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da Silva EMG, dos Santos TR, Silva MJB. Identifying the Risk Factors for Malignant Mammary Tumors in Dogs: A Retrospective Study. Vet Sci 2023; 10:607. [PMID: 37888559 PMCID: PMC10610602 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary cancer is one of the main causes of death in female dogs worldwide, considering that many risk factors are involved in its development. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between epidemiological and clinical risk factors with the histopathological diagnosis of malignant mammary tumors in dogs treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Uberlândia, which has one of the first veterinary oncology services in Brazil. A retrospective matched case-control study was conducted to identify risk factors for the development of malignant mammary tumors in dogs. The variables analyzed were size dog, breed, housing, type of diet, and body score. Potential risk factors were selected by univariate analysis (p < 0.25) before multivariate forward binary logistic regression. The most frequent benign tumor was the benign mixed tumor (35.2%), and the most frequent malignant tumor was the mixed carcinoma (27.4%). Size dog, breed, housing, and overweight are predictors of malignant mammary tumors in dogs. The highest risk of developing malignant mammary tumors is associated with large female dogs, Yorkshire or Poodle breeds, living outside the home, or being overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elis Maressa Gonçalves da Silva
- Laboratory of Tumor Biomarkers and Osteoimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Reis dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Clínicas Veterinárias, Universidad Austral del Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Laboratory of Tumor Biomarkers and Osteoimmunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Avenida Pará, 1720, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia 38400-000, MG, Brazil
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2
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Ferreira T, Gama A, Seixas F, Faustino-Rocha AI, Lopes C, Gaspar VM, Mano JF, Medeiros R, Oliveira PA. Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research. Vet Sci 2023; 10:379. [PMID: 37368765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10060379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a "One Health" approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Seixas
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor M Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer-Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal
- Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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3
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Araki M, Noguchi S, Kubo Y, Yasuda A, Koh M, Otsuka H, Yokosuka M, Soeta S. Expression of type VI collagen α3 chain in canine mammary carcinomas. Res Vet Sci 2023; 159:171-182. [PMID: 37148736 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the expression of type VI collagen α3 chain (COL6a3) in neoplastic cells of canine mammary gland carcinomas (CMGCs) using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and to evaluate the association between COL6a3 expression and tumor histological features, histological grades, and the differentiation status of neoplastic epithelial cells. COL6a3 expression in carcinoma cells was significantly associated with histologically low malignancy and low mitotic indices. In addition, COL6a3+ carcinoma cells were more frequently detected in simple carcinomas (tubular and tubulopapillary types) than in solid carcinomas. These findings indicate that reduced expression of COL6a3 in carcinoma cells contributes to the malignant phenotype in CMGCs. We also showed that COL6a3 expression in the carcinoma cells was more frequently detected in CK19+/CD49f + and/or CK19+/CK5+ tumors. In addition, COL6a3+/CK19+/CD49f + and COL6a3+/CK19+/CK5+ tumors consisted of CK19+/CD49f + and CK19+/CD49f- cells, and CK19+/CK5+ and CK19+/CK5- cells, respectively. Most of these tumors more frequently expressed GATA3, but not Notch1. These results indicate that COL6a3 is expressed in CMGCs containing both luminal progenitor-like and mature luminal-like cells and showing differentiation ability into mature luminal cells. It is possible that COL6 may be involved in the differentiation of luminal progenitor-like carcinoma cells into mature luminal-like carcinoma cells in CMGCs, which may suppresses the development of malignant phenotypes in CMGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Araki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syunya Noguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Attached Facility, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yasuda
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Attached Facility, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Koh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotada Otsuka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yokosuka
- Laboratory of Comparative and Behavioral Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1, Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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4
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Okumura N, Takei R, Kondo H, Shibuya H. Morphological study of apocrine gland tumors in domestic Richardson's ground squirrels ( Urocitellus richardsonii). Vet Pathol 2023; 60:276-281. [PMID: 36565268 DOI: 10.1177/03009858221146098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of 58 apocrine tumors from 31 domestic Richardson's ground squirrels (Urocitellus richardsonii) was examined, comparing tumor subtypes with clinical information and histological findings. The squirrels included 23 males (74%) and 8 females (26%). Of the 58 tumors, 36 (62%) were located from the cervical skin to the dorsal skin, 17 (29%) were from the perioral region to the cheek, and the location was unrecorded for the remaining 5 squirrels (9%). Histologically, 49 tumors (84%) were apocrine adenocarcinomas, 6 were apocrine adenomas (10%), and 3 were apocrine cysts (5%). The 49 apocrine adenocarcinomas were subclassified as 16 (33%) cystic papillary type, 16 (33%) tubulopapillary type, 12 (24%) solid type, and 5 (10%) micropapillary invasive type. Fisher's exact test revealed correlations between tumor subtypes and tumor diameters, nuclear atypia, tumor margins, vascular invasion, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positivity. This study showed a predominance of apocrine adenocarcinomas with various histological subtypes. In addition, subclassification of these tumors was useful for predicting the biological behavior of apocrine gland tumors in Richardson's ground squirrels.
