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Liew TM, Ang LC. Examining the non-linear effects of education on Alzheimer's and non-Alzheimer's disease: Sex-stratified analysis of 17,671 older persons. Soc Sci Med 2024; 348:116845. [PMID: 38598986 PMCID: PMC11105760 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher educational attainment is strongly associated with a reduced risk of neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). However, the literature is not yet clear on (1) the minimum years of compulsory education that would sufficiently mitigate the risk of NCDs, and (2) whether educational attainment has differential effects across sexes. To bridge these gaps, this study sought to model potential non-linear relationship between years of education and NCD risk, across men and women. METHODS The study recruited 17,671 participants from Alzheimer's Disease Centres across United States, aged≥50 years and had normal cognition at baseline. Participants were followed up almost annually, and underwent standardized assessments to diagnose various aetiologies of NCDs. Cox proportional hazard regression was conducted to examine the relationship between years of education and NCD risk, stratified by sexes. Years of education were modelled using restricted cubic spline. RESULTS Lesser years of education were associated with higher NCD risk in both sexes (specifically, when <12 years of education; HR 1.80-3.48), yet with key differences across sexes. In women, a linear relationship was observed whereby increasing years of education reduced NCD risk correspondingly; but in men, the relationship was non-linear whereby adding years of education beyond 12 years did not reduce NCD risk further. Men of lower educational attainment were at risk of both Alzheimer's Disease (AD; HR up to 3.45) and non-AD (HR up to 2.57), while women of lower educational attainment were only at risk of AD (HR up to 2.11). CONCLUSIONS Educational attainment alters NCD risk differently across sexes, emphasizing the relevance of sex-specific research to better understand the moderating role of sex on NCD risk. The findings also highlight the need to reconsider public policies related to equitable access to education, as well as traditional assumptions on the minimum years of compulsory education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tau Ming Liew
- Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Li Chang Ang
- Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Jones J, Testa A, Jackson DB, Nagata JM, Ganson KT. Sex Work and Educational Mobility: Results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:9-15. [PMID: 37845418 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between sex work involvement and education mobility among a national sample of US young adults. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; N = 7732) were analyzed to explore the prospective association between lifetime sex work involvement measured in young adulthood (Wave III; ages 18-26) and educational mobility measured in adulthood (Wave V; ages 33-43). Multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted, adjusting for relevant demographic and control variables. Results indicated that young adults who reported ever having been paid for sex by the ages of 18-26 had twofold greater risk (95% confidence interval 1.26-3.18) of having downward educational mobility compared to a stable level of education, or the same education, relative to their parents in adulthood. Given that education, by means of regular social connectedness to social supports, may be the most salient resiliency factor protecting adolescents from potential risks associated with sex work involvement (e.g., stigma, isolation from services), the findings from this study support the promotion of inclusive engagement from school settings to foster educational attainment and prevent poorer health and psychosocial outcomes that research to date has associated with sex work involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jori Jones
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada.
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jason M Nagata
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyle T Ganson
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, 246 Bloor Street W, Toronto, ON, M5S 1V4, Canada
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Joannès C, Kelly-Irving M, Couarraze S, Castagné R. The effect of smoking initiation in adolescence on the subsequent smoking trajectories of people who smoke, and the role of adverse childhood experiences: Results from the 1958 British cohort study. Public Health Nurs 2024; 41:127-138. [PMID: 37953700 DOI: 10.1111/phn.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between smoking initiation in adolescence and subsequent different smoking trajectories of people who smoke, and to examine the combined effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and smoking initiation in adolescence on smoking trajectories of people who smoke. DESIGN AND SAMPLE Data are from 8757 individuals in Great Britain from the birth cohort National Child Development Study and who reported being smokers or former smokers by age 23. MEASUREMENTS Smoking initiation in adolescence was measured at 16 y and smoking trajectories were derived from smoking variables from ages 23 to 55. We modelled the relationship between smoking initiation in adolescence with or without ACEs and smoking trajectories. RESULTS Individuals who initiated smoking in adolescence were more likely to quit later than quitting in twenties (RRR quitting in thirties = 3.43 [2.40; 4.89] p < .001; RRR quitting in forties = 5.25 [3.38; 8.14] p < .001; RRR quitting in fifties = 4.48 [2.95; 6.79] p < .001), to relapse (RRR Relapse = 3.66 [2.82; 4.76] p < .001) and to be persistent smokers (RRR persistent = 5.25 [3.81; 7.25] p < .001) compared to those who had initiated smoking in young adulthood. These effects were particularly pronounced in case of ACEs. CONCLUSION Smoking prevention programs aimed at reducing smoking initiation should be promoted to adolescents to limit the burden of smoking, especially for people who have suffered adversity during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Joannès
- EQUITY Research Team, Center for Epidemiology & Research in POPulation Health (CERPOP), UMR 1295, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michelle Kelly-Irving
- EQUITY Research Team, Center for Epidemiology & Research in POPulation Health (CERPOP), UMR 1295, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Couarraze
- Department of Medicine, Maieutics and Paramedicine, Faculty of Health, Center for Epidemiology & Research in POPulation Health (CERPOP), UMR 1295, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Raphaële Castagné
- EQUITY Research Team, Center for Epidemiology & Research in POPulation Health (CERPOP), UMR 1295, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Wei Y, Song H. Adult female callers' characteristics and mental health status: a retrospective study based on the psychological assistance hotline in Hangzhou. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2295. [PMID: 37986069 PMCID: PMC10662539 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the basic characteristics and mental health status of adult female callers to the psychological assistance helpline in Hangzhou City, in order to provide targeted services for effectively intervening in the psychological crises of this group. METHODS Data from adult female callers to a helpline in Hangzhou City were collected between 2019 and 2022, encompassing demographic information and discussed issues. The data were analyzed according to age groups, marital status, and call times. The mental health status of the adult female population was measured by two indicators-mood status and suicide risk. RESULTS The study included 15,580 adult female callers. Among them, 52.2% were aged 30 and below, 62.1% were unmarried, and 42.6% were from other provinces. The primary types of calls were related to mental health (56.5%), romantic relationships (11%), and marriage/family issues (13%). Adults aged 30 and below had more consultations about romantic relationships, work, and study-related issues compared to those over 30. Those over 30 sought more advice on marriage/family and child education. Younger callers displayed higher levels of depression and suicide risk compared to older callers. Unmarried callers had a higher proportion of moderate depression and suicide risk than married callers. Higher education levels were associated with lower depression levels (OR = 0.631,95%CI:0.439-0.906, P = 0.013) and high-risk proportions (OR = 0.328,95%CI:0.147-0.733, P = 0.007). Late evening callers had a higher high-risk proportion (OR = 5.326,95%CI:2.633-10.775, P < 0.001), and employed individuals had lower high-risk proportions compared to unemployed callers (OR = 0.536,95%CI:0.320-0.897, P = 0.018). CONCLUSION The mental health status of female callers aged 30 and below, unemployed individuals, and those calling in the latter part of the night have relatively poorer mental health and are more likely to be at risk for suicide, which needs to be taken seriously, and more professional and targeted intervention services need to be enhanced in the hotline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Wei
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China.
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China.
