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Medina-Inojosa JR, Gomez Ibarra MA, Medina-Inojosa BJ, Supervia M, Jenkins S, Johnson L, Suarez NP, Bonikowske A, Somers VK, Lopez-Jimenez F. Effect of Active Workstations on Neurocognitive Performance and Typing Skills: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e031228. [PMID: 38572691 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.031228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended sedentary behavior is a risk factor for chronic disease and mortality, even among those who exercise regularly. Given the time constraints of incorporating physical activity into daily schedules, and the high likelihood of sitting during office work, this environment may serve as a potentially feasible setting for interventions to reduce sedentary behavior. METHODS AND RESULTS A randomized cross-over clinical trial was conducted at an employee wellness center. Four office settings were evaluated on 4 consecutive days: stationary or sitting station on day 1 (referent), and 3 subsequent active workstations (standing, walking, or stepper) in randomized order. Neurocognitive function (Selective Attention, Grammatical Reasoning, Odd One Out, Object Reasoning, Visuospatial Intelligence, Limited-Hold Memory, Paired Associates Learning, and Digit Span) and fine motor skills (typing speed and accuracy) were tested using validated tools. Average scores were compared among stations using linear regression with generalized estimating equations to adjust standard errors. Bonferroni method adjusted for multiple comparisons. Healthy subjects were enrolled (n=44), 28 (64%) women, mean±SD age 35±11 years, weight 75.5±17.1 kg, height 168.5±10.0 cm, and body mass index 26.5±5.2 kg/m2. When comparing active stations to sitting, neurocognitive test either improved or remained unchanged, while typing speed decreased without affecting typing errors. Overall results improved after day 1, suggesting habituation. We observed no major differences across active stations, except decrease in average typing speed 42.5 versus 39.7 words per minute with standing versus stepping (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS Active workstations improved cognitive performance, suggesting that these workstations can help decrease sedentary time without work performance impairment. REGISTRATION URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT06240286.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Medina-Inojosa
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Miguel A Gomez Ibarra
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Betsy J Medina-Inojosa
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Marta Supervia
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, Dr. Esquerdo Madrid Spain
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF Universidad Politecnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Lynne Johnson
- Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Nathalie P Suarez
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Amanda Bonikowske
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Virend K Somers
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
| | - Francisco Lopez-Jimenez
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
- Dan Abraham Healthy Living Center Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA
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Stroop in motion: Neurodynamic modulation underlying interference control while sitting, standing, and walking. Biol Psychol 2023; 178:108543. [PMID: 36931590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
There is conflicting evidence about how interference control in healthy adults is affected by walking as compared to standing or sitting. Although the Stroop paradigm is one of the best-studied paradigms to investigate interference control, the neurodynamics associated with the Stroop task during walking have never been studied. We investigated three Stroop tasks using variants with increasing interference levels - word-reading, ink-naming, and the switching of the two tasks, combined in a systematic dual-tasking fashion with three motor conditions - sitting, standing, and treadmill walking. Neurodynamics underlying interference control were recorded using the electroencephalogram. Worsened performance was observed for the incongruent compared to congruent trials and for the switching Stroop compared to the other two variants. The early frontocentral event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with executive functions (P2, N2) differentially signaled posture-related workloads, while the later stages of information processing indexed faster interference suppression and response selection in walking compared to static conditions. The early P2 and N2 components as well as frontocentral Theta and parietal Alpha power were sensitive to increasing workloads on the motor and cognitive systems. The distinction between the type of load (motor and cognitive) became evident only in the later posterior ERP components in which the amplitude non-uniformly reflected the relative attentional demand of a task. Our data suggest that walking might facilitate selective attention and interference control in healthy adults. Existing interpretations of ERP components recorded in stationary settings should be considered with care as they might not be directly transferable to mobile settings.
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Šömen MM, Peskar M, Wollesen B, Gramann K, Marusic U. Does Standing Up Enhance Performance on the Stroop Task in Healthy Young Adults? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2319. [PMID: 36767687 PMCID: PMC9915369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes in cognitive processing that accompany changes in posture can expand our understanding of embodied cognition and open new avenues for applications in (neuro)ergonomics. Recent studies have challenged the question of whether standing up alters cognitive performance. An electronic database search for randomized controlled trials was performed using Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Ultimate, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science following PRISMA guidelines, PICOS framework, and standard quality assessment criteria (SQAC). We pooled data from a total of 603 healthy young adults for incongruent and 578 for congruent stimuli and Stroop effect (mean age = 24 years). Using random-effects results, no difference was found between sitting and standing for the Stroop effect (Hedges' g = 0.13, 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.29, p = 0.134), even when comparing congruent (Hedges' g = 0.10; 95% CI: -0.132 to 0.339; Z = 0.86; p = 0.389) and incongruent (Hedges' g = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.072 to 0.422; Z = 1.39; p = 0.164) stimuli separately. Importantly, these results imply that changing from a seated to a standing posture in healthy young adults is unlikely to have detrimental effects on selective attention and cognitive control. To gain a full understanding of this phenomenon, further research should examine this effect in a population of healthy older adults, as well as in a population with pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Maša Šömen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva Cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva Ulica 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Manca Peskar
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva Ulica 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty V: Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Wollesen
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty V: Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Human Movement and Training Science, Institute of Human Movement Science, Psychology and Human Movement, University Hamburg, Turmweg 2, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Gramann
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Department of Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty V: Mechanical Engineering and Transport Systems, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uros Marusic
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Garibaldijeva Ulica 1, 6000 Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea—ECM, Slovenska Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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4
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Smiles and Angry Faces vs. Nods and Head Shakes: Facial Expressions at the Service of Autonomous Vehicles. MULTIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INTERACTION 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/mti7020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
When deciding whether to cross the street or not, pedestrians take into consideration information provided by both vehicle kinematics and the driver of an approaching vehicle. It will not be long, however, before drivers of autonomous vehicles (AVs) will be unable to communicate their intention to pedestrians, as they will be engaged in activities unrelated to driving. External human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) have been developed to fill the communication gap that will result by offering information to pedestrians about the situational awareness and intention of an AV. Several anthropomorphic eHMI concepts have employed facial expressions to communicate vehicle intention. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of emotional (smile; angry expression) and conversational (nod; head shake) facial expressions in communicating vehicle intention (yielding; non-yielding). Participants completed a crossing intention task where they were tasked with deciding appropriately whether to cross the street or not. Emotional expressions communicated vehicle intention more efficiently than conversational expressions, as evidenced by the lower latency in the emotional expression condition compared to the conversational expression condition. The implications of our findings for the development of anthropomorphic eHMIs that employ facial expressions to communicate vehicle intention are discussed.