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Araki M, Noguchi S, Kubo Y, Yasuda A, Koh M, Otsuka H, Yokosuka M, Soeta S. Expression of receptor-type tumour endothelial marker 8 in carcinoma cells showing luminal progenitor-like phenotypes in canine mammary gland carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2023; 200:35-45. [PMID: 36641985 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the expression of receptor-type tumour endothelial marker 8 (TEM8RT) in canine mammary gland carcinomas (CMGCs) using immunohistochemistry and to evaluate the association between carcinoma cell TEM8RT expression and tumour histological features, histological grades and the differentiation status of neoplastic epithelial cells. TEM8RT expression was more frequently detected in simple carcinomas (tubular and tubulopapillary) than in solid carcinomas, and it was significantly correlated with histological grade Ⅰ tumours and a low mitotic index. Additionally, TEM8RT+ carcinoma cells were more frequently found in CMGCs showing luminal progenitor-like phenotypes, such as Notch1+, CK19+/CK5+/CD49f+ and CK19+/CK5-/CD49f+. Double-labelling immunofluorescence detection techniques confirmed that most TEM8RT+ carcinoma cells expressed CD49f, Notch1 and CK19. However, TEM8RT immunoreactivity was not found in carcinoma cells expressing GATA3, which upregulates mature luminal cell differentiation. Furthermore, TEM8RT+ carcinoma cells were detected in a few CMGCs showing basal/stem cell-like phenotypes such as CK19-/CK5+/CD49f+ and CK19-/CK5+/CD49f-. These findings indicate that TEM8RT is expressed in luminal progenitor-like carcinoma cells in CMGCs. Since TEM8 enhances self-renewal in human mammary stem/progenitor cells, it also may be involved in maintenance of luminal progenitor-like carcinoma cells, resulting in prevention of their transition to basal/stem cell-like carcinoma cells and development of less malignant CMGCs. Therefore, TEM8RT may be useful for indicating prognostic outcomes and identifying the possible ontogeny of carcinoma cells in mammary gland tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mami Araki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Syunya Noguchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Anatomy, Nippon Medical School, Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Attached Facility, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Yasuda
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Attached Facility, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Koh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotada Otsuka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yokosuka
- Laboratory of Comparative and Behavioral Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Soeta
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Guiraldelli GG, Prado MCM, de F Lainetti P, Leis-Filho AF, Kobayashi PE, Cury SS, Fonseca-Alves CE, Laufer-Amorim R. Pathways Involved in the Development of Vasculogenic Mimicry in Canine Mammary Carcinoma Cell Cultures. J Comp Pathol 2022; 192:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Solid Carcinoma of the Canine Mammary Gland: a Histological Type or Tumour Cell Arrangement? J Comp Pathol 2022; 190:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Massimini M, Romanucci M, De Maria R, Della Salda L. An Update on Molecular Pathways Regulating Vasculogenic Mimicry in Human Osteosarcoma and Their Role in Canine Oncology. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:722432. [PMID: 34631854 PMCID: PMC8494780 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.722432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine tumors are valuable comparative models for human counterparts, especially to explore novel biomarkers and to understand pathways and processes involved in metastasis. Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a unique property of malignant cancer cells which promote metastasis. Thus, it represents an opportunity to investigate both the molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic targets of a crucial phenotypic malignant switch. Although this biological process has been largely investigated in different human cancer types, including osteosarcoma, it is still largely unknown in veterinary pathology, where it has been mainly explored in canine mammary tumors. The presence of VM in human osteosarcoma is associated with poor clinical outcome, reduced patient survival, and increased risk of metastasis and it shares the main pathways involved in other type of human tumors. This review illustrates the main findings concerning the VM process in human osteosarcoma, search for the related current knowledge in canine pathology and oncology, and potential involvement of multiple pathways in VM formation, in order to provide a basis for future investigations on VM in canine tumors.
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Crosstalks Among Cancer Stem Cells and Histopathologic Features in Determining Prognosis in Canine Mammary Gland Carcinomas. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2021-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of the present work was the evaluation of the prognostic potential of histopathologic features, cancer stem cells (CSCs), and epthelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in relation to lymph node status and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in canine mammary gland carcinomas (CMGCs). CSCs are proposed as the main cause of tumorigenesis, therapy failure, and recurrence which form a small fraction of tumor bulk. We evaluated presence of micropapillary growth pattern (MGP), infiltration into surrounding tissues (IST), and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in H&E stained slides of 26 paraffin-embedded tumor samples. Lymph nodes of all cases were assessed. Additionally, they were examined immunohistochemically in terms of vimentin expression as an indicator of EMT which is a well-known mechanism for metastasis, and CD44, CD24, and ALDH1 for CSCs detection. Data analyses showed significant relationships between MGP and CSCs (P = 0.037), VM and CSCs (P = 0.013), lymph node status and CSCs (P = 0.0001), lymph node status and EMT (P = 0.003), IST and LVI (P = 0.05), VM and LVI (P = 0.01), VM and lymph node status (P = 0.007), and LVI and lymph node status (P = 0.04). Results indicated the prognostic value of MGP, VM, and CSCs with respect to confirmed prognostic markers, including LVI and lymph node involvement, in CMGCs.
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Impact of Histological Subtype on Survival in Canine Mammary Carcinomas: a Retrospective Analysis of 155 Cases. J Comp Pathol 2021; 186:23-30. [PMID: 34340801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma (CMC) is the most common type of neoplasm in intact female dogs. While a previous study in Western countries validated the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator in CMC, its role in CMC prognostication in Asian countries such as Korea remains unclear. In the present study, we estimate the survival rates in CMC types defined by the 2011 classification, elucidate the prognostic significance of the histological subtype and grade and that of the lymphatic invasion status in CMC, and validate the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator in a large cohort of CMCs (excluding cases of multicentric CMCs). A total of 155 CMC cases retrieved from archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues, along with 2-year follow-up data, were retrospectively analysed. A significant association was found between the histological subtype of the 2011 classification and the tumour-specific survival. Carcinosarcoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma subtypes were associated with the poorest prognosis. Dogs with comedocarcinoma and solid carcinoma followed a disease course that was more aggressive than that observed in dogs with a carcinoma arising in a benign mixed tumour. Moreover, age, histological grade and lymphatic invasion status significantly correlated with tumour-specific survival in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, histological subtype, age and lymphatic invasion status remained independent prognostic factors for CMC.