| | - Haidong Song
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310013, China
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Lee H, Lee BG, La IS. Differential patterns of lifestyle behaviors among low- and high-income postmenopausal women in Korea: a latent class analysis. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:617. [PMID: 37980479 PMCID: PMC10657161 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthy lifestyle behaviors among postmenopausal women are important to prevent chronic diseases and improve health later in life. Heterogeneous lifestyle patterns may exist among postmenopausal women, and socioeconomic status (SES) is a critical determinant of lifestyle behaviors. However, little is known about distinct SES-specific patterns of lifestyle behaviors among postmenopausal women. Thus, this study used latent class analysis to identify subgroups of postmenopausal women with different health behaviors according to income and to examine the predictors of income-specific subgroups. METHODS We analyzed nationally representative data from the Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, collected in 2019 and 2020. We used nine lifestyles (i.e., current smoking and drinking, high-risk drinking, walking, muscle-strengthening exercise, sleep, vegetable and fruit intakes, and weight control efforts). We conducted a multiple-group latent class analysis using monthly household income as a proxy for SES. The monthly household income variable was calculated by standardizing monthly household income by the number of family members and then divided into quintiles. We classified the participants into low- (i.e., Q1 and Q2) and high-income (i.e., Q3, Q4, and Q5) groups. RESULTS Although the three-class models best fit the data of low- and high-income groups, we found differential patterns by income: (a) for low-income group, "relatively healthy (RH)," "lowest physical activity, insufficient fruit intake, and no intention to control weight," and "high-risk drinking and insufficient fruit intake" classes and (b) for high-income group, "RH," "lowest physical activity," "high-risk drinking and insufficient fruit intake and sleep" classes. The proportion of the RH class was largest in both groups. However, lifestyle patterns in low-income group showed multiple and unhealthy characteristics than those in high-income group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that different underlying lifestyle patterns exist in postmenopausal women with low- and high-income. To promote healthy behaviors among postmenopausal women, health professionals should develop and apply lifestyle interventions tailored to lifestyle pattern characteristics according to income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haein Lee
- College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Gyeong Lee
- College of Nursing, Daegu Catholic University, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Nam-gu, Daegu, 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - In Seo La
- College of Nursing Science, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao R, Zhang X, Wang S, Zhao N, Li D, Fan H. Factors affecting T2DM patients' behaviors associated with integrated treatment and prevention services in China. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:223. [PMID: 37858125 PMCID: PMC10588159 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-02028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients' attitude, subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), behavioral intention (BI) and behavior associated with integrated treatment and preventive (ITP) services. METHODS A convenient sampling method was employed at a community health center in Nanjing, China between January and July 2022. The collected data were processed using Epidata 3.1, SPSS 26.0, and AMOS 24.0. Descriptive statistics and a structural equation model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) were used to explore the correlation between the study variables. RESULTS 430 participants were eventually included, with a response rate of 98.6%. The mean age was 72.50 ± 5.69 years. The TPB model proved to be suitable and explained 41% of the variance in the BI. Attitude (β = 0.289, P < 0.001), SN (β = 0.314, P < 0.001) and PBC (β = 0.261, P < 0.001) were the main predictors of BI, and the SN was the strongest. BI (β = 0.452, P < 0.001) and PBC (β = 0.452, P < 0.001) had similar direct effects on patients' behavior. CONCLUSION The TPB model explained the behavioral variations associated with ITP services and provided a framework for developing targeted interventions and improving community-based ITP services for T2DM. To encourage patients to engage in desirable behaviors, interventions should focus on modifying patients' SN towards behavior associated with ITP services by promoting peer pressure and increasing the family's emphasis on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Sizhe Wang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Dianjiang Li
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hong Fan
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, P. R. China.
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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Xu KQ, Payne CF. A growing divide: Trends in social inequalities in healthy longevity in Australia, 2001-20. POPULATION STUDIES 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37669002 DOI: 10.1080/00324728.2023.2241429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
This study examines two decades of change in social inequalities in life and health expectancy among older adults in Australia, one of the few countries that escaped an economic recession during the global financial crisis. We compare adults aged 45+ across three measures of individual socio-economic position-education, occupation, and household wealth-and use multistate life tables to estimate total life expectancy (TLE) and life expectancy free of limiting long-term illness (LLTI-free LE) based on 20 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey (2001-20). Our findings highlight substantial social disparities in both TLE and LLTI-free LE in Australia. Grouping individuals by household wealth shows striking differentials in LLTI-free LE. We observe widening social disparities in healthy longevity over time by all three measures of socio-economic position. This diverging trend in healthy longevity is troubling against the backdrop of widening income and wealth inequalities in Australia.
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Jørgensen M, Smith OR, Wold B, Bøe T, Haug E. Tracking of depressed mood from adolescence into adulthood and the role of peer and parental support: A partial test of the Adolescent Pathway Model. SSM Popul Health 2023; 23:101440. [PMID: 37691980 PMCID: PMC10492161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
•Adolescent depressed mood predicts adult depressed mood.•Peer acceptance during adolescence is not associated with adult depressed mood.•Household income moderates the effect of parental closeness on adult depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Jørgensen
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Otto R.F. Smith
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Wold
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tormod Bøe
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen Haug
- Department of Health Promotion and Development, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Bergen, Norway
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Subhas N, Ang JK, Tan KA, Ahmad SNA. Relations between clinical characteristics and cognitive deficits among adult patients diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2023; 27:219-231. [PMID: 36448673 DOI: 10.1080/13651501.2022.2149415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined the relations between clinical characteristics and cognitive deficits in adult patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) from a local outpatient psychiatric clinic in Malaysia. METHODS The present sample included 110 participants aged 20-60 years old. Participants were invited to provide their information on sociodemographic variables (age, gender, and educational level) and clinical characteristics (age at onset of depression and duration of illness) and to complete a series of cognitive performance measures including the Trail Making Tests A (psychomotor speed) and B (executive function), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (attention), and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (immediate free recall, acquisition phase, and delayed recall). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Version 6.0 was used to confirm the diagnosis of MDD and the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale was used to assess illness severity. RESULTS At the bivariate level, relations of age and educational level to all cognitive deficit domains were significant. At the multivariate level, only educational level and illness severity consistently and significantly predicted all cognitive deficits domains. CONCLUSIONS Therapeutic modalities should be individualised whilst considering the impacts of cognitive deficits in an attempt to prevent further deterioration in psychosocial functioning of MDD patients.KEY POINTSCognitive deficits are an elemental component of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) persisting during a current major depressive episode or during remission, altering individuals' ability to process information and changes the way they perceive and interact with the environment.Cognitive deficits in MDD are evident among the upper-middle income groups in South-Eastern Asian countries warranting more local research as such deficits could lead to functional decline and work performance such as absenteeism and presenteeism.Therapeutic modalities should be individualised by taking the impacts of cognitive deficits into consideration to promote psychosocial functioning of MDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Subhas
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jin Kiat Ang
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kit-Aun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nor Aizah Ahmad
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Umum Sarawak, Ministry of Health, Kuching, Malaysia
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Brett G, Dubash S. The Sociocognitive Origins of Personal Mastery. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 64:452-468. [PMID: 37129297 PMCID: PMC10486156 DOI: 10.1177/00221465231167558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This article examines the relationship between cognitive processing and mastery. While scholars have called for the integration of sociological and cognitive analyses of mastery, sociological research has focused almost exclusively on mapping its social correlates. As a result, sociologists have relied on untested and underspecified assumptions about cognition to explain the efficacy of mastery. Taking an interdisciplinary approach integrating research on mastery, dual-process models of cognition, and intersectionality, we specify and test the hypothesis that deliberate thinking dispositions are associated with a greater sense of control over one's life chances and assess whether this relationship varies across different intersections of social positions. Regression results from survey data in a diverse student sample (N = 982) suggest a positive correlation between deliberate cognitive style and personal mastery. However, results from a quantitative intersectional analysis demonstrate that this relationship does not hold for East Asian women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Brett
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Persons JB, Marker CD, Bailey EN. Changes in affective and cognitive distortion symptoms of depression are reciprocally related during cognitive behavior therapy. Behav Res Ther 2023; 166:104338. [PMID: 37270956 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2023.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We tested the predictions from Beck's cognitive theory that change in cognitive distortions precedes and predicts change in affective symptoms of depression, and his secondary prediction that change in affective symptoms precedes and predicts change in cognitive distortions during the course of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT; Beck, 1963). We used bivariate latent difference score modeling to examine change in affective and cognitive distortion symptoms of depression over time in a sample of 1402 outpatients who received naturalistic CBT in a private practice setting. Patients completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at each therapy session to monitor their progress in treatment. We selected items from the BDI to create measures of affective and cognitive distortion symptoms that allowed us to assess change in those phenomena over the course of treatment. We examined BDI data from up to 12 sessions of treatment for each patient. As predicted by Beck's theory, we found that change in cognitive distortion symptoms preceded and predicted change in affective symptoms of depression, and that change in affective symptoms preceded and predicted change in cognitive distortion symptoms. Both effects were small in size. These findings support the notion that change in affective and cognitive distortion symptoms of depression each precedes and predicts the other - that is, they are reciprocal in nature during cognitive behavior therapy. We discuss implications of our findings for the nature of the change process in CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Persons
- Oakland Cognitive Behavior Therapy Center, USA; University of California, Berkeley, USA.
