1
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Zhai R, Snyder J, Montgomery S, Sato PY. Double life: How GRK2 and β-arrestin signaling participate in diseases. Cell Signal 2022; 94:110333. [PMID: 35430346 PMCID: PMC9929935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins play key roles in GPCR and non-GPCR cellular responses. In fact, GRKs and arrestins are involved in a plethora of pathways vital for physiological maintenance of inter- and intracellular communication. Here we review decades of research literature spanning from the discovery, identification of key structural elements, and findings supporting the diverse roles of these proteins in GPCR-mediated pathways. We then describe how GRK2 and β-arrestins partake in non-GPCR signaling and briefly summarize their involvement in various pathologies. We conclude by presenting gaps in knowledge and our prospective on the promising pharmacological potential in targeting these proteins and/or downstream signaling. Future research is warranted and paramount for untangling these novel and promising roles for GRK2 and arrestins in metabolism and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Priscila Y. Sato
- Corresponding author at: Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, 245 N 15th Street, NCB 8152, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA. (P.Y. Sato)
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2
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Medina-Jover F, Riera-Mestre A, Viñals F. Rethinking growth factors: the case of BMP9 during vessel maturation. VASCULAR BIOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 4:R1-R14. [PMID: 35350597 PMCID: PMC8942324 DOI: 10.1530/vb-21-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is an essential process for correct development and physiology. This mechanism is tightly regulated by many signals that activate several pathways, which are constantly interacting with each other. There is mounting evidence that BMP9/ALK1 pathway is essential for a correct vessel maturation. Alterations in this pathway lead to the development of hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasias. However, little was known about the BMP9 signalling cascade until the last years. Recent reports have shown that while BMP9 arrests cell cycle, it promotes the activation of anabolic pathways to enhance endothelial maturation. In light of this evidence, a new criterion for the classification of cytokines is proposed here, based on the physiological objective of the activation of anabolic routes. Whether this activation by a growth factor is needed to sustain mitosis or to promote a specific function such as matrix formation is a critical characteristic that needs to be considered to classify growth factors. Hence, the state-of-the-art of BMP9/ALK1 signalling is reviewed here, as well as its implications in normal and pathogenic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Medina-Jover
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut (Campus de Bellvitge), Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Riera-Mestre
- Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viñals
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Duran i Reynals, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology Program (Oncobell), Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut (Campus de Bellvitge), Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Kuai J, Han C, Wei W. Potential Regulatory Roles of GRK2 in Endothelial Cell Activity and Pathological Angiogenesis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698424. [PMID: 34335610 PMCID: PMC8320431 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2) is an integrative node in many signaling network cascades. Emerging evidence indicates that GRK2 can interact with a large number of GPCRs and non-GPCR substrates in both kinase-dependent and -independent modes. Some of these pathways are associated with endothelial cell (EC) activity. The active state of ECs is a pivotal factor in angiogenesis. The occurrence and development of some inflammation-related diseases are accompanied by pathological angiogenesis, but there remains a lack of effective targeted treatments. Alterations in the expression and/or localization of GRK2 have been identified in several types of diseases and have been demonstrated to regulate the angiogenesis process in these diseases. GRK2 as a target may be a promising candidate for anti-angiogenesis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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4
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Vila-Bedmar R, Cruces-Sande M, Arcones AC, Willemen HLDM, Prieto P, Moreno-Indias I, Díaz-Rodríguez D, Francisco S, Jaén RI, Gutiérrez-Repiso C, Heijnen CJ, Boscá L, Fresno M, Kavelaars A, Mayor F, Murga C. GRK2 levels in myeloid cells modulate adipose-liver crosstalk in high fat diet-induced obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:4957-4976. [PMID: 31927610 PMCID: PMC11105060 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are key effector cells in obesity-associated inflammation. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is highly expressed in different immune cell types. Using LysM-GRK2+/- mice, we uncover that a reduction of GRK2 levels in myeloid cells prevents the development of glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia after a high fat diet (HFD) through modulation of the macrophage pro-inflammatory profile. Low levels of myeloid GRK2 confer protection against hepatic insulin resistance, steatosis and inflammation. In adipose tissue, pro-inflammatory cytokines are reduced and insulin signaling is preserved. Macrophages from LysM-GRK2+/- mice secrete less pro-inflammatory cytokines when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and their conditioned media has a reduced pathological influence in cultured adipocytes or naïve bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our data indicate that reducing GRK2 levels in myeloid cells, by attenuating pro-inflammatory features of macrophages, has a relevant impact in adipose-liver crosstalk, thus preventing high fat diet-induced metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Vila-Bedmar
- Departamento de ciencias básicas de la salud, área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hanneke L D M Willemen
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology (LTI), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Prieto
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Moreno-Indias
- CIBER de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Victoria de Malaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Daniel Díaz-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Francisco
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael I Jaén
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez-Repiso
- CIBER de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Unidad de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Victoria de Malaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Fresno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Gambardella J, Sorriento D, Bova M, Rusciano M, Loffredo S, Wang X, Petraroli A, Carucci L, Mormile I, Oliveti M, Bruno Morelli M, Fiordelisi A, Spadaro G, Campiglia P, Sala M, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Santulli G, Ciccarelli M. Role of Endothelial G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 in Angioedema. Hypertension 2020; 76:1625-1636. [PMID: 32895019 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Excessive BK (bradykinin) stimulation is responsible for the exaggerated permeabilization of the endothelium in angioedema. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses have not been investigated. BK receptors are Gq-protein-coupled receptors phosphorylated by GRK2 (G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2) with a hitherto unknown biological and pathophysiological significance. In the present study, we sought to identify the functional role of GRK2 in angioedema through the regulation of BK signaling. We found that the accumulation of cytosolic Ca2+ in endothelial cells induced by BK was sensitive to GRK2 activity, as it was significantly augmented by inhibiting the kinase. Accordingly, permeabilization and NO production induced by BK were enhanced, as well. In vivo, mice with reduced GRK2 levels in the endothelium (Tie2-CRE/GRK2fl+/fl-) exhibited an increased response to BK in terms of vascular permeability and extravasation. Finally, patients with reduced GRK2 levels displayed a severe phenotype of angioedema. Taken together, these findings establish GRK2 as a novel pivotal regulator of BK signaling with an essential role in the pathophysiology of vascular permeability and angioedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gambardella
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), NA, Italy (J.G., B.T., G. Santulli)
| | - Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Maria Bova
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Rusciano
- Montevergine Hospital, Mercogliano, Italy (M.R.).,Department of Medicine and Surgery (M.R., M.O., M.C.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Xujun Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY
| | - Angelica Petraroli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mormile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Marco Oliveti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (M.R., M.O., M.C.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Morelli
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY
| | - Antonella Fiordelisi
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Interdepartmental Center for Research in Basic and Clinical Immunology Sciences (M.B., S.L., A.P., L.C., I.M., G. Spadaro), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- Division of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Science (P.C., M.S.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Marina Sala
- Division of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Science (P.C., M.S.), University of Salerno, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), NA, Italy (J.G., B.T., G. Santulli)
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- From the Department of Advanced Biomedical Science (J.G., D.S., A.F., B.T., G.I., G. Santulli), University of Naples Federico II, NA, Italy.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM) (J.G., X.W., M.B.M., G. Santulli), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore University Hospital, NY.,International Translational Research and Medical Education Consortium (ITME), NA, Italy (J.G., B.T., G. Santulli)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (M.R., M.O., M.C.), University of Salerno, Italy
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6
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Gambardella J, Wang X, Mone P, Khondkar W, Santulli G. Genetics of adrenergic signaling drives coronary artery calcification. Atherosclerosis 2020; 310:88-90. [PMID: 32863027 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, 80131, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), Naples, 80100, Italy.