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Avallone G, Rasotto R, Chambers JK, Miller AD, Behling-Kelly E, Monti P, Berlato D, Valenti P, Roccabianca P. Review of Histological Grading Systems in Veterinary Medicine. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:809-828. [PMID: 33769136 DOI: 10.1177/0300985821999831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor grading is a method to quantify the putative clinical aggressiveness of a neoplasm based on specific histological features. A good grading system should be simple, easy to use, reproducible, and accurately segregate tumors into those with low versus high risk. The aim of this review is to summarize the histological and, when available, cytological grading systems applied in veterinary pathology, providing information regarding their prognostic impact, reproducibility, usefulness, and shortcomings. Most of the grading schemes used in veterinary medicine are developed for common tumor entities. Grading systems exist for soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, multilobular tumor of bone, mast cell tumor, lymphoma, mammary carcinoma, pulmonary carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, and central nervous system tumors. The prognostic relevance of many grading schemes has been demonstrated, but for some tumor types the usefulness of grading remains controversial. Furthermore, validation studies are available only for a minority of the grading systems. Contrasting data on the prognostic power of some grading systems, lack of detailed instructions in the materials and methods in some studies, and lack of data on reproducibility and validation studies are discussed for the relevant grading systems. Awareness of the limitations of grading is necessary for pathologists and oncologists to use these systems appropriately and to drive initiatives for their improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary medical Sciences (DIMEVET), 9296University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - James K Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, 13143The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Anatomic Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erica Behling-Kelly
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Section of Clinical Pathology, 43317Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paola Monti
- 170851Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Davide Berlato
- 170851AniCura Animal Oncology and Imaging Center, Hünenberg, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valenti
- 534741Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate (VA), Italy
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), 9304University of Milano, Lodi (LO), Italy
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12
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Tanaka Y, Koyama K, Horiuchi N, Watanabe K, Kobayashi Y. Relationship between Histological Grade and Histopathological Appearance in Canine Mammary Carcinomas. J Comp Pathol 2020; 179:59-64. [PMID: 32958149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinomas are common tumours in female dogs and histopathological examination has an important role in identifying whether they are benign or malignant. The latest and most commonly used histological grading system was established by Peña et al. (2013) and is based on the extent of tubule formation, nuclear pleomorphism and number of mitoses. Before the establishment of this grading system, tumour size and classical histological indicators of malignancy such as lymphovascular invasion, infiltration into surrounding tissue, necrosis and presence of a micropapillary pattern were important predictors of biological behaviour. However, the system of Peña et al. does not consider tumour size or these histological features. Clarifying the association of these features and histological grade, especially in grade II and III carcinomas, is important. In this study, we confirmed that the system of Peña et al. is effective for predicting biological behaviour and that evaluation of histological features of malignancy reinforced histological grade, as determined by the system of Peña et al., especially in grade II carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Koyama
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - N Horiuchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - K Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Y Kobayashi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan.
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13
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Sabiza S, Rezaie A, Naddaf H, Sajjadi Dezfouli M, Kaamyab Niya M. Surgical treatment of a mammary gland comedocarcinoma in an Arabian mare: Post‐operative management, and histopathological and immunohistochemical features. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sabiza
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz AhvazIran
| | - A. Rezaie
- Department of Pathobiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Ahvaz Iran
| | - H. Naddaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz AhvazIran
| | - M. Sajjadi Dezfouli
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz AhvazIran
| | - M. Kaamyab Niya
- Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz AhvazIran
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14
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Pastor N, Ezquerra LJ, Santella M, Caballé NC, Tarazona R, Durán ME. Prognostic significance of immunohistochemical markers and histological classification in malignant canine mammary tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:753-762. [PMID: 32336005 PMCID: PMC7754150 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinoma represents a model for the study of human breast cancer, although the prognostic value of various clinical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters has shown contradictory results. A prospective study, through a 4‐year follow‐up, was performed in 77 patients with mammary carcinoma to analyse the association between histological diagnosis, grade of malignancy, peritumoral and vascular invasion. We have also performed immunohistochemistry for the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) that define human biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response. An association between histological diagnosis and clinical stage was observed with a high proportion of complex carcinoma classified as stage I. There was a higher proportion of ER+/PR+/HER2− tumours in stage I. In contrast, triple‐negative tumours (ER−/PR−/HER2−) were found mainly in advanced clinical stages and were associated with vascular and peritumoral invasion. The tumours included in group VII (carcinosarcoma/adenosquamous carcinoma/other special types of carcinoma) had a higher expression of COX‐2. The univariate analysis showed that those patients with complex carcinoma had the lowest incidence of metastases and the highest probability of survival. In contrast, a high proportion of patients with anaplastic/inflammatory carcinoma developed metastases and showed the lowest probability of survival. In addition, the estimated survival time was shorter for those patients with triple‐negative tumours and those with high COX‐2 expression. However, in the multivariate analysis, only the peritumoral invasion maintained its prognostic significance. In conclusion, in our study anaplastic/inflammatory carcinomas had the worst prognosis with a high proportion of triple‐negative tumours in this category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Pastor
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Ezquerra