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Macassa G, McGrath C, Wijk K, Rashid M, Hiswåls AS, Soares J. The Association between Fear of Crime, Educational Attainment, and Health. EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2023; 4:148-162. [PMID: 37218875 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia4020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear of crime is an important public health problem that impacts people's quality of life, health, and wellbeing, and causes mental health ailments (e.g., anxiety). This study aimed to determine whether there was an association between fear of crime, educational attainment, and self-rated health and anxiety among women residing in a county in east-central Sweden. A sample (n = 3002) of women aged 18-84 years surveyed in the Health on Equal Terms survey carried out in 2018 was included in the study. Bivariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed on the relationship between the composite variables fear of crime, educational attainment, and self-rated health and anxiety. Women with primary education or similar who reported fear of crime had increased odds of poor health (odds ratio (OR) 3.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.40-4.18) compared with women with primary education/similar and no fear of crime (OR 2.90; CI 1.90-3.20). A statistically significant relationship persisted in the multivariate analysis after controlling for other covariates, although the odds were reduced (OR 1.70; CI 1.14-2.53 and 1.73; CI 1.21-2.48, respectively). Similarly, in the bivariate analysis, women who reported fear of crime and who only had primary education had statistically significant odds of anxiety (OR 2.12; CI 1.64-2.74); the significance was removed, and the odds were reduced (OR 1.30; CI 0.93-1.82) after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related covariates. Women with only primary education or similar who reported fear of crime had higher odds of poor health and anxiety compared with those with university education or similar, with and without fear of crime. Future studies (including longitudinal ones) are warranted-on the one hand, to understand possible mechanisms of the relationship between educational attainment and fear of crime and its consequences to health, and on the other, to explore low-educated women's own perceptions regarding factors underlining their fear of crime (qualitative studies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Macassa
- Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden
- EPI Unit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cormac McGrath
- Department of Education, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katarina Wijk
- Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University, 80187 Gävle, Sweden
- Department of Occupational Health Sciences and Psychology, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mamunur Rashid
- Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sofie Hiswåls
- Department of Public Health and Sports Science, Faculty of Occupational and Health Sciences, University of Gävle, 80176 Gävle, Sweden
| | - Joaquim Soares
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid-Sweden University, 85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Universidade Europeia, 1500-210 Lisbon, Portugal
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Dang TNH, Sukontamarn P. Education and Geriatric Depression in Vietnam: Investigating Gender Differences Using Path Analysis. AGEING INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12126-023-09525-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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Khan R, Albert R, Awe L, De Four R, Francois T, Hinds T, Kellman A, Maharaj K, Mahon R, Pierre C, Ramai A, Baksh R. The knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions toward the Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine amongst Primary Health care workers in North-Central Trinidad. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1094001. [PMID: 36815150 PMCID: PMC9939478 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1094001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To determine the effects of knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of primary care health workers toward receiving the Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine in North Central, Trinidad. Methods A pretested de novo questionnaire containing forty-eight (48) closed ended questions and one (1) open ended question was used to gather data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. These included percentages, means and standard deviations for the descriptive aspect and the Chi-Square test to examine any significant associations. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to assess any significant differences in means among several categories and the independent samples t-test for assessing any significant difference in means between two categories. Results 273 respondents completed the questionnaire. Most of the participants (72.2%) were female and within the age range 25-36 (56.0%). The mean knowledge score about the AstraZeneca vaccine was 16.28 (SD = 2.28) out of 19 with an overall correct response rate of 79%. 30.4% of participants had a good attitude score and 59.7% had a positive perception toward the AstraZeneca vaccine. There were significant associations between knowledge and marital status (p = 0.001), income level (p = 0.001), education level (p < 0.001), and length of employment (p = 0.041); attitudes and sex (p = 0.01), age (p = 0.04), marital status (p = 0.009), income level (p < 0.001), education level (p = 0.005) and category of staff (p < 0.001); perception and sex (p = 0.002), marital status (p = 0.027), income level (p < 0.001), and category of staff (p < 0.001). Conclusions The main contributors to vaccine hesitancy were inadequate duration of clinical trials and fear of adverse side effects. A significant number of participants (17%) were unwilling to get the vaccine due to lack of information.
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Flesia L, Adeeb M, Waseem A, Helmy M, Monaro M. Psychological Distress Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Protective Role of Hope. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:67-80. [PMID: 36661755 PMCID: PMC9857999 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak and the worldwide lockdown measures had an impact on the global mental health and psychological well-being of the general population. Several studies attempted to investigate the protective and risk factors for psychological distress related to the pandemic. However, to date, little is known about the role of hope in this context. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hope and psychological distress related to the COVID-19 outbreak in the general population. The sample consisted of 504 Pakistani people who completed cross-sectionally the COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index (CPDI) and the Adult Hope Scale (AHS). Bivariate Pearson correlation analysis was run to measure the relationship between hope and psychological distress; hierarchical regression analysis was run to investigate the association between demographics and hope with psychological distress. Higher levels of hope predicted lower levels of psychological distress. Being female, being older, lower level of education, urban residence, being married and living in nuclear family systems were associated with higher levels of psychological distress. The study highlights the protective role of hope on psychological distress related to COVID-19, contributing to knowledge on factors promoting positive mental health during emergency times and providing useful information for implementing effective public health policies and programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Flesia
- Azienda ULSS6 Euganea, Via Degli Scrovegni, 14, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad Adeeb
- School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, University of Utara, Sintok 06010, Malaysia
| | - Aqsa Waseem
- School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, University of Utara, Sintok 06010, Malaysia
| | - Mai Helmy
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Menoufia 32511, Egypt
- Psychology Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat P.O. Box 50, Oman
| | - Merylin Monaro
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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Sun Y. Physical activity's impact on rural older adult health: The multiple mediating effects of education, income, and psychological capital. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1173217. [PMID: 37139375 PMCID: PMC10150060 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1173217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aims to explore the influence mechanism of rural older adult health. By examining the mediating roles of education, income, and psychological capital in physical activity's impact on health, this study provides a reference for lifestyle interventions to improve the health level of rural older adults. Methods The analysis was conducted on a sample of 1778 rural older adults from CGSS2017, and data were analyzed using PROCESS V4.2 for multiple mediating effects. Results The findings indicate that physical activity impacts rural older adult health through multiple mediating pathways. The mediating role includes seven paths, comprising the independent effects of three mediating variables of income, education, and psychological capital, and the chain mediating effects generated together. Discussion Based on the influence mechanism of health on rural older adults, optimizing policy focus and developing a precise, interconnected, and sustainable health security system for older adults is necessary. These research results are of practical significance for advancing healthy aging in rural areas.
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Colón-López A, García C. 20th Century Puerto Rico and Later-Life Health: The Association Between Multigenerational Education and Chronic Conditions in Island-Dwelling Older Adults. J Aging Health 2023; 35:3-22. [PMID: 35536114 PMCID: PMC10081163 DOI: 10.1177/08982643221097532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research on the association between education and older adult health in the U.S. has not included Puerto Rico. We investigated the effects of multigenerational educational attainment and chronic conditions among older Puerto Ricans residing on the archipelago's main island. METHODS Data were from the longitudinal Puerto Rican Elderly Health Conditions Project. Generalized Poisson regression models were used to examine if multigenerational educational attainment was associated with chronic disease. RESULTS Findings show that parental educational attainment was associated with fewer chronic conditions among females at baseline but not at follow-up, suggesting that the effects of parental education on health over time are less pronounced. For males, educational attainment across the three generations was not significantly associated with chronic disease at baseline or follow-up. DISCUSSION Multigenerational education is an important determinant of older adult health that continues to be relevant in Puerto Rico and the Latin American and Hispanic-Caribbean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Colón-López
- Department of Sociology, 9968University of Alabama - Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Catherine García
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, Aging Studies Institute, Center for Aging and Policy Studies, Lerner Center for Public Health Promotion, 2029Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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18
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Lee KS, Yang Y. Educational attainment and emotional well-being in adolescence and adulthood. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 2:100138. [PMID: 36704067 PMCID: PMC9875584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Education has been conceptualized as a causal factor leading to emotional well-being. However, it is also possible that some of the effect of education may be due to selection factors. Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 10,908), we asked: to what extent does educational attainment increase emotional well-being once stable observed and unobserved individual characteristics are accounted for? Findings from fixed effects models showed that attaining a college degree was associated with greater emotional well-being. However, interactions with gender indicate that the positive association with emotional well-being is primarily for women, although a small negative association between completing college and depressive affect was found for men. These findings point to unmeasured confounding factors as motivating some of the association between educational attainment and emotional well-being among adolescents and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Schultz Lee
- Department of Sociology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, United States,Corresponding author. 430 Park Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14260, United States, (K.S. Lee)
| | - Yulin Yang
- University of California, San Francisco, United States
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19
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Wu J, Chen Y, Wang Z, Hu G, Chen C. Probabilistic linguistic fuzzy cognitive maps: applications to the critical factors affecting the health of rural older adults. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2022; 22:299. [PMID: 36397038 PMCID: PMC9673458 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-022-02028-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving healthy ageing has become the only way for China to alleviate the pressure of ageing, especially in rural areas. However, the factors affecting the health of rural older adults are numerous and complex. It is important to identify the critical factors that affecting the health of older adults in rural areas and provide decision-making support for targeted health interventions. Methods To overcome some limitations of existing works, an extended probabilistic linguistic fuzzy cognitive map model is proposed in this paper as a useful tool for modeling the cause-effect relationship between factors. The proposed model integrates the advantages of probabilistic linguistic term sets and fuzzy cognitive maps. In the end, to rank and identify the critical factors affecting the health, a novel similarity measure based on Euclidean distance and Z-mapping function is proposed. Results The proposed model can effectively deal with the uncertainty of experts and reflect different opinions of groups well. In terms of representing uncertainty and ambiguity, the proposed method outperforms other models in modeling complex systems. In the real-world case analysis, we find that education is the most important factor affecting the health of rural older adults, followed by previous occupational experiences, psychology, and physical exercise, among other things. Intergenerational relationship has become another important factor affecting the health of rural older adults in China as the development of Chinese society. Conclusions From a macro perspective, social economic status, living environment, lifestyle, and health management, are the variables that have the greatest impact on the health of rural older adults. As a result, providing more precise health interventions with the characteristics of factors influencing health is a crucial guarantee for preserving and improving the health of rural older adults in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12911-022-02028-9.
