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Anderson AJ, Perone S. The kids are bored: Trait boredom in early childhood and links to self-regulation, coping strategies, and parent-child interactions. J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 243:105919. [PMID: 38581758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2024.105919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Boredom is a negative emotion that most people experience on occasion. However, some people experience boredom more or are unable to tolerate it, which is called trait boredom. Trait boredom has been well-studied in adolescence and adulthood, but little is known about trait boredom in childhood. The main goal of this study was to measure trait boredom in 4- to 6-year-olds (N = 130) and to test whether it relates to self-regulatory processes in a similar fashion that has been observed in adults and identify strategies children use to cope with boredom. We found boredom in childhood was related to self-regulatory processes in a similar fashion as it does in adults, and most children used social stimulation strategies (e.g., asking to play with a parent) or behavioral strategies (e.g., playing with toys) to cope with boredom. The findings are discussed within the context of prevention and the emotion regulation and boredom literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sammy Perone
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163, USA
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2
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Reigal RE, Hernández-Martos J, Monteiro D, Pérez-López R, Hernández-Mendo A, Morales-Sánchez V. Motivational Orientation, Boredom and Fun in Physical Education: The Mediation Role of Self-Esteem and Motor Self-Efficacy. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:998-1019. [PMID: 38547038 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241242147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Adolescents who enjoy physical education (PE) classes are more likely to be active during out-of-school hours. Similarly, achievement goal theory suggests that task-oriented motivation is associated with higher levels of reported fun during PE classes. In contrast, ego-oriented motivation has been related to boredom in class, but some self-perceptions (e.g., self-esteem or motoric self-efficacy) may modify this relationship and are important for physical activity. Our aim in this paper was to analyze the relationships between motivational orientation and fun and boredom in PE classes by assessing the mediating effects of self-esteem and self-efficacy. We surveyed 478 teenagers between 13 and 18 years of age (M = 14.57; SD = 1.15) with the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Motor Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES), and the Intrinsic Satisfaction in Sport Scale (SSI-EF). We used a structural equation model to evaluate relationships between these variables of interest. We found a positive relationship between ego orientation and boredom and between task orientation and fun; and we found a negative relationship between task orientation and boredom in PE classes. Importantly, we observed indirect effects from self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy in the relationships between motivational orientation and boredom and fun in PE. These results highlight the importance of students' motivational orientations in PE classes and illustrate that self-perception of self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy can mediate these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E Reigal
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jacobo Hernández-Martos
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diogo Monteiro
- ESECS, Polytechnic of Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rocío Pérez-López
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Verónica Morales-Sánchez
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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3
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Yoshioka T, So R, Funada S, Tsutsumi S, Nakaya T, Okubo R, Minami T, Tabuchi T. Association of night-shift work with gambling and problem gambling among workers in Japan: A nationwide cross-sectional study. Addict Behav 2024; 156:108071. [PMID: 38805772 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Night-shift work disturbs sleep and is associated with poor health conditions among workers. We aimed to investigate the association between night-shift work and gambling among workers and the association between night-shift work and problem gambling in working and gambling participants. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from an online survey conducted between February 6 and 27, 2023 in Japan. A total of 21,134 workers participated in this study, including 9,739 respondents who had gambled in the past year. We estimated the association between night-shift work and gambling among workers and the association between night-shift work and problem gambling among those who gambled at the survey. We defined problem gambling as a score ≥ 8 on the Problem Gambling Severity Index. All estimates were weighted using a nationally representative survey in Japan. We fitted multivariable weighted logistic regression models after adjusting for 14 confounders. RESULTS The weighted prevalence of gambling among non-night and night-shift workers was 42.1 % and 55.4 %, respectively. When focusing on workers gambling in the survey, the prevalence of problem gambling among non-night and night-shift workers was 8.8 % and 24.2 %, respectively. The weighted multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that night-shift work was associated with gambling participation among workers (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.39, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.25-1.53, p < 0.001). In addition, night-shift work was associated with problem gambling among those who gambled (aOR 1.94, 95 % CI 1.57-2.40, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Night-shift work was associated with gambling among workers and with problem gambling among those who gambled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yoshioka
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryuhei So
- Department of Psychiatry, Okayama Psychiatric Medical Center, Okayama, Japan; CureApp, Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Funada
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiori Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nakaya
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ryo Okubo
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Minami
- Division of Quality Assurance Programs, Institute for Cancer Control, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tabuchi
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan; Cancer Control Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan; The Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Marshall CA, Cooke A, Holmes J, Bengall J, Aryobi S, Phillips B, Lysaght R, Gewurtz R. "It's like your days are empty and yet there's life all around": A mixed methods, multi-site study exploring boredom during and following homelessness. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302900. [PMID: 38781159 PMCID: PMC11115236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify experiences of boredom and associations with psychosocial well-being during and following homelessness. METHODS Using a convergent, mixed-methods explanatory design, we conducted quantitative interviews with 164 participants) (n = 102 unhoused; n = 62 housed following homelessness) using a 92-item protocol involving demographic components and seven standardized measures of psychosocial well-being. A sub-sample (n = 32) was approached to participate in qualitative interviews. Data were analyzed by group (unhoused; housed). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics designed to generate insights into boredom, meaningful activity engagement, and their associations with psychosocial well-being during and following homelessness. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated at the stage of discussion. RESULTS Quantitative analyses revealed small to moderate correlations between boredom and increased hopelessness (rs = .376, p < .01), increased drug use (rs = .194, p < .05), and lowered mental well-being (rs = -.366, p < .01). There were no statistically significant differences between unhoused and housed participants on any standardized measures. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that housing status was not a significant predictor of boredom or meaningful activity engagement (p>.05). Qualitative interviews revealed profound boredom during and following homelessness imposing negative influences on mental well-being and driving substance use. CONCLUSIONS Boredom and meaningful activity are important outcomes that require focused attention in services designed to support individuals during and following homelessness. Attention to this construct in future research, practice, and policy has the potential to support the well-being of individuals who experience homelessness, and to contribute to efforts aimed at homelessness prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Anne Marshall
- Social Justice in Mental Health Research Lab, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abrial Cooke
- Social Justice in Mental Health Research Lab, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Holmes
- Social Justice in Mental Health Research Lab, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordana Bengall
- Social Justice in Mental Health Research Lab, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suliman Aryobi
- Social Justice in Mental Health Research Lab, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brooke Phillips
- Social Justice in Mental Health Research Lab, School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosemary Lysaght
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca Gewurtz
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Wang D, Liu X, Chen K, Gu C, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Luo Y. Risks and protection: a qualitative study on the factors for internet addiction among elderly residents in Southwest China communities. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:531. [PMID: 38378524 PMCID: PMC10880227 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the global trend of actively promoting the participation of older adults in the digital age, the relevant negative issues featuring potential Internet Addiction (IA) among them has risen to be a new challenge facing the global public health. However, there is a severe lack of related research. This study aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon and process of IA among the elderly. The purpose of this paper is to introduce factors that may influence IA in the demographic. METHODS This study employed qualitative descriptive research methods to investigate older adults' perceptions and experiences of IA. Semi-structured in-depth personal interviews were conducted between March and June 2023 with 36 senior citizens from urban communities in Chongqing, Southwest China. Data were analyzed via inductive content analysis methods. RESULTS Through data analysis, 2 main categories concerning IA in older adults were identified: risk factors and protective factors. The risk factor categories include 5 individual factors (e.g., Internet as the major avenue for pursuing personal hobbies and interests, etc.), 3 family factors (e.g., household WIFI increasing the risk of prolonged Internet use indoors, etc.), 2 peer factors (e.g., peer recommendation and guidance as catalysts for intensified Internet engagement, etc.), 2 socio-environmental factors (e.g., the widespread daily Internet use spurs offline intolerance, etc.), and 3 Internet platform factors (e.g., the plenitude of online content triggers endless viewing/browsing behaviors, etc.). The category of protective factors encompasses 2 individual factors (e.g., a higher level of perceived risk regarding internet health hazards, etc.) and 2 family factors (e.g., more family commitment, etc.). CONCLUSIONS Older adults' Internet addictive behaviors are shaped by multiple and complex internal and external factors. A higher level of online health risk perception is a key protective factor to effectively avoid the occurrence and deterioration of IA among the aged, a distinct finding from this study. It is believed that the "individual-family-peer-community" synergy strategy is expected to become an essential direction for IA intervention for older adults, in order to promote healthy Internet use among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Shuangbei Community Health Service Center, No.14 Shuangbei Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Xiaolongkan Community Health Service Center, No.4 Xiaolongkan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Shuangbei Community Health Service Center, No.14 Shuangbei Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yu Luo
