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Avila LP, Sweeney KM, Evans CR, White DL, Kim WK, Regmi P, Williams SM, Nicholds J, Wilson JL. Body composition, gastrointestinal, and reproductive differences between broiler breeders fed using everyday or skip-a-day rearing programs. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102853. [PMID: 37423014 PMCID: PMC10344816 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Broiler breeder feed restriction practices have intensified as broiler feed efficiency has been improved. Skip-a-day (SAD) rearing regimen has controlled breeder growth, although this practice has become questionable for the modern breeder. We compared everyday (ED) and SAD programs and evaluated their impact on pullet growth performance, body composition, gastrointestinal tract development, and reproduction. At d 0, Ross 708 (Aviagen) pullet chicks (n = 1,778) were randomly assigned to 7 floor pens. Three pens were fed using the ED and 4 pens with SAD program through wk 21 using a chain-feeder system. ED and SAD grower diets were formulated to be isonutritious, with the only difference that ED diets had more crude fiber. Pullets (n = 44 per pen) were moved to 16 hen pens by treatment at wk 21 with 3 YP males (Aviagen) in each pen. All birds were fed common laying diets. In addition to BW data, sampled pullets and hens were scanned using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to obtain body bone density and composition. Hen performance and hatchery metrics were recorded through wk 60. ED birds were heavier with similar nutrient intake from wk 10 to 45 (P ≤ 0.013). Pullet uniformity was unaffected by feeding method (P ≥ 0.443). SAD pullets had less body fat at wk 19 (P = 0.034) compared to ED pullets, likely as a metabolic consequence of intermittent feeding. SAD birds had lower bone density at wk 7, 15, and 19 (P ≤ 0.026). At 4 wk of age, SAD pullets had less intestinal villi goblet cells compared to ED pullets (P ≤ 0.050), possibly explained by the effect that feed removal has on cell migration rates. Overall egg-specific gravity (P = 0.057) and hatch of fertile % (P = 0.088) tended to be higher in eggs from ED hens. Altogether, ED feeding increased young pullet intestinal goblet cells and increased both bone density and body fat at wk 19. ED program improved pullet feed conversion (2.6% less feed) and increased eggshell quality and hatch of fertile.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Avila
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - K M Sweeney
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - C R Evans
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D L White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - P Regmi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - S M Williams
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J Nicholds
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J L Wilson
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Borggaard XG, Nielsen MH, Delaisse JM, Andreasen CM, Andersen TL. Spatial Organization of Osteoclastic Coupling Factors and Their Receptors at Human Bone Remodeling Sites. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:896841. [PMID: 35775083 PMCID: PMC9239410 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.896841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The strictly regulated bone remodeling process ensures that osteoblastic bone formation is coupled to osteoclastic bone resorption. This coupling is regulated by a panel of coupling factors, including clastokines promoting the recruitment, expansion, and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells within the eroded cavity. The osteoprogenitor cells on eroded surfaces are called reversal cells. They are intermixed with osteoclasts and become bone-forming osteoblast when reaching a critical density and maturity. Several coupling factors have been proposed in the literature, but their effects and expression pattern vary between studies depending on species and experimental setup. In this study, we investigated the mRNA levels of proposed secreted and membrane-bound coupling factors and their receptors in cortical bone remodeling events within the femur of healthy adolescent human controls using high-sensitivity RNA in situ hybridization. Of the proposed coupling factors, human osteoclasts showed mRNA-presence of LIF, PDGFB, SEMA4D, but no presence of EFNB2, and OSM. On the other hand, the osteoblastic reversal cells proximate to osteoclasts presented with LIFR, PDGFRA and PLXNB1, but not PDGFRB, which are all known receptors of the proposed coupling factors. Although EFNB2 was not present in mature osteoclasts, the mRNA of the ligand-receptor pair EFNB2:EPHB4 were abundant near the central blood vessels within intracortical pores with active remodeling. EPHB4 and SEMA4D were also abundant in mature bone-forming osteoblasts. This study highlights that especially LIF:LIFR, PDGFB:PDGFRA, SEMA4D:PLXNB1 may play a critical role in the osteoclast-osteoblast coupling in human remodeling events, as they are expressed within the critical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xenia G. Borggaard
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Xenia G. Borggaard, orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-2478 Thomas L. Andersen,
| | - Malene H. Nielsen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina M. Andreasen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andersen
- Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research and Department of Molecular Medicine, Molecular Bone Histology Team, Clinical Cell Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Xenia G. Borggaard, orcid.org/0000-0002-4922-2478 Thomas L. Andersen,