| | - Xujun Wang
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States
| | - Wafiq Khondkar
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine - Montefiore University Hospital, New York City, 10461, NY, United States; Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, 80131, Italy; International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), Naples, 80100, Italy
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7
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Andrés-Delgado L, Galardi-Castilla M, Mercader N, Santamaría L. Analysis of wt1a reporter line expression levels during proepicardium formation in the zebrafish. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1035-1046. [PMID: 32633330 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The epicardium is the outer mesothelial layer of the heart. It covers the myocardium and plays important roles in both heart development and regeneration. It is derived from the proepicardium (PE), groups of cells that emerges at early developmental stages from the dorsal pericardial layer (DP) close to the atrio-ventricular canal and the venous pole of the heart-tube. In zebrafish, PE cells extrude apically into the pericardial cavity as a consequence of DP tissue constriction, a process that is dependent on Bmp pathway signaling. Expression of the transcription factor Wilms tumor-1, Wt1, which is a leader of important morphogenetic events such as apoptosis regulation or epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition, is also necessary during PE formation. In this study, we used the zebrafish model to compare intensity level of the wt1a reporter line epi:GFP in PE and its original tissue, the DP. We found that GFP is present at higher intensity level in the PE tissue, and differentially wt1 expression at pericardial tissues could be involved in the PE formation process. Our results reveal that bmp2b overexpression leads to enhanced GFP level both in DP and in PE tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain. .,Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Nacional Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Galardi-Castilla
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Nacional Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and its Role During Regeneration Laboratory, Nacional Center of Cardiovascular Research Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luis Santamaría
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Colás-Algora N, García-Weber D, Cacho-Navas C, Barroso S, Caballero A, Ribas C, Correas I, Millán J. Compensatory increase of VE-cadherin expression through ETS1 regulates endothelial barrier function in response to TNFα. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2125-2140. [PMID: 31396656 PMCID: PMC11105044 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
VE-cadherin plays a central role in controlling endothelial barrier function, which is transiently disrupted by proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNFα). Here we show that human endothelial cells compensate VE-cadherin degradation in response to TNFα by inducing VE-cadherin de novo synthesis. This compensation increases adherens junction turnover but maintains surface VE-cadherin levels constant. NF-κB inhibition strongly reduced VE-cadherin expression and provoked endothelial barrier collapse. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide and TNFα upregulated the transcription factor ETS1, in vivo and in vitro, in an NF-κB dependent manner. ETS1 gene silencing specifically reduced VE-cadherin protein expression in response to TNFα and exacerbated TNFα-induced barrier disruption. We propose that TNFα induces not only the expression of genes involved in increasing permeability to small molecules and immune cells, but also a homeostatic transcriptional program in which NF-κB- and ETS1-regulated VE-cadherin expression prevents the irreversible damage of endothelial barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego García-Weber
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.
| | | | - Susana Barroso
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Caballero
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Correas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Millán
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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GRK2-Dependent HuR Phosphorylation Regulates HIF1α Activation under Hypoxia or Adrenergic Stress. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051216. [PMID: 32413989 PMCID: PMC7281538 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to hypoxia is a common feature in solid tumors orchestrated by oxygen-dependent and independent upregulation of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). We unveiled that G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK2), known to be overexpressed in certain tumors, fosters this hypoxic pathway via phosphorylation of the mRNA-binding protein HuR, a central HIF-1α modulator. GRK2-mediated HuR phosphorylation increases the total levels and cytoplasmic shuttling of HuR in response to hypoxia, and GRK2-phosphodefective HuR mutants show defective cytosolic accumulation and lower binding to HIF-1α mRNA in hypoxic Hela cells. Interestingly, enhanced GRK2 and HuR expression correlate in luminal breast cancer patients. GRK2 also promotes the HuR/HIF-1α axis and VEGF-C accumulation in normoxic MCF7 breast luminal cancer cells and is required for the induction of HuR/HIF1-α in response to adrenergic stress. Our results point to a relevant role of the GRK2/HuR/HIF-1α module in the adaptation of malignant cells to tumor microenvironment-related stresses.
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10
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Livingston K, Schlaak RA, Puckett LL, Bergom C. The Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Radiation-Induced Heart Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:20. [PMID: 32154269 PMCID: PMC7047199 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a key modality in the treatment of many cancers; however, it can also affect normal tissues adjacent to the tumor, leading to toxic effects. Radiation to the thoracic region, such as that received as part of treatment for breast and lung cancer, can result in incidental dose to the heart, leading to cardiac dysfunction, such as pericarditis, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, conduction defects, and valvular dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms for these morbidities are currently being studied but are not entirely understood. There has been increasing focus on the role of radiation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and the ensuing impact on various cardiac functions in both preclinical models and in humans. Cardiomyocyte mitochondria are critical to cardiac function, and mitochondria make up a substantial part of a cardiomyocyte's volume. Mitochondrial dysfunction can also alter other cell types in the heart. This review summarizes several factors related to radiation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. These factors include mitochondrial DNA mutations, oxidative stress, alterations in various mitochondrial function-related transcription factors, and apoptosis. Through improved understanding of mitochondria-dependent mechanisms of radiation-induced heart dysfunction, potential therapeutic targets can be developed to assist in prevention and treatment of radiation-induced heart damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Livingston
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Rachel A Schlaak
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Lindsay L Puckett
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Carmen Bergom
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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11
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Palacios-García J, Sanz-Flores M, Asensio A, Alvarado R, Rojo-Berciano S, Stamatakis K, Paramio JM, Cano A, Nieto MÁ, García-Escudero R, Mayor F, Ribas C. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 safeguards epithelial phenotype in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:218-229. [PMID: 31850518 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract and display few treatment options in advanced stages. Despite increased knowledge of HNSCC molecular biology, the identification of new players involved in triggering HNSCC recurrence and metastatic disease is needed. We uncover that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2) expression is reduced in undifferentiated, high-grade human HNSCC tumors, whereas its silencing in model human HNSCC cells is sufficient to trigger epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotypic features, an EMT-like transcriptional program and enhanced lymph node colonization from orthotopic tongue tumors in mice. Conversely, enhancing GRK2 expression counteracts mesenchymal cells traits by mechanisms involving phosphorylation and decreased functionality of the key EMT inducer Snail1. Our results suggest that GRK2 safeguards the epithelial phenotype, whereas its downregulation contributes to the activation of EMT programs in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Palacios-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sanz-Flores
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Asensio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Alvarado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Rojo-Berciano
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ángela Nieto
- Unidad de Neurobiología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMH, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), and Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Abstract
Cullin-RING ligase 4 (CRL4), a member of the cullin-RING ligase family, orchestrates a variety of critical cellular processes and pathophysiological events. Recent results from mouse genetics, clinical analyses, and biochemical studies have revealed the impact of CRL4 in development and cancer etiology and elucidated its in-depth mechanism on catalysis of ubiquitination as a ubiquitin E3 ligase. Here, we summarize the versatile roles of the CRL4 E3 ligase complexes in tumorigenesis dependent on the evidence obtained from knockout and transgenic mouse models as well as biochemical and pathological studies.