- School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Third Military Medical University, No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Zerr K, Seiler JPH, Rumpel S, Tüscher O. Validation of a German version of the Boredom Proneness Scale and the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2905. [PMID: 38316871 PMCID: PMC10844236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The scientific interest in boredom is growing over the past decades. Boredom has not only been linked to symptoms of psychopathology, but also shows a remarkable effect on individual behavior under healthy conditions. Current characterizations of boredom in humans mostly rely on self-report assessments which proved to faithfully reflect boredom in a vast range of experimental environments. Two of the most commonly used and prominent self-report scales in order to assess boredom are the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS) and the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS). Here, we present the German translations of both questionnaires and their validation. We obtained and analyzed psychometric data from more than 800 healthy individuals. We find that the German MSBS and BPS show vast congruence with their originals in respect to item statistics, internal reliability and validity. In particular, we find remarkable associations of state boredom and trait boredom with indicators of mental burden. Testing the factor structure of both questionnaires, we find supporting evidence for a 5-factor model of the MSBS, whereas the BPS in line with its original shows an irregular, inconsistent factor structure. Thus, we validate the German versions of MSBS and BPS and set a starting point for further studies of boredom in German-speaking collectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zerr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes P-H Seiler
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7, 55122, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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Maftei A, Merlici IA, Opariuc-Dan C. Fun in a Box? Loneliness and Adolescents' Problematic Smartphone Use: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of the Underlying Mechanisms. Psychol Rep 2024:332941241226681. [PMID: 38217416 DOI: 10.1177/00332941241226681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Addictive smartphone use is one of the most concerning behaviors among adolescents. The present study investigated the indirect effects of self-esteem and boredom proneness and the moderating role of the need to belong on the link between loneliness and addictive smartphone use (ASU). Our sample included 357 adolescents aged 12 to 19 (Mage = 15.56, SD = 1.01, 57.42% males) from ten public schools in Romania. We used a moderated mediation approach, with moderation of the both second mediation paths and the direct effect path. Results suggested that the influence of loneliness on ASU was statistically significant and partially mediated both by self-esteem and boredom proneness. Adolescents' need to belong significantly moderated the positive association between boredom proneness and ASU, and the direct negative association between loneliness and ASU; however, it did not moderate the negative association between self-esteem and ASU. Thus, high levels of the need to belong also increased the influence of boredom proneness on AUS and had a marginally significant effect on the relation between loneliness and ASU. These results suggested that adolescents' need to belong, self-esteem, and boredom proneness might contribute to developing ASU. Interventions centered around countering the adverse effects of excessive technology use ought to consider group activities that facilitate social bonding to satisfy the participants' need to belong, reduce their levels of boredom, and, thus, reduce the risk of developing ASU symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Maftei
- Department of Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioan-Alex Merlici
- Department of Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania
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Iannattone S, Mezzalira S, Bottesi G, Gatta M, Miscioscia M. Emotion dysregulation and psychopathological symptoms in non-clinical adolescents: The mediating role of boredom and social media use. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2024; 18:5. [PMID: 38184635 PMCID: PMC10771649 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emotion dysregulation, boredom, and problematic social media use are well-known vulnerability factors for psychopathology during adolescence; nevertheless, the interplay between these factors remains underinvestigated in the literature. Therefore, the present cross-sectional study aimed to explore the mediating role of boredom and problematic social media use in the relations between emotion dysregulation and both internalizing and externalizing problems in a non-clinical group of Italian adolescents. METHOD 721 students (64.6% girls; Mage = 15.49 years ± 1.82) were involved and completed self-report tools assessing emotion dysregulation, boredom, problematic social media use, and psychopathological symptoms. Path analysis was used to test whether boredom and problematic social media use mediated the relation between emotion dysregulation and psychopathology, distinguishing between internalizing and externalizing problems. RESULTS Path models showed that emotion dysregulation predicted both internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as boredom and problematic social media use. Importantly, boredom mediated the associations between emotion dysregulation and both psychopathological dimensions, while problematic social media use mediated only the relation with externalizing problems. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight that the influence of emotion dysregulation on psychopathology can manifest through different paths, leading to specific symptomatology based on interactions between various variables. In particular, boredom seems to be a transdiagnostic factor for psychopathology in adolescence, whereas problematic social media use would be a dimension-specific factor. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Iannattone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, via Venezia 8, Padua, 35131, Italy.
| | - Selene Mezzalira
- Department of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, via Venezia 8, Padua, 35131, Italy
| | - Michela Gatta
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Marina Miscioscia
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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9
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Seiler JPH, Rumpel S. Modeling fashion as an emergent collective behavior of bored individuals. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20480. [PMID: 37993553 PMCID: PMC10665449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Boredom is an aversive mental state that is typically evoked by monotony and drives individuals to seek novel information. Despite this effect on individual behavior, the consequences of boredom for collective behavior remain elusive. Here, we introduce an agent-based model of collective fashion behavior in which simplified agents interact randomly and repeatedly choose alternatives from a circular space of color variants. Agents are endowed with a memory of past experiences and a boredom parameter, promoting avoidance of monotony. Simulating collective color trends with this model captures aspects of real trends observed in fashion magazines. We manipulate the two parameters and observe that the boredom parameter is essential for perpetuating fashion dynamics in our model. Furthermore, highly bored agents lead future population trends, when acting coherently or being highly popular. Taken together, our study illustrates that highly bored individuals can guide collective dynamics of a population to continuously explore different variants of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P-H Seiler
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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10
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Seiler JPH, Zerr K, Rumpel S, Tüscher O. High state boredom vastly affects psychiatric inpatients and predicts their treatment duration. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:350. [PMID: 37973905 PMCID: PMC10654381 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Boredom is a ubiquitous, aversive human experience typically elicited by low information and monotony. Boredom can occur either as a transient mental state that prompts individuals to adapt their behavior to avoid monotony or as a temporally stable trait, describing a chronic susceptibility to feeling bored. Increased trait boredom was found to correlate with various psychopathologies and indicators of mental burden. However, the role of state boredom in psychopathological conditions and its implications for psychiatric treatment remain elusive. Here, we address this issue by investigating state boredom and trait boredom in a cohort of psychiatric inpatients and a healthy control cohort. We find that in both groups, state boredom, even more than trait boredom, shows remarkable associations with psychopathology. In the inpatient group, state boredom is implicated broadly in multiple mental disorders and shows an association with treatment in closed psychiatric wards. Furthermore, through statistical modeling, we find that high-state boredom during inpatient therapy is predictive of a longer therapy duration. Thus, we show that state boredom constitutes an indicator of mild and severe psychopathology in different mental disorders, affecting the outcome of psychiatric patients. Potential therapeutic interventions are discussed, aiming to enhance information flow in the brain in order to alleviate boredom in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P-H Seiler
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Katharina Zerr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7, 55122, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Doering EL, Weybright E, Anderson AJ, Murphy K, Caldwell L. Associations Between Trait Boredom and Frequency of Cannabis, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use in College Students. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2023; 6:149-164. [PMID: 38035167 PMCID: PMC10683743 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Boredom is a common emotion associated with substance use in college students - a group already at risk for substance misuse. The purpose of this study is to understand how two types of trait boredom (susceptibility and proneness) in college students are associated with frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use. Method Data were collected from an online survey completed by a sample of undergraduate students (N = 414, Mage = 19.55, 84.5% female; 64.3% White) enrolled at a large public university in the northwest. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between trait boredom and frequency of cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco use after controlling for age, sex, and race. Results Boredom susceptibility was a significant predictor of annual, monthly, and weekly cannabis and alcohol use, but only annual and monthly tobacco use. Boredom proneness was only a significant predictor for monthly alcohol use. Conclusions Findings were generally consistent across types of substances and frequency of use for boredom susceptibility, indicating students higher in susceptibility, rather than proneness, are a subgroup to target prevention interventions to alleviate boredom and subsequent maladaptive coping mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Doering
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University
| | | | | | - Kyle Murphy
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University
| | - Linda Caldwell
- Department of Recreation, Park, and Tourism Management, The Pennsylvania State University
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12