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Yadav S, Porwal K, Sinha RA, Chattopadhyay N, Gupta SK. Moderate/subclinical calcium deficiency attenuates trabecular mass, microarchitecture and bone growth in growing rats. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 26:101033. [PMID: 34124397 PMCID: PMC8175268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adequate dietary calcium (Ca) intake is essential for bone accretion, peak bone mass (PBM) attainment, bone quality and strength during the mammalian growth period. Severe Ca deficiency during growing age results in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and poor bone quality and strength. However, the impact of moderate Ca deficiency during rats early growth period on bone health and the reversibility with supplementing calcium later in adult life remains unclear. Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (postnatal 28th day, P28) were initiated either with a moderate calcium-deficient diet (MCD, 0.25% w/w Ca) or a control diet (0.8% w/w Ca, control group) till P70. Thereafter, MCD rats were continued either with MCD diet or supplemented with calcium diet (0.8% w/w Ca, calcium supplemented group, CaS) till P150. Another group (control rats) were fed 0.8% w/w Ca containing diet from P28 till P150. MCD group, as compared to the control group, had significantly reduced serum ionized Ca and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) at P70 while no significant change was observed in serum corrected Ca, inorganic phosphate (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and urinary C-terminal telopeptide of collagen 1 (CTX-1), Ca, and P. Femoral and tibial metaphysis in MCD rats had significantly reduced linear growth, cortical and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD), trabecular microarchitecture (BV/TV%, trabecular thickness, separation and number, structural model index and connectivity density), cortical thickness, and bone stiffness despite the absence of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). Continued MCD at P70–P150 results in persistence of compromised bone strength while calcium supplementation (CaS group) improved all the parameters related to bone strength and microarchitecture. Our results indicate that uncorrected moderate/subclinical calcium deficiency in growing rats can result in poor bone quality and strength despite the absence of SHPT. This finding could have relevance in children with poor calcium intake in childhood and adolescence. Moderate Ca intake impairs bone growth and stiffness in critical growth phase via subclinical Ca deficiency. Ca supplementaion reverses the effects subclinical Ca deficiency on bone health. Conclusively, moderate Ca intake imposes different effects on the bone at different phases of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivmurat Yadav
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow -226014, India
| | - Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow -226014, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow -226014, India
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Yadav S, Pal S, Singh P, Porwal K, Sinha RA, Kumari N, Chattopadhyay N, Gupta SK. Calcium repletion to rats with calcipenic rickets fails to recover bone quality: A calcipenic "memory". Bone 2020; 141:115562. [PMID: 32730922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcipenic rickets is prevalent in underprivileged children in developing countries. Calcipenic rickets resulting from dietary calcium (Ca) deficiency decreases bone mass and deteriorates bone microstructure in humans. The effect of dietary Ca replenishment (CaR) on rachitic bones in animal models depends on the amount, critical period and duration of replenishment, however, the extent of recovery in various bone parameters including bone quality remains unclear. We investigated the effect of CaR in rat skeleton after inducing calcipenic rickets. Female SD rats (postnatal 28 days/P28) were rendered calcipenic by feeding calcium deficient (CaD) diet (0.1% Ca) till P70 while control SD rats were fed Ca sufficient diet (0.8% Ca). At P70, calcipenic rats were switched to 0.8% Ca diet till P150 for one group and P210 for another group (endpoint). The CaD groups received 0.1% Ca diet throughout the study (P210). In the CaD groups, serum Ca and phosphate, and bone mineral density (BMD) were significantly decreased whereas serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), iPTH and CTX-1 were increased compared to age-matched controls. Moreover, at the endpoint, the CaD group had reduced bone mass, surface referent bone formation parameters, tissue mineralization and strength accompanied by the increased osteoid thickness and microarchitectural decay (measured by trabecular geometric parameters) with poor crystal packing. The CaR group showed complete recovery in serum Ca, iPTH, ALP and CTX-1, and BMD, however, the bone quality parameters including bone strength, microarchitectural decay, tissue mineralization, and crystallinity were incompletely restored. Decreased surface referent bone formation and increased unmineralized bones (osteoid) indicative of osteomalacia were also observed in the CaR group at P210 compared with control despite prolonged replenishment. We conclude that a prolonged Ca repletion following the induction of calcipenic rickets in rats although shows the recovery of biochemical measures of bone metabolism and bone mass, however, the bone quality remains compromised. This suggests that a "memory" of calcipenia occurring at the early growth stage persists in the skeleton of adult rats despite a prolonged Ca replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivmurat Yadav
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Subhashis Pal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Konica Porwal
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Niraj Kumari
- Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Centre for ASTHI, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, (CSIR-CDRI), BS-10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India.