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13
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Penela P, Ribas C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a multifunctional signaling hub. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4423-4446. [PMID: 31432234 PMCID: PMC6841920 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a versatile protein that acts as a signaling hub by modulating G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling and also via phosphorylation or scaffolding interactions with an extensive number of non-GPCR cellular partners. GRK2 multifunctionality arises from its multidomain structure and from complex mechanisms of regulation of its expression levels, activity, and localization within the cell, what allows the precise spatio-temporal shaping of GRK2 targets. A better understanding of the GRK2 interactome and its modulation mechanisms is helping to identify the GRK2-interacting proteins and its substrates involved in the participation of this kinase in different cellular processes and pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Catalina Ribas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Cell-Cell Communication Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII (CIBERCV), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Liu XF, Li JW, Chen HZ, Sun ZY, Shi GX, Zhu JM, Song AL, Wang Y, Li XQ. Yanghe Huayan decoction inhibits the capability of trans-endothelium and angiogenesis of HER2+ breast cancer via pAkt signaling. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181260. [PMID: 30429238 PMCID: PMC6379224 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Yanghe Huayan Decoction (YHD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is one of the most common complementary medicine currently used in the treatment of breast cancer (BC). It has been recently linked to suppress precancerous lesion and tumor development. The current study sought to explore the role of YHD on trans-endothelium and angiogenesis of BC. Methods: HER2+ BC cells were treated with YHD, Trastuzumab, or the combination in vitro and in vivo to compare the effects of them on trans-endothelium and angiogenesis features. The present study also investigated the potential molecular mechanism of YHD in inhibiting angiogenesis of BC. Results: YHD significantly suppressed the invasion and angiogenesis of BC cells via elevated pAkt signaling. Administration of YHD in vivo also strikingly repressed angiogenesis in tumor grafts. Conclusion: YHD could partially inhibit and reverse tumorigenesis of BC. It also could inhibit Akt activation and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo Its effect was superior to trastuzumab. Thus it was suitable for prevention and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Liu
- First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing-Wei Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medecine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Guang-Xi Shi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ai-Li Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Qi Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong, China
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15
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Murga C, Arcones AC, Cruces-Sande M, Briones AM, Salaices M, Mayor F. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:112. [PMID: 30837878 PMCID: PMC6390810 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a central signaling node involved in the modulation of many G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and also displaying regulatory functions in other cell signaling routes. GRK2 levels and activity have been reported to be enhanced in patients or in preclinical models of several relevant pathological situations, such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance conditions, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to contribute to disease progression by a variety of mechanisms related to its multifunctional roles. Therefore, targeting GRK2 by different strategies emerges as a potentially relevant approach to treat cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, or NAFLD, pathological conditions which are frequently interconnected and present as co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Murga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba C Arcones
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Briones
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Sorriento D, Gambardella J, Fiordelisi A, Iaccarino G, Illario M. GRKs and β-Arrestins: "Gatekeepers" of Mitochondrial Function in the Failing Heart. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:64. [PMID: 30809146 PMCID: PMC6379454 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial regulation of energy production, calcium homeostasis, and cell death are critical for cardiac function. Accordingly, the structural and functional abnormalities of these organelles (mitochondrial dysfunction) contribute to developing cardiovascular diseases and heart failure. Therefore the preservation of mitochondrial integrity is essential for cardiac cell survival. Mitochondrial function is regulated by several proteins, including GRK2 and β-arrestins which act in a GPCR independent manner to orchestrate intracellular signaling associated with key mitochondrial processes. It is now ascertained that GRK2 is able to recover mitochondrial function in response to insults. β-arrestins affect several intracellular signaling pathways within the cell which in turn are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function, but a direct regulation of mitochondria needs further investigations. In this review, we discuss the recent acquisitions on the role of GRK2 and β-arrestins in the regulation of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sorriento
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Fiordelisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Cheng J, Guo J, North BJ, Tao K, Zhou P, Wei W. The emerging role for Cullin 4 family of E3 ligases in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2018; 1871:138-159. [PMID: 30602127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As a member of the Cullin-RING ligase family, Cullin-RING ligase 4 (CRL4) has drawn much attention due to its broad regulatory roles under physiological and pathological conditions, especially in neoplastic events. Based on evidence from knockout and transgenic mouse models, human clinical data, and biochemical interactions, we summarize the distinct roles of the CRL4 E3 ligase complexes in tumorigenesis, which appears to be tissue- and context-dependent. Notably, targeting CRL4 has recently emerged as a noval anti-cancer strategy, including thalidomide and its derivatives that bind to the substrate recognition receptor cereblon (CRBN), and anticancer sulfonamides that target DCAF15 to suppress the neoplastic proliferation of multiple myeloma and colorectal cancers, respectively. To this end, PROTACs have been developed as a group of engineered bi-functional chemical glues that induce the ubiquitination-mediated degradation of substrates via recruiting E3 ligases, such as CRL4 (CRBN) and CRL2 (pVHL). We summarize the recent major advances in the CRL4 research field towards understanding its involvement in tumorigenesis and further discuss its clinical implications. The anti-tumor effects using the PROTAC approach to target the degradation of undruggable targets are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jianping Guo
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian J North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kaixiong Tao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Pengbo Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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18
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The role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases in the pathology of malignant tumors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1699-1705. [PMID: 29921886 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) constitute seven subtypes of serine/threonine protein kinases that specifically recognize and phosphorylate agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), thereby terminating the GPCRs-mediated signal transduction pathway. Recent research shows that GRKs also interact with non-GPCRs and participate in signal transduction in non-phosphorylated manner. Besides, GRKs activity can be regulated by multiple factors. Changes in GRKs expression have featured prominently in various tumor pathologies, and they are associated with angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of malignant tumors. As a result, GRKs have been intensively studied as potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we review evolving understanding of the function of GRKs, the regulation of GRKs activity and the role of GRKs in human malignant tumor pathophysiology.