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Cannito L, Ceccato I, Annunzi E, Bortolotti A, D’Intino E, Palumbo R, D’Addario C, Di Domenico A, Palumbo R. Bored with boredom? Trait boredom predicts internet addiction through the mediating role of attentional bias toward social networks. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1179142. [PMID: 37746057 PMCID: PMC10513058 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1179142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Internet addiction is an emerging issue, impacting people's psychosocial functioning and well-being. However, the prevalence and the mechanisms underlying internet misuse are largely unknown. As with other behavioral addiction disorders, the increase and persistence of internet addiction may be favored by negative affect such as boredom. In this study, we examined the role of boredom susceptibility, as a personality trait, in predicting the risk of internet addiction. Furthermore, we analyzed the attentional mechanisms that may exacerbate dysfunctional internet behaviors. Specifically, we assessed the mediating role of attentional bias toward social media cues on the relation between boredom susceptibility and internet addiction. Sixty-nine young adults were administered a dot-probe task assessing internet-related attentional bias (AB) and questionnaires measuring internet addiction (IAT) and boredom susceptibility (BS-BSSS). Correlation and t-test analyses confirmed that the tendency to experience boredom and selective attention toward social network information was related to internet addiction. Furthermore, the mediation model indicated that AB fully explains the link between BS-BSSS and IAT. The study highlighted the crucial role of selective attentional processing behind internet addiction. The current results are useful for both researchers and clinicians as they suggest that intervention programs for internet addiction should include strategies to cope with dysfunctional cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreta Cannito
- Department of Humanities, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
| | - Irene Ceccato
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eugenia Annunzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bortolotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eleonora D’Intino
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio D’Addario
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Riccardo Palumbo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Constant A, Fortier A, Serrand Y, Bannier E, Moirand R, Thibault R, Coquery N, Godet A, Val-Laillet D. Emotional overeating affected nine in ten female students during the COVID-19 university closure: A cross-sectional study in France. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286439. [PMID: 37651411 PMCID: PMC10470954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate the proportion of female university students reporting overeating (EO) in response to emotions during the COVID-19 university closures, and to investigate social and psychological factors associated with this response to stress. DESIGN Online survey gathered sociodemographic data, alcohol/drugs use disorders, boredom proneness and impulsivity using validated questionnaires, and EO using the Emotional Overeating Questionnaire (EOQ) assessing eating in response to six emotions (anxiety, sadness, loneliness, anger, fatigue, happiness), whose structure remains to be determined. PARTICIPANTS Sample of 302 female students from Rennes University, France. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Frequencies of emotional overeating. ANALYSIS The frequency of emotional overeating was expressed for each emotion as percentages. Exploratory Factor analyses (EFA) were used to determine EOQ structure and provide an index of all EOQ items used for further analysis. Linear regression models were used to explore relationships between EO and others covariates. RESULTS Nine in ten participants reported intermittent EO in the last 28 days, mostly during 6 to 12 days, in response to Anxiety (75.5%), Sadness (64.5%), Happiness (59.9%), Loneliness (57.9%), Tiredness (51.7%), and to a lesser extent to Anger (31.1%). EFA evidenced a one-factor latent variable reflecting "Distress-Induced Overeating" positively correlated with internal boredom proneness, tobacco use, attentional impulsivity, inability to resist emotional cues, and loss of control over food intake, and negatively with age and well-being. EO was unrelated to body mass index or substance abuse. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Nine in ten female students reported emotional overeating during the COVID-19 university closure. This response to stress was related to eating tendencies typical of young women, but also to personality/behavioral patterns such as boredom and impulsivity proneness. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying EO in response to stress and lack of external/social stimulation would improve preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymery Constant
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
- EHESP, School of Public Health, Rennes, France
| | - Alexandra Fortier
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Serrand
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Elise Bannier
- Inria, CRNS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn U1228, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
- Radiology Department, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Romain Moirand
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
- Unité d’Addictologie, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Thibault
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
- Unité de Nutrition, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Coquery
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Ambre Godet
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - David Val-Laillet
- INRAE, INSERM, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer, NuMeCan, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
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Malik L, Shahnawaz MG, Rehman U, Pragyendu, Uniyal R, Griffiths MD. Mediating Roles of Fear of Missing Out and Boredom Proneness on Psychological Distress and Social Media Addiction Among Indian Adolescents. JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37362061 PMCID: PMC10242220 DOI: 10.1007/s41347-023-00323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective The closure of schools and other educational institutes around the world has been one of the consequences of the COVID-19 and has resulted in online teaching. To facilitate online teaching, there has been an increase in the use of smartphones and tablets among adolescents. However, such enhancement in technology use may put many adolescents at the risk of problematic use of social media. Consequently, the present study explored the direct relationship of psychological distress with social media addiction. The relationship between the two was also assessed indirectly via the fear of missing out (FoMO) and boredom proneness. Methods A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 505 Indian adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, studying in grades 7 to 12. Standardized tools (with some modifications to suit the context of the present study) were used to collect data. Results The results showed significant positive associations between psychological distress, social media addiction, FoMO, and boredom proneness. Psychological distress was found to be a significant predictor of social media addiction. Moreover, FoMO and boredom proneness partially mediated the relationships between psychological distress and social media addiction. Discussion The present study is the first to provide evidence for the specific pathways of FoMO and boredom proneness in the relationships between psychological distress and social media addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipika Malik
- Department of Psychology, Amity University, Mumbai, India
| | - Md Ghazi Shahnawaz
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Usama Rehman
- Department of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India 20022
| | - Pragyendu
- Department of Applied Psychology, Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi University, Delhi, India
| | - Ritika Uniyal
- Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia Central University, New Delhi, 110025 India
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Abi Doumit C, Malaeb D, Akel M, Salameh P, Obeid S, Hallit S. Association between Personality Traits and Phubbing: The Co-Moderating Roles of Boredom and Loneliness. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060915. [PMID: 36981572 PMCID: PMC10048773 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phubbing is defined as the use of one's phone while in a conversation, leading to a disconnection from interpersonal communications. This topic has become more interesting lately due to the increased use of smartphones worldwide and in Lebanon, where 86% of the population owns a smartphone. This study aims to assess the association between phubbing and personality traits with the moderating effects of loneliness and boredom proneness. This cross-sectional study was conducted between August-September 2020. 461 participants (18-29 years) filled out the survey. Higher open-mindedness was associated with less phubbing. Being married compared to single and higher open-mindedness were significantly associated with less phubbing. More boredom was significantly associated with more phubbing. The interaction extraversion by boredom was significantly associated with phubbing; this was significant at low levels of loneliness and boredom where extraversion was significantly associated with more phubbing. At moderate loneliness and high boredom and at high loneliness and boredom, extraversion was significantly associated with less phubbing. The interactions between boredom and loneliness and the other four personality traits did not show any significant association with phubbing. The current study highlights the importance of personality traits in influencing phubbing and might contribute to the preliminary assessment of phubbing. Healthcare professionals might be able to use the data of this study to implement appropriate smartphone use habits, as this would help patients improve their social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Abi Doumit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
| | - Diana Malaeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman P.O. Box 4184, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marwan Akel
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut 1083, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 4504, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 4504, Lebanon
- INSPECT-LB: Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban, Beirut 1103, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat 1533, Lebanon
| | - Sahar Obeid
- School of Arts and Sciences, Social and Education Sciences Department, Lebanese American University, Jbeil 4504, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh P.O. Box 446, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib P.O. Box 60096, Lebanon
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16
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Perone S, Anderson AJ, Weybright EH. Older and Wiser? Age-related Change in State and Trait Boredom During Adolescence and Associations with Neural Correlates of Self-regulation. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 9:1-17. [PMID: 37360189 PMCID: PMC10028326 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-023-00213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of the current study was to examine age-related change in state and trait boredom in 12- to 17-year-old adolescents and test whether neurophysiological correlates of self-regulation relate to boredom during adolescence in the same way that has been found in adults. Methods Eighty-nine 12- to 17-year-old adolescents participated. Three types of trait boredom were measured: boredom proneness, leisure boredom, and boredom susceptibility. State boredom was also measured after completing a boredom induction task while EEG was recorded. Slopes in frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA) were extracted from the EEG as a measure of approach (leftward shifts) or avoidance (rightward shifts). Results A curvilinear relationship between age and boredom proneness and age and boredom susceptibility was observed, indicating trait boredom rises and falls across adolescence. State boredom, by contrast, increased linearly with age. Slopes in FAA inversely related only to boredom proneness, indicating higher levels of this type of trait boredom related to an avoidant response as a state of boredom ensues. Conclusion We suggest the rise and fall of trait boredom across adolescence may be due to changes in person-environment fit during middle adolescence, whereas state boredom may increase with age due to improvements in attentional processes that mundane lab tasks do not satisfactorily engage. The link between FAA and only one type of trait boredom indicates self-regulatory processes and boredom are not yet strongly coupled in adolescence. Implications for prevention of negative behavioral health outcomes associated with high levels of trait boredom are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Perone
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, 515 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99163 USA
| | | | - Elizabeth H. Weybright
- Department of Human Development, Washington State University, 515 Johnson Tower, Pullman, WA 99163 USA
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17
