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Mattos-Graner RO, Klein MI, Alves LA. The complement system as a key modulator of the oral microbiome in health and disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:138-167. [PMID: 36622855 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2163614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we address the interplay between the complement system and host microbiomes in health and disease, focussing on oral bacteria known to contribute to homeostasis or to promote dysbiosis associated with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Host proteins modulating complement activities in the oral environment and expression profiles of complement proteins in oral tissues were described. In addition, we highlight a sub-set of bacterial proteins involved in complement evasion and/or dysregulation previously characterized in pathogenic species (or strains), but further conserved among prototypical commensal species of the oral microbiome. Potential roles of these proteins in host-microbiome homeostasis and in the emergence of commensal strain lineages with increased virulence were also addressed. Finally, we provide examples of how commensal bacteria might exploit the complement system in competitive or cooperative interactions within the complex microbial communities of oral biofilms. These issues highlight the need for studies investigating the effects of the complement system on bacterial behaviour and competitiveness during their complex interactions within oral and extra-oral host sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata O Mattos-Graner
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlise I Klein
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Araújo Alves
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Matuck B, Ferraz da Silva LF, Warner BM, Byrd KM. The need for integrated research autopsies in the era of precision oral medicine. J Am Dent Assoc 2023; 154:194-205. [PMID: 36710158 PMCID: PMC9974796 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autopsy has benefited the practice of medicine for centuries; however, its use to advance the practice of oral health care is relatively limited. In the era of precision oral medicine, the research autopsy is poised to play an important role in understanding oral-systemic health, including infectious disease, autoimmunity, craniofacial genetics, and cancer. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors reviewed relevant articles that used medical and dental research autopsies to summarize the advantages of minimally invasive autopsies of dental, oral, and craniofacial tissues and to outline practices for supporting research autopsies of the oral and craniofacial complex. RESULTS The authors provide a historical summary of research autopsy in dentistry and provide a perspective on the value of autopsies for high-resolution multiomic studies to benefit precision oral medicine. As the promise of high-resolution multiomics is being realized, there is a need to integrate the oral and craniofacial complex into the practice of autopsy in medicine. Furthermore, the collaboration of autopsy centers with researchers will accelerate the understanding of dental, oral, and craniofacial tissues as part of the whole body. CONCLUSIONS Autopsies must integrate oral and craniofacial tissues as part of biobanking procedures. As new technologies allow for high-resolution, multimodal phenotyping of human samples, using optimized sampling procedures will allow for unprecedented understanding of common and rare dental, oral, and craniofacial diseases in the future. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the oral cavity as a site for viral infection and transmission potential; this was only discovered via clinical autopsies. The realization of the integrated autopsy's value in full body health initiatives will benefit patients across the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Matuck
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Blake M. Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin Matthew Byrd
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation and Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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3
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Damgaard C, Massarenti L, Danielsen AK, Graversen JH, Holmstrup P, Nielsen CH, Palarasah Y. Complement component 3 (C3) and its activation split-products in saliva associates with periodontitis. J Periodontol 2022; 93:1294-1301. [PMID: 35218227 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Periodontitis (PD) is classified by grades A through C according to the risk of further progression, PD grade C (PD-C) being the most severe progressing form. It is a matter of controversy, whether the disease activity observed in PD-C is due to impaired immune reactivity towards bacteria embedded in biofilms or a hyper-reactive immune response causing tissue damage as a bystander phenomenon. Little is known about the role of complement in this respect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma and unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients with PD-B (n = 34) or -C (n = 27) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 28). Salivary and plasma levels of total C3, C3c and C3dg were quantified using sandwich ELISA. RESULTS Salivary levels of total C3 and C3dg were elevated in PD-B and PD-C patients compared to HCs (both p< 0.05), while the levels of C3c were elevated in PD-C compared to HCs. Plasma levels of C3c were higher in PD-B patients than in HCs (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION PD-B and PD-C patients show increased complement activation compared to HCs, but no difference was found between the two disease grades. PD-B, but not PD-C, is associated with increased systemic complement activation as assessed by C3c in plasma. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Damgaard
- Research area Periodontology, Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Cxopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Massarenti
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Cxopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Katrine Danielsen
- Research area Periodontology, Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Cxopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas H Graversen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Palle Holmstrup
- Research area Periodontology, Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Research area Periodontology, Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Cxopenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yaseelan Palarasah
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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4
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Weinstock C. Association of Blood Group Antigen CD59 with Disease. Transfus Med Hemother 2022; 49:13-24. [PMID: 35221864 PMCID: PMC8832213 DOI: 10.1159/000521174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2014, the membrane-bound protein CD59 became a blood group antigen. CD59 has been known for decades as an inhibitor of the complement system, located on erythrocytes and on many other cell types. In paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), a stem cell clone with acquired deficiency to express GPI-anchored molecules, including the complement inhibitor CD59, causes severe and life-threatening disease. The lack of CD59, which is the only membrane-bound inhibitor of the membrane attack complex, contributes a major part of the intravascular haemolysis observed in PNH patients. This crucial effect of CD59 in PNH disease prompted studies to investigate its role in other diseases. In this review, the role of CD59 in inflammation, rheumatic disease, and age-related macular degeneration is investigated. Further, the pivotal role of CD59 in PNH and congenital CD59 deficiency is reviewed.