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19
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Zhang Q, Yi DY, Xue BZ, Wen WW, Lu YP, Abdelmaksou A, Sun MX, Yuan DT, Zhao HY, Xiong NX, Xiang W, Fu P. CD90 determined two subpopulations of glioma-associated mesenchymal stem cells with different roles in tumour progression. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1101. [PMID: 30368520 PMCID: PMC6204133 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human glioma-associated mesenchymal stem cells (gbMSCs) are the stromal cell components that contribute to the tumourigenesis of malignant gliomas. Recent studies have shown that gbMSCs consist of two distinct subpopulations (CD90+ and CD90− gbMSCs). However, the different roles in glioma progression have not been expounded. In this study, we found that the different roles of gbMSCs in glioma progression were associated with CD90 expression. CD90high gbMSCs significantly drove glioma progression mainly by increasing proliferation, migration and adhesion, where as CD90low gbMSCs contributed to glioma progression chiefly through the transition to pericytes and stimulation of vascular formation via vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, discrepancies in long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs expression were verified in these two gbMSC subpopulations, and the potential underlying molecular mechanism was discussed. Our data confirm for the first time that CD90high and CD90low gbMSCs play different roles in human glioma progression. These results provide new insights into the possible future use of strategies targeting gbMSC subpopulations in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dong-Ye Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bing-Zhou Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wan-Wan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yin-Ping Lu
- Institute of Infection and Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Ahmed Abdelmaksou
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Cairo, 11435, Egypt
| | - Min-Xuan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - De-Tian Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215163, China
| | - Hong-Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Nan-Xiang Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Peng Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery,Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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20
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GRK2 knockdown in mice exacerbates kidney injury and alters renal mechanisms of blood pressure regulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11415. [PMID: 30061705 PMCID: PMC6065385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system regulates blood pressure and fluid balance in the body primarily via angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1R). Renal AT1R was found to be primarily responsible for Ang II-mediated hypertension. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) modulates AT1R desensitization and increased GRK2 protein expression is reported in hypertensive patients. However, the consequences of GRK2 inhibition on kidney functions remain unknown. We employed shGRK2 knockdown mice (shGRK2 mice) to test the role of GRK2 in kidney development and function that can be ultimately linked to the hypertensive phenotype detected in shGRK2 mice. GRK2 knockdown reduced kidney size, nephrogenesis and glomerular count, and impaired glomerular filtration. Glomerular damage in adult shGRK2 mice was associated with increased renin- and AT1R-mediated production of reactive oxygen species. The AT1R blocker, Losartan, normalized elevated blood pressure and markedly improved glomerular filtration in the shGRK2 knockdown mice. Our findings provide evidence for the crucial role of GRK2 in renal regulation of blood pressure. It also suggests that the detrimental outcomes of GRK2 inhibitors on the kidney should be carefully examined when used as antihypertensive.
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21
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Rainbow RD, Brennan S, Jackson R, Beech AJ, Bengreed A, Waldschmidt HV, Tesmer JJG, Challiss RAJ, Willets JM. Small-Molecule G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase Inhibitors Attenuate G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2-Mediated Desensitization of Vasoconstrictor-Induced Arterial Contractions. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1079-1091. [PMID: 29980659 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.112524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoconstrictor-driven G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)/phospholipase C (PLC) signaling increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration to mediate arterial contraction. To counteract vasoconstrictor-induced contraction, GPCR/PLC signaling can be desensitized by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), with GRK2 playing a predominant role in isolated arterial smooth muscle cells. In this study, we use an array of GRK2 inhibitors to assess their effects on the desensitization of UTP and angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated arterial contractions. The effects of GRK2 inhibitors on the desensitization of UTP- or AngII-stimulated mesenteric third-order arterial contractions, and PLC activity in isolated mesenteric smooth muscle cells (MSMC), were determined using wire myography and Ca2+ imaging, respectively. Applying a stimulation protocol to cause receptor desensitization resulted in reductions in UTP- and AngII-stimulated arterial contractions. Preincubation with the GRK2 inhibitor paroxetine almost completely prevented desensitization of UTP- and attenuated desensitization of AngII-stimulated arterial contractions. In contrast, fluoxetine was ineffective. Preincubation with alternative GRK2 inhibitors (Takeda compound 101 or CCG224063) also attenuated the desensitization of UTP-mediated arterial contractile responses. In isolated MSMC, paroxetine, Takeda compound 101, and CCG224063 also attenuated the desensitization of UTP- and AngII-stimulated increases in Ca2+, whereas fluoxetine did not. In human uterine smooth muscle cells, paroxetine reversed GRK2-mediated histamine H1 receptor desensitization, but not GRK6-mediated oxytocin receptor desensitization. Utilizing various small-molecule GRK2 inhibitors, we confirm that GRK2 plays a central role in regulating vasoconstrictor-mediated arterial tone, highlighting a potentially novel strategy for blood pressure regulation through targeting GRK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Rainbow
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Sean Brennan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Robert Jackson
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Alison J Beech
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Amal Bengreed
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Helen V Waldschmidt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - John J G Tesmer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - R A John Challiss
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
| | - Jonathon M Willets
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom (A.B., R.A.J.C., J.M.W.); Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom (R.D.R., S.B., R.J., A.J.B.); Life Sciences Institute and Departments of Pharmacology, Biological Sciences, and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (H.V.W., J.J.G.T.); and Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (J.J.G.T.)
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22
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Franco A, Sorriento D, Gambardella J, Pacelli R, Prevete N, Procaccini C, Matarese G, Trimarco B, Iaccarino G, Ciccarelli M. GRK2 moderates the acute mitochondrial damage to ionizing radiation exposure by promoting mitochondrial fission/fusion. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531822 PMCID: PMC5841414 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0028-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern understanding of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 has grown towards the definition of a stress protein, for its ability to rapidly compartmentalize within the cell in response to acute stimulation. Also, mitochondria can be regulated by GRK2 localization. We show that Ionizing Radiation (IR) exposure acutely damages mitochondria regarding mass, morphology, and respiration, with recovery in a framework of hours. This phenomenon is actively regulated by GRK2, whose overexpression results to be protective, and reciprocally, deletion accelerates degenerative processes. The regulatory effects of the kinase involve a new interactome that includes binding HSP90 and binding and phosphorylation of the key molecules involved in the process of mitochondrial fusion and recovery: MFN-1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Franco
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy.,2Center for Pharmacogenomics, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, USA
| | - Daniela Sorriento
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- 3Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Roberto Pacelli
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Nella Prevete
- 4Department of Translational Medical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Procaccini
- 5Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies "Federico II" University, Naples and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- 5Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies "Federico II" University, Naples and Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology (IEOS-CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Trimarco
- 1Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, "Federico II" University, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Iaccarino
- 3Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- 3Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
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23