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5
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DiRocco T, Hall-Nelson B, Carlson I, Corrigan J, Kutcher S, Mertz P, Nelson-Wong E. Task type, preference, and occupation affect standing desk utilization in office workers. Work 2023; 74:295-308. [PMID: 36245351 DOI: 10.3233/wor-211274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adjustable height sit-stand desks are becoming the norm in many workplaces. It is not known how task type, worker preference, and occupation impact utilization of the adjustable height feature. OBJECTIVE This survey-based study aimed to determine how task type, preference and occupation affect office workers' sitting and standing behaviors at work. METHODS Office workers (n = 123) from different occupations completed surveys about actual and preferred positions (sit, stand, either/both) during 39 common tasks from 4 different categories, as well as barriers to use. Each position was analyzed by task type, behavior, and occupation. RESULTS There were differences between actual and preferred behavior for each position, with participants sitting more and standing less than preferred across all task categories. There were differences between task categories with participants sitting less for generative and routine, and standing more for communication tasks. The highest rates of either/both responses were for routine tasks. Engineers reported the lowest standing rates, and also indicated standing more than preferred. Information Tech and Engineering had the highest either/both responses. Finance reported the highest sitting rates. Personal, task-based and workplace limitations were cited as barriers to preferred use. CONCLUSION Office workers would prefer to stand more at work. Occupation-specific needs and preferences, as well as types of tasks should be considered when providing workplace standing options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara DiRocco
- School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Ingrid Carlson
- School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | - John Corrigan
- School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Patrick Mertz
- School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Erika Nelson-Wong
- School of Physical Therapy, Regis University, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Caron EE, Marusich LR, Bakdash JZ, Ballotti RJ, Tague AM, Carriere JSA, Smilek D, Harter D, Lu S, Reynolds MG. The Influence of Posture on Attention. Exp Psychol 2022; 69:295-307. [PMID: 36809160 PMCID: PMC10102972 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Smith et al. (2019) found standing resulted in better performance than sitting in three different cognitive control paradigms: a Stroop task, a task-switching, and a visual search paradigm. Here, we conducted close replications of the authors' three experiments using larger sample sizes than the original work. Our sample sizes had essentially perfect power to detect the key postural effects reported by Smith et al. The results from our experiments revealed that, in contrast to Smith et al., the postural interactions were quite limited in magnitude in addition to being only a fraction of the size of the original effects. Moreover, our results from Experiment 1 are consistent with two recent replications (Caron et al., 2020; Straub et al., 2022), which reported no meaningful influences of posture on the Stroop effect. In all, the current research provides further converging evidence that postural influences on cognition do not appear to be as robust, as was initially reported in prior work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie E Caron
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Reynolds J Ballotti
- Department of Psychology and Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
| | - Andrew M Tague
- Department of Psychology and Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
| | | | - Daniel Smilek
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek Harter
- Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
| | - Shulan Lu
- Department of Psychology and Special Education, Texas A&M University-Commerce, Commerce, TX, USA
| | - Michael G Reynolds
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Rajeshwari R, Rao CR, D'Silva RM, Chandrasekaran B. Do energy expenditure differences across work postures influence cognitive processing speed? A counter-balanced randomised cross-over trial. Work 2022; 74:549-563. [PMID: 36278368 DOI: 10.3233/wor-205315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal evidence links occupational sedentary behaviour, low energy expenditure (EE) and cognitive dysfunction. Nevertheless, EE across different work postures including active workstations remains unclear and its influence on cognitive processing speed is yet to be established. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate differences in EE across various work postures and its influence on cognitive processing speed. METHODS Sixteen desk-based employees performed simulated work tasks (typing, reading and cognitive tasks) in three different work positions (sitting, standing, and walking) in three different days. EE was measured for three days consecutively for 30-minutes in three simulated working postures using indirect calorimetry. Cognitive processing speed was assessed through computer-based choice reaction times during each work posture. The outcome variables of interest (EE, reaction times and accuracy) were compared between three work postures using repeated measures ANOVA and Pearson correlation. RESULTS EE in walking posture was higher (5.57±0.45 Kcal) than sitting (1.07±0.12 Kcal) and standing (1.88±0.42 Kcal). Total EE was significantly higher in walking than standing (35.17±6.86 Kcal) and sitting postures (41.37±8.46 Kcal). We did not find any significant differences in cognitive processing speed between different work postures except within standing work condition (60.22±13.97 ms). Accuracy was found to be reduced in walking compared to sitting (0.76±0.83%) and standing (0.43±0.09%) but not reached significance. CONCLUSION Although significant differences in EE were observed between work postures, walking or standing at work did not affect the cognitive processing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajeshwari
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Chythra R Rao
- Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruth Mary D'Silva
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Baskaran Chandrasekaran
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Ghost on the Windshield: Employing a Virtual Human Character to Communicate Pedestrian Acknowledgement and Vehicle Intention. INFORMATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/info13090420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pedestrians base their street-crossing decisions on vehicle-centric as well as driver-centric cues. In the future, however, drivers of autonomous vehicles will be preoccupied with non-driving related activities and will thus be unable to provide pedestrians with relevant communicative cues. External human–machine interfaces (eHMIs) hold promise for filling the expected communication gap by providing information about a vehicle’s situational awareness and intention. In this paper, we present an eHMI concept that employs a virtual human character (VHC) to communicate pedestrian acknowledgement and vehicle intention (non-yielding; cruising; yielding). Pedestrian acknowledgement is communicated via gaze direction while vehicle intention is communicated via facial expression. The effectiveness of the proposed anthropomorphic eHMI concept was evaluated in the context of a monitor-based laboratory experiment where the participants performed a crossing intention task (self-paced, two-alternative forced choice) and their accuracy in making appropriate street-crossing decisions was measured. In each trial, they were first presented with a 3D animated sequence of a VHC (male; female) that either looked directly at them or clearly to their right while producing either an emotional (smile; angry expression; surprised expression), a conversational (nod; head shake), or a neutral (neutral expression; cheek puff) facial expression. Then, the participants were asked to imagine they were pedestrians intending to cross a one-way street at a random uncontrolled location when they saw an autonomous vehicle equipped with the eHMI approaching from the right and indicate via mouse click whether they would cross the street in front of the oncoming vehicle or not. An implementation of the proposed concept where non-yielding intention is communicated via the VHC producing either an angry expression, a surprised expression, or a head shake; cruising intention is communicated via the VHC puffing its cheeks; and yielding intention is communicated via the VHC nodding, was shown to be highly effective in ensuring the safety of a single pedestrian or even two co-located pedestrians without compromising traffic flow in either case. The implications for the development of intuitive, culture-transcending eHMIs that can support multiple pedestrians in parallel are discussed.
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9
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Straub ER, Dames H, Kiesel A, Dignath D. Does body posture reduce the Stroop effect? Evidence from two conceptual replications and a meta-analysis. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 224:103497. [PMID: 35091208 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Standing compared to sitting, for instance at work, is associated with positive physical and mental health consequences. Indeed, studies suggest that performance in cognitive conflict tasks (e.g., Color Stroop tasks) is improved when subjects perform the task while standing compared to sitting (Rosenbaum et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2019). However, a recent study failed to replicate these findings in five attempts (Caron et al., 2020). We aimed to shed light on these discrepant results by means of two conceptual replications and a meta-analysis. Replication experiments showed typical congruency effects in the Color Stroop task, but failed to find any influence of posture on the Stroop effect even when we subjected data to a more sensitive analysis that controlled for individual variances between participants. Additionally, an explorative Bayesian analysis confirmed that both replications provided strong evidence against an interaction between body posture and the Stroop effect. Meta-analytic results showed that the confidence interval of the overall effect size for a modulation of the Stroop effect by body posture includes the null. Together, our results question whether standing modulates the Stroop effect in Color Stroop tasks and points out limitations of the influence of body posture on cognitive control tasks.