- Animal Medicine and Surgery Unit, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Massimo Santella
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Nuria C Caballé
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Alcalá, Science Faculty, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Raquel Tarazona
- Immunology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Esther Durán
- Anatomy and Comparative Pathological Anatomy, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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15
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Sammarco A, Finesso G, Zanetti R, Ferro S, Rasotto R, Caliari D, Goldschmidt MH, Orvieto E, Castagnaro M, Cavicchioli L, Zappulli V. Biphasic Feline Mammary Carcinomas Including Carcinoma and Malignant Myoepithelioma. Vet Pathol 2020; 57:377-387. [PMID: 32100640 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820908792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary tumors are usually malignant and aggressive carcinomas. Most cases are simple monophasic carcinomas (1 epithelial population), and additional phenotyping is usually not needed. In this study, we describe 10 malignant mammary tumors from 9 female cats that had unusual histomorphology: they appeared biphasic, with 2 distinct cell populations. Initially, they were morphologically diagnosed as either carcinosarcoma (1/10) or malignant pleomorphic tumor (9/10) of the mammary gland, as the latter did not match any previously described histological subtype. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed for pancytokeratin, cytokeratins 8 and 18, cytokeratin 14, cytokeratins 5 and 6, vimentin, p63, calponin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, Ki-67, ERBB2, estrogen receptor alpha, and progesterone receptor. In 7 of 10 cases, the biphasic nature was confirmed and, on the basis of the IHC results, they were classified as carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma (4/10), ductal carcinoma (1/10), and carcinosarcoma (2/10). The other 3 of 10 cases were monophasic based on IHC. In the cases of carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma, the malignant myoepithelial cells were 100% positive for vimentin (4/4) and variably positive for p63, calponin, and cytokeratins (4/4). These findings show that, although rare, biphasic mammary carcinomas do occur in cats. In dogs and humans, tumors composed of malignant epithelial and myoepithelial cells have a less aggressive behavior than certain simple carcinomas, and therefore, their identification might also be clinically significant in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Finesso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rossella Zanetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Michael H Goldschmidt
- Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Enrico Orvieto
- Pathology Department ULSS5 Polesana, Viale Tre Martiri, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
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16
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Ariyarathna H, Thomson N, Aberdein D, Munday JS. Low Stromal Mast Cell Density in Canine Mammary Gland Tumours Predicts a Poor Prognosis. J Comp Pathol 2020; 175:29-38. [PMID: 32138840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour histological classification and grade are frequently used to predict the prognosis of canine mammary gland tumours. While these techniques provide some information about tumour behaviour, it is currently difficult to predict which tumours will metastasize. Mast cell density has been shown to predict metastasis in human breast cancer. The present study investigated whether the average mast cell density in 10 high-power (×400) microscopical fields (10 HPFs), evaluated by toluidine blue staining, similarly predicted the behaviour of canine mammary gland tumours. Mast cell density was evaluated in 53 canine mammary neoplasms for which the clinical outcome was known. Stromal mast cell density in malignant tumours that had subsequently developed radiographical evidence of metastasis (n = 21) was significantly lower (P <0.001) than in malignant tumours that did not show evidence of metastases (n = 20) or in benign tumours (n = 12). The density of stromal mast cells that best predicted the disease outcome was ≤10/10 HPFs. Eighty-one percent of malignant tumours with ≤10 stromal mast cells/10 HPFs subsequently metastasized, while only 9.5% of malignant tumours with >10 stromal mast cells/10 HPFs developed metastases. There was a positive correlation between stromal mast cell density and survival time (rs = 0.50, P <0.001). These findings suggest that assessing stromal mast cell density using toluidine blue staining may represent an easy to perform and cost-effective histopathological measure that, in conjunction with classification and grading, could better predict the behaviour of canine mammary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ariyarathna
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - N Thomson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D Aberdein
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J S Munday
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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17
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Markkanen E. Know Thy Model: Charting Molecular Homology in Stromal Reprogramming Between Canine and Human Mammary Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:348. [PMID: 31921858 PMCID: PMC6927989 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine simple mammary tumors (CMTs) are often viewed as models of human breast cancer. Cancer-associated stroma (CAS) is central for initiation and progression of human cancer, and is likely to play a key role in canine tumors as well. Until recently, however, canine CAS in general, and in CMT in particular, lacked detailed characterization and it remained unclear how canine and human CAS compare. This void in knowledge regarding canine CAS and the resulting lack of unbiased cross-species analysis of molecular homologies and differences undermined the validity of the canine model for human disease. To assess stromal reprogramming in canine breast tumors, we have recently established a protocol to specifically isolate and analyze CAS and matched normal stroma from archival, formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) clinical tumor samples using laser-capture microdissection followed by next-generation RNA-sequencing. Using this approach, we have analyzed stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mammary carcinomas (mCAs) as well as benign canine mammary adenomas in a series of studies. Our results demonstrate strong stromal reprogramming in CMTs and identify high-grade molecular homology between human and canine CAS. Here, I aim to give a short background on the value of comparative oncology in general, and spontaneous CMT in particular. This will be followed by a concise review of the current knowledge of stromal reprogramming in both malignant canine mCA and benign adenoma. Finally, I will conclude with insights on highly conserved aspects of stromal reprogramming between CMT and human breast cancer that accentuate the relevance of CAS in CMT as a model for the human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Markkanen