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Yu S, Sun L, Jiao Y, Lee LTO. The Role of G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinases in Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:189-203. [PMID: 29483837 PMCID: PMC5821040 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of plasma membrane receptors. Emerging evidence demonstrates that signaling through GPCRs affects numerous aspects of cancer biology such as vascular remolding, invasion, and migration. Therefore, development of GPCR-targeted drugs could provide a new therapeutic strategy to treating a variety of cancers. G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) modulate GPCR signaling by interacting with the ligand-activated GPCR and phosphorylating its intracellular domain. This phosphorylation initiates receptor desensitization and internalization, which inhibits downstream signaling pathways related to cancer progression. GRKs can also regulate non-GPCR substrates, resulting in the modulation of a different set of pathophysiological pathways. In this review, we will discuss the role of GRKs in modulating cell signaling and cancer progression, as well as the therapeutic potential of targeting GRKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yu
- Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Litao Sun
- Department of Ultrasound, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufei Jiao
- Department of Pathology, The Secondary Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Leo Tsz On Lee
- Centre of Reproduction Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
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24
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Nogués L, Palacios-García J, Reglero C, Rivas V, Neves M, Ribas C, Penela P, Mayor F. G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in tumorigenesis and cancer progression: GPCR regulators and signaling hubs. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 48:78-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as an integrative signalling node in the regulation of cardiovascular function and metabolic homeostasis. Cell Signal 2018; 41:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Li W, Jia X, Shen C, Zhang M, Xu J, Shang Y, Zhu K, Hu M, Yan Q, Qin D, Lee MS, Zhu J, Lu H, Krueger BJ, Renne R, Gao SJ, Lu C. A KSHV microRNA enhances viral latency and induces angiogenesis by targeting GRK2 to activate the CXCR2/AKT pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 7:32286-305. [PMID: 27058419 PMCID: PMC5078013 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD). Most tumor cells in these malignancies are latently infected by KSHV. Thus, viral latency is critical for the development of tumor and induction of tumor-associated angiogenesis. KSHV encodes more than two dozens of miRNAs but their roles in KSHV-induced angiogenesis remains unknown. We have recently shown that miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promoted cell migration and invasion by targeting GRK2/CXCR2/AKT signaling (PLoS Pathog, 2015;11(9):e1005171). Here, we further demonstrated a role of miR-K3 and its induced signal pathway in KSHV latency and KSHV-induced angiogenesis. We found that overexpression of miR-K3 not only promoted viral latency by inhibiting viral lytic replication, but also induced angiogenesis. Further, knockdown of GRK2 inhibited KSHV replication and enhanced KSHV-induced angiogenesis by enhancing the CXCR2/AKT signals. As a result, blockage of CXCR2 or AKT increased KSHV replication and decreased angiogenesis induced by PEL cells in vivo. Finally, deletion of miR-K3 from viral genome reduced KSHV-induced angiogenesis and increased KSHV replication. These findings indicate that the miR-K3/GRK2/CXCR2/AKT axis plays an essential role in KSHV-induced angiogenesis and promotes KSHV latency, and thus may be a potential therapeutic target of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Chenyou Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jingyun Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuancui Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Kaixiang Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Minmin Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hongmei Lu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Brian J Krueger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China.,Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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27
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Methodological Approach to Use Fresh and Cryopreserved Vessels as Tools to Analyze Pharmacological Modulation of the Angiogenic Growth. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 68:230-40. [PMID: 27631438 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sprouting of new vessels is greatly influenced by the procedure chosen. We sought to optimize the experimental conditions of the angiogenic growth of fresh and cryopreserved vessels cultured in Matrigel with the aim to use this system to analyze the pharmacological modulation of the process. Segments of second-order branches of rat mesenteric resistance arteries, thoracic aorta of rat or mouse, and cryopreserved rat aorta and human femoral arteries were cultured in Matrigel for 7-21 days in different mediums, as well as in the absence of endothelial or adventitia layer. Quantification of the angiogenic growth was performed by either direct measurement of the mean length of the neovessels or by calcein AM staining and determination of fluorescence intensity and area. Fresh and cryopreserved arterial rings incubated in Matrigel exhibited a spontaneous angiogenic response that was strongly accelerated by fetal calf serum. Addition of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, endothelial growth factor, or recombinant insulin-like growth factor failed to increase aortic sprouting, unless all were added together. Removal of adventitia, but not the endothelial layer, abrogated the angiogenic response of aortic rings. Determination of the mean neovessel length is an easy and accurate method to quantify the angiogenic growth devoid of confounding factors, such as inclusion of other cellular types surrounding the neovessels. Activity of a α1-adrenoceptor agonist (phenylephrine) and its inhibition by a selective antagonist (prazosin) were analyzed to prove the usefulness of the Matrigel system to evaluate the pharmacological modulation of the angiogenic growth.
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28
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Lin SB, Zhou L, Liang ZY, Zhou WX, Jin Y. Expression of GRK2 and IGF1R in hepatocellular carcinoma: clinicopathological and prognostic significance. J Clin Pathol 2017; 70:754-759. [PMID: 28202495 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been shown that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) negatively regulates the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) signalling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of GRK2 and IGF1R in HCC. METHODS Expression of GRK2 and IGF1R was first detected by tissue microarray-based immunohistochemistry in 156 patients with HCC. Staining results, termed the H-score, were then correlated with clinicopathological variables and patient survival. Finally, the prognostic value of GRK2 and IGF1R was validated in the publically available TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) RNA-sequencing database. RESULTS The H-score of GRK2 staining (which was significantly lower in tumour than non-tumour tissue) was negatively associated with that of IGF1R with a reverse trend. No clinicopathological significance of the proteins was found except for a relationship between tumoral IGF1R expression and tumour-node-metastasis stage. In univariate analysis, high IGF1R expression predicted poor overall and disease-free survival, whereas GRK2 was not prognostic. In multivariate analysis, IGF1R was significant for overall survival. Furthermore, IGF1R was also of prognostic value in the TCGA database. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that GRK2 and IGF1R show a negative correlation in HCC. IGF1R could be a potential marker of poor prognosis for this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Bai Lin
- International Medical Services, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Xun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Clinical Research Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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29
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Nogués L, Reglero C, Rivas V, Neves M, Penela P, Mayor F. G-Protein–Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 as a Potential Modulator of the Hallmarks of Cancer. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:220-228. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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30
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Nogués L, Reglero C, Rivas V, Salcedo A, Lafarga V, Neves M, Ramos P, Mendiola M, Berjón A, Stamatakis K, Zhou XZ, Lu KP, Hardisson D, Mayor F, Penela P. G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Promotes Breast Tumorigenesis Through a HDAC6-Pin1 Axis. EBioMedicine 2016; 13:132-145. [PMID: 27720394 PMCID: PMC5264252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to oncogenic drivers, signaling nodes can critically modulate cancer-related cellular networks to strength tumor hallmarks. We identify G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) as a relevant player in breast cancer. GRK2 is up-regulated in breast cancer cell lines, in spontaneous tumors in mice, and in a proportion of invasive ductal carcinoma patients. Increased GRK2 functionality promotes the phosphorylation and activation of the Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) leading to de-acetylation of the Prolyl Isomerase Pin1, a central modulator of tumor progression, thereby enhancing its stability and functional interaction with key mitotic regulators. Interestingly, a correlation between GRK2 expression and Pin1 levels and de-acetylation status is detected in breast cancer patients. Activation of the HDAC6-Pin1 axis underlies the positive effects of GRK2 on promoting growth factor signaling, cellular proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in both luminal and basal breast cancer cells. Enhanced GRK2 levels promote tumor growth in mice, whereas GRK2 down-modulation sensitizes cells to therapeutic drugs and abrogates tumor formation. Our data suggest that GRK2 acts as an important onco-modulator by strengthening the functionality of key players in breast tumorigenesis such as HDAC6 and Pin1. Pathways commonly altered in breast cancer converge in promoting GRK2 upregulation, leading to enhanced HDAC6 functionality. The GRK2-HDAC6 module fosters cancer hallmarks by enabling de-acetylation and gain-of function of the Prolyl Isomerase Pin1. GRK2 downregulation sensitizes cells to therapeutic drugs and abrogates tumor formation in mice.