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5
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Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T, Lambris JD. Current understanding of periodontal disease pathogenesis and targets for host-modulation therapy. Periodontol 2000 2020; 84:14-34. [PMID: 32844416 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances indicate that periodontitis is driven by reciprocally reinforced interactions between a dysbiotic microbiome and dysregulated inflammation. Inflammation is not only a consequence of dysbiosis but, via mediating tissue dysfunction and damage, fuels further growth of selectively dysbiotic communities of bacteria (inflammophiles), thereby generating a self-sustained feed-forward loop that perpetuates the disease. These considerations provide a strong rationale for developing adjunctive host-modulation therapies for the treatment of periodontitis. Such host-modulation approaches aim to inhibit harmful inflammation and promote its resolution or to interfere directly with downstream effectors of connective tissue and bone destruction. This paper reviews diverse strategies targeted to modulate the host periodontal response and discusses their mechanisms of action, perceived safety, and potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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6
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Hajishengallis G, Kajikawa T, Hajishengallis E, Maekawa T, Reis ES, Mastellos DC, Yancopoulou D, Hasturk H, Lambris JD. Complement-Dependent Mechanisms and Interventions in Periodontal Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:406. [PMID: 30915073 PMCID: PMC6422998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory disease that leads to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. Current therapies are not effective for all patients and this oral disease continues to be a significant public health and economic burden. Central to periodontal disease pathogenesis is a reciprocally reinforced interplay between microbial dysbiosis and destructive inflammation, suggesting the potential relevance of host-modulation therapies. This review summarizes and discusses clinical observations and pre-clinical intervention studies that collectively suggest that complement is hyperactivated in periodontitis and that its inhibition provides a therapeutic benefit. Specifically, interception of the complement cascade at its central component, C3, using a locally administered small peptidic compound (Cp40/AMY-101) protected non-human primates from induced or naturally occurring periodontitis. These studies indicate that C3-targeted intervention merits investigation as an adjunctive treatment of periodontal disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evlambia Hajishengallis
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tomoki Maekawa
- Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dimitrios C Mastellos
- Division of Biodiagnostic Sciences and Technologies, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Hatice Hasturk
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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7
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Kajikawa T, Briones RA, Resuello RRG, Tuplano JV, Reis ES, Hajishengallis E, Garcia CAG, Yancopoulou D, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. Safety and Efficacy of the Complement Inhibitor AMY-101 in a Natural Model of Periodontitis in Non-human Primates. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 6:207-215. [PMID: 28879212 PMCID: PMC5577415 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with overactivation of the complement system. Recent preclinical studies suggest that host-modulation therapies may contribute to effective treatment of human periodontitis, which may lead to loss of teeth and function if untreated. We previously showed that locally administered AMY-101 (Cp40), a peptidic inhibitor of the central complement component C3, can inhibit naturally occurring periodontitis in non-human primates (NHPs) when given once a week. This study was undertaken to determine the local safety of increasing doses of the drug as well as its efficacy when given at a reduced frequency or after systemic administration. Our findings have determined a local dose of AMY-101 (0.1 mg/site) that is free of local irritation and effective when given once every 3 weeks. Moreover, a daily subcutaneous dose of AMY-101 (4 mg/kg bodyweight) was protective against NHP periodontitis, suggesting that patients treated for systemic disorders (e.g., paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria) can additionally benefit in terms of improved periodontal condition. In summary, AMY-101 appears to be a promising candidate drug for the adjunctive treatment of human periodontitis, a notion that merits investigation in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ruel A Briones
- Manila Central University, College of Dentistry, 1400 Caloocan City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ranillo R G Resuello
- Simian Conservation Breeding and Research Center (SICONBREC), Makati City, Philippines
| | - Joel V Tuplano
- Simian Conservation Breeding and Research Center (SICONBREC), Makati City, Philippines
| | - Edimara S Reis
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evlambia Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cristina A G Garcia