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Liu Y, Liu J, Wang W. The Effect of Future Time Perspective on Internet Dependence Among College Students in Pandemic Time: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:509-520. [PMID: 36860351 PMCID: PMC9968868 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s396622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly increased the probability of Internet dependence. This study sought to examine the relation between future time perspective and college students' Internet dependence, as well as the mediating role of boredom proneness and the moderating effect of self-control in the link between boredom proneness and Internet dependence. Materials and Methods A questionnaire survey was carried out among college students from two universities in China. A sample of 448 participants varying from freshmen to seniors completed questionnaires on future time perspective, Internet dependence, boredom proneness and self-control. Results Results indicated that college students with high future time perspective were less likely to fall into Internet dependence and boredom proneness mediated this relationship. The relation between boredom proneness and Internet dependence was moderated by self-control. Boredom proneness had a greater impact on Internet dependence for students with low self-control. Conclusion Future time perspective could influence Internet dependence through the mediating role of boredom proneness, which is moderated by self-control. The results advanced our understanding of how future time perspective affected college students' Internet dependence, revealing that intervention strategies which could improve students' self-control would be instrumental in reducing Internet dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Liu
- Department of Education, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Journalism, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Wei Wang, Professor of Department of Psychology, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Li H. Life is either a daring adventure, or it is boring: The impact of COVID‐19 on immoral and nonmoral risk taking behaviors. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Center for Linguistics, Literary and Cultural Studies Sichuan International Studies University Chongqing China
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Bieleke M, Ripper L, Schüler J, Wolff W. Boredom is the root of all evil-or is it? A psychometric network approach to individual differences in behavioural responses to boredom. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211998. [PMID: 36177193 PMCID: PMC9515645 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functional accounts of boredom propose that boredom serves as an impartial signal to change something about the current situation, which should give rise to adaptive and maladaptive behaviour alike. This seemingly contrasts with research on boredom proneness, which has overwhelmingly shown associations with maladaptive behaviour. To shed light on this discrepancy, we disentangled boredom proneness from individual differences in (i) the urge to avoid and escape boredom and (ii) adaptive and maladaptive ways of dealing with boredom by developing corresponding trait scales. In a study with N = 636 participants, psychometric network modelling revealed tight associations between boredom proneness and less adaptive and (especially) more maladaptive ways of dealing with boredom. However, its associations with the urge to avoid and escape boredom were rather weak. Importantly, a higher urge to avoid and escape boredom was linked not only to more maladaptive but also to more adaptive ways of dealing with boredom. This pattern of results was robust across various specific behaviours that have previously been linked to boredom. Our findings provide novel evidence for functional accounts of boredom from an individual difference perspective, cautioning against a shallow view of boredom as being associated with purely maladaptive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Bieleke
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Leonie Ripper
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Julia Schüler
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Wanja Wolff
- Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Does boredom affect economic risk preferences? JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s1930297500009347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious literature and conventional wisdom have led researchers to believe that boredom increases economic risk taking, but the evidence in support of this conclusion is limited and has important shortcomings. In four experiments (including more than 1,300 subjects), we systematically studied the effects of boredom on economic risk preferences. Across different risk elicitation tasks, boredom inductions, incentive schemes, subject pools, and using both reduced form and structural analyses, we consistently failed to find an effect of boredom on risky decisions. Our results disprove that boredom leads to even small increments in risk taking in one-shot elicitation tasks, and small to medium increases in multiple-choice elicitations. These findings question an important established belief, contribute to better understand the consequences of boredom, and have substantive implications for experiments on economic decision making.
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Al Sabbah H, Taha Z, Qasrawi R, Assaf EA, Cheikh Ismail L, Al Dhaheri AS, Hoteit M, Al-Jawaldeh A, Tayyem R, Bawadi H, AlKhalaf M, Bookari K, Kamel I, Dashti S, Allehdan S, Alalwan TA, Hammouh F, Waly MI, Al-Halawa DA, Mansour R, Abu Farha A. The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical (In)Activity Behavior in 10 Arab Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710832. [PMID: 36078548 PMCID: PMC9518470 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Insufficient physical activity is considered a strong risk factor associated with non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on physical (in)activity behavior in 10 Arab countries before and during the lockdown. A cross-sectional study using a validated online survey was launched originally in 38 different countries. The Eastern Mediterranean regional data related to the 10 Arabic countries that participated in the survey were selected for analysis in this study. A total of 12,433 participants were included in this analysis. The mean age of the participants was 30.3 (SD, 11.7) years. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between physical activity levels and the participants' sociodemographic characteristics, watching TV, screen time, and computer usage. Physical activity levels decreased significantly during the lockdown. Participants' country of origin, gender, and education were associated with physical activity before and during the lockdown (p < 0.050). Older age, watching TV, and using computers had a negative effect on physical activity before and during the lockdown (p < 0.050). Strategies to improve physical activity and minimize sedentary behavior should be implemented, as well as to reduce unhealthy levels of inactive time, especially during times of crisis. Further research on the influence of a lack of physical activity on overall health status, as well as on the COVID-19 disease effect is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleama Al Sabbah
- Department of Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai P.O. Box 19282, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-569501179
| | - Zainab Taha
- Department of Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 144534, United Arab Emirates
| | - Radwan Qasrawi
- Department of Computer Science, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem 20002, Palestine
- Department of Computer Engineering, Istinye University, Istanbul 34010, Turkey
| | - Enas A. Assaf
- Faculty of Nursing, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | - Leila Cheikh Ismail
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Ayesha S. Al Dhaheri
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maha Hoteit
- Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
- PHENOL Research Group (Public Health Nutrition Program Lebanon), Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
- Lebanese University Nutrition Surveillance Center (LUNSC), Lebanese Food Drugs and Chemical Administrations, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon
| | - Ayoub Al-Jawaldeh
- World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Reema Tayyem
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Majid AlKhalaf
- National Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khlood Bookari
- National Nutrition Committee, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iman Kamel
- National Research Centre, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Somaia Dashti
- Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait City 13092, Kuwait
| | - Sabika Allehdan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Tariq A. Alalwan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir P.O. Box 32038, Bahrain
| | - Fadwa Hammouh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Amman 11821, Jordan
| | - Mostafa I. Waly
- Food Science and Nutrition Department, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
| | | | - Rania Mansour
- Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Doha P.O. Box 200592, Qatar
| | - Allam Abu Farha
- College of Business and Economics, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Tam KYY, Chan CS, van Tilburg WAP, Lavi I, Lau JYF. Boredom belief moderates the mental health impact of boredom among young people: Correlational and multi-wave longitudinal evidence gathered during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Pers 2022; 91:638-652. [PMID: 35927788 PMCID: PMC9537911 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Young people's experience of boredom and its psychological health sequelae have been exacerbated by the COVID‐19 pandemic. The present study examined the moderating role of boredom beliefs—the extent to which one affectively dislikes boredom (boredom dislike) and cognitively accepts it (boredom normalcy)—on the association between boredom experience and mental well‐being. We also validated a new measure of boredom beliefs in two different samples of young people. Method We report data from a correlational study with British young people aged 12–25 (Study 1; N = 2495) and a 16‐week eight‐wave within‐subject study with Israeli adolescents aged 12–18 (Study 2; N = 314). Results Across both studies, disliking boredom was associated with higher frequency and intensity of boredom. Boredom dislike moderated the negative association between boredom and mental well‐being, such that the association was more salient among those who strongly disliked boredom. Normalizing boredom was positively associated with mental well‐being. The measure of boredom beliefs demonstrated fair validity and reliability. Conclusion Results provide novel insights into the potential buffering effect of boredom beliefs against the mental health impact of boredom, particularly at a time of reduced activity. These findings generalize across two different countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Y Y Tam
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong.,Department of Psychology, King's College London
| | | | | | - Iris Lavi
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,School of Social Work, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jennifer Y F Lau
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Psychological Functioning, Defense Strategies and the Contribution of Perceived Family Collaboration in Adolescents Who Experienced Multiple Motor Vehicle Crashes: A Descriptive Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159448. [PMID: 35954805 PMCID: PMC9368723 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents frequently experience motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). Research has mostly underlined the psychological outcomes, rather than adolescents’ general emotional–behavioral functioning and the role played by family. This study aims to explore the emotional–behavioral functioning, measured with the Youth Self Report (YSR), difficulties to identify and describe emotions, measured with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the use of defense strategies, measured with the Response Evaluation Measure for Youth (REM-71), and perceived family collaboration, measured with the Perceived Collective Family scale, in adolescents that have experienced more than three MVCs in a year. N = 150 adolescents who visited an emergency department for MVCs were assessed through self-report questionnaires. Adolescents showed difficulties to identify and describe their emotions and a massive use of defense strategies. Moreover, lower perceived family collaboration predicted adolescents’ alexithymic traits and the massive use of maladaptive defense strategies. These results may be useful in assessing and creating prevention programs for risky driving behaviors in adolescence.