| | - Sushil Kumar Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India.
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5
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Abdelgawad ME, Delaisse JM, Hinge M, Jensen PR, Alnaimi RW, Rolighed L, Engelholm LH, Marcussen N, Andersen TL. Early reversal cells in adult human bone remodeling: osteoblastic nature, catabolic functions and interactions with osteoclasts. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:603-15. [PMID: 26860863 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism coupling bone resorption and formation is a burning question that remains incompletely answered through the current investigations on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. An attractive hypothesis is that the reversal cells are likely mediators of this coupling. Their nature is a big matter of debate. The present study performed on human cancellous bone is the first one combining in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate their osteoblastic nature. It shows that the Runx2 and CD56 immunoreactive reversal cells appear to take up TRAcP released by neighboring osteoclasts. Earlier preclinical studies indicate that reversal cells degrade the organic matrix left behind by the osteoclasts and that this degradation is crucial for the initiation of the subsequent bone formation. To our knowledge, this study is the first addressing these catabolic activities in adult human bone through electron microscopy and analysis of molecular markers. Periosteoclastic reversal cells show direct contacts with the osteoclasts and with the demineralized resorption debris. These early reversal cells show (1) ¾-collagen fragments typically generated by extracellular collagenases of the MMP family, (2) MMP-13 (collagenase-3) and (3) the endocytic collagen receptor uPARAP/Endo180. The prevalence of these markers was lower in the later reversal cells, which are located near the osteoid surfaces and morphologically resemble mature bone-forming osteoblasts. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that reversal cells colonizing bone surfaces right after resorption are osteoblast-lineage cells, and extends to adult human bone remodeling their role in rendering eroded surfaces osteogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Essameldin Abdelgawad
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital - Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark.,Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital - Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Maja Hinge
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital - Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark.,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vejle Hospital - Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Pia Rosgaard Jensen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital - Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ragad Walid Alnaimi
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital - Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Lars Rolighed
- Breast and Endocrine Section, Department of Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars H Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet/Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology (KCB), Vejle Hospital - Lillebaelt Hospital, IRS, University of Southern Denmark, Kabbeltoft 25, 7100, Vejle, Denmark.
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6
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Tomaszewska E, Dobrowolski P, Prost Ł, Hułas-Stasiak M, Muszyński S, Blicharski T. The effect of supplementation of a glutamine precursor on the growth plate, articular cartilage and cancellous bone in fundectomy-induced osteopenic bone. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:563-71. [PMID: 26725871 PMCID: PMC4873845 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of 2-oxoglutaric acid (2-Ox)
supplementation (a precursor of glutamine and hydroxyproline, the most abundant amino acid
of collagen) on cartilage and bone in pigs after fundectomy. Pigs at the age of forty days
were subjected to fundectomy and divided into two groups depending on 2-Ox supplementation
(at the daily dosage of 0.4 g/kg of body weight). Other pigs were sham operated. Pigs were
euthanized at the age of eight months. An analysis of the morphometry of trabeculae,
growth plate and articular cartilage in fundectomy-induced osteopenic bone was performed.
Moreover, the levels of expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin and osteoprotegerin in
trabecular bone and osteocalcin in articular cartilage were evaluated. Articular cartilage
was thinnest in fundectomized pigs and thickest in 2-Ox-supplemented animals after
fundectomy. Moreover, 2-Ox supplementation after fundectomy enhanced the total thickness
of the growth plate and trabeculae in fundectomized pigs. The most evident signal for
osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin in trabecular bone was in sham-operated and
2-Ox-supplemented pigs; a low reaction was observed in the fundectomized group.