Targeting growth factors or estrogen receptors have improved the clinical outcome of certain subtypes of breast cancer, although these treatments are limited by the emergence of resistances. We uncover that G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2(GRK2) increases in breast cancer experimental models and in certain ductal carcinoma patients, thus enhancing the transforming growth properties of both luminal and basal breast cancer cells, by augmenting the functionality of cancer-driving nodes such as Histone Deacetylase 6 and Pin1. GRK2 inhibition sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents and blocks tumor growth in mice. The GRK2-HDAC6-Pin1 axis emerges as a relevant molecular signature in breast tumorigenesis and as a potential target for combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nogués
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Molecular Oncology and Nutritional Genomics of Cancer, Madrid Institute of Advanced Studies-Food Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Reglero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Rivas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Salcedo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Lafarga
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Neves
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Ramos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mendiola
- Laboratory of Pathology and Translational Oncology, Hospital la Paz Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Berjón
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kostas Stamatakis
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, CLS 0408, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, CLS 0408, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David Hardisson
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario La Paz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IdiPaz, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Gómez EO, Chirino YI, Delgado-Buenrostro NL, López-Saavedra A, Meraz-Cruz N, López-Marure R. Secretome derived from breast tumor cell lines alters the morphology of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Membr Biol 2016; 33:29-37. [PMID: 27690154 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2016.1229057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastases, responsible for most of the solid tumor associated deaths, require angiogenesis and changes in endothelial cells. In this work, the effect of the secretomes of three breast tumor cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and ZR-75-30) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) morphology was investigated. HUVEC treated with secretomes from breast cells were analyzed by confocal and time-lapse microscopy. Secretomes from ZR-75-30 and MDA-MB-231 cells modify the morphology and adhesion of HUVEC. These changes may provoke the loss of endothelial monolayer integrity. In consequence, tumor cells could have an increased access to circulation, which would then enhance metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Olivia Gómez
- a Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades , Plantel San Lorenzo Tezonco , México
| | | | | | | | | | - Rebeca López-Marure
- e Departamento de Fisiología (Biología Celular) , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez" , México
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Guccione M, Ettari R, Taliani S, Da Settimo F, Zappalà M, Grasso S. G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 (GRK2) Inhibitors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9277-9294. [PMID: 27362616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor kinase that is ubiquitously expressed in many tissues and regulates various intracellular mechanisms. The up- or down-regulation of GRK2 correlates with several pathological disorders. GRK2 plays an important role in the maintenance of heart structure and function; thus, this kinase is involved in many cardiovascular diseases. GRK2 up-regulation can worsen cardiac ischemia; furthermore, increased kinase levels occur during the early stages of heart failure and in hypertensive subjects. GRK2 up-regulation can lead to changes in the insulin signaling cascade, which can translate to insulin resistance. Increased GRK2 levels also correlate with the degree of cognitive impairment that is typically observed in Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews the most potent and selective GRK2 inhibitors that have been developed. We focus on their mechanism of action, inhibition profile, and structure-activity relationships to provide insight into the further development of GRK2 inhibitors as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Guccione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Zhou L, Wang MY, Liang ZY, Zhou WX, You L, Pan BJ, Liao Q, Zhao YP. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in pancreatic cancer: clinicopathologic and prognostic significance. Hum Pathol 2016; 56:171-7. [PMID: 27346572 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was found to regulate biological behaviors in some cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PC). However, its clinicopathologic and prognostic implications in cancer remain unclear. This study was designed to address the issues in PC. Expression of GRK2 was measured by Western blotting and tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical staining in 3 and 171 patients with PC, respectively. The H-score was used to evaluate the staining results. In addition, GRK2 expression was correlated with clinicopathologic variables and overall survival. Finally, the prognostic value of GRK2 was validated in a publically available PC dataset, GSE21501. It was suggested that GRK2 expression was highly up-regulated in 2 out of 3 tumor samples, in contrast to corresponding non-tumor ones. Furthermore, H-score of GRK2 staining was significantly higher in tumor than in non-tumor tissues. Tumoral expression of GRK2 was significantly associated with T stage. Univariate analysis showed that high GRK2 expression in tumor tissues was predictive for poor overall survival of PC. However, GRK2 expression was not identified as an independent prognostic marker in multivariate Cox regression test, although close to the statistical significance. In dataset GSE21501, GRK2 was also revealed to be prognostic. Our data establish that GRK2 is overexpressed in PC, and might serve as a potential indicator of unfavorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Meng-Yi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei-Xun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Bo-Ju Pan
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Yu-Pei Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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Taguchi K, Matsumoto T, Kobayashi T. G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 and endothelial dysfunction: molecular insights and pathophysiological mechanisms. J Smooth Muscle Res 2016; 51:37-49. [PMID: 26447102 PMCID: PMC5137304 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.51.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells are the major cell types in blood
vessels. The principal function of vascular SMC in the body is to regulate blood flow and
pressure through contraction and relaxation. The endothelium performs a crucial role in
maintaining vascular integrity by achieving whole-organ metabolic homeostasis via the
production of factors associated with vasoconstriction or vasorelaxation. In this review,
we have focused on the production of nitric oxide (NO), a vasorelaxation factor. The
extent of NO production represents a key marker in vascular health. A decrease in NO is
capable of inducing pathological conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction, such
as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and atherosclerosis. Recent studies have
strongly implicated the involvement of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in the
progression of cardiovascular disease. Vasculature which is affected by insulin resistance
and type 2 diabetes expresses high levels of GRK2, which may induce endothelial
dysfunction by reducing intracellular NO. GRK2 activation also induces changes in the
subcellular localization of GRK2 itself and also of β-arrestin 2, a downstream protein. In
this review, we describe the pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance and
diabetes, focusing on the signal transduction for NO production via GRK2 and β-arrestin 2,
providing novel insights into the potential field of translational investigation in the
treatment of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Tokyo, Japan
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Lappano R, Rigiracciolo D, De Marco P, Avino S, Cappello AR, Rosano C, Maggiolini M, De Francesco EM. Recent Advances on the Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Hypoxia-Mediated Signaling. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:305-10. [PMID: 26865461 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface proteins mainly involved in signal transmission; however, they play a role also in several pathophysiological conditions. Chemically heterogeneous molecules like peptides, hormones, lipids, and neurotransmitters activate second messengers and induce several biological responses by binding to these seven transmembrane receptors, which are coupled to heterotrimeric G proteins. Recently, additional molecular mechanisms have been involved in GPCR-mediated signaling, leading to an intricate network of transduction pathways. In this regard, it should be mentioned that diverse GPCR family members contribute to the adaptive cell responses to low oxygen tension, which is a distinguishing feature of several illnesses like neoplastic and cardiovascular diseases. For instance, the G protein estrogen receptor, namely G protein estrogen receptor (GPER)/GPR30, has been shown to contribute to relevant biological effects induced by hypoxia via the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α in diverse cell contexts, including cancer. Likewise, GPER has been found to modulate the biological outcome of hypoxic/ischemic stress in both cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Here, we describe the role exerted by GPCR-mediated signaling in low oxygen conditions, discussing, in particular, the involvement of GPER by a hypoxic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Damiano Rigiracciolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Paola De Marco
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Silvia Avino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Camillo Rosano
- UOS Proteomics IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Institute for Cancer Research, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