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Biagioni S, Baldini F, Baroni M, Cerrai S, Melis F, Potente R, Scalese M, Molinaro S. Adolescents' Psychoactive Substance Use During the First COVID-19 Lockdown: A Cross Sectional Study in Italy. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022; 52:641-659. [PMID: 35909702 PMCID: PMC9325948 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Italy was one of the first European countries to be affected by Covid-19. Due to the severity of the pandemic, the Italian government imposed a nationwide lockdown which had a great impact on the population, especially adolescents. Distance-learning, moving restrictions and pandemic-related concerns, resulted in a particularly stressful situation. Objective This cross-sectional study aims to analyse substance consumption and its associated factors during the Covid-19 lockdown imposed by the Italian government. Methods ESPAD is a questionnaire that is administered yearly in Italian high schools. In 2020, it was administered online during dedicated hours of distance learning, collecting data from 6027 Italian students (52.4% were male) aged 15-19. Data collected from the 2020 questionnaire was matched with that collected in 2019, in order to make them comparable. Results The prevalence of consumption of each substance decreased during the restriction period, and the most used substance during the lockdown period was alcohol (43.1%). There were some changes in factors associated with psychoactive substance use, especially painkillers and non-prescription drugs. For instance, unlike what was observed in the 2019 model, in 2020 spending money without parental control was associated with painkillers and non-prescription drug use while risk perception was not. Conclusions The restrictions and the increased difficulties in obtaining psychoactive substances did not prevent their consumption, and students with particular risk factors continued to use them, possibly changing the substance type of substance. This information is useful in order to better understand adolescents' substance use during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Biagioni
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy ,Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Baldini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy ,Department of Social Sciences and Economics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Baroni
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy ,Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Cerrai
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Melis
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Potente
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Scalese
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Molinaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Drody AC, Hicks LJ, Danckert J. Boredom Proneness and Rule-Breaking: A Persistent Relation One Year into the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080251. [PMID: 35892351 PMCID: PMC9394241 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research conducted within the first year of the pandemic demonstrated that boredom prone individuals were more likely to break rules (e.g., social distancing) aimed at preventing the spread of COVID-19. It is of interest whether this relation persisted deeper into the pandemic, given that initial results may have reflected the extraordinary nature of the early stages of the pandemic on one hand, or more stable dispositions on the other. Therefore, in the Summer of 2021, we administered an online survey to investigate whether boredom proneness predicted COVID-19 rule-breaking over one year into the pandemic (and approximately one year after the earlier studies). We found that boredom prone individuals remained more likely to engage in COVID-19 rule-breaking. Our results suggest that a trait disposition towards boredom exerts a persistent, long-term influence on behaviour, one that is detrimental to personal well-being during the pandemic. Adherence to public health measures might be improved by encouraging individuals to find adaptive ways of coping with boredom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C. Drody
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Lydia J. Hicks
- Department of Psychology, Lakehead University at Thunder Bay, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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Role of Alexithymia in Predicting Internet Novel Addiction through Boredom Proneness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148708. [PMID: 35886561 PMCID: PMC9319492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the development of the internet, people’s pursuit of reading entertainment has enriched internet novels, but the relevant influencing factors are still unclear. Therefore, we recruited 344 Chinese college students and employed a questionnaire survey to explore the relationship between alexithymia, boredom proneness, and internet novel addiction. The results showed that (1) there was no significant difference between female and male college students in terms of alexithymia and boredom proneness, whereas male college students had a higher total score of internet novel addiction than females. (2) There were significant positive correlations between alexithymia, boredom proneness, and internet novel addiction. (3) Boredom proneness played a partial mediating role in the impact of alexithymia on the internet novel addiction. Taken together, alexithymia may directly and indirectly predict internet novel addiction through boredom proneness.
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27
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Sümer C, Büttner OB. I’ll Do It – After One More Scroll: The Effects of Boredom Proneness, Self-Control, and Impulsivity on Online Procrastination. Front Psychol 2022; 13:918306. [PMID: 35874392 PMCID: PMC9298485 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.918306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is a common phenomenon. With the increasing ubiquity of new media, research has started to investigate the ways in which these technologies are used as alternatives to task engagement. This paper extends the literature by examining procrastinatory uses of social media, instant messaging, and online shopping with respect to boredom proneness, self-control, and impulsivity among German and Turkish samples. Regression analyses revealed that boredom proneness, self-control, and the perseverance facet of impulsivity are especially significant predictors of online procrastination in both samples. The results between the two studies differ in terms of impulsivity. The findings of this paper highlight the thus far understudied role of boredom proneness and various aspects of impulsivity in online procrastination, and demonstrate that social media procrastination, instant messaging procrastination, and shopping procrastination tendencies likely have distinct underlying mechanisms.
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McCurdy A, Stearns JA, Rhodes RE, Hopkins D, Mummery K, Spence JC. Relationships Between Physical Activity, Boredom Proneness, and Subjective Well-Being Among U.K. Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 44:189-197. [PMID: 35354669 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2021-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This investigation sought to examine physical activity (PA) as a potential determinant of chronic boredom and associated well-being within the context of COVID-related restrictions. A representative sample of U.K. adults (N = 1,521) completed a survey on June 1, 2020. Bivariate analyses demonstrated that individuals who met guidelines and maintained or increased PA scored higher on life satisfaction, worthwhileness, and happiness and lower on anxiety (i.e., indicators of well-being) and boredom proneness (d = 0.13-0.43). Boredom proneness was correlated with all indicators of well-being (r = .38-.54). A series of regression models revealed that PA predicted lower boredom proneness and better life satisfaction, worthwhileness, and happiness. Boredom proneness accounted for the covariance between PA and well-being. Prospective research is needed to confirm causality of the observed relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley McCurdy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada
| | - Jodie A Stearns
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada
| | - Ryan E Rhodes
- School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC,Canada
| | - Debbie Hopkins
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford,United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Mummery
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada
| | - John C Spence
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada
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Zhang N, Li J. Effect and Mechanisms of State Boredom on Consumers' Livestreaming Addiction. Front Psychol 2022; 13:826121. [PMID: 35450335 PMCID: PMC9017683 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.826121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of livestreaming marketing in China, consumers spend an increasing amount of time watching and purchasing on the platform, which shows a trend of livestreaming addiction. In the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, the addiction exacerbated by a surge of boredom caused by home quarantine. Based on the observation of this phenomenon, this research focused on whether state boredom could facilitate consumers' livestreaming addiction and explored the associated mechanisms of this relationship. Based on three studies, this research found that state boredom had a positive effect on consumers' livestreaming addiction, and this relationship worked through the mediating effect of consumers' sensation seeking. We further verified a moderated mediation effect of consumers' life meaning perception, where the indirect effect of state boredom on consumers' livestreaming addiction via consumers' sensation seeking existed for high and low levels of life meaning perception, but in opposite directions. The conclusions provided theoretical and practical implications of livestreaming marketing and healthy leisure consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Management, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
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30
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Grigoropoulos I, Daoultzis KC. Adverse Effects from the Imposition of Social Restrictions in Greece: the Indirect Effect of COVID-19-Related Fear on Alcohol Consumption Through Loneliness. TRENDS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC8887662 DOI: 10.1007/s43076-022-00159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Quarantine
and social distancing are crucial factors in blocking the consequences of COVID-19 but also can lead to higher levels of loneliness and social isolation. Therefore, any advantages of mandatory quarantine have to be weighed against any negative impact on physical and mental well-being. This study aimed to examine the relationship between COVID-19-related fear and alcohol use during the lockdown period and loneliness as a mediating factor increasing the impact of COVID-19-related fear on alcohol use. A sample of 279 young adults completed self-reported questionnaires on COVID-19-related fear, loneliness, and substance use. This exploratory cross-sectional research was administered from 11 until December 18, 2020. The results showed that loneliness during lockdown mode may exacerbate the emotional burden caused by COVID-19-related fear leading to increased alcohol consumption as a coping mechanism against unsatisfactory living conditions. This study’s results reflect the need for societal groups, as well as health care services to remain specifically considerate to the needs of individuals who report high levels of COVID-19-related fear and loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraklis Grigoropoulos
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Psychology, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Athens, Greece
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31
