York, NYUSA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering
Cancer CenterNew York, NYUSA
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45
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Duan F, Lin Y, Liu C, Engelhorn ME, Cohen AD, Curran M, Sakaguchi S, Merghoub T, Terzulli S, Wolchok JD, Houghton AN. Immune rejection of mouse tumors expressing mutated self. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3545-53. [PMID: 19351857 PMCID: PMC2767208 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How the immune system recognizes and responds to mutations expressed by cancer cells is a critical issue for cancer immunology. Mutated self-polypeptides are particularly strong tumor-specific rejection antigens for natural tumor immunity, but we know remarkably little about T-cell responses to mutated self during tumor growth in vivo, including levels of response, kinetics, and correlates that predict tumor rejection. To address these questions, a mutated self-antigen, designated tyrosinase-related protein 1 (Tyrp1)-WM, derived from Tyrp1 was expressed in the poorly immunogenic, spontaneously arising B16 melanoma and the immunogenic, chemically induced LiHa fibrosarcoma. Syngeneic mice challenged with LiHa fibrosarcoma cells expressing Tyrp1-WM, but not native Tyrp1, induced specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses against defined mutated epitopes in tumor-draining lymph nodes and in tumors. Subsequently, specific CD8(+) T-cell responses contracted as a minority of tumors progressed. B16 melanomas expressing Tyrp1-WM induced minimal T-cell responses, and no tumor immunity was detected. Treatment with an agonist monoclonal antibody against glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) increased the level of CD8(+) T cells recognizing a peptide derived from the Tyrp1-WM sequence and the proportion of mice rejecting tumors. These results show that B16 tumors expressing mutations that generate strongly immunogenic epitopes naturally induce T-cell responses, which are insufficient to reject tumors. Immune modulation, such as inducing GITR signaling, is required to enhance CD8(+) T-cell responses to specific mutations and to lead to tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Duan
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Yun Lin
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Cailian Liu
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Adam D. Cohen
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Curran
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jedd D. Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Alan N. Houghton
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Medical College, New York, New York
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York
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46
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Bodles-Brakhop AM, Heller R, Draghia-Akli R. Electroporation for the delivery of DNA-based vaccines and immunotherapeutics: current clinical developments. Mol Ther 2009; 17:585-92. [PMID: 19223870 PMCID: PMC2835112 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) has been used in basic research for the past 25 years to aid in the transfer of DNA into cells in vitro. EP in vivo enhances transfer of DNA vaccines and therapeutic plasmids to the skin, muscle, tumors, and other tissues resulting in high levels of expression, often with serological and clinical benefits. The recent interest in nonviral gene transfer as treatment options for a vast array of conditions has resulted in the refinement and optimization of EP technology. Current research has revealed that EP can be successfully used in many species, including humans. Clinical trials are currently under way. Herein, the transition of EP from basic science to clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Bodles-Brakhop
- VGX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2700 Research Forest Drive, Suite 180, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, USA.
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47
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Rizzuto GA, Merghoub T, Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Liu C, Lesokhin AM, Sahawneh D, Zhong H, Panageas KS, Perales MA, Altan-Bonnet G, Wolchok JD, Houghton AN. Self-antigen-specific CD8+ T cell precursor frequency determines the quality of the antitumor immune response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:849-66. [PMID: 19332877 PMCID: PMC2715122 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A primary goal of cancer immunotherapy is to improve the naturally occurring, but weak, immune response to tumors. Ineffective responses to cancer vaccines may be caused, in part, by low numbers of self-reactive lymphocytes surviving negative selection. Here, we estimated the frequency of CD8+ T cells recognizing a self-antigen to be <0.0001% (∼1 in 1 million CD8+ T cells), which is so low as to preclude a strong immune response in some mice. Supplementing this repertoire with naive antigen-specific cells increased vaccine-elicited tumor immunity and autoimmunity, but a threshold was reached whereby the transfer of increased numbers of antigen-specific cells impaired functional benefit, most likely because of intraclonal competition in the irradiated host. We show that cells primed at precursor frequencies below this competitive threshold proliferate more, acquire polyfunctionality, and eradicate tumors more effectively. This work demonstrates the functional relevance of CD8+ T cell precursor frequency to tumor immunity and autoimmunity. Transferring optimized numbers of naive tumor-specific T cells, followed by in vivo activation, is a new approach that can be applied to human cancer immunotherapy. Further, precursor frequency as an isolated variable can be exploited to augment efficacy of clinical vaccine strategies designed to activate any antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Rizzuto
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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48