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10
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Luteijn PJ, van der Wurff ISM, Singh AS, Savelberg HHCM, de Groot RHM. The Acute Effects of Standing on Executive Functioning in Vocational Education and Training Students: The Phit2Learn Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:810007. [PMID: 35369155 PMCID: PMC8968320 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests that sedentary behavior (SB) is negatively associated with cognitive outcomes. Interrupting prolonged sitting has been shown to improve cognitive functions, including executive functioning (EF), which is important for academic performance. No research has been conducted on the effect of standing on EF in VET students, who make up a large proportion of the adolescent population and who are known to sit more than other students of this age. In this study, we investigated the acute effects of reducing SB by short time standing on EF in vocational education and training (VET) students. In a randomized crossover study, 165 VET students were first taught for 15 min in seated position. After this, they performed while seated the Letter Memory Test for updating, and the Color Shape Test for shifting and inhibition. Students were randomly assigned to a sitting or standing condition. All students were taught again for 15 min and then took the same tests in the condition they were allocated to, respectively, standing or seated. After 1 week, the test procedure was repeated, in which students switched conditions. Mixed model analyses showed no significant effect of sitting or standing on updating, shifting, or inhibition. Also, no significant differences were found for the order of condition on updating, shifting, or inhibition. Our results suggest that 40 min of standing does not significantly influence EF among VET students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra J. Luteijn
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Petra J. Luteijn,
| | | | | | - Hans H. C. M. Savelberg
- Department of Nutritional and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism and SHE, School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Renate H. M. de Groot
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, Netherlands
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11
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Jung M, Ryu S, Kang M, Javadi AH, Loprinzi PD. Evaluation of the transient hypofrontality theory in the context of exercise: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1193-1214. [PMID: 34523365 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211048807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating research suggests that, as a result of reduced neural activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), higher-order cognitive function may be compromised while engaging in high-intensity acute exercise, with this phenomenon referred to as the transient hypofrontality effect. However, findings in this field remain unclear and lack a thorough synthesis of the evidence. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of in-task acute exercise on cognitive function, and further, to examine whether this effect is moderated by the specific type of cognition (i.e., PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent). Studies were identified by electronic databases in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. In total, 22 studies met our inclusion criteria and intercept only meta-regression models with robust variance estimation were used to calculate the weighted average effect sizes across studies. Acute exercise at all intensities did not influence cognitive function (β = -0.16, 95% CI = [-0.58, 0.27], p = .45) when exercise occurred during the cognitive task, and no significant moderation effects emerged. However, there was evidence that cognitive task type (PFC-dependent vs. non-PFC-dependent) moderated the effect of high-intensity acute exercise on a concomitant cognitive performance (β = -0.81, 95% CI = [-1.60, -0.02], p = .04). Specifically, our findings suggest that PFC-dependent cognition is impaired while engaging in an acute bout of high-intensity exercise, providing support for the transient hypofrontality theory. We discuss these findings in the context of reticular-activating and cognitive-energetic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Amir-Homayoun Javadi
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.,School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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12
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Kang SH, Lee J, Jin S. Effect of standing desk use on cognitive performance and physical workload while engaged with high cognitive demand tasks. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 92:103306. [PMID: 33221499 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is clear that the cognitive resources invested in standing are greater than in sitting, but six of eight previous studies suggested that there is no difference in cognitive performance. This study investigated the effects of sitting and standing workstations on the physical workload and cognitive performance under variable cognitive demand conditions. Fifteen participants visited two times for testing sitting and standing workstations, and were asked to play two difficulty levels of Tetris game for 40 min while kinematic variables, CoP regularity, CoP SD, and cognitive performances were captured every 5 min. Results revealed a more neural posture in standing than in sitting, but using the standing workstation degraded attention and executive function. The CoP SD was 7 times greater in standing, but the CoP regularity was 1/4 in sitting, denoting greater attentional investment while engaged at the standing workstation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hyeon Kang
- The Human and Safety Engineering Laboratory Department of Industrial Engineering Pusan National University Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyeong Lee
- The Human and Safety Engineering Laboratory Department of Industrial Engineering Pusan National University Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangeun Jin
- The Human and Safety Engineering Laboratory Department of Industrial Engineering Pusan National University Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Hervieux V, Tremblay A, Biron C. Active meetings on stationary bicycle: An intervention to promote health at work without impairing performance. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 90:103269. [PMID: 32956981 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Workers who experienced prolonged sitting have higher risk of mortality from all causes compared to non-sedentary workers. However, work can also be a health enhancement opportunity and it also can be designed to improve health and well-being. This research presents a novel intervention designed to reduce sedentary behavior in the workplace. Seven teams of employees (N = 30) conducted two meetings: one in a sitting position and one on a stationary bike. Repeated measures for heart rate, perceptions of stress, well-being, focus, attention and fatigue were collected before, during and after both meetings. Heart rate was significantly higher during active meeting. Results also indicated a significant effect of active meeting on stress. Well-being, focus and attention were similar during both meetings. Fatigue was perceived to be reduced in the hours following the active meeting. This suggests that active meetings can promote health without impairing performance which offers new perspectives for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Hervieux
- Department of Management, Laval University, Quebec city, Canada; Centre d'expertise en gestion de la santé et sécurité du travail (CGSST), Laval University, Quebec city, Canada; VITAM - Centre de Recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Canada.