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Zhao J, Ye B, Luo L, Yu L. The Effect of Parent Phubbing on Chinese Adolescents’ Smartphone Addiction During COVID-19 Pandemic: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2022; 15:569-579. [PMID: 35281997 PMCID: PMC8906858 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s349105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose COVID-19 has affected the health and well-being of tens of millions of people and contributed to smartphone addiction. The prior studies found several characteristics that influenced smartphone addiction, but little research was undertaken on the epidemic. This study aims to test a moderated mediation model of smartphone addiction. Methods Three classes in each grade from grade 7 through grade 9 at random were recruited in the target junior high schools. A total of 931 Chinese adolescents (Mage=13.54 years, SDage =1.08) completed valid questionnaires via online surveys from February 5–19, 2021. Results Parent phubbing had a positive effect on smartphone addiction. Boredom proneness played a mediating role in this relationship. Additionally, refusal self-efficacy moderated the effect of parent phubbing on smartphone addiction. Refusal self-efficacy moderated the effect of boredom proneness on smartphone addiction. Conclusion Findings of this study shed light on a correlation between parent phubbing and smartphone addiction. Moreover, this study emphasizes the value of intervening in adolescents’ boredom proneness and increasing the ability of refusal self-efficacy to prevent and intervene in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People’s Republic of China
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Baojuan Ye, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 791-88120173, Email
| | - Laisong Luo
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, School of Education, Nanchang, 330108, People’s Republic of China
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Seiler JPH, Dan O, Tüscher O, Loewenstein Y, Rumpel S. Experienced entropy drives choice behavior in a boring decision-making task. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3162. [PMID: 35210465 PMCID: PMC8873446 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Boredom has been defined as an aversive mental state that is induced by the disability to engage in satisfying activity, most often experienced in monotonous environments. However, current understanding of the situational factors inducing boredom and driving subsequent behavior remains incomplete. Here, we introduce a two-alternative forced-choice task coupled with sensory stimulation of different degrees of monotony. We find that human subjects develop a bias in decision-making, avoiding the more monotonous alternative that is correlated with self-reported state boredom. This finding was replicated in independent laboratory and online experiments and proved to be specific for the induction of boredom rather than curiosity. Furthermore, using theoretical modeling we show that the entropy in the sequence of individually experienced stimuli, a measure of information gain, serves as a major determinant to predict choice behavior in the task. With this, we underline the relevance of boredom for driving behavioral responses that ensure a lasting stream of information to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P-H Seiler
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ohad Dan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Oliver Tüscher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Straße 8, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Wallstraße 7, 55122, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yonatan Loewenstein
- The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Department of Cognitive Sciences, The Federmann Center for the Study of Rationality, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simon Rumpel
- Institute of Physiology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (FTN), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 19, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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Donati MA, Beccari C, Primi C. Boredom and problematic Facebook use in adolescents: What is the relationship considering trait or state boredom? Addict Behav 2022; 125:107132. [PMID: 34653928 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Boredom is an unpleasant experience caused by the lack of being engaged in satisfying activities. It can be caused by external circumstances (state boredom, SB) or by individual determinants (trait boredom, TB). Although several studies have attested the impact of boredom on adolescents' risk-taking behaviours, the relationships between boredom and problematic Facebook use (PFU), which has grown exponentially among adolescents, have not been deeply analysed to date. This study aimed at exploring a possible mechanism through which TB, PFU, and SB are related. We hypothesised and tested the mediating role of PFU in the relationship between TB and SB. Participants were 204 Italian adolescents (57% male, Mage = 17.13, SD = 1.61). Analyses showed a significant positive indirect effect of TB on SB through PFU that acted as a mediator. Specifically, individual sensitivity to boredom may enhance the likelihood that teenagers employ Facebook excessively and in addictive way; in turn, PFU may enhance adolescents' situational experience of boredom. Although preliminary, findings indicate the need to further investigate the relationship between TB, PFU, and SB in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Donati
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child's Health, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Carola Beccari
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child's Health, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Primi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child's Health, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Using Smartphone App Use and Lagged-Ensemble Machine Learning for the Prediction of Work Fatigue and Boredom. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022; 127:107029. [PMID: 34776600 PMCID: PMC8589273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRO As smartphone usage becomes increasingly prevalent in the workplace, the physical and psychological implications of this behavior warrant consideration. Recent research has investigated associations between workplace smartphone use and fatigue and boredom, yet findings are not conclusive. METHODS To build off recent efforts, we applied an ensemble machine learning model on a previously published dataset of N = 83 graduate students in the Netherlands to predict work boredom and fatigue from passively collected smartphone app use information. Using time-based feature engineering and lagged variations of the data to train, validate, and test idiographic models, we evaluated the efficacy of a lagged-ensemble predictive paradigm on sparse temporal data. Moreover, we probed the relative importance of both derived app use variables and lags within this predictive framework. RESULTS The ability to predict fatigue and boredom trajectories from app use information was heterogeneous and highly person-specific. Idiographic modeling reflected moderate to high correlative capacity (r > 0.4) in 47% of participants for fatigue and 24% for boredom, with better overall performance in the fatigue prediction task. App use relating to duration, communication, and patterns of use frequency were among the most important features driving predictions across lags, with longer lags contributing more heavily to final ensemble predictions compared with shorter ones. CONCLUSION A lag- specific ensemble predictive paradigm is a promising approach to leveraging high-dimensional app use behavioral data for the prediction of work fatigue and boredom. Future research will benefit from evaluating associations on densely collected data across longer time scales.
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Wang S, Xia L, Wang J, Yuan X, Shi Y, Wang X, Li X, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Geng F, Liu Z, Chen C, Wen X, Luo X, Gao F, Liu H. Prevalence and Clinical Correlates of Internet Addiction Symptoms and Their Association With Quality of Life in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:819704. [PMID: 35546955 PMCID: PMC9081563 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.819704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet addiction (IA) symptoms are common among adolescents and negatively impact their academic performance and development. These symptoms are also associated with lower quality of life (QOL) and increased suicidality. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of IA symptoms in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) and their association with QOL. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in three general and four psychiatric hospitals in Anhui Province, China, from January to July 2021. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Symptom Scale (CES-D), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief version (WHOQOL-BREF) were utilized to examine IA, depressive symptoms, and QOL, respectively. RESULTS In a multicenter sample of 278 adolescents with MDD, the prevalence of IA symptoms in adolescents with MDD was 46.8% (95% CI: 40.9-52.7%). Logistic regression analysis showed that patients with more severe depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.03-1.08), those living in a rural area (OR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.15-3.27), and those with poor academic performance (OR = 2.90, 95% CI: 1.42-5.95) were more likely to have IA symptoms. After controlling for confounding factors, patients with IA symptoms had significantly poorer QOL in the physical, psychological, and environmental domains than those without IA symptoms. CONCLUSION IA symptoms are common in adolescents with MDD and appear to be associated with clinical symptoms. We could not infer a causal relationship between IA and depression because this was a cross-sectional study. Considering the positive association between IA symptoms and lower QOL, screening for IA symptoms should be conducted, and effective measures should be implemented for adolescents with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Xia
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Bozhou People's Hospital, Bozhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yuan
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yudong Shi
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xixin Wang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Yang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
| | - Feng Geng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Fuyang Third People's Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Changhao Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Suzhou Second People's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangwang Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Ma'anshan Fourth People's Hospital, Ma'anshan, China
| | - Xiangfen Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Psychiatric Center, Hefei, China
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Zhao J, Ye B, Yu L. Peer Phubbing and Chinese College Students' Smartphone Addiction During COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Boredom Proneness and the Moderating Role of Refusal Self-Efficacy. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1725-1736. [PMID: 34703335 PMCID: PMC8536884 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s335407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE COVID-19 has had a huge impact on the physical behavior and mental health of people. Long-term and strict isolation policies are widely used to ensure social distancing, which may cause excessive smartphone use and increase the risk of smartphone addiction. Previous researchers have identified that some factors that affect smartphone addiction, but there was little research conducted during COVID-19 pandemic. The present study aims to examine the effect of peer phubbing on smartphone addiction, how boredom proneness may mediate this effect, and lastly how refusal self-efficacy may moderate the indirect and direct pathways during COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A total of 1396 college students (mean age=20.48, SD=1.08) were surveyed and completed four scales (Peer Phubbing Scale, Refusal Self-efficacy Scale, Smartphone Addiction Index Scale, Boredom Proneness Scale). The statistical analyses were conducted by SPSS 22.0 and SPSS PROCESS macro. RESULTS This study found that peer phubbing was positively associated with smartphone addiction. Boredom proneness mediated the effect of peer phubbing and smartphone addiction. Furthermore, refusal self-efficacy moderated the relationship between peer phubbing and smartphone addiction as well as boredom proneness and smartphone addiction. Specifically, peer phubbing had a greater impact on smartphone addiction for college students with higher levels of refusal self-efficacy, and the boredom proneness on smartphone addiction was stronger for college students with low levels of refusal self-efficacy. CONCLUSION This study is important in investigating how peer phubbing is related to the smartphone addiction of Chinese college students during COVID-19 pandemic. The results suggest that college students' boredom proneness and refusal self-efficacy may be prime targets for prevention and intervention programs. Thus, this study explored "how" and "when" peer phubbing may enhance college students' smartphone addiction during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhao