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Saenger YM, Li Y, Chiou KC, Chan B, Rizzuto G, Terzulli SL, Merghoub T, Houghton AN, Wolchok JD. Improved tumor immunity using anti-tyrosinase related protein-1 monoclonal antibody combined with DNA vaccines in murine melanoma. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9884-91. [PMID: 19047169 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Passive immunization with monoclonal antibody TA99 targeting melanoma differentiation antigen tyrosinase-related protein-1 (Tyrp1; gp75) and active immunization with plasmid DNA encoding altered Tyrp1 both mediate tumor immunity in the B16 murine melanoma model. We report here that TA99 enhances Tyrp1 DNA vaccination in the treatment of B16 lung metastases, an effect mediated by immunologic mechanisms as Tyrp1 has no known role in regulating tumor growth. TA99 is shown to increase induction of anti-Tyrp1 CD8+T-cell responses to DNA vaccination against Tyrp1 as assessed by IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays. Immunohistochemistry studies reveal that TA99 localizes rapidly and specifically to B16 lung nodules. Augmentation of T-cell responses is dependent on the presence of tumor as well as on activating Fc receptors. Furthermore, TA99 enhances DNA vaccination against a distinct melanoma antigen, gp100(pmel17/silver locus), improving antitumor efficacy, augmenting systemic CD8+ T-cell responses to gp100, and increasing CD8+ T-cell infiltration at the tumor site. Epitope spreading was observed, with CD8+ T-cell responses generated to Tyrp1 peptide in mice receiving gp100 DNA vaccination in the presence of TA99. Finally, we show that TA99 improves therapeutic efficacy of DNA vaccination combined with adoptive T-cell transfer in treatment of established subcutaneous B16 melanoma. In conclusion, TA99 enhances DNA vaccination against both the target antigen Tyrp1 and a distinct melanoma antigen gp100 in an Fc receptor-dependent mechanism, consistent with enhanced cross-presentation of tumor-derived antigen. Monoclonal antibodies should be tested as vaccine adjuvants in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Saenger
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, Immunology Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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49
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Williams BB, Wall M, Miao RY, Williams B, Bertoncello I, Kershaw MH, Mantamadiotis T, Haber M, Norris MD, Gautam A, Darcy PK, Ramsay RG. Induction of T cell-mediated immunity using a c-Myb DNA vaccine in a mouse model of colon cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1635-45. [PMID: 18386000 PMCID: PMC11030567 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the proto-oncogene c-Myb occurs in more than 80% of colorectal cancer (CRC) and is associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. To test c-Myb as a therapeutic target in CRC we devised a DNA fusion vaccine to generate an anti-CRC immune response. c-Myb, like many tumor antigens, is weakly immunogenic as it is a "self" antigen and subject to tolerance. To break tolerance, a DNA fusion vaccine was generated comprising wild-type c-Myb cDNA flanked by two potent Th epitopes derived from tetanus toxin. Vaccination was performed targeting a highly aggressive, weakly immunogenic, subcutaneous, syngeneic, colon adenocarcinoma cell line MC38 which highly expresses c-Myb. Prophylactic intravenous vaccination significantly suppressed tumor growth, through the induction of anti-tumor immunity for which the tetanus epitopes were essential. Vaccination generated anti-tumor immunity mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and increased infiltration of immune effector cells at the tumor site. Importantly, no evidence of autoimmune pathology in endogenous c-Myb expressing tissues was detected as a consequence of breaking tolerance. In summary, these results establish c-Myb as a potential antigen for immune targeting in CRC and serve to provide proof of principle for the continuing development of DNA vaccines targeting c-Myb to bring this approach to the clinic.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/metabolism
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, MHC Class I/physiology
- Genes, myb/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunity
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Stem Cells/cytology
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tetanus Toxin/genetics
- Tetanus Toxin/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
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50
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Perales MA, Yuan J, Powel S, Gallardo HF, Rasalan TS, Gonzalez C, Manukian G, Wang J, Zhang Y, Chapman PB, Krown SE, Livingston PO, Ejadi S, Panageas KS, Engelhorn ME, Terzulli SL, Houghton AN, Wolchok JD. Phase I/II study of GM-CSF DNA as an adjuvant for a multipeptide cancer vaccine in patients with advanced melanoma. Mol Ther 2008; 16:2022-9. [PMID: 18797450 PMCID: PMC3909666 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances immune responses by inducing dendritic cell proliferation, maturation, and migration and B and T lymphocyte expansion and differentiation. The potency of DNA vaccines can be enhanced by the addition of DNA encoding cytokines, acting as molecular adjuvants. We conducted a phase I/II trial of human GM-CSF DNA in conjunction with a multipeptide vaccine (gp100 and tyrosinase) in stage III/IV melanoma patients. Nineteen human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*0201(+) patients were treated. Three dose levels were studied: 100, 400, and 800 mcg DNA/injection, administered subcutaneously (SQ) every month with 500 mcg of each peptide. In the dose-ranging study, 3 patients were treated at each dose level. The remaining patients were then treated at the highest dose. Most toxicities were grade 1 injection site reactions. Eight patients (42%) developed CD8+ T-cell responses, defined by a ≥3 SD increase in baseline reactivity to tyrosinase or gp100 peptide in tetramer or intracellular cytokine staining assays. There was no relationship between dose and T-cell response. Responding T cells had an effector memory cell phenotype. Polyfunctional T cells were also demonstrated. At a median of 31 months follow-up, median survival has not been reached. Human GM-CSF DNA was found to be a safe adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel-Angel Perales
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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