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20
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Cundiff JM, Lin SSH, Faulk RD, McDonough IM. Educational quality may be a closer correlate of cardiometabolic health than educational attainment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18105. [PMID: 36302824 PMCID: PMC9613691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational quality may be a closer correlate of physical health than more commonly used measures of educational attainment (e.g., years in school). We examined whether a widely-used performance-based measure of educational quality is more closely associated with cardiometabolic health than educational attainment (highest level of education completed), and whether perceived control (smaller sample only), executive functioning (both samples), and health literacy (smaller sample only) link educational quality to cardiometabolic health. In two samples (N = 98 and N = 586) collected from different regions of the US, educational quality was associated with cardiometabolic health above and beyond educational attainment, other demographic factors (age, ethnoracial category, sex), and fluid intelligence. Counter to expectations, neither perceived control, executive function, nor health literacy significantly mediated the association between educational quality and cardiometabolic health. Findings add to the growing literature suggesting that current operationalizations of the construct of education likely underestimate the association between education and multiple forms of health. To the extent that educational programs may have been overlooked based on the apparent size of associations with outcomes, such actions may have been premature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M. Cundiff
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Shayne S.-H. Lin
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Robert D. Faulk
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Ian M. McDonough
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
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21
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Green MJ. Yet another reason we need to tackle socioeconomic inequalities in smoking. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2022; 23:100520. [PMID: 36204154 PMCID: PMC9529972 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Adella GA, Abebe K, Atnafu N, Azeze GA, Alene T, Molla S, Ambaw G, Amera T, Yosef A, Eshetu K, Yeshambel A, Nigatu D, Abebe EC, Birhan B, Assefa Y. Knowledge, attitude, and intention to accept COVID-19 vaccine among patients with chronic diseases in southern Ethiopia: Multi-center study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:917925. [PMID: 36249216 PMCID: PMC9557055 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most of the COVID-19 fatal cases and severe illnesses like acute respiratory distress syndrome occur in older adults and other people who have underlying medical comorbidities. Understanding patients with chronic disease' knowledge, attitudes, and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine and related factors are necessary to control the mortality of COVID-19 infection. Therefore, this study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine among patients with chronic disease in Southern Ethiopia. Methods and materials A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 patients with chronic diseases having a follow-up at the hospitals of the Southern region of Ethiopia from November 14, 2021, to December 24, 2021. A structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was conducted to show the association of variables with knowledge, attitude, and intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine. The associations of variables were declared with the use of a 95% CI and P-value < 0.05. Results Overall, 79.2, 70.9, and 58.2% of participants had good knowledge, favorable attitude, and intent to take the COVID-19 vaccine, respectively. Age ≥49 years old (AOR = 1.643; 95% CI = 1.008-3.060) and college and above level of education (AOR = 3.002; 95% CI = 1.897-5.021) were found to be significantly associated with knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine. College and above level of education (AOR = 1.510; 95% CI = 1.002-3.975) and good knowledge (AOR = 3.560; 95% CI = 1.481-6.120) were found to be significantly associated with intention to take COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion and recommendation Intention to take the COVID-19 vaccine was low among patients with chronic diseases to achieve herd immunity. Therefore, a holistic and multi-sectoral partnership is necessary for a successful COVID-19 vaccination campaign. Further health education and communication are very crucial methods to improve vaccine acceptance and lastly to achieve herd immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getachew Asmare Adella
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia,*Correspondence: Getachew Asmare Adella
| | - Kelemu Abebe
- School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Natnael Atnafu
- School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gedion Asnake Azeze
- School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tamiru Alene
- Department of Nursing, College of Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
| | - Simegn Molla
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Gizachew Ambaw
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Tekalign Amera
- Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Yosef
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Kirubel Eshetu
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Adisu Yeshambel
- School of Midwifery, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Dabere Nigatu
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Belete Birhan
- School of Nursing, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Yibeltal Assefa
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
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The Influence Mechanism of Education on Health from the Sustainable Development Perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2022:7134981. [PMID: 35910750 PMCID: PMC9328960 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7134981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Good health and quality education are two important goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). More and more people pay attention to physical and mental health in a pandemic age. Previous studies have paid more attention to the relationship between socioeconomic status and health, and also scholars at home and abroad have not reached a consistent conclusion on how education affects health. In this study, we try to explore the relationship between education and health from the sustainable development perspective and its internal influence mechanism through the data of China General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2015 and 2017, according to Grossman's health demand model. The results indicated that from the junior high school education, physical health improved with the increase of the education level, but this effect was gradually weakened. The relationship between education and mental health is not a simple linear relationship but an inverted U-shaped change. After 16 years of education, mental health gradually decreases. Compared with women and rural population, men and urban population have better health. Education leads to labor market segmentation, which makes people with different education levels in different social structure positions, resulting in differentiation of lifestyles, psychology, and social interaction, and this ultimately leads to health inequality. Education indirectly improves people's health by changing healthy behaviors, cultivating healthy psychology, and strengthening social interactions.
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Yao Y, Zhang S, Li A. Effects of Educational Attainment and Housing Condition on Self-Rated Health in Old Age: Heterogeneity and Tendency in China. Front Public Health 2022; 9:774364. [PMID: 35071161 PMCID: PMC8770533 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.774364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, the health of the elderly has long been discussed, but few have investigated the diversity of the aging pattern in later life of this population. Although a large body of literature has approved the positive association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, it still remains controversial regarding whether the association becomes convergent or divergent in old ages. Using data from China's 2010 and 2015 Inter-census Survey (1‰ sample), this paper explored the role of two key SES indicators, educational attainment and housing condition in modifying the self-rated health of Chinese elders aged 60 and above. We observed the diversified patterns of how educational attainment and housing condition have made an impact on the health of these elders in their old age and the temporal changes of the two SES indicators. We found higher educational attainment and better housing condition can lead to higher self-rated health. This positive significance however diminished with age over time, as we observed from 2010 to 2015, indicating the convergent effects of SES on health in old age. We also found that although educational attainment and housing condition were both positively correlated with health, their effects were differentiated. The influence of educational attainment on health waxed, whereas on housing conditions waned over time. These findings suggested the heterogeneity of health and SES effects among Chinese elders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Sociology, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Sociology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Aihong Li
- Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Du KC, Mohosin AB, Amin A, Hasan MT. Influence of education on sexual and reproductive health service utilization for persons with disabilities in nationwide Bangladesh: an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study. Reprod Health 2022; 19:46. [PMID: 35183213 PMCID: PMC8857735 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-022-01352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Persons with disabilities comprise more than one billion people in the world, yet they are one of the most discriminated groups and face significant health disparities. Particularly in developing countries, which contain 80% of the entire population with disabilities, these individuals experience major barriers in accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services. Education is an important factor that greatly affects individuals’ SRH service utilization. Hence, we sought to investigate the relationship between education and SRH service utilization for persons with disabilities in Bangladesh.
Methods
Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, a total of 5000 persons with disabilities were surveyed for the quantitative component and 15 mini-ethnographic case studies were conducted with persons with disabilities for the qualitative component. Chi-squared tests and logistic regression analyses were performed on the survey data, while the qualitative interviews were coded and their SRH themes synthesized accordingly.
Results
Our quantitative findings show that education statistically significantly increases persons with disabilities’ SRH service utilization of antenatal care, delivery care, postnatal care, and family planning (P < 0.05). Interestingly, for persons with disabilities, primary education shows increased adjusted odds of family planning use but is likely not enough to increase antenatal care, delivery care, or postnatal care use; secondary or post-secondary education may be required to improve utilization of these latter services. Qualitative findings support the association between higher education levels and greater SRH service use. Persons with disabilities of lower educational attainment held misinformation and distrust in SRH services and experienced mistreatment by SRH healthcare providers, discouraging them from seeking future SRH services.
Conclusions
We report that higher formal education level is associated with greater SRH service use for persons with disabilities in Bangladesh. Formally educating persons with disabilities expands their SRH knowledge and familiarity with SRH services, as well as leads to more economic opportunities so they can afford SRH services. Increasing formal education levels for persons with disabilities, paired with integrating comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) in their schools, will likely help close the gap in SRH health disparities for this vulnerable population.