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People’s Republic of China
- Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, 330063, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baojuan Ye
- Center of Mental Health Education and Research, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, School of Education, Nanchang, 330108, People’s Republic of China
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Kim J, Park SH, Kim M, Kim YS, Kim J. A Qualitative Investigation of Leisure Engagement and Health Benefits Among North Korean Adolescent Refugees. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/07435584211046260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the leisure behaviors of adolescent defectors from North to South Korea and the mental health benefits they derive from leisure participation, a topic not previously addressed in the literature. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 participants. Qualitative analysis based on acculturation theory revealed three salient themes of leisure benefits: (a) creating a sense of belonging, (b) increasing psychological well-being, and (c) facilitating acculturation. The results indicate that participants gained social and psychological benefits through leisure activities. They also suggest that the provision of recreation programs that encourage inter/intragroup participation can be an important component of these young refugees’ cultural and social adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhyoung Kim
- Department of Health & Wellness Design, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, USA
| | - Se-Hyuk Park
- Department of Spots Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, South Korea
| | - May Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, South Korea
| | - Yu-Sik Kim
- Department of Spots Sciences, National University of Science and Technology, South Korea
| | - Jungsun Kim
- Department of Science Education, School of Education, Indiana University Bloomington, USA
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Doggett A, Godin KM, Schell O, Wong SL, Jiang Y, Leatherdale ST. Assessing the impact of sports and recreation facility density within school neighbourhoods on Canadian adolescents' substance use behaviours: quasi-experimental evidence from the COMPASS study, 2015-2018. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046171. [PMID: 34429307 PMCID: PMC8386223 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There has been relatively little exploration to date of potential protective effects within school neighbourhoods, such as those conferred by facilities that seek to promote health with respect to substance use and related harms. This study examined how the density of sports and recreation facilities in the school neighbourhood is associated with the likelihood of binge drinking, e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking and cannabis use among Canadian secondary school students. DESIGN Longitudinal data from the COMPASS study on Canadian youth health behaviours from 2015/2016 to 2017/2018 was linked with school neighbourhood data capturing the number of sports and recreation facilities within a 1500 m radius of schools. SETTING Secondary schools and school neighbourhoods in Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec who participated in the COMPASS study. PARTICIPANTS 16 471 youth who participated in the COMPASS study over three school years (2015/2016-2017/2018). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Binge drinking, e-cigarette use, cigarette use, cannabis use. RESULTS Logistic regression models using generalised estimating equations identified that greater density of sports and recreation facilities within the school neighbourhood was significantly associated with lower likelihood of binge drinking and e-cigarette use but was not associated with cigarette smoking or cannabis use. CONCLUSIONS This research can help to support evidence-informed school community-based efforts to prevent substance-related harms among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Doggett
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Olena Schell
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzy L Wong
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Jiang
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott T Leatherdale
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Brosowsky NP, Van Tilburg W, Scholer AA, Boylan J, Seli P, Danckert J. Boredom proneness, political orientation and adherence to social-distancing in the pandemic. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2021; 45:631-640. [PMID: 34054164 PMCID: PMC8143989 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research recently showed that boredom proneness was associated with increased social distancing rule-breaking in a sample collected early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we explore data collected early in the pandemic to examine what factors might drive this relation. We focus on political affiliation. Given the functional account of boredom as a call to action, we hypothesized that this urge to act may drive individuals towards outlets replete with symbolic value (e.g., ideology, identity). In addition, given the politicization of some social distancing rules (e.g., mask wearing), we explored whether those who adhere to strong political ideologies—particularly conservative ideologies—would be more likely to rule-break. Moderation analyses indicated that boredom proneness and social (but not fiscal) conservatism were indeed predictive of rule-breaking. These results highlight the need for both clear messaging emphasizing the strength of communal identity and action (i.e., that “We are all in this together”) and for interventions that emphasize shared collective values in contexts that appeal directly to social conservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholaus P Brosowsky
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Wijnand Van Tilburg
- Department of Psychology, Essex University, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, C04 3SQ UK
| | - Abigail A Scholer
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - James Boylan
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Paul Seli
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, 417 Chapel Drive, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
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40
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Wagner BE, Folk AL, Hahn SL, Barr-Anderson DJ, Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D. Recreational Screen Time Behaviors during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the U.S.: A Mixed-Methods Study among a Diverse Population-Based Sample of Emerging Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:4613. [PMID: 33925317 PMCID: PMC8123581 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how screen time behaviors changed during the COVID-19 pandemic is important to inform the design of health promotion interventions. The purpose of this study was to quantify and describe changes in recreational screen time from 2018 to 2020 among a diverse sample of emerging adults. Participants (n = 716) reported their average weekly recreational screen time in 2018 and again during the pandemic in 2020. Additionally, participants qualitatively reported how events related to COVID-19 had influenced their screen time. Weekly recreational screen time increased from 25.9 ± 11.9 h in 2018 to 28.5 ± 11.6 h during COVID-19 (p < 0.001). The form of screen time most commonly reported to increase was TV shows and streaming services (n = 233). Commonly reported reasons for changes in screen time were boredom (n = 112) and a desire to connect with others (n = 52). Some participants reported trying to reduce screen time because of its negative impact on their mental health (n = 32). Findings suggest that screen time and mental health may be intertwined during the pandemic as it may lead to poorer mental health for some, while promoting connectedness for others. Health professionals and public health messaging could promote specific forms for screen time to encourage social connection during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E. Wagner
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.F.); (D.J.B.-A.)
| | - Amanda L. Folk
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.F.); (D.J.B.-A.)
| | - Samantha L. Hahn
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.L.H.); (N.L.); (D.N.-S.)
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Daheia J. Barr-Anderson
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (A.L.F.); (D.J.B.-A.)
| | - Nicole Larson
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.L.H.); (N.L.); (D.N.-S.)
| | - Dianne Neumark-Sztainer
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (S.L.H.); (N.L.); (D.N.-S.)
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Spoto A, Iannattone S, Valentini P, Raffagnato A, Miscioscia M, Gatta M. Boredom in Adolescence: Validation of the Italian Version of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS) in Adolescents. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8040314. [PMID: 33924166 PMCID: PMC8074396 DOI: 10.3390/children8040314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Boredom in adolescence is often underestimated, although it may be the sign of a profound unease or be associated with psychological disorders. Given the complexity of the construct of boredom and its increasing prevalence among adolescents in recent years, the present study aimed to validate the factorial structure of the Italian version of the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS) in adolescents using a cross-validation approach. The study involved 272 students (33.8% males, 66.2% females) aged 14–19 (M = 15.9, SD = 1.38) living in northern and central Italy. In addition to the MSBS, the Symptoms Checklist 90-R (SCL 90-R) and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) were administered. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses validated a 23-item structure of the MSBS, comprising five correlated factors. The tool showed a good internal consistency for these factors and a good convergent and factor validity. The MSBS consequently seems a valid and reliable method for assessing boredom in adolescence. The cut-off for the total score that could pinpoint cases posing a potential clinical risk was 88. A weak correlation was found between the total level of boredom and the daily Internet usage, while no relationship emerged between boredom and age, gender, and grades. Since excessive levels of boredom may conceal a general unease that could develop into structured psychological disorders, the value of the MSBS lies in enabling us to identify in advance adolescents at potential clinical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spoto
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
| | - Sara Iannattone
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Perla Valentini
- Department of Communication Sciences, Humanistic and International Studies: History, Culture, Languages, Literature, Arts, Media, University of Urbino ‘Carlo Bo’, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Alessia Raffagnato
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Marina Miscioscia
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Michela Gatta
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padua University Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.R.); (M.M.); (M.G.)