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Hu M, Wang C, Li W, Lu W, Bai Z, Qin D, Yan Q, Zhu J, Krueger BJ, Renne R, Gao SJ, Lu C. A KSHV microRNA Directly Targets G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 to Promote the Migration and Invasion of Endothelial Cells by Inducing CXCR2 and Activating AKT Signaling. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005171. [PMID: 26402907 PMCID: PMC4581863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a highly disseminated angiogenic tumor of endothelial cells linked to infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV encodes more than two dozens of miRNAs but their roles in KSHV-induced tumor dissemination and metastasis remain unknown. Here, we found that ectopic expression of miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promoted endothelial cell migration and invasion. Bioinformatics and luciferase reporter analyses showed that miR-K3 directly targeted G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2, official gene symbol ADRBK1). Importantly, overexpression of GRK2 reversed miR-K3 induction of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, the chemokine receptor CXCR2, which was negatively regulated by GRK2, was upregulated in miR-K3-transduced endothelial cells. Knock down of CXCR2 abolished miR-K3-induced cell migration and invasion. Moreover, miR-K3 downregulation of GRK2 relieved its direct inhibitory effect on AKT. Both CXCR2 induction and the release of AKT from GRK2 were required for miR-K3 maximum activation of AKT and induction of cell migration and invasion. Finally, deletion of miR-K3 from the KSHV genome abrogated its effect on the GRK2/CXCR2/AKT pathway and KSHV-induced migration and invasion. Our data provide the first-line evidence that, by repressing GRK2, miR-K3 facilitates cell migration and invasion via activation of CXCR2/AKT signaling, which likely contribute to the dissemination of KSHV-induced tumors. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). KS is a highly disseminated tumor often involved with visceral organs. Experimentally, KSHV infection induces the invasiveness of endothelial cells. KSHV encodes twelve precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs), which are processed into at least 25 mature miRNAs. However, the roles of these miRNAs in KSHV-induced tumor dissemination remain unknown. Here, we investigated KSHV-encoded miR-K12-3 (miR-K3) promotion of endothelial cell migration and invasion, which are the underlying mechanisms of tumor dissemination. We demonstrated that miR-K3 promoted cell migration and invasion by directly targeting G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2). Furthermore, we found that the chemokine receptor CXCR2, which was negatively regulated by GRK2, and its downstream AKT signaling positively mediated miR-K3-induced cell migration and invasion. miR-K3 downregulation of GRK2 relieved its direct inhibitory effect on AKT, and both CXCR2 induction and the release of AKT from GRK2 were required for miR-K3 maximum activation of AKT and induction of cell migration and invasion. These results show that miR-K3 and its the downstream pathway may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of KSHV-associated malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/virology
- Enzyme Repression
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/genetics
- G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 2/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/physiology
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/virology
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/agonists
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/pathology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Internalization
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory Of Pathogen Biology Of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Wan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huai’an First People’s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Bai
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Di Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (QY); (CL)
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- Cancer Virology Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Krueger
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rolf Renne
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory Of Pathogen Biology Of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (QY); (CL)
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37
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Vila-Bedmar R, Cruces-Sande M, Lucas E, Willemen HLDM, Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A, Mayor F, Murga C. Reversal of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance by inducible genetic ablation of GRK2. Sci Signal 2015. [PMID: 26198359 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a common feature of obesity and predisposes individuals to various prevalent pathological conditions. G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) integrates several signal transduction pathways and is emerging as a physiologically relevant inhibitor of insulin signaling. GRK2 abundance is increased in humans with metabolic syndrome and in different murine models of insulin resistance. To support GRK2 as a potential drug target in type 2 diabetes and obesity, we investigated whether lowering GRK2 abundance reversed an ongoing systemic insulin-resistant phenotype, using a mouse model of tamoxifen-induced GRK2 ablation after high-fat diet-dependent obesity and insulin resistance. Tamoxifen-triggered GRK2 deletion impeded further body weight gain, normalized fasting glycemia, improved glucose tolerance, and was associated with preserved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and liver, thereby maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis. Moreover, when continued to be fed a high-fat diet, these animals displayed reduced fat mass and smaller adipocytes, were resistant to the development of liver steatosis, and showed reduced expression of proinflammatory markers in the liver. Our results indicate that GRK2 acts as a hub to control metabolic functions in different tissues, which is key to controlling insulin resistance development in vivo. These data suggest that inhibiting GRK2 could reverse an established insulin-resistant and obese phenotype, thereby putting forward this enzyme as a potential therapeutic target linking glucose homeostasis and regulation of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Vila-Bedmar
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Marta Cruces-Sande
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Elisa Lucas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Hanneke L D M Willemen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, Netherlands
| | - Cobi J Heijnen
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, Netherlands. Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology and Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 EA, Netherlands. Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Federico Mayor
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain.
| | - Cristina Murga
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain. Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid 28006, Spain.
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A multistep high-content screening approach to identify novel functionally relevant target genes in pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122946. [PMID: 25849100 PMCID: PMC4388713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to foster the systematic identification of novel genes with important functional roles in pancreatic cancer, we have devised a multi-stage screening strategy to provide a rational basis for the selection of highly relevant novel candidate genes based on the results of functional high-content analyses. The workflow comprised three consecutive stages: 1) serial gene expression profiling analyses of primary human pancreatic tissues as well as a number of in vivo and in vitro models of tumor-relevant characteristics in order to identify genes with conspicuous expression patterns; 2) use of ‘reverse transfection array’ technology for large-scale parallelized functional analyses of potential candidate genes in cell-based assays; and 3) selection of individual candidate genes for further in-depth examination of their cellular roles. A total of 14 genes, among them 8 from “druggable” gene families, were classified as high priority candidates for individual functional characterization. As an example to demonstrate the validity of the approach, comprehensive functional data on candidate gene ADRBK1/GRK2, which has previously not been implicated in pancreatic cancer, is presented.
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Gu Q, Wang C, Wang G, Han Z, Li Y, Wang X, Li J, Qi C, Xu T, Yang X, Wang L. Glipizide suppresses embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis through targeting natriuretic peptide receptor A. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:261-272. [PMID: 25823921 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glipizide, a second-generation sulfonylurea, has been widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, it is controversial whether or not glipizide would affect angiogenesis or vasculogenesis. In the present study, we used early chick embryo model to investigate the effect of glipizide on angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, which are the two major processes for embryonic vasculature formation as well as tumor neovascularization. We found that Glipizide suppressed both angiogenesis in yolk-sac membrane (YSM) and blood island formation during developmental vasculogenesis. Glipizide did not affect either the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) or mesoderm cell migration. In addition, it did not interfere with separation of smooth muscle cell progenitors from hemangioblasts. Moreover, natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) has been identified as the putative target for glipizide׳s inhibitory effect on vasculogenesis. When NPRA was overexpressed or activated, blood island formation was reduced. NPRA signaling may play a crucial role in the effect of glipizide on vasculogenesis during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quliang Gu
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Basic Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology & Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology & Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhe Han
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology & Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology & Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiangchao Li
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cuiling Qi
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuesong Yang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Division of Histology & Embryology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Lijing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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40