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The Outbreak of Digital Detox Motives and Their Public Health Implications for Holiday Destinations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031548. [PMID: 35162570 PMCID: PMC8834974 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to analyze the external and objective barriers of the digital difference between being at home and being on holiday, and the intrinsic and subjective inhibitors to remaining online once at a destination. In this study, the literature is thoroughly reviewed, going beyond the traditional economic and technological explanations, along with those related to skill, to consider those rooted in well-being and psychology. Hence, a more integrative and exhaustive framework deals with how tourists approach their perceived hazardous and oversaturating digital environment. Finally, the role played by sociodemographics is studied by profiling those who are predisposed toward disconnecting in order to preserve their wellness. In total, 346 tourists were surveyed at random, with proportional stratification, on the island of Gran Canaria. The measuring instrument comprised a questionnaire whose scales gathered information about more than eighteen devices, twenty-eight social media platforms, and sixteen device and social media barriers. The obtained evidence demonstrates how crucial “detox” motivations are when trying to elucidate the differences in digital behavior between their home and holiday destination. Similarly, the evidence highlights that while gender, age, nationality, and income are associated with these differences, education is not. This study pioneers an analysis of the detox barrier regarding staying connected while on holiday and provides insight into how this intrinsic and subjective inhibitor interacts with other external hindrances to people’s health, both where they live and where they travel.
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Chhatwani M. Personal control and financial well-being among the elderly: Moderating role of the big five. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lemuel AM, Usman IM, Kasozi KI, Alghamdi S, Aigbogun EO, Archibong V, Ssebuufu R, Kabanyoro A, Ifie JE, Swase DT, Ssempijja F, Ayuba JT, Matama K, Onohuean H, Kembabazi S, Henry R, Odoma S, Yusuf H, Afodun AM, Assaggaf HM, Kairania E, Aslam A, Okon O, El-Saber Batiha G, Welburn SC. COVID-19-Related Mental Health Burdens: Impact of Educational Level and Relationship Status Among Low-Income Earners of Western Uganda. Front Public Health 2021; 9:739270. [PMID: 34900896 PMCID: PMC8663024 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.739270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between mental health with the level of education, relationship status, and awareness on mental health among low-income earners in Western Uganda. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out among 253 participants. Anxiety, anger, and depression were assessed using a modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2, and Beck Depression Inventory item tools, respectively. Results: The majority of our respondents were male (n = 150/253, 59.3), had a secondary level of education (104/253, 41.1), and were single (137/253, 54.2). No formal education and primary education (r2 = 47.4% and 6.4%, respectively) had a negative correlation with awareness of mental health care. In addition, no formal education had a positive correlation with anger and depression (r2 = 1.9% and 0.3%, respectively). Singleness in this study had a negative correlation with awareness of mental health care, anger, and depression (r2 = 1.9, 0.8, and 0.3%, respectively), and a positive correlation with anxiety (r2 = 3.9%). Conclusion: It is evident that education and relationship status influenced awareness on mental health care and mental health state among low-income earners in Western Uganda during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Therefore, policymakers should strengthen social transformation through the proper engagement of low-income earners in this COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Monima Lemuel
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ibe Michael Usman
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Saad Alghamdi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Osamudiamwen Aigbogun
- Department of Public Health Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cavendish University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Victor Archibong
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | | | - Annet Kabanyoro
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Josiah Eseoghene Ifie
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Dominic Terkimbi Swase
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Fred Ssempijja
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - John Tabakwot Ayuba
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Kevin Matama
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hope Onohuean
- Biopharmaceutics Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stellamaris Kembabazi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Rachael Henry
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Said Odoma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, International University, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Helen Yusuf
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Adam Moyosore Afodun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Hamza M Assaggaf
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emmanuel Kairania
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Tororo, Uganda
| | - Akhmed Aslam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Owoisinke Okon
- Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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Reynolds MM. Health Power Resources Theory: A Relational Approach to the Study of Health Inequalities. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 62:493-511. [PMID: 34846187 PMCID: PMC10497238 DOI: 10.1177/00221465211025963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Link and Phelan's pioneering 1995 theory of fundamental causes urged health scholars to consider the macro-level contexts that "put people at risk of risks." Allied research on the political economy of health has since aptly demonstrated how institutions contextualize risk factors for health. Yet scant research has fully capitalized on either fundamental cause or political economy of health's allusion to power relations as a determinant of persistent inequalities in population health. I address this oversight by advancing a theory of health power resources that contends that power relations distribute and translate the meaning (i.e., necessity, value, and utility) of socioeconomic and health-relevant resources. This occurs through stratification, commodification, discrimination, and devitalization. Resurrecting historical sociological emphases on power relations provides an avenue through which scholars can more fully understand the patterning of population health and better connect the sociology of health and illness to the central tenets of the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Reynolds
- Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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30
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Pretscher A, Kauzner S, Rohleder N, Becker L. Associations between social burden, perceived stress, and diurnal cortisol profiles in older adults: implications for cognitive aging. Eur J Ageing 2021; 18:575-590. [PMID: 34786017 PMCID: PMC8563879 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can be a risk factor for mental and physical health. We investigated the role of social burden as a potential stressor in older age and its associations with cognitive aging (i.e., within the domains inhibition and cognitive flexibility of executive functioning). Eighty-three older adults (N = 38 male, mean age = 74.0 ± 5.7 years, body-mass index = 25.5 ± 4.1 kg/m2) aged 64 years or older participated. Cognitive flexibility and inhibition were assessed by means of a Trail-Making Test (TMT) and a Stroop task. Perceived levels of social burden and perceived stress in general were assessed via standardized questionnaires. Furthermore, diurnal cortisol profiles were assessed. Overall, older participants showed lower cognitive performance than the younger (both inhibition and cognitive flexibility; p < .044). However, this association did not remain significant when adjusting for multiple comparisons. Social burden was highly correlated with perceived stress, highlighting its importance as a stressor (p < .001). Furthermore, participants who reported higher levels of perceived stress showed lower performance in the TMT as a measure for cognitive flexibility (p < .001). Moreover, social burden was associated with cognitive flexibility, which was assessed by means of the TMT (p = .031). However, this association did not remain significant when using the adjusted α-level. Furthermore, we found that total diurnal cortisol output was a mediator for the relationship between age and inhibition, which was assessed by means of a Stroop task. At last, we found that the mediating role of cortisol interacts with social burden in the way that especially in younger age, high levels of social burden are associated with higher cortisol levels and, therefore, with lower cognitive performance. We conclude that it is important to consider social burden as an additional stressor in older age which is associated with cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pretscher
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Saskia Kauzner
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Rohleder
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Linda Becker
- Department of Psychology, Chair of Health Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 49a, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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31
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Islam MS, Siddique AB, Akter R, Tasnim R, Sujan MSH, Ward PR, Sikder MT. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations: a cross-sectional community survey in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1851. [PMID: 34645399 PMCID: PMC8513387 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several vaccines have been approved for use against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and distributed globally in different regions. However, general community knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations are poorly understood. Thus, the study aimed to investigate community knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations in Bangladesh. Methods An exploratory and anonymous population-based e-survey was conducted among 1658 general individuals (55.6% male; mean age = 23.17 ± 6.05 years; age range = 18–65 years). The survey was conducted using a semi-structured and self-reported questionnaire containing informed consent along with four sections (i.e., socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions). Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the variables predicting knowledge, and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccinations. Results The mean scores of knowledge and attitudes were 2.83 ± 1.48 (out of 5) and 9.34 ± 2.39 (out of 12) respectively. About a quarter of participants thought that the COVID-19 vaccination available in Bangladesh is safe, only 60% will have the vaccination and about two-thirds will recommend it to family and friends. In the multiple regression model, higher SES, having university/ higher levels of education, having nuclear families and having previous history of essential vaccines uptake were associated with knowledge; whilst attitudes were significantly associated with being female and having previous history of essential vaccines uptake. Just over half of the participants thought that everyone should be vaccinated and 61% responded that health workers should be vaccinated first on priority basis. 95% of respondents believed the vaccine should be administered free of charge in Bangladesh and almost 90% believed that the COVID-19 vaccine used in Bangladesh may have side effects. Conclusions The findings reflect inadequate knowledge but more positive attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccine among the general population in Bangladesh. In order to improve knowledge, immediate health education programs need to be initiated before mass vaccination are scheduled. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11880-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh. .,Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Abu Bakkar Siddique
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.,Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rejina Akter
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.,Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rafia Tasnim
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.,Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Safaet Hossain Sujan
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.,Centre for Advanced Research Excellence in Public Health, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Paul R Ward
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Md Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
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32
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Ilardi CR, Gamboz N, Iavarone A, Chieffi S, Brandimonte MA. Psychometric properties of the STAI-Y scales and normative data in an Italian elderly population. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:2759-2766. [PMID: 33733325 PMCID: PMC7968568 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection of anxiety symptoms in older people is capital as it may be linked to increased physical/functional disabilities, onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders, and poor cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, there is a paucity of psychometrically validated anxiety measures in the elderly. AIMS This study aimed at assessing the psychometric properties of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form Y (STAI-Y) and providing the first normative data for the Italian elderly population. METHODS The sample included 361 individuals aged 65-94. All subjects underwent the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the state (S-Anxiety) and trait anxiety (T-anxiety) scales of the STAI-Y. RESULTS The S-Anxiety and T-Anxiety scales showed reliable internal consistency and, overall, good item characteristics. Divergent validity was "apparently" threatened, with S-Anxiety scale correlating with MMSE and GDS, and T-Anxiety scale only with GDS. The principal component analysis revealed a three-factor solution for both scales, i.e., presence and absence of state (or trait) anxiety, and performance anxiety. Since no effect of sociodemographic variables was found, unadjusted cutoffs were provided. CONCLUSIONS Although some questions on the psychometric properties of the STAI-Y remain unanswered, this normative study can help clinicians and researchers to monitor anxiety levels in the Italian elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Rosario Ilardi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Nadia Gamboz