- Manila Central University, College of Dentistry, 1400 Caloocan City, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | | | - John D Lambris
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Hajishengallis G, Hajishengallis E, Kajikawa T, Wang B, Yancopoulou D, Ricklin D, Lambris JD. Complement inhibition in pre-clinical models of periodontitis and prospects for clinical application. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:285-91. [PMID: 27021500 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a dysbiotic inflammatory disease leading to the destruction of the tooth-supporting tissues. Current therapies are not always effective and this prevalent oral disease continues to be a significant health and economic burden. Early clinical studies have associated periodontitis with elevated complement activity. Consistently, subsequent genetic and pharmacological studies in rodents have implicated the central complement component C3 and downstream signaling pathways in periodontal host-microbe interactions that promote dysbiosis and inflammatory bone loss. This review discusses these mechanistic advances and moreover focuses on the compstatin family of C3 inhibitors as a novel approach to treat periodontitis. In this regard, local application of the current lead analog Cp40 was recently shown to block both inducible and naturally occurring periodontitis in non-human primates. These promising results from non-human primate studies and the parallel development of Cp40 for clinical use highlight the feasibility for developing an adjunctive, C3-targeted therapy for human periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Evlambia Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Baomei Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Penn Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Maekawa T, Briones RA, Resuello RRG, Tuplano JV, Hajishengallis E, Kajikawa T, Koutsogiannaki S, Garcia CAG, Ricklin D, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. Inhibition of pre-existing natural periodontitis in non-human primates by a locally administered peptide inhibitor of complement C3. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:238-49. [PMID: 26728318 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Human periodontitis is associated with overactivation of complement, which is triggered by different mechanisms converging on C3, the central hub of the system. We assessed whether the C3 inhibitor Cp40 inhibits naturally occurring periodontitis in non-human primates (NHPs). MATERIALS AND METHODS Non-human primates with chronic periodontitis were intra-gingivally injected with Cp40 either once (5 animals) or three times (10 animals) weekly for 6 weeks followed by a 6-week follow-up period. Clinical periodontal examinations and collection of gingival crevicular fluid and biopsies of gingiva and bone were performed at baseline and during the study. A one-way repeated-measures anova was used for data analysis. RESULTS Whether administered once or three times weekly, Cp40 caused a significant reduction in clinical indices that measure periodontal inflammation (gingival index and bleeding on probing), tissue destruction (probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level) or tooth mobility. These clinical changes were associated with significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and decreased numbers of osteoclasts in bone biopsies. The protective effects of Cp40 persisted, albeit at reduced efficacy, for at least 6 weeks following drug discontinuation. CONCLUSION Cp40 inhibits pre-existing chronic periodontal inflammation and osteoclastogenesis in NHPs, suggesting a novel adjunctive anti-inflammatory therapy for treating human periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Maekawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ruel A Briones
- College of Dentistry, Manila Central University, Caloocan City, Philippines
| | - Ranillo R G Resuello
- Simian Conservation Breeding and Research Center (SICONBREC), Makati City, Philippines
| | - Joel V Tuplano
- Simian Conservation Breeding and Research Center (SICONBREC), Makati City, Philippines
| | - Evlambia Hajishengallis
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sophia Koutsogiannaki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Complement Involvement in Periodontitis: Molecular Mechanisms and Rational Therapeutic Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:57-74. [PMID: 26306443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a network of interacting fluid-phase and cell surface-associated molecules that trigger, amplify, and regulate immune and inflammatory signaling pathways. Dysregulation of this finely balanced network can destabilize host-microbe homeostasis and cause inflammatory tissue damage. Evidence from clinical and animal model-based studies suggests that complement is implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, a polymicrobial community-induced chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting tissues. This review discusses molecular mechanisms of complement involvement in the dysbiotic transformation of the periodontal microbiome and the resulting destructive inflammation, culminating in loss of periodontal bone support. These mechanistic studies have additionally identified potential therapeutic targets. In this regard, interventional studies in preclinical models have provided proof-of-concept for using complement inhibitors for the treatment of human periodontitis.