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec city, Canada; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec city, Canada
| | - Caroline Biron
- Department of Management, Laval University, Quebec city, Canada; Centre d'expertise en gestion de la santé et sécurité du travail (CGSST), Laval University, Quebec city, Canada; VITAM - Centre de Recherche en santé durable de l'Université Laval, Quebec city, Canada
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Jung JY, Cho HY, Kang CK. Brain activity during a working memory task in different postures: an EEG study. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:1359-1370. [PMID: 32552557 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2020.1784467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While working is more comfortable in a supine position and healthier in a standing, most people work in a sitting. However, it is unclear whether there are differences in brain activity efficiency in different postures. Here, we, therefore, compared changes in brain activity across three different postures to determine the optimal posture for performing working memory tasks. Their effect on brain activity was examined using EEG signals together with the information of accuracy and reaction times during 2-back task in 24 subjects. Substantial differences in brain waves were observed at sitting and standing positions compared to the supine, especially in delta waves and frontal lobe, where is known to improve the modulation of brain activity efficiently. Brain efficiency was higher during standing and sitting than in a supine. These findings show that postural changes may affect the efficiency of brain activity during working memory tasks. Practitioner summary: Differences in brain efficiency between different postures during working memory tasks have not been explored. This study suggests that efficiency in several brain areas is higher during sitting and standing than in a supine position. This finding has important implications regarding workplace environments. Furthermore, this result would be useful to improve accomplishment and reduce negative effects of work posture. Abbreviations: EEG: electroencephalogram; PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index; KSS: Karolinska sleepiness scale; FFT: fast fourier transform; ROI: region of interest; ANS: autonomic nervous system; Fp: prefrontal; AF: anterior frontal; frontal; Fz: midline frontal; temporal; central; Cz: midline central; P: parietal; Pz: midline parietal; O: occipital; Oz: midline occipital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Jung
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical Therapy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Kang
- Department of Health Science, Gachon University Graduate School, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiological Science, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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15
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Caron EE, Reynolds MG, Ralph BCW, Carriere JSA, Besner D, Smilek D. Does Posture Influence the Stroop Effect? Psychol Sci 2020; 31:1452-1460. [PMID: 33017261 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620953842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosenbaum, Mama, and Algom (2017) reported that participants who completed the Stroop task (i.e., name the hue of a color word when the hue and word meaning are congruent or incongruent) showed a smaller Stroop effect (i.e., the difference in response times between congruent and incongruent trials) when they performed the task standing than when sitting. We report five attempted replications (analyzed sample sizes: N = 108, N = 108, N = 98, N = 78, and N = 51, respectively) of Rosenbaum et al.'s findings, which were conducted in two institutions. All experiments yielded the standard Stroop effect, but we failed to detect any consistent effect of posture (sitting vs. standing) on the magnitude of the Stroop effect. Taken together, the results suggest that posture does not influence the magnitude of the Stroop effect to the extent that was previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Derek Besner
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo
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16
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Rostami M, Razeghi M, Daneshmandi H, Hassanzadeh J, Choobineh A. Cognitive and skill performance of individuals at sitting versus standing workstations: a quasi-experimental study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2020; 28:544-554. [PMID: 32757725 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2020.1806565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to assess cognitive and skill performance at sitting and standing workstations among students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Methods. Forty students (20 females and 20 males) participated in this quasi-experimental study. Tests were performed among randomly selected participants over two consecutive days: day 1, the Beck depression inventory and Beck anxiety inventory were used to assess the severity of depression and anxiety in the study participants, respectively, and Raven's general intelligence test was used to measure intelligence quotient; day 2, five performance assessment tests (cognitive performance assessment tests 'n-back', 'Stroop' and 'advanced reaction time'; skill performance assessment tests 'two-arm coordination' and 'Purdue pegboard') were randomly selected and presented to individuals at each workstation (sitting and standing workstations). At the end of each sitting and standing position, the comfort of the workstation was measured using a visual analog scale. Results. No statistically significant difference was shown between sitting and standing positions in terms of 'n-back', 'Stroop', 'advanced reaction time', 'two-arm coordination' and 'Purdue pegboard'. Participants were more comfortable in sitting positions and more easily distracted in standing positions. Conclusions. Sitting and standing positions had no significant effects on participants' cognitive and skill performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matin Rostami
- School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Mohsen Razeghi
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Hadi Daneshmandi
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Choobineh
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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17
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Comparing Cognitive Control Performance During Seated Rest and Self-Paced Cycling on a Desk Bike in Preadolescent Children. J Phys Act Health 2020; 16:533-539. [PMID: 31170879 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2017-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although active workstations, such as desk bikes, have proven to be beneficial for health, there is limited information regarding their effects on children's acute cognitive performance during self-paced exercise. METHODS This study used a within-subjects, fully counterbalanced design with a sample of 38 preadolescent children (mean age = 12.50 y, SD = 0.62; 43% male), who performed cognitive tests while being seated or while cycling for 45 minutes with a 7-day interval. Effects of using a desk bike were evaluated on cognitive control: verbal and visuospatial working memory capacities were tested, and inhibition was assessed using a modified flanker task. In addition, subjective task experience was explored using self-report measures. RESULTS Cognitive control performance was not degraded but also not improved with the short-term use of desk bikes. Because of the null effects, there is no direction and magnitude of the outcomes to discuss. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that schools can successfully implement desk bikes to increase physical activity and reduce sedentary time among children without compromising cognitive control processes necessary for academic achievement.
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Lin JH, Bao S. The effect of sit-stand schedules on office work productivity: A pilot study. Work 2019; 64:563-568. [PMID: 31658089 DOI: 10.3233/wor-193017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sit-stand workstations have been introduced in the workplaces to address the adverse sedentary effect inherent to typical office jobs. Existing field or laboratory studies showed that standing interventions are not a detriment to work productivity or performance. The effect of gradient standing proportion on these measures is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The current naturalistic pilot study aimed to examine the controlled sit-stand ratio effect on office performances. METHODS Eleven musculoskeletal symptom free office employees from a large government agency volunteered in this study. They were all equipped with electronic sit-stand desks. Computer usage (N=11) and productivity (N=3) were collected using software and organizational metrics, respectively, for four typical workdays of four different sit-stand ratios (7 : 1, 3 : 1, 2 : 1, and 1 : 1). RESULTS There were no statistically significant schedule effects on any computer usage measures. While not significant, time using computer, keystrokes, word count, and keyboard errors were all less as standing time increased. Sit-stand ratio and job productivity did not observe a clear cause and effect relationship. CONCLUSIONS The amount of time spent standing in typical office jobs might not affect computer usage and productivity. Further study with a larger sample is needed for a stronger evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hua Lin
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, WA, USA
| | - Stephen Bao
- Safety and Health Assessment and Research for Prevention (SHARP) Program, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries, Olympia, WA, USA
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Chambers AJ, Robertson MM, Baker NA. The effect of sit-stand desks on office worker behavioral and health outcomes: A scoping review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 78:37-53. [PMID: 31046958 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review examines the effects of sit-stand desks (SSDs) on six domains: behavior (e.g. time sitting and standing), physiological, work performance, psychological, discomfort, and posture. Fifty-three articles met criteria. We determined the percentage of significant results for each domain. Forty-seven studies were experimental trials. Sample sizes ranged from six to 231 participants. Follow-up time-frames ranged from one day to one year. Sixty-one percent of behavioral (24 studies), 37% of physiological (28 studies), 7% of work performance (23 studies), 31% of psychological (11 studies), 43% of discomfort (22 studies), and 18% of posture domain results (4 studies) were significant. We conclude that SSDs effectively change behaviors, but these changes only mildly effect health outcomes. SSDs seem most effective for discomfort and least for productivity. Further study is needed to examine long-term effects, and to determine clinically appropriate dosage and workstation setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- April J Chambers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Michelle M Robertson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Center for the Promotion of Health in the New England Workplace, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06103, USA; Office Ergonomics Research Committee, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA
| | - Nancy A Baker
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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20
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Schwartz B, Kapellusch JM, Baca A, Wessner B. Medium-term effects of a two-desk sit/stand workstation on cognitive performance and workload for healthy people performing sedentary work: a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:794-810. [PMID: 30762479 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1577497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Implementing sit/stand workstations in sedentary work environments is a common way to reduce sedentary time, but their medium-term effect on cognitive performance is unclear. To address this circumstance, eighteen office workers participated in a two-arm, randomised controlled cross-over trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02825303), either working at a traditional (sit) or an interventional (sit/stand) workplace for 23 weeks. Cognitive performance (working speed, reaction time, concentration performance, accuracy), workload and relevant covariates (salivary cortisol level, heart rate, physical activity, sitting time) were measured pre- and post-intervention under laboratory conditions. MANOVA and RMANOVA results did not show differences in performance parameters and workload, respectively, between sit/stand and traditional workplace users. Differences in text editing accuracy and cortisol levels for sit/stand workstation users indicate potential connectivity to cognitive parameters which should be further examined with large-scale studies. Practitioner summary: Medium-term effects of working at sit/stand workstations on cognitive performance and workload are unexplored. This randomised controlled trial suggests that cognitive performance and workload are unaffected for sit/stand workstation users after 23 weeks of use. However, accuracy appeared to improve and physiological stress appeared to be altered. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; IPAQ: International physical activity questionnaire; MET: metabolic equivalent of task; MANOVA: multivariate ANOVA; NASA TLX: NASA task load index; RMANOVA: repeated measures ANOVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schwartz
- a Institute of Sport Science , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
- b Department of Research and Development , University of Applied Sciences for Health Professions Upper Austria , Linz , Austria
| | - Jay M Kapellusch
- c Department of Occupational Science and Technology , University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Arnold Baca
- a Institute of Sport Science , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- a Institute of Sport Science , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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21
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Physical Activity versus Psychological Stress: Effects on Salivary Cortisol and Working Memory Performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050119. [PMID: 31052284 PMCID: PMC6572132 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: The present study was designed to investigate whether acute physical activity and psychological stress produce different effects on cortisol release and working memory performance. Materials and Methods: Male subjects (N = 12; 18–35 years) were recruited and scheduled to come four times to our lab (within-subject design). For each counterbalanced visit, they performed one of the following four protocols: control, moderate physical activity (MOD), vigorous physical activity (VIG), and acute stress. Heart rate was monitored during every protocol. MOD and VIG were performed for 15 min and were defined as 40–50% and 70–80%, respectively, of their maximum heart rate. Acute stress was imposed via the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Salivary samples were collected before and after every protocol to assess cortisol concentrations. Working memory (WM) performance was evaluated through the 2N-Back task right after ending the protocol (early WM) and after a delay of 35 min (late WM). Results: VIG and stress, but not MOD, increased salivary cortisol concentrations. However, the increases of cortisol produced by VIG and stress were not significantly different. Also, there were no significant differences in working memory performance (late and early) in any of the experimental protocols tested. Conclusions: These results show that exercise (VIG) and stress produce similar effects on cortisol release and do not support the hypothesis that working memory capacity is influenced by elevated cortisol levels, either from varying exercise intensities or psychological stress.