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Guerrieri C, Hudacko R. Tubulopapillary Carcinoma: An Aggressive Variant of Invasive Breast Carcinoma With a Micropapillary DCIS-Like Morphology. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:536-540. [PMID: 31822141 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919892699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tubulopapillary carcinoma is a recently described variant of breast carcinoma characterized by a proliferation of elongated and anastomosing tubular glands exhibiting intraluminal micropapillary and sometimes papillary epithelial projections. We have recently encountered a patient with invasive breast carcinoma displaying a prominent tubulopapillary component. The histomorphology in our case had an uncanny resemblance to micropapillary ductal carcinoma in situ, but the invasive nature of the glands was confirmed not only by the lack of myoepithelial cells but also by the presence of identical metastatic foci within ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. This case was made all the more intricate by the simultaneous presence of invasive micropapillary carcinoma in the opposite breast and a carcinosarcoma of the uterus with a serous papillary carcinoma component. As noted in the only prior report on tubulopapillary carcinoma of the breast, our case confirms the aggressive nature of this form of invasive carcinoma, the histological features of which appear to be easily identifiable and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Hudacko
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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19
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Goto M, Hirata A, Murakami M, Sakai H. Trimer form of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand induces apoptosis in canine cell lines derived from mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1791-1803. [PMID: 31597817 PMCID: PMC6943331 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the cytotoxic effect of isoleucine-zipper tumor necrosis factor-related
apoptosis inducing ligand (izTRAIL) against cell lines, B101592, Cha, and C090115, derived
from canine mammary gland tumors. These cells were derived from three dogs diagnosed with
mammary adenoma or carcinoma. All three cells were positive for vimentin, while B101592
and C090115 were positive for cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3 and CK CAM5.2. Treatment with
izTRAIL decreased the viability of the three cell lines. The proportion of annexin
V+/propidium iodide- cells increased in all three cell lines after treatment with izTRAIL.
Additionally, cell cycle analysis revealed that izTRAIL treatment increased the number of
cells in sub-G1 phase. Moreover, izTRAIL treatment activated caspase-8 and caspase-3 and
enhanced the levels of cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. The cytotoxic effect of
izTRAIL was mitigated upon co-treatment with caspase-8 or caspase-3 inhibitor. These
results indicated that izTRAIL induces apoptosis in cell lines derived from canine mammary
tumor, which was also previously reported in canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines. This
suggested that canine tumor cells have conserved TRAIL receptors. This study will provide
the basis for further studies on TRAIL receptors and TRAIL-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minami Goto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hirata
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Division of Animal Experiment, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Mami Murakami
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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20
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Sorenmo KU, Durham AC, Kristiansen V, Pena L, Goldschmidt MH, Stefanovski D. Developing and testing prognostic bio-scoring systems for canine mammary gland carcinomas. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:479-488. [PMID: 31099972 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) represent a range of histolopathological subtypes with diverse biological behaviours. Several individual factors, including stage, grade, subtypes and presence of invasion, predict outcome. Less is known how these factors interact and impact prognosis. The purpose of this work was to develop and test comprehensive bio-scoring systems in CMCs. Clinical and histopathological data from 127 dogs with MCs treated through two prospective studies were obtained. All dogs underwent standardized pre-surgical staging, treatments and regular follow-up visits. All tumours were evaluated, classified and graded according to published guidelines. Time to primary metastasis was the main endpoint in this study. Two bio-scoring systems were developed: The multivariate scoring (MVS) was based on traditional statistical analysis where only factors significant in the multivariate analysis (tumour size and grade) were kept for the final model. The refined flexible scoring (RFS) system was based on results from subgroup analysis, which guided the development of a flexible system. Progressive worsening prognosis was observed with increasing bio-scores in both systems. MVS: Median primary metastasis-free survival (TTM1 days) was not reached in dogs with bio-scores 0 to 5, 10, 15 and 648, 149, 317, in MVS groups 25, 30, 40, respectively. Similarly, TTM1 was not reached in dogs with RFS 0, 1, 2 and 374, 407 and 149, in dogs with bio-scores 3, 4, 5, respectively. However, a more distinct separation between dogs with high risk vs low risk for metastasis was observed with RFS, suggesting superior overall prognostication regarding the risk for metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U Sorenmo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amy C Durham
- Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Veronica Kristiansen
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Laura Pena
- Department of Animal Medicine Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School. Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael H Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
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21
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Zerumbone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Induces Apoptosis of Canine Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8691569. [PMID: 30410940 PMCID: PMC6205321 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8691569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) is the most common tumor in intact female dog. Zerumbone (ZER) has promising anticancer properties, but plagued with poor water solubility, poor absorption, bioavailability, and delivery to target tissues. To solubilize, ZER was loaded into nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to produce ZER-loaded NLC (ZER-NLC). The objectives of this study were to determine the antiproliferative effect and the mode of cell death induced by ZER-NLC and ZER on a canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) adenocarcinoma primary cell line. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between ZER-NLC and ZER treatments in the inhibition of CMT cell proliferation; thus, the loading of ZER into NLC did not compromise the cytotoxic effect of ZER. Microscopically, ZER-NLC- and ZER-treated CMT cells showed apoptotic cell morphology. ZER-NLC and ZER treatments significantly downregulated the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and upregulated the proapoptotic Bax gene expressions in CMT cells. Both ZER-NLC and ZER-treated CMT cells showed significant (p<0.0001) increases in caspase-8, -9, and -3/7 protein activities. In conclusion, ZER-NLC induced CMT cell death via regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax gene expressions and caspase activations, indicating the involvement of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. This study provided evidences for the potential of ZER-NLC as an anticanine mammary gland adenocarcinoma chemotherapy.