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11
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Damgaard C, Holmstrup P, Van Dyke TE, Nielsen CH. The complement system and its role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: current concepts. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:283-93. [PMID: 25040158 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease in tooth supporting tissues, induced by bacteria growing in a biofilm on tooth surfaces. Components of the complement system are present in the periodontal tissue and the system is activated in periodontitis. Continuous complement activation and modulation by bacteria within the biofilm in periodontal pockets, however, may enhance local tissue destruction, providing the biofilm with both essential nutrients and space to grow. A more profound understanding of the mechanisms involved in complement-derived tissue degradation may facilitate the development of new treatment concepts for periodontitis. Further studies on the role of complement in periodontitis pathogenesis may also contribute to the understanding of why some individuals fail to resolve periodontitis. Here, we review evidence that links complement to the pathogenesis of periodontitis with an emphasis on interaction of complement with bacteria from periodontitis-associated biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Damgaard
- Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Institute for Inflammation Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Center for Periodontology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Hajishengallis G, Abe T, Maekawa T, Hajishengallis E, Lambris JD. Role of complement in host-microbe homeostasis of the periodontium. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:65-72. [PMID: 23684627 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Complement plays a key role in immunity and inflammation through direct effects on immune cells or via crosstalk and regulation of other host signaling pathways. Deregulation of these finely balanced complement activities can link infection to inflammatory tissue damage. Periodontitis is a polymicrobial community-induced chronic inflammatory disease that can destroy the tooth-supporting tissues. In this review, we summarize and discuss evidence that complement is involved in the dysbiotic transformation of the periodontal microbiota and in the inflammatory process that leads to the destruction of periodontal bone. Recent insights into the mechanisms of complement involvement in periodontitis have additionally provided likely targets for therapeutic intervention against this oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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13
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Hajishengallis G, Lambris JD. Complement and dysbiosis in periodontal disease. Immunobiology 2013; 217:1111-6. [PMID: 22964237 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signaling crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) normally serves to coordinate host immunity. However, the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses C5 convertase-like enzymatic activity and adeptly exploits complement-TLR crosstalk to subvert host defenses and escape elimination. Intriguingly, this defective immune surveillance leads to the remodeling of the periodontal microbiota to a dysbiotic state that causes inflammatory periodontitis. Understanding the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis modulates complement function to cause dysbiosis offers new targets for complement therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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14
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Complement-targeted therapeutics in periodontitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:197-206. [PMID: 23402028 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a prevalent oral chronic inflammatory disease which, in severe forms, may exert a major impact on systemic health. Clinical and histological observations, as well as experimental animal studies, suggest involvement of the complement system in periodontitis. However, the precise roles of the various complement components and pathways in periodontitis have only recently started to be elucidated. In this chapter, we review recent progress in the field and discuss the potential of complement-targeted therapeutics in the treatment of periodontitis.
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15
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Host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction. Int J Dent 2012; 2012:821383. [PMID: 22899931 PMCID: PMC3412119 DOI: 10.1155/2012/821383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dentogingival junction is of crucial importance in periodontal host defense both structurally and functionally. Oral bacteria exert a constant challenge to the host cells and tissues at the dentogingival junction. The host response is set up to eliminate the pathogens by the innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. In health, the commensal bacteria and the host defense mechanisms are in a dynamic steady state. During periodontal disease progression, the dental bacterial plaque, junctional epithelium (JE), inflammatory cells, connective tissue, and bone all go through a series of changes. The tissue homeostasis is turned into tissue destruction and progression of periodontitis. The classical study of Slots showed that in the bacterial plaque, the most remarkable change is the shift from gram-positive aerobic and facultatively anaerobic flora to a predominantly gram-negative and anaerobic flora. This has been later confirmed by several other studies. Furthermore, not only the shift of the bacterial flora to a more pathogenic one, but also bacterial growth as a biofilm on the tooth surface, allows the bacteria to communicate with each other and exert their virulence aimed at favoring their growth. This paper focuses on host-bacteria crosstalk at the dentogingival junction and the models studying it in vitro.