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Suor Orsola Benincasa University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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33
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Ciciurkaite G. Race/ethnicity, gender and the SES gradient in BMI: The diminishing returns of SES for racial/ethnic minorities. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2021; 43:1754-1773. [PMID: 33884635 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Using the 2013-2016 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this study uses the case of obesity to examine whether and to what extent racial and ethnic minorities experience fewer benefits from higher SES relative to their white counterparts. Study results provide support for the diminishing returns in health hypothesis and add an intersectional dimension to this perspective by uncovering stark gendered racial/ethnic disparities in BMI. Specifically, research findings demonstrate that higher income and education is associated with lower BMI among white but not black or Mexican American adults. The most substantial decrease in BMI associated with increase in individual-level SES was observed among white women. Taken together, empirical evidence from this study underscores difficulty in overcoming adverse health effects of lower ascribed status (i.e. gender or race/ethnicity) even with attainment of higher achieved social status (i.e. educational attainment or income) and offers promising avenues for future research on identifying complex hierarchies that shape population health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Ciciurkaite
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology, Utah State University, Utah, USA
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34
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Zwir I, Del-Val C, Arnedo J, Pulkki-Råback L, Konte B, Yang SS, Romero-Zaliz R, Hintsanen M, Cloninger KM, Garcia D, Svrakic DM, Lester N, Rozsa S, Mesa A, Lyytikäinen LP, Giegling I, Kähönen M, Martinez M, Seppälä I, Raitoharju E, de Erausquin GA, Mamah D, Raitakari O, Rujescu D, Postolache TT, Gu CC, Sung J, Lehtimäki T, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Cloninger CR. Three genetic-environmental networks for human personality. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3858-3875. [PMID: 31748689 PMCID: PMC8550959 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic, developmental, and brain-imaging studies suggest that human personality is the integrated expression of three major systems of learning and memory that regulate (1) associative conditioning, (2) intentionality, and (3) self-awareness. We have uncovered largely disjoint sets of genes regulating these dissociable learning processes in different clusters of people with (1) unregulated temperament profiles (i.e., associatively conditioned habits and emotional reactivity), (2) organized character profiles (i.e., intentional self-control of emotional conflicts and goals), and (3) creative character profiles (i.e., self-aware appraisal of values and theories), respectively. However, little is known about how these temperament and character components of personality are jointly organized and develop in an integrated manner. In three large independent genome-wide association studies from Finland, Germany, and Korea, we used a data-driven machine learning method to uncover joint phenotypic networks of temperament and character and also the genetic networks with which they are associated. We found three clusters of similar numbers of people with distinct combinations of temperament and character profiles. Their associated genetic and environmental networks were largely disjoint, and differentially related to distinct forms of learning and memory. Of the 972 genes that mapped to the three phenotypic networks, 72% were unique to a single network. The findings in the Finnish discovery sample were blindly and independently replicated in samples of Germans and Koreans. We conclude that temperament and character are integrated within three disjoint networks that regulate healthy longevity and dissociable systems of learning and memory by nearly disjoint sets of genetic and environmental influences.
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Grants
- Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology TIN2012-38805 and DPI2015-69585-R
- The Young Finns Study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (Skidi), and 308676; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association: and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS).
- American Federation for Suicide Prevention
- Healthy Twin Family Register of Korea
- Anthropedia Foundation
- The Young Finns Study has been financially supported by the Academy of Finland: grants 286284, 322098, 134309 (Eye), 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378 (Salve), 117787 (Gendi), 41071 (Skidi), and 308676; the Social Insurance Institution of Finland; Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals (grant X51001); Juho Vainio Foundation; Paavo Nurmi Foundation; Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research ; Finnish Cultural Foundation; Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation; Emil Aaltonen Foundation; Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation; Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation; Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association: and EU Horizon 2020 (grant 755320 for TAXINOMISIS); and Tampere University Hospital Supporting Foundation.
- American Society for Suicide Prevention
- American Foundation for Suicide Prevention
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zwir
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Coral Del-Val
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Arnedo
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura Pulkki-Råback
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bettina Konte
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah S Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, and Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Mirka Hintsanen
- Unit of Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Danilo Garcia
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Blekinge Centre of Competence, Blekinge County Council, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Dragan M Svrakic
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nigel Lester
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sandor Rozsa
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alberto Mesa
- Department of Computer Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ina Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- University Clinic, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology Tampere University Hospital, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maribel Martinez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ilkka Seppälä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Gabriel A de Erausquin
- The Glenn Biggs Institute of Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Heath San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Mamah
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Teodor T Postolache
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness, Research, Education, and Clinical Center for Veteran Suicide Prevention, Denver, CO, USA
| | - C Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joohon Sung
- Department of Epidemiology, and Institute of Health and Environment, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, and School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, School of Arts and Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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35
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Hu GG, Yao LP. Do Human Capital Investment and Technological Innovation Have a Permanent Effect on Population Health? An Asymmetric Analysis of BRICS Economies. Front Public Health 2021; 9:723557. [PMID: 34368074 PMCID: PMC8333611 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.723557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the asymmetric impact of human capital investment, and technological innovation on population health from the years spanning from 1991 to 2019, by using a panel of the BRICS countries. For this purpose, we have employed the PMG panel NARDL approach, which captures the long-run and short-run dynamics of the concerned variables. The empirical results show that human capital investment and technological innovation indeed happen to exert asymmetric effects on the dynamics of health in BRICS countries. Findings also reveal that increased human capital investment and technological innovation have positive effects on health, while the deceased human capital investment and technological innovation tend to have negative effects on population health in the long run. Based on these revelations, some policy recommendations have been proposed for BRICS economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Gao Hu
- Business School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li-Peng Yao
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences, Ningbo, China
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36
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Joannès C, Castagné R, Lepage B, Delpierre C, Kelly-Irving M. Could teacher-perceived parental interest be an important factor in understanding how education relates to later physiological health? A life course approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252518. [PMID: 34138891 PMCID: PMC8211281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Education is associated with later health, and notably with an indicator of physiological health measuring the cost of adapting to stressful conditions, named allostatic load. Education is itself the result of a number of upstream variables. We examined the origins of educational attainment through the lens of interactions between families and school i.e. parents’ interest in their child’s education as perceived by teachers. This study aims to examine whether parental interest during a child’s educational trajectory is associated with subsequent allostatic load, and whether education or other pathways mediate this relationship. We used data from 9 377 women and men born in 1958 in Great Britain and included in the National Child Development Study to conduct secondary data analyses. Parental interest was measured from questionnaire responses by teachers collected at age 7, 11 and 16. Allostatic load was defined using 14 biomarkers assayed in blood from a biosample collected at 44 years of age. Linear regression analyses were carried out on a sample of 8 113 participants with complete data for allostatic load, missing data were imputed. Participants whose parents were considered to be uninterested in their education by their teacher had a higher allostatic load on average in midlife in both men (β = 0,41 [0,29; 0,54]) and women (β = 0,69 [0,54; 0,83]). We examined the role of the educational and other pathways including psychosocial, material/financial, and behavioral variables, as potential mediators in the relationship between parental interest and allostatic load. The direct link between parental interest and allostatic load was completely mediated in men, but only partially mediated in women. This work provides evidence that parents’ interest in their child’s education as perceived by teachers is associated with subsequent physiological health in mid-life and may highlight a form of cultural dissonance between family and educational spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Joannès
- Equity Research Team, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Raphaële Castagné
- Equity Research Team, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoit Lepage
- Equity Research Team, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Department of Epidemiology, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Cyrille Delpierre
- Equity Research Team, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michelle Kelly-Irving
- Equity Research Team, CERPOP, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Interdisciplinary Federal Research Institute on Health & Society (IFERISS), Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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37
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Ogunleye O, Olawoye O, Sarimiye T, Bekibele C, Ashaye A. The Effect of Direct Health Education on the Uptake of Screening by First Degree Relatives of Glaucoma Patients in Nigeria. J Glaucoma 2021; 30:395-401. [PMID: 33394849 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PRCIS First degree relatives (FDRs) of glaucoma patients are more likely to present for screening when they are directly contacted and educated by health workers on the phone compared with when they are only invited by their relative with glaucoma. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine the effect of direct health education by phone calls on the uptake of glaucoma screening among FDRs of primary open angle glaucoma patients as a glaucoma blindness control strategy in an asymptomatic high-risk African population. METHODS This was a randomized clinical trial in which 102 primary open angle glaucoma patients (probands) were randomized into control and intervention groups. Both proband groups were educated about glaucoma and requested by the investigator to invite their adult FDR to attend a screening clinic within 1 month. In addition, the FDRs in the intervention group were directly contacted, educated, and invited for examination by phone calls. A total of 560 FDRs were enumerated by the probands. The main outcome measure was proportion of FDR that presented for screening. RESULTS A total of 218 (38.9%) FDRs took up glaucoma screening services. Eighty-nine (30.1%) of the 296 FDRs in the control group and 129 (48.9%) of the 264 FDRs in the intervention group presented for examination. After multivariate analysis, FDRs in the phone call group were 2.506 times [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.695-3.706] more likely to present than FDRs in the no phone call group. Young FDRs were more likely to present [odds ratio (OR)=3.593; 95% CI: 1.613-8.007] than the elderly FDRs, while FDRs living within 200 km of the hospital were also more likely to present (OR=5.200; 95% CI: 2.860-9.456) than those living far (>200 km) away. Probands with moderate to severe visual impairment were significantly more likely (OR=3.073; 95% CI: 1.845-4.352) to have their FDRs present than probands with mild or no visual impairment. CONCLUSION Direct contact and health education of FDRs through phone calls had a significant positive effect on the uptake of glaucoma screening by FDRs. We recommend direct contact and education of the FDRs of glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olusola Olawoye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Tarela Sarimiye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Charles Bekibele