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42
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Yakobi O, Danckert J. Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1807-1825. [PMID: 33829298 PMCID: PMC8026330 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that individuals who tend to get bored frequently and intensely—the highly boredom prone—are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. However, these studies are based largely on self-reports. Here we address this gap and suggest that noisy decision-making (DM) is a potential driver for this relationship between boredom proneness and risk-taking. In Study 1, eighty-six participants completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) while EEG was recorded. We found blunted feedback processing with higher boredom proneness, as indexed by reduced feedback-P3 amplitudes. Risk taking, as indexed by the BART, was not higher in the highly boredom prone. In Study 2a (N = 404) we directly tested the noisy DM hypothesis in an online sample using a binary choice task, and found that with higher boredom proneness, participants were more likely to alternate between choices on a trial-to-trial basis, but were not more likely to choose the risky alternative. These findings were replicated in a new sample (Study 2b), and extended to the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Study 3). In the IGT we found increased choice switching and reduced feedback sensitivity with higher boredom proneness. Once again, higher risk taking as indexed by the IGT was not evident in the highly boredom prone. Overall, our findings suggest that boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making (i.e., a tendency to alternate more between choice options regardless of risk level), and not risk-seeking per se. That is, the highly boredom prone are not necessarily attracted to risks, but rather, may be insensitive to risks due to reduced feedback sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Yakobi
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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43
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Freund VA, Schulenberg JE, Maslowsky J. Boredom by Sensation-Seeking Interactions During Adolescence: Associations with Substance Use, Externalizing Behavior, and Internalizing Symptoms in a US National Sample. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2021; 22:555-566. [PMID: 33512654 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-020-01198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, sensation seeking is linked to several adverse outcomes including substance use, risk taking, and psychopathology. Recent empirical interest in the construct of boredom has revealed that some similar associations may exist for boredom during adolescence. Both boredom and sensation seeking peak during adolescence, and yet, research on boredom and its interaction with sensation seeking are limited. In a multi-cohort, US nationally representative sample of 8th and 10th grade students from the monitoring the future study, latent-moderated structural equation modeling was used to estimate the association of boredom, sensation seeking, and their interaction, to substance use, externalizing behavior, and depressive affect. Moderation by gender was also tested. Boredom and sensation seeking were both significantly associated with most dependent variables. Significant interaction effects were found wherein individuals high on both boredom and sensation seeking reported the highest levels of depressive affect and externalizing behavior. There were no significant interaction effects for substance use indices. Gender moderation was found for depressive affect. The results of this study demonstrate the generalizability of boredom associations and the significance of boredom by sensation-seeking interactions across multiple mental health domains during adolescence. Prevention efforts that attend to both boredom and sensation seeking may be particularly effective for promoting mental health and preventing externalizing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Freund
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - John E Schulenberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106, USA
| | - Julie Maslowsky
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, Department of Population Health, Population Research Center, University of Texas, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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44
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The longitudinal relationship between boredom proneness and mobile phone addiction: Evidence from a cross-lagged model. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Wyckmans F, Chatard A, Saeremans M, Kornreich C, Jaafari N, Fantini-Hauwel C, Noël X. Habitual Routines and Automatic Tendencies Differential Roles in Alcohol Misuse Among Undergraduates. Front Psychol 2021; 11:607866. [PMID: 33408673 PMCID: PMC7779402 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.607866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a debate over whether actions that resist devaluation (i.e., compulsive alcohol consumption) are primarily habit- or goal-directed. The incentive habit account of compulsive actions has received support from behavioral paradigms and brain imaging. In addition, the self-reported Creature of Habit Scale (COHS) has been proposed to capture inter-individual differences in habitual tendencies. It is subdivided into two dimensions: routine and automaticity. We first considered a French version of this questionnaire for validation, based on a sample of 386 undergraduates. The relationship between two dimensions of habit and the risk of substance use disorder and impulsive personality traits was also investigated. COHS has good psychometric properties with both features of habits positively associated with an Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory score. Besides, the propensity to rely more on routines was associated with lower levels of alcohol abuse and nicotine use, suggesting that some degree of routine might act as a protective factor against substance use. In contrast, a high automaticity score was associated with an increased risk of harmful alcohol use. These results demonstrate that the COHS is a valid measure of habitual tendencies and represents a useful tool for capturing inter-individual variations in drug use problems in undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Wyckmans
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Armand Chatard
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium.,Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Nemat Jaafari
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Carole Fantini-Hauwel
- Research Centre of Clinical Psychology, Psychopathology and Psychosomatic, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Noël
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
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46
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The effects of smartphone facilitated social media use, treadmill walking, and schoolwork on boredom in college students: Results of a within subjects, controlled experiment. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Gonçalves PD, Moura HF, do Amaral RA, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Malbergier A. Alcohol Use and COVID-19: Can we Predict the Impact of the Pandemic on Alcohol Use Based on the Previous Crises in the 21st Century? A Brief Review. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:581113. [PMID: 33391048 PMCID: PMC7775307 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.581113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The enormous health and economic challenges precipitated by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic are comparable or even greater than those associated with previous historical world crises. Alcohol use, especially drinking to cope with stress, is a concern, as an increase in its sales has been reported in some countries during the quarantine. This study aims to provide a better understanding of what to expect in terms of alcohol consumption, risk factors for excessive use, and its potential consequences during this pandemic based on previous experiences. We investigated how traumatic events related to alcohol consumption. Studies on mass traumatic events (i.e., terrorism as 9/11), epidemic outbreaks (i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome [SARS] in 2003), economic crises (such as 2008's Great Recession), and COVID-19 were selected. The main keywords used to select the studies were alcohol use, drinking patterns, alcohol use disorders, and alcohol-related consequences. Previous studies reported increases in alcohol use associated with those events mediated, at least partially, by anxiety and depressive symptoms, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Being male, young, and single also seems to be associated with a higher vulnerability to develop risky drinking behavior after those tragic events. The discussion of previous risk and protective factors can contribute to elaborate more specific public health policies to mitigate the impact of the current pandemic on people's mental health, especially alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dib Gonçalves
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Ferreira Moura
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculty of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - João Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience, ABC Health University Center, Santo André, Brazil
| | - André Malbergier
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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48
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Time Management by Young People in Social Difficulties: Suggestions for Improving Their Life Trajectories. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17239070. [PMID: 33291775 PMCID: PMC7729922 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17239070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This article covers the responses provided by professional practitioners in socio-educational intervention who are responsible for young people in social difficulties, in other words those facing personal and social issues that stop them from leading a normal life. It considers their suggestions for helping young people to better their lives by becoming autonomous, as well as to manage and use their time in their transition to adulthood. A qualitative study was conducted that used an open, ad-hoc questionnaire administered to thirty participants (Madrid, Spain), in which the data analysis involved MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020 software. The results identify suggestions at macrosocial level targeting the system, legal status, therapy, safety nets, education and the range and provision of social services. On another level, suggestions for improvement were identified in an immediate setting in which the young people interact with agencies, practitioners and counsellors. An initial level featured mostly statements of support for autonomy from the system and social services. The second level contained mainly suggestions for agencies, centres and social services. The conclusion is that there are implications at different levels of social ecology according to Bronfenbrenner’s model (1994). The practical suggestions for young people’s self-sufficiency in the use and management of their time should therefore be flexible, linked and cater for their more therapeutic needs through to their leisure time.
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Gostoli S, Fantini L, Casadei S, De Angelis VA, Rafanelli C. Binge drinking in 14-year-old Italian students is correlated with low or high psychological well-being: a cross-sectional study. DRUGS: EDUCATION, PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2020.1799942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gostoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luana Fantini
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Casadei
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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50
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Hong W, Liu RD, Ding Y, Zhen R, Jiang R, Fu X. Autonomy Need Dissatisfaction in Daily Life and Problematic Mobile Phone Use: The Mediating Roles of Boredom Proneness and Mobile Phone Gaming. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155305. [PMID: 32717969 PMCID: PMC7432443 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychological needs dissatisfaction has been identified as hindering adaptive development, in which autonomy need dissatisfaction, as one core component, may be associated with adolescents' maladaptive online behaviors. Sporadic research has examined the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and problematic mobile phone use (PMPU). Boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were suggested to be linked to this association. This study aimed to examine the mediating effects of boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming in the association between autonomy need dissatisfaction and PMPU. A total of 358 secondary school students completed questionnaires at three waves; autonomy need dissatisfaction was measured in time 1 (T1); boredom proneness and mobile phone gaming were measured one year later (time 2, T2); PMPU was measured two years later (time 3, T3). The structural equation model results showed that T1 autonomy need dissatisfaction not only directly predicted T3 PMPU, but also exerted effects via the mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and the chain mediating role of T2 boredom proneness and T2 mobile phone gaming. These findings reveal the unique role of specific psychological need in engaging PMPU, which provides support to targeted interventions, such that promoting autonomy need satisfaction may be an instrumental procedure to prevent adolescents from addiction-like online behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Ru-De Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-58806324
| | - Yi Ding
- Graduate School of Education, Fordham University, New York, NY 10023, USA;
| | - Rui Zhen
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China;
| | - Ronghuan Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
| | - Xinchen Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (W.H.); (R.J.); (X.F.)
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