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22
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Loprinzi PD, Blough J, Crawford L, Ryu S, Zou L, Li H. The Temporal Effects of Acute Exercise on Episodic Memory Function: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9040087. [PMID: 31003491 PMCID: PMC6523402 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating research demonstrates that the timing of exercise plays an important role in influencing episodic memory. However, we have a limited understanding as to the factors that moderate this temporal effect. Thus, the purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of study characteristics (e.g., exercise modality, intensity and duration of acute exercise) and participant attributes (e.g., age, sex) across each of the temporal periods of acute exercise on episodic memory (i.e., acute exercise occurring before memory encoding, and during memory encoding, early consolidation, and late consolidation). Methods: The following databases were used for our computerized searches: Embase/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Sports Discus and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they: (1) Employed an experimental design with a comparison to a control group/visit, (2) included human participants, (3) evaluated exercise as the independent variable, (4) employed an acute bout of exercise (defined as a single bout of exercise), (5) evaluated episodic memory as the outcome variable (defined as the retrospective recall of information either in a spatial or temporal manner), and (6) provided sufficient data (e.g., mean, SD, and sample size) for a pooled effect size estimate. Results: In total, 25 articles met our inclusionary criteria and were meta-analyzed. Acute exercise occurring before memory encoding (d = 0.11, 95% CI: −0.01, 0.23, p = 0.08), during early memory consolidation (d = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.67; p < 0.001) and during late memory consolidation (d = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.32, 1.78; p = 0.005) enhanced episodic memory function. Conversely, acute exercise occurring during memory encoding had a negative effect on episodic memory (d = −0.12, 95% CI: −0.22, −0.02; p = 0.02). Various study designs and participant characteristics moderated the temporal effects of acute exercise on episodic memory function. For example, vigorous-intensity acute exercise, and acute exercise among young adults, had greater effects when the acute bout of exercise occurred before memory encoding or during the early memory consolidation period. Conclusions: The timing of acute exercise plays an important role in the exercise-memory interaction. Various exercise- and participant-related characteristics moderate this temporal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Jeremiah Blough
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Lindsay Crawford
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Liye Zou
- Lifestyle (Mind-Body Movement) Research Center, College of Sport Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Hong Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science, College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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23
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Dupont F, Léger PM, Begon M, Lecot F, Sénécal S, Labonté-Lemoyne E, Mathieu ME. Health and productivity at work: which active workstation for which benefits: a systematic review. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:281-294. [PMID: 30692162 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce sedentary behaviour at work, research has examined the effectiveness of active workstations. However, despite their relevance in replacing conventional desks, the comparison between types of active workstations and their respective benefits remains unclear. The purpose of this review article is thus to compare the benefits between standing, treadmill and cycling workstations. Search criteria explored Embase, PubMed and Web of Science databases. The review included studies concerning adults using at least two types of active workstations, evaluating biomechanical, physiological work performance and/or psychobiological outcomes. Twelve original articles were included. Treadmill workstations induced greater movement/activity and greater muscular activity in the upper limbs compared with standing workstations. Treadmill and cycling workstations resulted in elevated heart rate, decreased ambulatory blood pressure and increased energy expenditure during the workday compared with standing workstations. Treadmill workstations reduced fine motor skill function (ie, typing, mouse pointing and combined keyboard/mouse tasks) compared with cycling and standing workstations. Cycling workstations resulted in improved simple processing task speeds compared with standing and treadmill workstations. Treadmill and cycling workstations increased arousal and decreased boredom compared with standing workstations. The benefits associated with each type of active workstation (eg, standing, treadmill, cycling) may not be equivalent. Overall, cycling and treadmill workstations appear to provide greater short-term physiological changes than standing workstations that could potentially lead to better health. Cycling, treadmill and standing workstations appear to show short-term productivity benefits; however, treadmill workstations can reduce the performance of computer tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Dupont
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mickael Begon
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Lecot
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Marie-Eve Mathieu
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Baker R, Coenen P, Howie E, Lee J, Williamson A, Straker L. Musculoskeletal and Cognitive Effects of a Movement Intervention During Prolonged Standing for Office Work. HUMAN FACTORS 2018; 60:947-961. [PMID: 29995441 DOI: 10.1177/0018720818783945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether use of a movement intervention when undertaking prolonged standing affected discomfort and cognitive function. BACKGROUND Alternate work positions to break up prolonged sitting for office workers are being trialed, such as standing. Prolonged standing has potential negative health implications, including low back and lower limb discomfort, and may influence cognitive function. Introducing movement during standing may provide a healthy and productive alternative work posture. METHOD Twenty adult participants undertook a laboratory study of 2 hr of standing and standing with movement (using a footrest) while performing computer work. Changes in discomfort and cognitive function, with muscle fatigue, low back angle, pelvis movement, lower limb swelling, and mental state, were investigated. RESULTS Discomfort increased significantly over time across all body regions. Ankle/foot differed between conditions (incident rate ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.89 [1.10-3.23]), with higher discomfort during standing with movement. Creative problem-solving errors increased during standing with movement and decreased during standing (Time × Condition: β = 0.64 [0.10-1.18]), with no other cognitive function measure differences. Mental state deteriorated over time for both conditions, greater during standing with movement (Time × Condition: β = 2.44 [0.23-4.66]). No significant interaction effects were found for the other outcome variables. CONCLUSION Standing with movement provided no advantage in discomfort or cognitive function. There were some negative effects for ankle/foot discomfort and creative problem solving. An alternate footrest design and protocol for use may yield more favorable results. APPLICATION Based on the results from this study, footrest use to raise alternative foot for forced 5-min intervals would not be recommended to assist with managing discomfort while prolonged standing in workplaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pieter Coenen
- VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erin Howie
- University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA
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25
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Butler KM, Ramos JS, Buchanan CA, Dalleck LC. Can reducing sitting time in the university setting improve the cardiometabolic health of college students? Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:603-610. [PMID: 30323641 PMCID: PMC6181072 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s179590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), prediabetes, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases linked with prolonged sitting has created a need to identify options to limit sedentary behaviors. A potentially simple approach to achieve this goal in the university setting is to provide students the option to stand during courses rather than sit. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of standing in the college classroom setting on cardiometabolic risk factors in a cohort of college students. PATIENTS AND METHODS Healthy college students (n=21) who attended at least two courses per week (a minimum of 5 hours) in a specified university building with standing desks participated in a 7-week intervention that was divided into three phases: 3 weeks of standing, 1 week of washout (sitting), and 3 weeks of sitting. The participants (mean ± SD: age, height, weight, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio were 22.7±6.4 years, 174.3±10.0 cm, 70.6±14.3 kg, 23.0±3.0 kg/m2, and 0.76±0.05, respectively) were randomly assigned to the phase of intervention of which they should start (sitting or standing), and all participants engaged in sitting during the washout phase. Cardiometabolic risk factors and metabolic equivalents (METs) were measured at baseline and weekly throughout the intervention. RESULTS Paired t-tests revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in all cardiometabolic risk factors between the 3 weeks of sitting and 3 weeks of standing time blocks. Moreover, MetS z-score was significantly improved (P<0.05) during the 3 weeks of standing (-5.91±2.70) vs 3 weeks of sitting (-5.25±2.69). The METs were significantly higher (P<0.05) during standing (1.47±0.09) than during sitting (1.02±0.07). Although there was considerable interindividual variability in the ∆ MetS z-score response, there was a 100% (21/21) incidence of a favorable change (ie, responders) in MetS z-score response. CONCLUSION A standing desk in the classroom paradigm was found to significantly improve cardiometabolic health throughout a short 3 weeks time span. Increasing standing time in the classroom, and therefore lessening weekly sedentary behavior, could be a potential wide-scale, effective strategy for primordial prevention of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie M Butler