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka Ashaye
- Department of Ophthalmology, University College Hospital
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Xie L, Xu W, Zhou Y. Spillover effects of adult children's schooling on parents' smoking cessation: evidence from China's compulsory schooling reform. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:1104-1110. [PMID: 33893183 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-215326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As elderly parents today will share a longer life with their children than ever before, the spillover effects of children's human capital on parents' well-being become increasingly important. This study investigated whether children's schooling leads parents to give up smoking and whether the effects were moderated by their education or child-parent contact frequency. METHODS Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we conducted an instrumental variable (IV) analysis using China's compulsory schooling reform in the 1980s as a natural experiment. RESULTS The IV estimates suggest that elderly parents of more highly educated children are more likely to quit smoking. Moreover, the effects are more significant among parents who had not finished primary school and also slightly stronger among parents who live close to their children or meet their children frequently. DISCUSSION Our findings add to current evidence regarding spillover effects of education on smoking cessation. A child's education may exert an impact through the spillover of health knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Xie
- Health Policy Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Finance, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Center for Social Research and Guanghua School of Management, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Marteleto LJ, Dondero M, Van Hook J, Gama LCD, Donnelly R. Intersections of Adolescent Well-Being: School, Work, and Weight Status in Brazil. JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 62:69-84. [PMID: 33506715 PMCID: PMC8577649 DOI: 10.1177/0022146520985540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic and health disadvantages can emerge early in the life course, making adolescence a key period to examine the association between socioeconomic status and health. Past research on obesity in adolescence has focused on family measures of socioeconomic status, overlooking the role of individual-level nascent indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage. Using measured height and weight from nationally representative data from Brazil, we estimate sibling fixed effects models to examine the independent effects of nascent socioeconomic characteristics-school enrollment and work status-on adolescent overweight and obesity, accounting for unobserved genetic and environmental factors shared by siblings. Results show that school enrollment is associated with lower odds of overweight and obesity. Working is not significantly associated with overweight/obesity risk. However, adolescents not enrolled but working face the highest risk of overweight/obesity. Findings suggest that adolescents face added layers of disadvantage from being out of school, with important implications for the accumulation of health disadvantages.
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García-Mayor J, Moreno-Llamas A, la Cruz-Sánchez ED. High educational attainment redresses the effect of occupational social class on health-related lifestyle: findings from four Spanish national health surveys. Ann Epidemiol 2021; 58:29-37. [PMID: 33640485 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2021.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Social determinants as occupational social class or educational attainment might influence health outcomes. This phenomenon is known as the social gradient of health and is related to a skewed distribution of health behaviours that might explain differences in morbidity and mortality between social groups. But social class and educational attainment differ in their nature and might have distinct effects on health. Here we study the combined effect of educational attainment and occupational social class on health-related lifestyle. METHODS We retrieved data from four large-scale, national representative Spanish surveys (n = 67,171). A latent class regression analysis was run to identify clusters of health-related lifestyle behaviours. Clusters were made according to sociodemographic factors, including a combined analysis of education and occupational social class. RESULTS Higher educational attainment and occupational social class were associated with a healthier lifestyle for both sexes. The combined analysis of education and social class indicated that women with secondary education showed a high risk combination of unhealthy behaviours, as men with middle, primary or no education. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of social class, a higher educational attainment redresses the effect of occupational social class on health-related behaviours. Our results suggest that education likely plays a crucial role in population health outcomes through its effects on lifestyle.
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Garas A, Guthmuller S, Lapatinas A. The development of nations conditions the disease space. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244843. [PMID: 33411767 PMCID: PMC7790431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Using the economic complexity methodology on data for disease prevalence in 195 countries during the period of 1990-2016, we propose two new metrics for quantifying the disease space of countries. With these metrics, we analyze the geography of diseases and empirically investigate the effect of economic development on the health complexity of countries. We show that a higher income per capita increases the complexity of countries’ diseases. We also show that complex diseases tend to be non-ubiquitous diseases that are prevalent in disease-diversified (complex) countries, while non-complex diseases tend to be non-ubiquitous diseases that are prevalent in non-diversified (non-complex) countries. Furthermore, we build a disease-level index that links a disease to the average level of GDP per capita of the countries in which the disease is prevalent. With this index, we highlight the link between economic development and the complexity of diseases and illustrate how increases in income per capita are associated with more complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Garas
- Chair of Systems Design, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Guthmuller
- Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, VA, Italy
- Health Economics and Policy Group, Institute for Social Policy, Department of Socioeconomics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
- RWI Research Network, RWI Essen, Essen, Germany
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Maslowsky J, Hendrick CE, Stritzel H. Mechanisms linking teenage mothers' educational attainment with self-reported health at age 50. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:15. [PMID: 33407362 PMCID: PMC7789595 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-020-01150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Early childbearing is associated with adverse health and well-being throughout the life course for women in the United States. As education continues to be a modifiable social determinant of health after a young woman gives birth, the association of increased educational attainment with long-term health for women who begin childbearing as teenagers is worthy of investigation. Methods Data are from 301 mothers in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 who gave birth prior to age 19. We estimated path models to assess women’s incomes, partner characteristics, and health behaviors at age 40 as mediators of the relationship between their educational attainment and self-rated general health at age 50. Results After accounting for observed background factors that select women into early childbearing and lower educational attainment, higher levels of education (high school diploma and GED attainment vs. no degree) were indirectly associated with higher self-rated health at age 50 via higher participant income at age 40. Conclusions As education is a social determinant of health that is amenable to intervention after a teen gives birth, our results are supportive of higher educational attainment as a potential pathway to improving long-term health outcomes of women who begin childbearing early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Maslowsky
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA. .,Department of Population Health, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - C Emily Hendrick
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Haley Stritzel
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Tesfaye Y, Agenagnew L, Anand S, Tucho GT, Birhanu Z, Ahmed G, Getnet M, Yitbarek K. Mood Symptoms, Suicide, and Associated Factors Among Jimma Community. A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:640575. [PMID: 33815172 PMCID: PMC8017163 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.640575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The global burden of mental health problems is high and is predicted to rise. At present, mood symptoms are the foremost common psychological problems worldwide, yet little is known regarding their magnitude and associated factors in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of anxiety, depressive, manic symptoms, and suicidal behavior among the rural Jimma community, Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based quantitative cross-sectional survey was employed on 423 households selected through systematic random sampling. An adapted version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview tool was used for the structured face-to-face interview. The collected data were checked for completeness, coded, and inserted into Epi Data version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Variables with P < g0.05 and odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] on multivariate logistic regression analysis were considered as factors associated with the outcome variable. Results: Overall, 185 (44.0%), 55 (13.1%), 44 (10.5%), and 23 (5.5%) of the respondents had anxiety, depressive, manic symptom, and suicide behavior, respectively. The odds of having anxiety symptoms were nearly 5 times higher among those who had perceived discrimination and racism experience compared to their counterpart [adjusted OR (AOR), 5.02; 95% CI, 1.90-13.26]. Likewise, recently bereaved participants had 4-fold higher odds of reporting depressive symptoms (AOR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.4-10.4) than the non-bereaved ones. Furthermore, respondents who had depressive symptoms were almost four and a half times more likely to have manic symptoms compared to those who did not (AOR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.71-11.02). Conclusion: Anxiety, depressive, manic symptoms, and suicidal behavior were prevalent in the community and positively associated with multiple psychosocial factors. Implementing accessible and affordable community-based mental health services is recommended to mitigate the problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Tesfaye
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Susan Anand
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gudina Terefe Tucho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Technology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdie Birhanu
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Gutema Ahmed
- Department of Psychiatry, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Masrie Getnet
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Kiddus Yitbarek
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Halpern-Manners A, Raymo JM, Warren JR, Johnson KL. School performance and mortality: The mediating role of educational attainment and work and family trajectories across the life course. ADVANCES IN LIFE COURSE RESEARCH 2020; 46:100362. [PMID: 33456423 PMCID: PMC7808718 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2020.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of a strong negative correlation between adolescent academic performance and mortality points to the importance of not only cognitive, but also non-cognitive, skills in predicting survival. We integrated two bodies of research to evaluate expectations regarding the role of educational attainment and trajectories of employment and marriage experience in mediating relationships between high school class rank and longevity. In particular, we used data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (n = 9,232) to fit parametric mortality models from age 55 to age 77. Multiple mediator models allowed for quantification of the degree to which the association between high school class rank and mortality is mediated by life trajectories and educational attainment. Our results show that high school class rank is a statistically significant and substantively meaningful predictor of survival beyond age 55 and that this relationship is partially, but not fully, mediated by trajectories of employment and marriage experience across the life course. Higher educational attainment also mediates a substantial part of the relationship, but to varying degrees for men and women.