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Griffiths NJ, Hill DJ, Borodina E, Sessions RB, Devos NI, Feron CM, Poolman JT, Virji M. Meningococcal surface fibril (Msf) binds to activated vitronectin and inhibits the terminal complement pathway to increase serum resistance. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:1129-49. [PMID: 22050461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Complement evasion is an important survival strategy of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) during colonization and infection. Previously, we have shown that Nm Opc binds to serum vitronectin to inhibit complement-mediated killing. In this study, we demonstrate meningococcal interactions with vitronectin via a novel adhesin, Msf (meningococcal surface fibril, previously NhhA or Hsf). As with Opc, Msf binds preferentially to activated vitronectin (aVn), engaging at its N-terminal region but the C-terminal heparin binding domain may also participate. However, unlike Opc, the latter binding is not heparin-mediated. By binding to aVn, Msf or Opc can impart serum resistance, which is further increased in coexpressers, a phenomenon dependent on serum aVn concentrations. The survival fitness of aVn-binding derivatives was evident from mixed population studies, in which msf/opc mutants were preferentially depleted. In addition, using vitronectin peptides to block Msf-aVn interactions, aVn-induced inhibition of lytic C5b-9 formation and of serum killing could be reversed. As Msf-encoding gene is ubiquitous in the meningococcal strains examined and is expressed in vivo, serum resistance via Msf may be of significance to meningococcal pathogenesis. The data imply that vitronectin binding may be an important strategy for the in vivo survival of Nm for which the bacterium has evolved redundant mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Griffiths
- Schools of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Singh B, Su YC, Riesbeck K. Vitronectin in bacterial pathogenesis: a host protein used in complement escape and cellular invasion. Mol Microbiol 2010; 78:545-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Hajishengallis G. Complement and periodontitis. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1992-2001. [PMID: 20599785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the complement system is centrally involved in host defense, its overactivation or deregulation (e.g., due to inherent host genetic defects or due to pathogen subversion) may excessively amplify inflammation and contribute to immunopathology. Periodontitis is an oral infection-driven chronic inflammatory disease which exerts a systemic impact on health. This paper reviews evidence linking complement to periodontal inflammation and pathogenesis. Clinical and histological observations show a correlation between periodontal inflammatory activity and local complement activation. Certain genetic polymorphisms or deficiencies in specific complement components appear to predispose to increased susceptibility to periodontitis. Animal model studies and in vitro experiments indicate that periodontal bacteria can either inhibit or activate distinct components of the complement cascade. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone species in periodontitis, subverts complement receptor 3 and C5a anaphylatoxin receptor signaling in ways that promote its adaptive fitness in the presence of non-productive inflammation. Overall, available evidence suggests that complement activation or subversion contributes to periodontal pathogenesis, although not all complement pathways or functions are necessarily destructive. Effective complement-targeted therapeutic intervention in periodontitis would require determining the precise roles of the various inductive or effector complement pathways. This information is essential as it may reveal which specific pathways need to be blocked to counteract microbial evasion and inflammatory pathology or, conversely, kept intact to promote host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Loueisville, KY 40292, USA.
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Lindström O, Jarva H, Meri S, Mentula P, Puolakkainen P, Kemppainen E, Haapiainen R, Repo H, Kylänpää L. Elevated levels of the complement regulator protein CD59 in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:350-5. [PMID: 18266177 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701763209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complement activation occurs in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and may contribute to the development of organ failure. Because a number of enzymes are released during AP that could influence the complement inhibitor CD59, the purpose of this study was to examine serum levels of CD59 in relation to severity of AP. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve patients with severe AP had organ failure (referred to as the grade 2 group). For each of them, we found 2-3 age-matched AP patients who served as controls (n=27). Of these, a total of 13 had mild AP (grade 0 group) and 14 severe AP without organ failure (grade 1 group). Blood samples were collected at admission and on days 1 and 3-7 post-admission. Grade 2 patients were compared with grade 0 and grade 1 patients. CD59 levels were measured by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS At admission, median CD59 levels were significantly higher (p = 0.002) in grade 2 patients (median 104.2 ng/ml, range 26.1-186.3) than in grade 0 patients (37.3, range 30.3-75.9) and grade 1 patients (38.6, range 19.9 96.1). CD59 levels remained higher in grade 2 patients than in grade 0 and 1 patients on day 1 (p = 0.001) and days 3-7 (p = 0.002). The CD59 levels correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (R = 0.40) and APACHE II scores (R = 0.32) on admission. CONCLUSIONS Organ failure and severity of AP are associated with elevated serum levels of CD59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Lindström
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Feng