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22
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Pradel J, Berlato D, Dobromylskyj M, Rasotto R. Prognostic significance of histopathology in canine anal sac gland adenocarcinomas: Preliminary results in a retrospective study of 39 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:518-528. [PMID: 29961964 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic rates and survival times of canine anal sac gland adenocarcinomas (ASGACs) vary among studies, making prognostication difficult. Little is known about the prognostic significance of histopathology of ASGACs. This retrospective study investigated associations between histological features, clinical presentation and outcome for 39 ASGACs. Most tumours were incompletely excised (62%) and had moderate to marked peripheral infiltration (74%). The predominant growth pattern was solid, tubules/rosettes/pseudorosettes and papillary in 49%, 46% and 5% of the cases, respectively. Nuclear pleomorphism was either moderate (77%) or mild (23%). Necrosis and lymphovascular invasion were present in 54% and 10% of the cases, respectively. All histological features except mitotic count and necrosis were associated with nodal metastasis at presentation. A statistically significant poorer outcome was identified for tumours with a solid growth pattern, moderate or marked peripheral infiltration, necrosis and lymphovascular invasion. These results need further validation in a larger cohort of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pradel
- Oncology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - D Berlato
- Oncology Unit, Animal Health Trust, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - M Dobromylskyj
- Finn Pathologists, Histopathology Department, Harleston, Norfolk, UK
| | - R Rasotto
- Dick White Referrals, Diagnostic Pathology, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, UK
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23
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Evidence of Vasculogenic Mimicry in a Palpebral Melanocytoma in a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2018; 162:43-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Yu F, Rasotto R, Zhang H, Pei S, Zhou B, Yang X, Jin Y, Zhang D, Lin D. Evaluation of expression of the Wnt signaling components in canine mammary tumors via RT 2 Profiler PCR Array and immunochemistry assays. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:359-367. [PMID: 27586466 PMCID: PMC5639089 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.3.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway and its key component β-catenin have critical roles in the development of diseases such as tumors in mammals. However, little has been reported about involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The present study detected expression of 30 Wnt signaling pathway-related genes in CMTs; the results are potentially useful for molecular-based diagnosis of CMTs and the development of new targeted therapies. Significant upregulations of dickkopf-1 protein, secreted frizzled-related sequence protein 1 (SFRP1), frizzled 3, β-catenin, and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) were detected in highly malignant CMTs compared to levels in normal mammary gland tissues; moreover, highly significant upregulation of WNT5A was observed in low malignancy CMTs. Downregulation was only detected for SFRP4 in malignant CMT samples. The subcellular location of β-catenin and cyclin D1 in 100 CMT samples was investigated via immunohistochemical analysis, and significantly increased expressions of β-catenin in cytoplasm and cyclin D1 in nuclei were revealed. Western blotting analysis revealed that the expression of β-catenin and LEF1 increased in in the majority of CMT samples. Taken together, the results provide important evidence of the activation status of the Wnt pathway in CMTs and valuable clues to identifying biomarkers for molecular-based diagnosis of CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roberta Rasotto
- Clinical Pathology Department, Dick White Referrals, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shimin Pei
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yipeng Jin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Degui Lin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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25
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Coleto AF, Wilson TM, Soares NP, Gundim LF, Castro IP, Guimarães EC, Bandarra MB, Medeiros-Ronchi AA. Prognostic Value of Occult Isolated Tumour Cells within Regional Lymph Nodes of Dogs with Malignant Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2017; 158:32-38. [PMID: 29422313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are the most common type of neoplasm in bitches. As in women, the presence of metastasis in regional lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor in bitches with mammary carcinomas, but the clinical significance of occult isolated tumour cells (ITCs) within lymph nodes is still undefined in this species. The effectiveness of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in identifying occult ITCs and micrometastasis (MIC) was compared with that of the conventional haematoxylin and eosin staining technique. The relationship between tumour size, histological type, histological grade and the presence of metastasis was evaluated. The overall survival (OS) of female dogs with occult mammary carcinomas and ITCs within lymph nodes was analysed. Fragments of mammary carcinoma and regional lymph nodes of 59 female dogs were also evaluated. Histological sections of mammary carcinoma and lymph node samples were studied for tumour diagnosis and lymph node samples were tested by IHC using a pan-cytokeratin antibody. It was found that 35.2% of occult ITCs and 2.8% of hidden MIC were detected when IHC was used. There was a good correlation between the size of the tumour and metastasis to the lymph nodes (P = 0.77). ITCs were observed more frequently in the medullary region (60.7%) and metastases in the cortical region (44.4%). There was no significant difference in the OS between female dogs with occult ITCs and lymph nodes without ITCs. IHC can detect occult tumour cells in lymph nodes that are negative by histopathological examination. Female dogs with nodal ITCs do not have lower survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Coleto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - T M Wilson
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - N P Soares
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - L F Gundim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - I P Castro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - E C Guimarães
- Faculty of Mathematics, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M B Bandarra
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A A Medeiros-Ronchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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26
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Identification of prognostic collagen signatures and potential therapeutic stromal targets in canine mammary gland carcinoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180448. [PMID: 28683102 PMCID: PMC5500345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating the biologic behavior of breast cancer. In veterinary oncology, there is a need for improved prognostic markers to accurately identify dogs at risk for local and distant (metastatic) recurrence of mammary gland carcinoma and therefore would benefit from adjuvant therapy. Collagen density and fiber organization have been shown to regulate tumor progression in both mouse and human mammary tumors, with certain collagen signatures predicting poor outcomes in women with breast cancer. We hypothesized that collagen signatures in canine mammary tumor biopsies can serve as prognostic biomarkers and potential targets for treatment. We used second harmonic generation imaging to evaluate fibrillar collagen density, the presence of a tumor-stromal boundary, tumor associated collagen signatures (TACS) and individual collagen fiber characteristics (width, length and straightness) in grade I/II and grade III canine mammary tumors. Collagen density, as well as fiber width, length and straightness, were inversely correlated with patient overall survival time. Notably, grade III cases were less likely to have a tumor-stromal boundary and the lack of a boundary predicted poor outcome. Importantly, a lack of a defined tumor-stromal boundary and an increased collagen fiber width were associated with decreased survival even when tumor grade, patient stage, ovariohysterectomy status at the time of mammary tumor excision, and histologic evidence of lymphovascular invasion were considered in a multivariable model, indicating that these parameters could augment current methods to identify patients at high risk for local or metastatic progression/recurrence. Furthermore, these data, which identify for the first time, prognostic collagen biomarkers in naturally occurring mammary gland neoplasia in the dog, support the use of the dog as a translational model for tumor-stromal interactions in breast cancer.