- Department of Recreation, Exercise, and Sport Science, Western State Colorado University, Gunnison, CO, USA,
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia,
| | - Christina A Buchanan
- Department of Recreation, Exercise, and Sport Science, Western State Colorado University, Gunnison, CO, USA,
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- Department of Recreation, Exercise, and Sport Science, Western State Colorado University, Gunnison, CO, USA,
- SHAPE Research Centre, Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia,
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Abstract
Prolonged sitting has been associated with negative health effects. Walking workstations have become increasingly popular in the workplace. There is a lack of research on the biomechanical effect of walking workstations. This study analyzed whether walking while working alters normal gait patterns. A total of 9 participants completed 4 walking trials at 2.4 and 4.0 km·h-1: baseline walking condition, walking while performing a math task, a reading task, and a typing task. Biomechanical data were collected using standard motion capture procedures. The first maximum vertical ground reaction force, stride width, stride length, minimum toe clearance, peak swing hip abduction and flexion angles, peak swing and stance ankle dorsiflexion, and knee flexion angles were analyzed. Differences between conditions were evaluated using analysis of variance tests with Bonferroni correction (P ≤ .05). Stride width decreased during the reading task at both speeds. Although other parameters exhibited significant differences when multitasking, these changes were within the normal range of gait variability. It appears that for short periods, walking workstations do not negatively impact gait in healthy young adults.
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27
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Marinac CR, Nelson SH, Cadmus-Bertram L, Kerr J, Natarajan L, Godbole S, Hartman SJ. Dimensions of sedentary behavior and objective cognitive functioning in breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2018; 27:1435-1441. [PMID: 30225570 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine associations between dimensions of sedentary behavior and cognitive function in breast cancer survivors. METHODS Sedentary behavior variables were measured using thigh-worn activPALs, and included total daily sitting time, time in long sitting bouts, sit-to-stand transitions, and standing time. Cognitive function was assessed using the NIH Toolbox Cognitive Domain. Separate multivariable linear regression models were used to examine associations between sedentary behavior variables with the cognitive domain scores of attention, executive functioning, episodic memory, working memory, and information processing speed. RESULTS Thirty breast cancer survivors with a mean age of 62.2 (SD = 7.8) years who were 2.6 (SD = 1.1) years since diagnosis completed study assessments. In multivariable linear regression models, more time spent standing was associated with faster information processing (b: 5.78; p = 0.03), and more time spent in long sitting bouts was associated with worse executive function (b: -2.82; p = 0.02), after adjustment for covariates. No other sedentary behavior variables were statistically significantly associated with the cognitive domains examined in this study. CONCLUSIONS Two important sedentary constructs that are amenable to intervention, including time in prolonged sitting bouts and standing time, may be associated with cognitive function in breast cancer survivors. More research is needed to determine whether modifying these dimensions of sedentary behavior will improve cognitive function in women with a history of breast cancer, or prevent it from declining in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine R Marinac
- Division of Population Sciences, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Dana-1167, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sandahl H Nelson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Kerr
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Loki Natarajan
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suneeta Godbole
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sheri J Hartman
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Moores UC San Diego Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Baker R, Coenen P, Howie E, Lee J, Williamson A, Straker L. A detailed description of the short-term musculoskeletal and cognitive effects of prolonged standing for office computer work. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:877-890. [PMID: 29388500 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1420825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to concerns about excessive sedentary exposure for office workers, alternate work positions such as standing are being trialled. However, prolonged standing may have health and productivity impacts, which this study assessed. Twenty adult participants undertook two hours of laboratory-based standing computer work to investigate changes in discomfort and cognitive function, along with muscle fatigue, movement, lower limb swelling and mental state. Over time, discomfort increased in all body areas (total body IRR [95% confidence interval]: 1.47[1.36-1.59]). Sustained attention reaction time (β = 18.25[8.00-28.51]) deteriorated, while creative problem solving improved (β = 0.89[0.29-1.49]). There was no change in erector spinae, rectus femoris, biceps femoris or tibialis anterior muscle fatigue; low back angle changed towards less lordosis, pelvis movement increased, lower limb swelling increased and mental state decreased. Body discomfort was positively correlated with mental state. The observed changes suggest replacing office work sitting with standing should be done with caution. Practitioner Summary: Standing is being used to replace sitting by office workers; however, there are health risks associated with prolonged standing. In a laboratory study involving 2 h prolonged standing discomfort increased (all body areas), reaction time and mental state deteriorated while creative problem-solving improved. Prolonged standing should be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richelle Baker
- a Faculty of Health Science, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Pieter Coenen
- a Faculty of Health Science, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
- b Department of Public and Occupational Health , Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Erin Howie
- a Faculty of Health Science, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
- c Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation , University of Arkansas , Fayetteville , AR , USA
| | - Jeremy Lee
- a Faculty of Health Science, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Ann Williamson
- d Faculty of Science, School of Aviation , University of New South Wales , Sydney , Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- a Faculty of Health Science, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
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Schwartz B, Kapellusch JM, Schrempf A, Probst K, Haller M, Baca A. Effect of alternating postures on cognitive performance for healthy people performing sedentary work. ERGONOMICS 2018; 61:778-795. [PMID: 29235967 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2017.1417642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting is a risk factor for several diseases and the prevalence of worksite-based interventions such as sit-to-stand workstations is increasing. Although their impact on sedentary behaviour has been regularly investigated, the effect of working in alternating body postures on cognitive performance is unclear. To address this uncertainty, 45 students participated in a two-arm, randomised controlled cross-over trial under laboratory conditions. Subjects executed validated cognitive tests (working speed, reaction time, concentration performance) either in sitting or alternating working postures on two separate days (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02863731). MANOVA results showed no significant difference in cognitive performance between trials executed in alternating, standing or sitting postures. Perceived workload did not differ between sitting and alternating days. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant learning effects regarding concentration performance and working speed for both days. These results suggest that working posture did not affect cognitive performance in the short term. Practitioner Summary: Prior reports indicated health-related benefits based on alternated (sit/stand) body postures. Nevertheless, their effect on cognitive performance is unknown. This randomised controlled trial showed that working in alternating body postures did not influence reaction time, concentration performance, working speed or workload perception in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schwartz