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Nakagawa I, Amano A, Inaba H, Kawai S, Hamada S. Inhibitory effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae on interactions between extracellular matrix proteins and cellular integrins. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:157-63. [PMID: 15716056 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2004.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2004] [Revised: 10/02/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a predominant periodontal pathogen, whose fimbriae are considered to be a major virulence factor, especially for bacterial adherence and invasion of host cells. In the present study, we investigated the influence of fimbriae on the interactions between alphavbeta3- and alpha5beta1-integrins and their ligand extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (vitronectin and fibronectin), using human alphavbeta3- and alpha5beta1-integrin-overexpressing CHO cell lines (CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1, respectively). P. gingivalis was found to have significantly greater binding to CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1 than to control cells, whereas a fimbria-deficient mutant showed negligible binding to any of the tested cell lines. CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1 cells attached to the polystyrene culture dishes in the presence of their ligand ECM proteins, while fimbriae markedly inhibited those attachments in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose of fimbriae achieving complete inhibition. In addition, the binding of vitronectin and fibronectin to CHOalphavbeta3 and CHOalpha5beta1 was inhibited by P. gingivalis cells. These results suggest that P. gingivalis fimbriae compete with ECM proteins for alphavbeta3- and alpha5beta1-integrins, and inhibit integrin/ECM protein-related cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Molecular Microbiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan
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22
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Rautemaa R, Järvensivu A, Kari K, Wahlgren J, DeCarlo A, Richardson M, Sorsa T. Intracellular localization of Porphyromonas gingivalis thiol proteinase in periodontal tissues of chronic periodontitis patients. Oral Dis 2004; 10:298-305. [PMID: 15315648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Porphyromonas gingivalis is a significant periodontal pathogen that has been shown in vitro to be able to invade gingival epithelial cells and grow intracellularly. The aim of the present study was to detect P. gingivalis in gingival tissues from chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monoclonal antibodies specific to a cell membrane-bound thiol proteinase of P. gingivalis were used to detect the microbe in gingival tissues of CP patients (n = 13) by immunohistochemistry. The presence of P. gingivalis was also analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of the periodontal tissues revealed positive staining for P. gingivalis thiol proteinase in 11 of the 13 patients. Positive staining was mainly located intracellularly in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm in the periodontal epithelial cells and it could be detected throughout the whole depth of both pocket and oral epithelium. The sensitivity of immunohistochemistry was found to be comparable with that of PCR. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide in vivo evidence of the ability of P. gingivalis to enter human gingival epithelial cells. Intracellular localization of P. gingivalis contributes to its evasion of the host immune surveillance and eventually increases its resistance to conventional treatments of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rautemaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Microbiology Unit of Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory Diagnostics, Helsinki, Finland.
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Amano A. Molecular interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis with host cells: implication for the microbial pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2003; 74:90-6. [PMID: 12593602 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a predominant periodontal pathogen, which expresses a number of potential virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Among them, fimbriae are a critical factor to mediate the bacterial interaction with host tissues, which promotes the bacterial adhesion to and invasion of the targeted sites. Fimbriae are capable of binding to human salivary components, commensal bacteria, and a variety of host cells including macrophages, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. Human extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as vitronectin and fibronectin play important roles in cellular signal transduction via binding to receptor integrins. Fimbriae showed significant binding affinity to ECM proteins and clearly inhibited the molecular interactions between vitronectin/fibronectin and their receptor alphavbeta3 and alpha5beta1 integrins overexpressed on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell strain. P. gingivalis fimbriae are likely to interrupt the cellular signaling via ECM proteins/integrins in periodontal regions. Fimbriae are also thought to be critically important in invasive events of the organism to host cells. The fimA genes, encoding FimA (a subunit of fimbriae), of P. gingivalis strains are classified into 5 types, I to V. Recent clinical investigations demonstrated the close relationship between the organisms with type II fimA and periodontitis development. Recombinant FimA (rFimA) proteins of types I to V were generated to compare their adhesion/invasion abilities to human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and a human epithelial cell line (HEp-2 cells), respectively. There were no significant differences in the adhesion ability of microspheres (MS) coated with these rFimAs to HGF; however, the adhesion of type II rFimA-MS to HEp-2 cells was significantly greater than that of other rFimA types. It was also observed that the type II rFimA-MS markedly invaded the epithelial cells and accumulated around the nuclei. Collectively, these findings suggest that fimbriae of P. gingivalis, especially type II, are involved in the initiation and progression of human periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Amano
- Department of Oral Frontier Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita-Osaka, Japan.