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Ciccarelli M, Rusciano M, Sorriento D, Maione AS, Soprano M, Iaccarino G, Illario M. Messages from the Border: Novel Insights in Signal Transduction Pathways Involved in Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2015.62022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Rivas V, Nogués L, Reglero C, Mayor F, Penela P. Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in tumoral angiogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e969166. [PMID: 27308373 PMCID: PMC4905215 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.969166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) in endothelial cells has recently been identified as a relevant event in the tumoral angiogenic switch. Based on the effects of altering GRK2 dosage in cell and animal models, this kinase appears to act as a hub in key signaling pathways involved in vascular stabilization and remodeling. Accordingly, decreased GRK2 expression in endothelial cells accelerates tumor growth in mice by impairing the pericytes ensheathing the vessels, thereby promoting hypoxia and macrophage infiltration. These results raise new questions regarding the mechanisms by which transformed cells trigger the decrease in GRK2 observed in human breast cancer vessels and how GRK2 modulates the interactions between different cell types that occur in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rivas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa; Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nogués
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa; Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Reglero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa; Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa; Madrid, Spain
| | - Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid); Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa; Madrid, Spain
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Philipp M, Berger IM, Just S, Caron MG. Overlapping and opposing functions of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) and GRK5 during heart development. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26119-26130. [PMID: 25104355 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.551952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases 2 (GRK2) and 5 (GRK5) are fundamental regulators of cardiac performance in adults but are less well characterized for their function in the hearts of embryos. GRK2 and -5 belong to different subfamilies and function as competitors in the control of certain receptors and signaling pathways. In this study, we used zebrafish to investigate whether the fish homologs of GRK2 and -5, Grk2/3 and Grk5, also have unique, complementary, or competitive roles during heart development. We found that they differentially regulate the heart rate of early embryos and equally facilitate heart function in older embryos and that both are required to develop proper cardiac morphology. A loss of Grk2/3 results in dilated atria and hypoplastic ventricles, and the hearts of embryos depleted in Grk5 present with a generalized atrophy. This Grk5 morphant phenotype was associated with an overall decrease of early cardiac progenitors as well as a reduction in the area occupied by myocardial progenitor cells. In the case of Grk2/3, the progenitor decrease was confined to a subset of precursor cells with a committed ventricular fate. We attempted to rescue the GRK loss-of-function heart phenotypes by downstream activation of Hedgehog signaling. The Grk2/3 loss-of-function embryos were rescued by this approach, but Grk5 embryos failed to respond. In summary, we found that GRK2 and GRK5 control cardiac function as well as morphogenesis during development although with different morphological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Ina M Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and
| | - Steffen Just
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany and
| | - Marc G Caron
- Departments of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710; Departments of Medicine, and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710; Departments of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Woodall MC, Ciccarelli M, Woodall BP, Koch WJ. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2: a link between myocardial contractile function and cardiac metabolism. Circ Res 2014; 114:1661-70. [PMID: 24812353 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.300513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) causes a tremendous burden on the worldwide healthcare system, affecting >23 million people. There are many cardiovascular disorders that contribute to the development of HF and multiple risk factors that accelerate its occurrence, but regardless of its underlying cause, HF is characterized by a marked decrease in myocardial contractility and loss of pump function. One biomarker molecule consistently shown to be upregulated in human HF and several animal models is G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 (GRK2), a kinase originally discovered to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor desensitization, especially β-adrenergic receptors. Higher levels of GRK2 can impair β-adrenergic receptor-mediated inotropic reserve and its inhibition, or molecular reduction has shown to improve pump function in several animal models including a preclinical pig model of HF. Recently, nonclassical roles for GRK2 in cardiovascular disease have been described, including negative regulation of insulin signaling, a role in myocyte cell survival and apoptotic signaling, and it has been shown to be localized in/on mitochondria. These new roles of GRK2 suggest that GRK2 may be a nodal link in the myocyte, influencing both cardiac contractile function and cell metabolism and survival and contributing to HF independent of its canonical role in G protein-coupled receptor desensitization. In this review, classical and nonclassical roles for GRK2 will be discussed, focusing on recently discovered roles for GRK2 in cardiomyocyte metabolism and the effects that these roles may have on myocardial contractile function and HF development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl C Woodall
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (M.C.W., B.P.W., W.J.K.); and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy (M.C.)
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Trafficking GRK2: Cellular and Metabolic consequences of GRK2 subcellular localization. Transl Med UniSa 2014; 10:3-7. [PMID: 25147759 PMCID: PMC4140422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) has a key role in cellular function by regulating different intracellular mechanisms in a kinase dependent or independent manner. In this review we have dealt with the recently discovered roles of GRK2 in the regulation of cell metabolism. In particular, we have focused on recent findings about the mitochondrial role of GRK2 in the regulation of energy metabolism. Few findings exist about this topic that all concur to identify a mitochondrial localization of GRK2, leading to the rising of the following question: is GRK2 detrimental or advantageous for mitochondrial function? By the review of available literature, a new concept arises about GRK2 role into the cell,which is that of a stress protein acutely activated by cellular stress whose specific subcellular localization, in particular mitochondrial localization, results in compensatory metabolic responses. Thus, the possibility to regulate GRK2 trafficking within the cell is a promising strategy to regulate the adaptative effects of the kinase on cell metabolism.
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45
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Watari K, Nakaya M, Kurose H. Multiple functions of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. J Mol Signal 2014; 9:1. [PMID: 24597858 PMCID: PMC3973964 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Desensitization is a physiological feedback mechanism that blocks detrimental effects of persistent stimulation. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was originally identified as the kinase that mediates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization. Subsequent studies revealed that GRK is a family composed of seven isoforms (GRK1–GRK7). Each GRK shows a differential expression pattern. GRK1, GRK4, and GRK7 are expressed in limited tissues. In contrast, GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, and GRK6 are ubiquitously expressed throughout the body. The roles of GRKs in GPCR desensitization are well established. When GPCRs are activated by their agonists, GRKs phosphorylate serine/threonine residues in the intracellular loops and the carboxyl-termini of GPCRs. Phosphorylation promotes translocation of β-arrestins to the receptors and inhibits further G protein activation by interrupting receptor-G protein coupling. The binding of β-arrestins to the receptors also helps to promote receptor internalization by clathrin-coated pits. Thus, the GRK-catalyzed phosphorylation and subsequent binding of β-arrestin to GPCRs are believed to be the common mechanism of GPCR desensitization and internalization. Recent studies have revealed that GRKs are also involved in the β-arrestin-mediated signaling pathway. The GRK-mediated phosphorylation of the receptors plays opposite roles in conventional G protein- and β-arrestin-mediated signaling. The GRK-catalyzed phosphorylation of the receptors results in decreased G protein-mediated signaling, but it is necessary for β-arrestin-mediated signaling. Agonists that selectively activate GRK/β-arrestin-dependent signaling without affecting G protein signaling are known as β-arrestin-biased agonists. Biased agonists are expected to have potential therapeutic benefits for various diseases due to their selective activation of favorable physiological responses or avoidance of the side effects of drugs. Furthermore, GRKs are recognized as signaling mediators that are independent of either G protein- or β-arrestin-mediated pathways. GRKs can phosphorylate non-GPCR substrates, and this is found to be involved in various physiological responses, such as cell motility, development, and inflammation. In addition to these effects, our group revealed that GRK6 expressed in macrophages mediates the removal of apoptotic cells (engulfment) in a kinase activity-dependent manner. These studies revealed that GRKs block excess stimulus and also induce cellular responses. Here, we summarized the involvement of GRKs in β-arrestin-mediated and G protein-independent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Penela P, Nogués L, Mayor F. Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases in cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2013; 27:10-7. [PMID: 24680425 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are emerging as important integrative nodes in cell migration processes. Recent evidence links GRKs (particularly the GRK2 isoform) to the complex modulation of diverse aspects of cell motility. In addition to its well-established role in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptors involved in chemotaxis, GRK2 can play an effector role in the organization of actin and microtubule networks and in adhesion dynamics, by means of novel substrates and transient interacting partners, such as the GIT1 scaffold or the cytoplasmic α-tubulin deacetylase histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). The overall effect of altering GRK levels or activity on chemotaxis would depend on how such different roles are integrated in a given cell type and physiological context, and may have relevant implications in inflammatory diseases or cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronila Penela
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Nogués
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Mayor
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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