- a Department of Sport Science , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Jay M Kapellusch
- b Department of Occupational Science & Technology , University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee , Milwaukee , WI , USA
| | - Andreas Schrempf
- c Department of Medical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria , Linz , Austria
| | - Kathrin Probst
- d Media Interactive Lab , University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria , Hagenberg , Austria
| | - Michael Haller
- d Media Interactive Lab , University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria , Hagenberg , Austria
| | - Arnold Baca
- a Department of Sport Science , University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
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Ojo SO, Bailey DP, Chater AM, Hewson DJ. The Impact of Active Workstations on Workplace Productivity and Performance: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E417. [PMID: 29495542 PMCID: PMC5876962 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Active workstations have been recommended for reducing sedentary behavior in the workplace. It is important to understand if the use of these workstations has an impact on worker productivity. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of active workstations on workplace productivity and performance. A total of 3303 articles were initially identified by a systematic search and seven articles met eligibility criteria for inclusion. A quality appraisal was conducted to assess risk of bias, confounding, internal and external validity, and reporting. Most of the studies reported cognitive performance as opposed to productivity. Five studies assessed cognitive performance during use of an active workstation, usually in a single session. Sit-stand desks had no detrimental effect on performance, however, some studies with treadmill and cycling workstations identified potential decreases in performance. Many of the studies lacked the power required to achieve statistical significance. Three studies assessed workplace productivity after prolonged use of an active workstation for between 12 and 52 weeks. These studies reported no significant effect on productivity. Active workstations do not appear to decrease workplace performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson O Ojo
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK.
| | - Daniel P Bailey
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK.
| | - Angel M Chater
- Institute for Sport and Physical Activity Research, School of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford MK41 9EA, UK.
| | - David J Hewson
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Luton LU1 3JU, UK.
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Mohammadi S, Mokhtarinia HR, Jafarpisheh AS, Kasaeian A, Osqueizadeh R. Investigating the Effects of Different Working Postures on Cognitive Performance. JOURNAL OF REHABILITATION 2018. [DOI: 10.21859/jrehab.18.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Loprinzi PD, Frith E, Edwards MK, Sng E, Ashpole N. The Effects of Exercise on Memory Function Among Young to Middle-Aged Adults: Systematic Review and Recommendations for Future Research. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:691-704. [PMID: 29108442 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117737409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically summarize the experimental effects of exercise on cognitive-related memory function among young to middle-aged adults, which has yet to be done in the literature. DATA SOURCE PubMed. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA Studies were included if they were published in the English language, indexed in PubMed, employed an experimental study design (eg, traditional parallel group randomized controlled trial: either acute intervention or chronic/training intervention study), and conducted among human adults. Studies were excluded if nonhumans (ie, animal models) were studied, if children/adolescents (<18 years) or older adults (>50 years) were evaluated, and if select chronic diseases (eg, diabetes and dementia) were present. DATA EXTRACTION A systematic review approach was employed. DATA SYNTHESIS An extraction table was created synthesizing the key results, and recommendations for future research are emphasized. RESULTS Among the 17 evaluated studies, 2 were published before the year 2000 (ie, 1998 and 1999), 2 were published in 2007, and the remaining 13 were published in the years 2011 and beyond. This highlights the emergence of this research topic within this age-group (young to middle-aged adults). Among the 17 evaluated studies, 14 were conducted among healthy samples, with 3 conducted among those with a diagnosis of depression. Among the 17 studies, 4 employed a chronic training protocol, with 13 utilizing an acute exercise protocol. Among the 3 experimental studies in the depressed population, all demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on memory function. Among the 14 trials in the nondepressed population, 10 (71%) demonstrated a favorable effect of exercise on some aspect of memory function. CONCLUSION Acute and chronic exercise appears to play a pronounced effect on memory function among young to middle-aged adults. Implications and recommendations for future research are outlined in this systematic review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- 1 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Emily Frith
- 2 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Meghan K Edwards
- 2 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Eveleen Sng
- 2 Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory and Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Nicole Ashpole
- 3 Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
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Frith E, Sng E, Loprinzi PD. Randomized controlled trial evaluating the temporal effects of high-intensity exercise on learning, short-term and long-term memory, and prospective memory. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2557-2564. [PMID: 28922507 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The broader purpose of this study was to examine the temporal effects of high-intensity exercise on learning, short-term and long-term retrospective memory and prospective memory. Among a sample of 88 young adult participants, 22 were randomized into one of four different groups: exercise before learning, control group, exercise during learning, and exercise after learning. The retrospective assessments (learning, short-term and long-term memory) were assessed using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Long-term memory including a 20-min and 24-hr follow-up assessment. Prospective memory was assessed using a time-based procedure by having participants contact (via phone) the researchers at a follow-up time period. The exercise stimulus included a 15-min bout of progressive maximal exertion treadmill exercise. High-intensity exercise prior to memory encoding (vs. exercise during memory encoding or consolidation) was effective in enhancing long-term memory (for both 20-min and 24-h follow-up assessments). We did not observe a differential temporal effect of high-intensity exercise on short-term memory (immediate post-memory encoding), learning or prospective memory. The timing of high-intensity exercise may play an important role in facilitating long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Frith
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Eveleen Sng
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise Psychology Laboratory, Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA
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Ruiter M, Loyens S, Paas F. The Effects of Cycling on a Desk Bike on Attention, Retention and Mood during a Video Lecture. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margina Ruiter
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Loyens
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- University College Roosevelt; Utrecht University; Middelburg The Netherlands
| | - Fred Paas
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies; Erasmus University Rotterdam; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Early Start Research Institute; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