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Rautemaa R, Helander T, Meri S. Herpes simplex virus 1 infected neuronal and skin cells differ in their susceptibility to complement attack. Immunology 2002; 106:404-11. [PMID: 12100729 PMCID: PMC1782739 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in neurons is lifelong and generally asymptomatic. Reactivation of this latent infection results in skin blistering whereas the respective peripheral neurons are rarely affected. Why the neuronal cells are spared while the skin cells are sacrificed is not well understood. In the present study our aim was to study whether neuronal and skin cells differ in their ability to control complement attack during HSV-1 infection. Human embryonal skin (HES) cells and neuronal Paju cells were infected by HSV-1 in vitro. Both types of infected cells activated complement but were initially resistant to membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition. During the first hours of infection the expression of the endogenous complement regulators decay accelerating factor (DAF) and CD59 increased on both HES and Paju cells. By 12 hr the infected HES cells had lost their ability to control complement attack. The expression of DAF and CD59 decreased and the cells became targets for MAC attack. In contrast, complement regulator expression on the Paju cells did not decrease below the initial level and complement C5b-9 deposition was found only on 10% of the Paju cells at 12 hr. The results suggest that HSV-infected neuronal cells are better than skin cells in protecting themselves against complement attack. This may contribute to the persistence of a latent HSV-1 infection in neuronal cells for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riina Rautemaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
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Rautemaa R, Rautelin H, Puolakkainen P, Kokkola A, Kärkkäinen P, Meri S. Survival of Helicobacter pylori From complement lysis by binding of GPI-anchored protectin (CD59). Gastroenterology 2001; 120:470-9. [PMID: 11159887 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.21197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although Helicobacter pylori is sensitive to complement lysis in vitro, chronic infection persists for years. We tested whether H. pylori acquires complement resistance by binding glycolipid-tailed inhibitors from the host. METHODS Gastric biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients (n = 10) and noninfected controls (n = 6) were analyzed for complement deposition and expression of the complement regulators protectin (CD59) and DAF. Protectin binding and complement sensitivity analyses were performed with the NCTC strain 11637 (CagA(+)) and 2 clinical isolates 9:0 (CagA(+)) and 67:20 (CagA(-)). RESULTS In the noninfected mucosa, protectin was strongly expressed on the membranes of epithelial cells, but in the infected epithelia the expression was granular and more focused to the mucus. H. pylori bacteria in the gastric pits were often positive for protectin but negative for C5b-9. An opposite pattern was seen on the surface mucosa. In vitro analyses using (125)I-CD59 and bacteriolysis assays showed that protectin bound to H. pylori and protected CagA(+) strains against complement killing. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the binding of CD59 correlated inversely with the appearance of the C5b-9 neoantigen. CONCLUSIONS Binding of protectin inhibits membrane attack complex assembly on H. pylori and may thereby contribute to their survival on the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rautemaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Nakamura T, Amano A, Nakagawa I, Hamada S. Specific interactions between Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae and human extracellular matrix proteins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 175:267-72. [PMID: 10386378 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (laminin, elastin, fibronectin, type I collagen, thrombospondin and vitronectin) with the fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis were analyzed based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy using a biomolecular interaction analyzing system (BIAcore). The BIAcore profiles demonstrated that fimbriae specifically bound to all of the ECM proteins with significant association constants (Ka). Vitronectin showed the highest affinity to fimbriae (Ka = 3.79 x 10(6) M-1), while the affinity of laminin was lowest (Ka = 2.15 x 10(6) M-1). A synthetic peptide which is a potent inhibitor of fimbrial binding to salivary proteins was not significantly effective on the fimbrial interactions with the ECM proteins. Using polystyrene microtiter plates revealed that P. gingivalis fimbriae bound markedly to immobilized fibronectin and type I collagen, while the interaction of fimbriae with the other ECM proteins was not clearly demonstrated. These results suggest that interactions between fimbriae and the ECM proteins occur with specific affinities which are not mediated by mechanisms identical to those of salivary proteins. It was also shown that SPR spectroscopy is a useful method to analyze these specific interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Osaka University Faculty of Dentistry, Japan