Additionally, as a long-term postoperative consequence, a change was observed in the
expression of osteocalcin in articular cartilage. It seems that 2-Ox is suitable for use
in preventing the negative effects of fundectomy on cancellous bone and cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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Solberg LB, Stang E, Brorson SH, Andersson G, Reinholt FP. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) co-localizes with receptor activator of NF-KB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1)-positive vesicles in rat osteoblasts and osteocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:195-207. [PMID: 25201349 PMCID: PMC4298672 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is well known as an osteoclast marker; however, a recent study from our group demonstrated enhanced number of TRAP + osteocytes as well as enhanced levels of TRAP located to intracellular vesicles in osteoblasts and osteocytes in experimental osteoporosis in rats. Such vesicles were especially abundant in osteoblasts and osteocytes in cancellous bone as well as close to bone surface and intracortical remodeling sites. To further investigate TRAP in osteoblasts and osteocytes, long bones from young, growing rats were examined. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy displayed co-localization of TRAP with receptor activator of NF-KB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in hypertrophic chondrocytes and diaphyseal osteocytes with Pearson's correlation coefficient ≥0.8. Transmission electron microscopy showed co-localization of TRAP and RANKL in lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) + vesicles in osteoblasts and osteocytes supporting the results obtained by confocal microscopy. Recent in vitro data have demonstrated OPG as a traffic regulator for RANKL to LAMP1 + secretory lysosomes in osteoblasts and osteocytes, which seem to serve as temporary storage compartments for RANKL. Our in situ observations indicate that TRAP is located to RANKL-/OPG-positive secretory lysosomes in osteoblasts and osteocytes, which may have implications for osteocyte regulation of osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Solberg
- Department of Pathology, The Core Facility for Advanced Electron Microscopy, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway,
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Solberg LB, Brorson SH, Stordalen GA, Bækkevold ES, Andersson G, Reinholt FP. Increased tartrate-resistant Acid phosphatase expression in osteoblasts and osteocytes in experimental osteoporosis in rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:510-21. [PMID: 24395179 PMCID: PMC4148331 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9834-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is known as an osteoclast marker, but osteoblasts and osteocytes in the vicinity of bone remodeling sites also express TRAP. Cell culture studies suggest that osteoblasts endocytose osteoclastic TRAP for inactivation. To evaluate whether changes in osteoclast activity could alter TRAP expression in osteoblasts and/or osteocytes in vivo, we studied the ovariectomized and vitamin D-deficient rat (Ovx-D) and rats healing from rickets. Bone sections were analyzed for TRAP gene expression by in situ hybridization, TRAP protein by immunogold labeling, and TRAP enzyme activity using the fluorescent substrate ELF97. Osteoblasts and osteocytes close to intracortical remodeling sites and bone surfaces demonstrated TRAP, most prominently in cancellous bone and osteocytes. Intracellular TRAP was located to electron-dense vesicles with similar morphology in both cell types. Ovx-D increased osteoclast activity (p < 0.001) and ELF97⁺ osteocytes (p < 0.05) in cancellous bone, but no corresponding increase was observed in the osteocyte lacunar area. The level of TRAP⁺ vesicles in cortical osteoblasts (p < 0.01) in Ovx-D rats was also increased. Enhanced osteoclast activity was noted in healing rickets after 72 h (p < 0.05), but no differences in TRAP expression were detected in osteoblasts or osteocytes. Thus, increased osteoclast activity does not affect TRAP expression in osteoblasts and osteocytes, favoring the notion that increased TRAP in these cells is rather due to increased synthesis. Although the role of TRAP in osteoblasts and osteocytes remains elusive, we speculate that the function is related to the capability of the enzyme to regulate the phosphorylation of proteins known to be expressed by these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene B. Solberg
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postbox 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre-Henning Brorson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postbox 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunhild A. Stordalen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postbox 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen S. Bækkevold
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postbox 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Göran Andersson
- Division of Pathology, F46, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Finn P. Reinholt