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Abstract
Decades of research have attempted to understand the paradox of stubbornly high unintended pregnancy rates despite widespread use of contraception. Much of this research has focused on socioeconomic disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy, finding that economically disadvantaged women tend to use less effective contraceptive methods and use them less consistently. Building on this research, this study examines how material hardship is associated with less consistent contraceptive use among women who do not desire to become pregnant. Using the Relationship Dynamics and Social Life (RDSL) Study, a weekly longitudinal survey, I find lower levels of contraceptive use and less consistent use of contraception among women experiencing material hardship, relative to those without hardship experiences. I also investigate the extent to which this association is explained by access barriers and lower contraceptive efficacy among women experiencing hardship. Using structural equation modeling, I find that these mediators significantly explain the relationship between hardship and risky contraceptive behaviors, suggesting that hardship creates mental and resource constraints that impede successful implementation of contraception. However, net of these mediators, material hardship remains associated with riskier contraceptive behaviors among young women, calling for further research on how hardship exposes women to greater risk of unintended pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Field
- Department of Sociology and Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Room 2267, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106-1248, USA.
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Filipponi C, Schulz PJ, Petrocchi S. Effects of Self-Mastery on Adolescent and Parental Mental Health through the Mediation of Coping Ability Applying Dyadic Analysis. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:bs10120182. [PMID: 33261110 PMCID: PMC7761085 DOI: 10.3390/bs10120182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence demonstrated that self-mastery and coping ability predict mental health in adults and children. However, there is a lack of research analyzing the relationships between those constructs in parents and children. Self-report data from 89 dyads (adolescents’ mean of age = 14.47, SD = 0.50; parents’ mean of age = 47.24, SD = 4.54) who participated in waves 17, 18, and 19 (following T1, T2, and T3) of a nineteen-wave longitudinal study were analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model’s extended Mediation. Results showed significant actor effects of parents’ and adolescents’ self-mastery (T1) on mental health (T3) and the mediator effect of their coping abilities in managing stress (T2). Both a higher parental education level and being a mother positively influenced adolescents’ coping ability. The mutually beneficial relationships between parents’ and adolescents’ self-mastery, coping ability, and mental health were not demonstrated. Self-mastery is a significant predictor of adolescents’ and parents’ mental health, and coping ability serves as a good mediator between them. Qualitative research may clarify reasons why partner effects in the model were found to be non-significant. Further research should re-test this model with a larger sample size during childhood, when parents provide significant behavioral models for their children—as well as in adolescence, considering the peer group—to develop guidelines for behavioral interventions.
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Abstract
AbstractSince the strong predictive power of self-reported health (SRH) for prospective health and social outcomes has been established, researchers have been in a quest to build a theoretical understanding of this widely used health measure. Current literature based predominantly in a biomedical perspective asserts a linear relationship between physical conditions and perception of health. Discrepancies from this expected relationship are considered an important weakness of SRH. Systematic discrepancies between physical conditions and reporting of SRH have been documented across different socio-economic groups. Evidence identified for educational groups shows that for the same level of health status, lower-educated groups report poorer levels of perceived health. This raised doubts whether it is useful to use SRH to measure social inequalities in health within and between countries. To date, sociologists of health have not engaged in the discussion of reporting heterogeneity in SRH. After reviewing existing evidence, we contend that the discrepancy in SRH reporting across social groups argued to be a weakness of SRH as a health measure is a strength from a sociological perspective. SRH as a social measure of health is a better predictor than objective measures of health precisely because it captures the lived experience of the embodied agent.
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Health inequalities in Eastern Europe. Does the role of the welfare regime differ from Western Europe? Soc Sci Med 2020; 267:113357. [PMID: 32980174 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When we study the impact of social policy on health inequalities, we find that most research is based on Western European countries. This study expands the geographical focus by including post-communist countries from Eastern Europe, Russia, and the Caucasus. The 2008/2009 round of the European Values Study (EVS) provides a unique opportunity for this analysis since it covers 23 post-communist countries and 20 Western European countries. The study uses multilevel cross-sectional analyses to examine the moderating role of welfare regimes on socioeconomic health inequalities. Many reviews claim that the results for welfare systems and health inequalities are inconsistent. However, since the studies selected for the reviews are mainly focused on Western Europe-only a few include Central Eastern European countries-we still need to find out how welfare regimes in post-communist countries moderate the link between socioeconomic status and health. A cluster analysis based on 13 social and economic indicators generates 4 welfare clusters within the post-communist countries which are used for further analyses. Regarding the achievements of the communist countries in compulsory secondary education, the expectation is that the educational health inequalities differ between Eastern and Western Europe. The multilevel analyses confirm that social gradients in health related to education and income exist in both Western and Eastern Europe. However, while income-related health inequalities are similar, educational health inequalities are most pronounced in the welfare cluster of the EU Member States of Central and Eastern Europe.
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O'Donnell S. 'Your wealth is your health': the fundamental causes of inequalities in diabetes management outcomes: a qualitative analysis. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2020; 42:1626-1641. [PMID: 33460137 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental Cause Theory (FCT) is among the most influential explanations for health inequalities. The theory posits that the social gradient in health persists because higher-socioeconomic status (SES) groups are systematically more able to take advantage of new medical innovations and health-enhancing knowledge due to their greater access to resources. Taking the life histories of people with diabetes (PwD) (N = 17) in the Republic of Ireland as a case study, this paper aims to elucidate the behaviours and agencies underlying 'fundamental causality' through examining how PwD of contrasting SES respond to disease management information. Findings highlight how the most common barriers to effective diabetes control were chronic psychological distress, combined with the cultural significance of alcohol consumption, which was central to both the social and economic subsistence of male participants in particular. However, higher-SES groups were more likely to experience a 'turnabout' in their life, whereby they could remove themselves from the conditions giving rise to their distress and move into a social space where more health-enhancing behaviours were possible. It concludes with a discussion of potential mechanisms that may explain why such turnabouts were more likely to occur in the case of higher-SES groups and the implications for FCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane O'Donnell
- School of Sociology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Gilbert E, Collins R, Webster V, Boyd N, Maple-Brown L, Boyle J, Smith-Vaughan H. Using co-design to develop a culturally responsive reproductive health learning resource for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. Health Promot J Austr 2020; 32 Suppl 1:179-185. [PMID: 32726480 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED Healthy behaviours prior to conception can improve pregnancy outcomes and intergenerational health. Adolescence is an important period to promote preconception health, but education resources need to be age and culturally appropriate. Few studies have addressed preconception awareness and knowledge among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth, and few culturally appropriate resources exist. METHODS A mixed methods, co-design process engaging Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth and an Indigenous Reference Group (IRG). Additionally, a survey was carried out to identify preconception health awareness and interest among a broader youth audience. RESULTS Several main themes emerged from consultation meetings with youth reflecting an awareness of preconception health, but limited understanding. Youth revealed an interest in fertility, and a need for more information on lifestyle factors associated with infertility. Preconception information related to the opposite sex was seen as important as well as information incorporating current local knowledge and world views. Among the survey respondents, 46% (11/24) had a pre-existing understanding of preconception health. Optimising lifestyle behaviours prior to pregnancy was perceived as important for women (21/24; 88%), but less so for men (16/24; 67%), highlighting a gap in knowledge regarding the importance of preconception health for men. CONCLUSION The co-designed resource "Getting healthy before pregnancy" is available in print and electronically, with illustrations and synchronised audio overlay in Aboriginal English or East-side Kriol. The resource includes information on preconception health and behavioural risk factors. SO WHAT We present a co-designed preconception health resource for evaluation with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Gilbert
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Vanya Webster
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Nicole Boyd
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia
| | - Louise Maple-Brown
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, NT, Australia.,Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Boyle
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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