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Närkiö-Mäkelä M, Jero J, Meri S. Complement activation and expression of membrane regulators in the middle ear mucosa in otitis media with effusion. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 116:401-9. [PMID: 10361226 PMCID: PMC1905301 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiopathogenesis of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) in children is not yet fully understood. OME is characterized by metaplasia of the epithelium and accumulation of sticky, glue-like effusion in the middle ear containing different mediators of inflammation, including activation fragments of the complement system. Here we examined whether the fluid phase complement activation is reflected in the middle ear mucosa and how the mucosa is protected against the cytolytic activity of complement. Mucosal biopsies from 18 middle ears of children with a history of chronic OME were taken. The biopsies were analysed by immunofluorescence microscopy after staining for complement fragments iC3b/C3c, C3d and C9, and regulators membrane cofactor protein (MCP; CD46), decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) and protectin (CD59). There was a strong staining for iC3b/C3c, and a weaker one for C3d and C9 on the surface of the middle ear epithelial cells of OME patients but not in controls without OME. MCP was expressed on the hyperplastic three to four outer cell layers of the epithelium, while CD59 was expressed throughout the middle ear mucosa. The results suggest a strong ongoing complement activation and consequent inflammation in the middle ear cavity. Unrestricted complement damage of the epithelial lining is prevented by the strong expression of MCP and CD59.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Närkiö-Mäkelä
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Kaneko T, Hara Y, Yoshimura A, Kato I. Induction of anti-thymocyte/T lymphocyte antibodies in mice injected with lipopolysaccharides from periodontopathic bacteria. J Periodontal Res 1999; 34:105-12. [PMID: 10207839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1999.tb02229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We examined the levels of anti-thymocyte/T lymphocyte autoantibody (ATA) in the serum of mice injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from periodontopathic bacteria; Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Capnocytophaga ochracea, and non-oral Escherichia coli. All of the LPS induced IgM-ATA. Among these, LPS from C. ochracea induced the highest level of IgM-ATA, whereas that of P. gingivalis induced the lowest. The peritoneal T lymphocytes of mice injected with LPS were bound by IgM-ATA. Peritoneal B-1 (CD5+B) cells stimulated by each LPS produced much more IgM-ATA than splenic B-2 (CD5-B) cells, suggesting that B-1 cells might be responsible for the production of these antibodies. Serum of mice injected with C. ochracea and F. nucleatum LPS showed cytotoxicity against thymocytes in the presence of rabbit complements. Binding and cytotoxicity were confirmed by IgM purified from serum of the mice injected with C. ochracea LPS. Furthermore, serum of mice treated with C. ochracea, F. nucleatum or A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS inhibited the proliferation of thymocytes. However, purified IgM from the serum of mice treated with C. ochracea LPS failed to produce the same inhibition. Our results suggest that LPS from certain species of periodontopathic bacteria can induce IgM-ATA in the serum and these antibodies may modulate the local immune network in periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kaneko
- Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Japan
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Rautemaa R, Jarvis GA, Marnila P, Meri S. Acquired resistance of Escherichia coli to complement lysis by binding of glycophosphoinositol-anchored protectin (CD59). Infect Immun 1998; 66:1928-33. [PMID: 9573071 PMCID: PMC108145 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.5.1928-1933.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protectin (CD59) is a glycophosphoinsitol (GPI)-anchored defender of human cells against lysis by the membrane attack complex of complement. In this study, we examined whether protectin released from human cell membranes can incorporate into the surface of gram-negative bacteria. Analysis by using radiolabeled protectin, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and whole-cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that protectin bound to nonencapsulated Escherichia coli EH237 (Re) and EH234 (Ra) in a calcium-dependent manner. The incorporation required the GPI-phospholipid moiety since no binding of a phospholipid-free soluble form of protectin was observed. Mg2+ did not enhance the binding, and a polysialic acid capsule prevented it (strain IH3080 [O18:K1:H8]). Bound protectin inhibited the C5b-9 neoantigen expression on complement-treated bacteria. Protection against complement lysis was observed in both a colony counting assay and a bioluminescence assay, where viable EH234 bacteria expressing the luciferase gene emitted green light in the presence of the luciferine substrate. In general, two- to four-times-higher serum concentrations were needed to obtain 50% lysis of protectin-coated versus noncoated bacteria. The results indicate that protectin can incorporate in a functionally active form into the cell membranes of the two nonencapsulated deep rough E. coli strains studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rautemaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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