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Rathore A, Lom B. The effects of chronic and acute physical activity on working memory performance in healthy participants: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Syst Rev 2017; 6:124. [PMID: 28666470 PMCID: PMC5493123 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how physical activity (PA) influences cognitive function in populations with cognitive impairments, such as dementia, is an increasingly studied topic yielding numerous published systematic reviews. In contrast, however, there appears to be less interest in examining associations between PA and cognition in cognitively healthy individuals. Therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate and synthesize randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies that investigated the effects of both chronic and acute PA on working memory performance (WMP) in physically and cognitively healthy individuals. METHODS Following the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of studies published between August 2009 and December 2016 was performed on RCTs investigating the effects of chronic and acute PA on WMP with healthy participants as the sample populations. Searches were conducted in Annual Reviews, ProQuest, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science. Main inclusion criteria stipulated (1) healthy sample populations, (2) PA interventions, (3) WMP as an outcome, and (4) RCT designs. Descriptive statistics included cohort and intervention characteristics and a risk of bias assessment. Analytical statistics included meta-analyses and moderation analyses. RESULTS From 7345 non-duplicates, 15 studies (eight chronic PA and seven acute PA studies) met the inclusion criteria and were evaluated. Overall, there was noticeable variance between both cohort and intervention characteristics. Sample populations ranged from primary school children to retirement community members with PA ranging from cycling to yoga. The majority of studies were characterized by "low" or "unclear" risk of selection, performance, detection, attrition, reporting, or other biases. Meta-analysis of chronic PA revealed a significant, small effect size while analysis of acute PA revealed a non-significant, trivial result. Age and intensity were significant moderators while allocation concealment, blinding, and intervention length were not. CONCLUSIONS Chronic PA can significantly improve WMP while acute PA cannot. The limiting factors for acute PA studies point to the diversity of working memory instruments utilized, unequal sample sizes between studies, and the sample age groups. Large-scale, high-quality RCTs are needed in order to provide generalizable and more powerful analysis between PA and WMP in a systematic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azeem Rathore
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
| | - Barbara Lom
- Department of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC USA
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36
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Puig-Ribera A, Bort-Roig J, Giné-Garriga M, González-Suárez AM, Martínez-Lemos I, Fortuño J, Martori JC, Muñoz-Ortiz L, Milà R, Gilson ND, McKenna J. Impact of a workplace 'sit less, move more' program on efficiency-related outcomes of office employees. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:455. [PMID: 28511642 PMCID: PMC5434625 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have examined the impact of ‘sit less, move more’ interventions on workplace performance. This study assessed the short and mid-term impacts of and patterns of change within, a 19-week workplace web-based intervention (Walk@WorkSpain; W@WS; 2010–11) on employees´ presenteeism, mental well-being and lost work performance. Methods A site randomised control trial recruited employees at six Spanish university campuses (n = 264; 42 ± 10 years; 171 female), assigned by worksite and campus to an Intervention (IG; used W@WS; n = 129; 87 female) or an active Comparison group (A-CG; pedometer, paper diary and self-reported sitting time; n = 135; 84 female). A linear mixed model assessed changes between the baseline, ramping (8 weeks), maintenance (11 weeks) and follow-up (two months) phases for the IG versus A-CG on (i) % of lost work productivity (Work Limitations Questionnaire; WLQ); (ii) three scales for presenteeism (WLQ) assessing difficulty meeting scheduling demands (Time), performing cognitive and inter-personal tasks (Mental-Interpersonal) and decrements in meeting the quantity, quality and timeliness of completed work (Output); and (iii) mental well-being (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale). T-tests assessed differences between groups for changes on the main outcomes. In the IG, a multivariate logistic regression model identified patterns of response according to baseline socio-demographic variables, physical activity and sitting time. Results There was a significant 2 (group) × 2 (program time points) interaction for the Time (F [3]=8.69, p = 0.005), Mental-Interpersonal (F [3]=10.01, p = 0.0185), Output scales for presenteeism (F [3]=8.56, p = 0.0357), and for % of lost work performance (F [3]=10.31, p = 0.0161). Presenteeism and lost performance rose significantly in both groups across all study time points; after baseline performance was consistently better in the IG than in the A-CG. Better performance was linked to employees being more active (Time, p = 0.041) and younger (Mental-interpersonal, p = 0.057; Output, p = 0.017). Higher total sitting time during nonworking days (Mental-interpersonal, p = 0.019) and lower sitting time during workdays (WLQ Index, p = 0.013) also improved performance. Conclusion Versus an active comparison condition, a ‘sit less, move more` workplace intervention effectively reduced an array of markers of lost workday productivity. Trial registration NCT02960750; Date of registration: 07/11/2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puig-Ribera
- Departament de Ciències de l'Activitat Física, Centre d'Estudis Socials i Socio Sanitaris, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, c/ Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Judit Bort-Roig
- Departament de Ciències de l'Activitat Física, Centre d'Estudis Socials i Socio Sanitaris, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, c/ Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Maria Giné-Garriga
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, c/Císter 34, 08022, Barcelona, Spain.,Physical Therapy Department, FCS Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, c/Padilla 326-332, 08025, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel M González-Suárez
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Universidad del País Vasco, Portal de Lasarte 71, 01007, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Iván Martínez-Lemos
- Facultad CC.EE. e do Deporte, Universidad de Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jesús Fortuño
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, FPCEE Blanquerna, Universitat Ramon Llull, c/Císter 34, 08022, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan C Martori
- Department of Economics and Business, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, c/Sagrada Família 7, 08500, Vic (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Laura Muñoz-Ortiz
- Agència de Qualitat i Avaluació Sanitàries de Catalunya (AQuAS), c/Roc Boronat 81-95 (edifici Salvany), 2a planta, 08005, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raimon Milà
- Departament de Salut i AccióSocial, Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Nicholas D Gilson
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia Campus, 4072, Australia
| | - Jim McKenna
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, Headingley Campus, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
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Peterman JE, Wright KP, Melanson EL, Kram R, Byrnes WC. Motor-Driven (Passive) Cycling: A Potential Physical Inactivity Countermeasure? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1821-8. [PMID: 27054677 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have previously shown that motor-driven (passive) stationary cycling elevates energy expenditure (EE). PURPOSE This study aimed to quantify how acute passive cycling affects glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and basic cognition compared with sitting and moderate-intensity active cycling. METHODS Twenty-four physically inactive healthy males completed three trials in randomized order involving 30-min conditions of sitting, passive cycling, and moderate-intensity cycling. During each condition, EE was measured, and participants performed cognitive tests. After each condition, a 2-h OGTT was performed. RESULTS EE was significantly higher during the cycling conditions compared with sitting (1.36 ± 0.58 and 6.50 ± 1.73 kcal·min greater than sitting for passive and moderate-intensity, respectively). A significant correlation was found between body fat percentage and postsitting OGTT 2-h postplasma glucose (r = 0.30, P < 0.05); thus, participants were divided into lean (n = 11) and nonlean (n = 13) groups. In the nonlean group, compared with sitting, passive cycling lowered 2-h postplasma glucose (7.7 ± 1.3 vs 6.9 ± 1.6 mmol·L, respectively, P < 0.05), and the Matsuda whole-body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI) was higher (2.74 ± 0.86 vs 3.36 ± 1.08, P < 0.05). In addition, passive and moderate-intensity cycling had similar beneficial effects on 2-h postplasma glucose and WBISI. Cognitive performance did not significantly differ between the sitting and passive cycling conditions. CONCLUSIONS Two-hour postplasma glucose was lower and WBISI after acute passive cycling was higher in nonlean participants. Given that and the increase in EE without changes in cognitive performance, we propose passive cycling as a promising intervention to counteract some of the deleterious effects of prolonged sitting in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Peterman
- 1Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO; 2Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and 3Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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