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Postbox 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Andersen TL, Abdelgawad ME, Kristensen HB, Hauge EM, Rolighed L, Bollerslev J, Kjærsgaard-Andersen P, Delaisse JM. Understanding coupling between bone resorption and formation: are reversal cells the missing link? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 183:235-46. [PMID: 23747107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling requires bone resorption by osteoclasts, bone formation by osteoblasts, and a poorly investigated reversal phase coupling resorption to formation. Likely players of the reversal phase are the cells recruited into the lacunae vacated by the osteoclasts and presumably preparing these lacunae for bone formation. These cells, called herein reversal cells, cover >80% of the eroded surfaces, but their nature is not identified, and it is not known whether malfunction of these cells may contribute to bone loss in diseases such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. Herein, we combined histomorphometry and IHC on human iliac biopsy specimens, and showed that reversal cells are immunoreactive for factors typically expressed by osteoblasts, but not for monocytic markers. Furthermore, a subpopulation of reversal cells showed several distinctive characteristics suggestive of an arrested physiological status. Their prevalence correlated with decreased trabecular bone volume and osteoid and osteoblast surfaces in postmenopausal osteoporosis. They were, however, virtually absent in primary hyperparathyroidism, in which the transition between bone resorption and formation occurs optimally. Collectively, our observations suggest that arrested reversal cells reflect aborted remodeling cycles that did not progress to the bone formation step. We, therefore, propose that bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis does not only result from a failure of the bone formation step, as commonly believed, but also from a failure at the reversal step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Andersen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle-Lillebaelt Hospital, Vejle, Denmark.
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10
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Gradin P, Hollberg K, Cassady AI, Lång P, Andersson G. Transgenic overexpression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase is associated with induction of osteoblast gene expression and increased cortical bone mineral content and density. Cells Tissues Organs 2012; 196:68-81. [PMID: 22248481 DOI: 10.1159/000330806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a central event in the maintenance of skeletal tissue, and involves cycles of resorption followed by the formation of bone tissue. The activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts during these cycles is tightly regulated by systemic and local factors coupling the action of these cells. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is predominantly expressed in bone by osteoclasts but has also been detected in osteoblasts and osteocytes. Moreover, TRAP can stimulate the differentiation of mesenchymal lineage cells, i.e. progenitors of osteoblasts and adipocytes. In order to further explore the effects of TRAP on bone turnover, the structural and molecular phenotypes of osteoclasts and osteoblasts were assessed in TRAP-overexpressing transgenic mice. Transgenic mice of both sexes display increased cortical bone mineral content and density, which cannot be accounted for by decreased bone resorption since osteoclast numbers and resorptive activity do not differ from wild-type mice. Examination of the osteoblast phenotype revealed that markers of bone formation, i.e. procollagen type I N-terminal propeptides, and osteoblast lineage markers as well as the TRAP 1B mRNA transcript are increased in TRAP-overexpressing mice. Expression of the osteoclast-selective TRAP 1C mRNA is not increased in TRAP transgenic mice. Elevated expression of TRAP mRNA and protein were detected in osteoblasts, osteocytes and in the bone matrix of TRAP transgenic mice, suggesting that TRAP overexpression in osteoblast lineage cells is associated with increased cortical bone mineral content and density. The data presented here support the hypothesis that TRAP overexpression in the osteoblastic cell lineage stimulates the differentiation and/or activation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Gradin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Saleh NK, Saleh HA. Olive oil effectively mitigates ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:10. [PMID: 21294895 PMCID: PMC3045997 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoporosis, a reduction in bone mineral density, represents the most common metabolic bone disease. Postmenopausal women are particularly susceptible to osteoporosis when their production of estrogen declines. For these women, fracture is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of olive oil supplementation against osteoporosis in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS We studied adult female Wistar rats aged 12-14 months, divided into three groups: sham-operated control (SHAM), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized rats supplemented with extravirgin olive oil (Olive-OVX) orally for 12 weeks; 4 weeks before ovariectomy and 8 weeks after. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrates were assayed. Specimens from both the tibia and the liver were processed for light microscopic examination. Histomorphometric analysis of the tibia was also performed. RESULTS The OVX-rats showed a significant decrease in plasma calcium levels, and a significant increase in plasma ALP, MDA, and nitrates levels. These changes were attenuated by olive oil supplementation in the Olive-OVX rats. Light microscopic examination of the tibia of the OVX rats revealed a significant decrease in the cortical bone thickness (CBT) and the trabecular bone thickness (TBT). In addition, there was a significant increase in the osteoclast number denoting bone resorption. In the Olive-OVX rats these parameters were markedly improved as compared to the OVX group. Examination of the liver specimens revealed mononuclear cellular infiltration in the portal areas in the OVX-rats which was not detected in the Olive-OVX rats. CONCLUSIONS Olive oil effectively mitigated ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats, and is a promising candidate for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Hollberg K, Marsell R, Norgård M, Larsson T, Jonsson KB, Andersson G. Osteoclast polarization is not required for degradation of bone matrix in rachitic FGF23 transgenic mice. Bone 2008; 42:1111-21. [PMID: 18346951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatemic transgenic (tg) mice overexpressing FGF23 in osteoblasts display disorganized growth plates and reduced bone mineral density characteristic of rickets/osteomalacia. These FGF23 tg mice were used as an in vivo model to examine the relation between osteoclast polarization, secretion of proteolytic enzymes and resorptive activity. Tg mice had increased mRNA expression levels of the osteoblast differentiation marker Runx2 and mineralization-promoting proteins alkaline phosphatase and bone sialoprotein in the long bones compared to wild type (wt) mice. In contrast, expression of alpha1(I) collagen, osteocalcin, dentin matrix protein 1 and osteopontin was unchanged, indicating selective activation of osteoblasts promoting mineralization. The number of osteoclasts was unchanged in tg compared to wt mice, as determined by histomorphometry, serum levels of TRAP 5b activity as well as mRNA expression levels of TRAP and cathepsin K. However, tg mice displayed elevated serum concentrations of C-terminal telopeptide of collagen I (CTX) indicative of increased bone matrix degradation. The majority of osteoclasts in FGF23 tg mice lacked ultrastructural morphological signs of proper polarization. However, they secreted both cathepsin K and MMP-9 at levels comparable to osteoclasts with ruffled borders. Mineralization of bone matrix thus appears essential for inducing osteoclast polarization but not for secretion of osteoclast proteases. Finally, release of CTX by freshly isolated osteoclasts was increased on demineralized compared to mineralized bovine bone slices, indicating that the mineral component limits collagen degradation. We conclude that ruffled borders are implicated in acidification and subsequent demineralization of the bone matrix, however not required for matrix degradation. The data collectively provide evidence that osteoclasts, despite absence of ruffled borders, effectively participate in the degradation of hypomineralized bone matrix in rachitic FGF23 tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hollberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, F46, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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13
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Khosla S. Re: "The 3.6 kb DNA fragment from the rat Col1a1 gene promoter drives the expression of genes in both osteoblast and osteoclast lineage cells" by Boban et al. (Bone 39:1302-1312, 2006). Bone 2007; 40:1671-2; author reply 1673-4. [PMID: 17376754 PMCID: PMC1952213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Perez-Amodio S, Jansen DC, Tigchelaar-Gutter W, Beertsen W, Everts V. Endocytosis of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by osteoblast-like cells is followed by inactivation of the enzyme. Calcif Tissue Int 2006; 78:248-54. [PMID: 16604288 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-005-0185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) is generally used as a marker of osteoclasts. Yet, other bone-associated cells, such as osteoblasts and osteocytes, may also express activity of this enzyme. Osteoblasts containing TRACP activity are seen particularly in the vicinity of areas of bone resorption, suggesting that osteoclasts somehow induce TRACP activity in osteoblasts. In a recent study, we found that osteoblast-like cells appeared to have the capacity to endocytose TRACP released by osteoclast precursors. In the present study, we investigated the endocytosis of TRACP in more detail as well as the fate of the endocytosed enzyme. We found that incubation of osteoblast-like cells with TRACP-coated beads resulted in attachment of a high number of beads to the cells. After culturing osteoblast-like cells with medium conditioned by blood monocytes that contain TRACP, activity of the enzyme was found in the cells. Following replacement of the medium by normal medium that did not contain TRACP, a decrease in the level of TRACP activity in osteoblast-like cells occurred. Our data strongly suggest that osteoblast-like cells recognize TRACP released by osteoclast precursors and that upon endocytosis inactivation of the enzyme occurs. We propose that uptake of the enzyme is important for the control of enzyme activity, thereby preventing degradation of matrix constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Perez-Amodio
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Louwesweg 1, Amsterdam, 1066 EA, The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
Adequate dietary calcium and bone-stimulating exercise during growth are known to affect skeletal development, but the combined effects of dietary calcium and osteogenic exercise have received scant attention. Animal research has showed a compensatory effect of impact loading on calcium-deprived bones, while various human studies have suggested compensatory, additive, or possibly synergistic effects in certain skeletal locations. Current evidence suggests that the best strategy for strong bones by the end of childhood may be either high-impact exercise with a moderate or greater calcium intake or a combination of moderate-impact exercise and adequate calcium during growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo M Welch
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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16
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Bonucci E. Physiopathology of cancer metastases in bone and of the changes they induce in bone remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02904492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Shimazu Y, Nanci A, Aoba T. Immunodetection of osteopontin at sites of resorption in the pulp of rat molars. J Histochem Cytochem 2002; 50:911-21. [PMID: 12070270 DOI: 10.1177/002215540205000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) has been proposed to act as a substrate for osteoclast adhesion during bone resorption. The aim of the present study was to examine the presence and distribution of OPN at sites of resorption in traumatized radicular pulp. The upper first molars of 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were luxated and then repositioned in the original sockets. The animals were sacrificed by intracardiac perfusion at 10 and 14 days after tooth reimplantation. The teeth were decalcified in EDTA and then processed for embedding in paraffin for histochemistry or LR White resin for immunocytochemistry. Odontoclasts were identified by their multinucleated morphology and expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). Osteopontin was immunolocalized using postembedding colloidal gold labeling with a chicken egg yolk anti-rat OPN antibody. After reimplantation of the teeth, TRAP-positive cells were present along the pulp dentin wall. Osteopontin was not consistently detected at exposed predentin/dentin surfaces. However, gold particles were often found at the margin of resorption lacunae. Labeling was also seen over the Golgi region and cytoplasmic vesicles of odontoclasts and of neutrophils and fibroblast-like cells. The results suggest that accumulation of OPN at the predentin/dentin surface is not a prerequisite for adhesion of odontoclasts to the wall substance and that recruited odontoclasts produce OPN locally to mediate cell and/or matrix events within the resorption lacuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Shimazu
- Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry at Tokyo, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Nanci A, Mocetti P, Sakamoto Y, Kunikata M, Lozupone E, Bonucci E. Morphological and immunocytochemical analyses on the effects of diet-induced hypocalcemia on enamel maturation in the rat incisor. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:1043-58. [PMID: 10898799 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During the maturation stage of amelogenesis, the loss of matrix proteins combined with an accentuated but regulated influx of calcium and phosphate ions into the enamel layer results in the "hardest" tissue of the body. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the effects of chronic hypocalcemia on the maturation of enamel. Twenty-one-day old male Wistar rats were given a calcium-free diet and deionized water for 28 days, while control animals received a normal chow. The rats were perfused with aldehyde and the mandibular incisors were processed for histochemical and ultrastructural analyses and for postembedding colloidal gold immunolabeling with antibodies to amelogenin, ameloblastin, and albumin. The maturation stage enamel organ in hypocalcemic rats exhibited areas with an apparent increase in cell number and the presence of cyst-like structures. In both cases the cells expressed signals for ameloblastin and amelogenin. The content of the cysts was periodic acid-Schiff- and periodic acid-silver nitrate-methanamine-positive and immunolabeled for amelogenin, ameloblastin, and albumin. Masses of a similar material were also found at the enamel surface in depressions of the ameloblast layer. In addition, there were accumulations of glycoproteinaceous matrix at the interface between ameloblasts and enamel. In decalcified specimens, the superficial portion of the enamel matrix sometimes exhibited the presence of tubular crystal "ghosts." The basal lamina, normally separating ameloblasts and enamel during the maturation stage, was missing in some areas. Enamel crystals extended within membrane invaginations at the apical surface of ameloblasts in these areas. Immunolabeling for amelogenin, ameloblastin, and albumin over enamel was variable and showed a heterogeneous distribution. In contrast, enamel in control rats exhibited a homogeneous labeling for amelogenin, a concentration of ameloblastin at the surface, and weak reactivity for albumin. These results suggest that diet-induced chronic hypocalcemia interferes with both cellular and extracellular events during enamel maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nanci
- Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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