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27
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Rasotto R, Berlato D, Goldschmidt MH, Zappulli V. Prognostic Significance of Canine Mammary Tumor Histologic Subtypes: An Observational Cohort Study of 229 Cases. Vet Pathol 2017; 54:571-578. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985817698208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histopathology is considered the gold standard diagnostic method for canine mammary tumors. In 2011, a new histologic classification for canine mammary tumors was proposed. The present study was a 2-year prospective study that validated the 2011 classification as an independent prognostic indicator with multivariate analysis in a population of 229 female dogs, identifying subtype-specific median survival times (MST) and local recurrence/distant metastasis rates. Dogs with benign tumors and carcinoma arising in benign mixed tumors all had an excellent prognosis. Dogs with complex carcinoma and simple tubular carcinoma also experienced prolonged survival. Those with simple tubulopapillary carcinoma, intraductal papillary carcinoma, and carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma had a more than 10-fold higher risk of tumor-related death. The prognosis was even worse for adenosquamous carcinoma (MST = 18 months), comedocarcinoma (MST = 14 months), and solid carcinoma (MST = 8 months). The most unfavorable outcome was for anaplastic carcinoma (MST = 3 months) and carcinosarcoma (MST = 3 months), which also had the highest metastatic rates (89% and 100%, respectively). Adenosquamous carcinoma exhibited the highest local recurrence rate (50%). In the same canine population, the tumor diameter was recognized as a strong predictor of local recurrence/distant metastasis and an independent prognosticator of survival in the multivariate analysis. Excision margins were predictive only of local recurrence, whereas lymphatic invasion and histologic grade were predictive of local recurrence/distant metastasis and survival, although only in univariate analyses. In conclusion, this study validated the 2011 classification scheme and provided information to be used in the clinical setting and as the basis for future prognostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Berlato
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, Animal Health Trust, New Market, Suffolk, UK
| | - Michael H. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Valentina Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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28
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Milovancev M, Russell DS. Surgical margins in the veterinary cancer patient. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 15:1136-1157. [PMID: 28194921 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary oncologic specimens, histopathology is the gold standard for determining adequacy of excision. Despite limitations of this technique, the pathologist's interpretation of margin status significantly impacts patient management, including indications for adjuvant therapy. This article aims to summarize peer-reviewed literature as it relates to histologic margin evaluation in veterinary cancer patients. The value of histologic tumour-free margins and technical factors influencing histopathologic margin outcomes are also discussed. We review alternative strategies for determining excisional status, and discuss how an evolving understanding of tumour biology might inform clinical and research perspectives on surgical margins. In doing so, we aim to provide context and a stimulus for future investigations into this important yet incompletely understood topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milovancev
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - D S Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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29
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Cocola C, Molgora S, Piscitelli E, Veronesi MC, Greco M, Bragato C, Moro M, Crosti M, Gray B, Milanesi L, Grieco V, Luvoni GC, Kehler J, Bellipanni G, Reinbold R, Zucchi I, Giordano A. FGF2 and EGF Are Required for Self-Renewal and Organoid Formation of Canine Normal and Tumor Breast Stem Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:570-584. [PMID: 27632571 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that human tumors are generated from cancer cells with stem cell (SC) properties. Spontaneously occurring cancers in dogs contain a diversity of cells that like for human tumors suggest that certain canine tumors are also generated from cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs, like normal SCs, have the capacity for self-renewal as mammospheres in suspension cultures. To understand how cells with SC properties contribute to canine mammary gland tumor development and progression, comparative analysis between normal SCs and CSCs, obtained from the same individual, is essential. We have utilized the property of sphere formation to develop culture conditions for propagating stem/progenitor cells from canine normal and tumor tissue. We show that cells from dissociated mammospheres retain sphere reformation capacity for several serial passages and have the capacity to generate organoid structures ex situ. Utilizing various culture conditions for passaging SCs and CSCs, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were found to positively or negatively regulate mammosphere regeneration, organoid formation, and multi-lineage differentiation potential. The response of FGF2 and EGF on SCs and CSCs was different, with increased FGF2 and EGF self-renewal promoted in SCs and repressed in CSCs. Our protocol for propagating SCs from normal and tumor canine breast tissue will provide new opportunities in comparative mammary gland stem cell analysis between species and anticancer treatment and therapies for dogs. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 570-584, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cocola
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Molgora
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Piscitelli
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Marianna Greco
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bragato
- Muscle Cell Biology Laboratory, Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "C. Besta", Via Temolo 4, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Moro
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- Fondazione Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Brian Gray
- Molecular Targeting Technologies, Inc., West Chester, Pennsylvania
| | - Luciano Milanesi
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Grieco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Gaia Cecilia Luvoni
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - James Kehler
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814
| | - Gianfranco Bellipanni
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rolland Reinbold
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Ileana Zucchi
- Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate, Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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30
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Retraction Note to: Diagnosis, classification and grading of canine mammary tumours as a model to study human breast cancer: an Clinico-Cytohistopathological study with environmental factors influencing public health and medicine. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:83. [PMID: 27822139 PMCID: PMC5096316 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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31
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Mohr A, Lüder Ripoli F, Hammer SC, Willenbrock S, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Kiełbowicz Z, Murua Escobar H, Nolte I. Hormone Receptor Expression Analyses in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Canine Mammary Tissue by a Bead Based Multiplex Branched DNA Assay: A Gene Expression Study in Fresh Frozen and Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163311. [PMID: 27649560 PMCID: PMC5029807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is currently considered the method of choice for steroid hormone receptor status evaluation in human breast cancer and, therefore, it is commonly utilized for assessing canine mammary tumors. In case of low hormone receptor expression, IHC is limited and thus is complemented by molecular analyses. In the present study, a multiplex bDNA assay was evaluated as a method for hormone receptor gene expression detection in canine mammary tissues. Estrogen receptor (ESR1), progesterone receptor (PGR), prolactin receptor (PRLR) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene expressions were evaluated in neoplastic and non-neoplastic canine mammary tissues. A set of 119 fresh frozen and 180 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) was comparatively analyzed and used for assay evaluation. Furthermore, a possible association between the hormone receptor expression in different histological subtypes of canine malignant mammary tumors and the castration status, breed and invasive growth of the tumor were analyzed. The multiplex bDNA assay proved to be more sensitive for fresh frozen specimens. Hormone receptor expression found was significantly decreased in malignant mammary tumors in comparison to non-neoplastic tissue and benign mammary tumors. Among the histological subtypes the lowest gene expression levels of ESR1, PGR and PRLR were found in solid, anaplastic and ductal carcinomas. In summary, the evaluation showed that the measurement of hormone receptors with the multiplex bDNA assay represents a practicable method for obtaining detailed quantitative information about gene expression in canine mammary tissue for future studies. Still, comparison with IHC or quantitative real-time PCR is needed for further validation of the present method.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Branched DNA Signal Amplification Assay
- Carcinoma, Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/veterinary
- Dog Diseases/genetics
- Dog Diseases/metabolism
- Dog Diseases/pathology
- Dogs
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Paraffin Embedding
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Receptors, Prolactin/genetics
- Receptors, Prolactin/metabolism
- Receptors, Somatotropin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatotropin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Mohr
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Florenza Lüder Ripoli
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Susanne Conradine Hammer
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Saskia Willenbrock
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Zdzisław Kiełbowicz
- Department and Clinic of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Diessler ME, Castellano MC, Portiansky EL, Burns S, Idiart JR. Canine mammary carcinomas: influence of histological grade, vascular invasion, proliferation, microvessel density and VEGFR2 expression on lymph node status and survival time. Vet Comp Oncol 2016; 15:450-461. [PMID: 26833549 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous invasive non-inflammatory canine mammary carcinomas (CMC) and their regional lymph nodes (LN) were analysed (n = 136). Histological grade (HG) and vascular invasion (VI) in the tumours and lymph node status were recorded. Proliferation index (PI), microvessel density (MVD) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) expression were estimated using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), anti-von Willebrand factor and anti-Flk-1, respectively. Eighteen months follow-up was performed (34 bitches). Tumours of different grades showed differences regarding PI, Flk-1/integrated optical density (Flk-1/IOD) and MVD. Every feature showed significant association with LN status through bivariate analyses. From multivariate analyses, VI and Flk-1/IOD were selected to predict LN status. Data revealed that the probability of a CMC-bearing bitch to remain alive at 1, 4, 5 and 14-18 months was 0.91, 0.87, 0.81 and 0.77, respectively. Besides LN status, VI was the only feature positively correlated with survival time, although a trend to shorter survival of animal patients bearing high expressing VEGFR2 CMC was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Diessler
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - M C Castellano
- Clínica de Pequeños Animales, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - E L Portiansky
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Imágenes, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Burns
- LISEA (Laboratorio de Investigación de Sistemas Ecológicos y Ambientales), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - J R Idiart
- Laboratorio de Patología Especial "Dr. B. Epstein", Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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33
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Jahns H, Jones P. Primary mammary carcinoma in a Sika deer (Cervus Nippon) with a coexisting intestinal adenocarcinoma. Vet Q 2015; 35:107-10. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2014.1003993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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34
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Mainenti M, Rasotto R, Carnier P, Zappulli V. Oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression in subtypes of canine mammary tumours in intact and ovariectomised dogs. Vet J 2014; 202:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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35
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Rasotto R, Goldschmidt MH, Castagnaro M, Carnier P, Caliari D, Zappulli V. The dog as a natural animal model for study of the mammary myoepithelial basal cell lineage and its role in mammary carcinogenesis. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:166-80. [PMID: 24975897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like tumours constitute 2-18% of all human breast cancers (HBCs). These tumours have a basal myoepithelial phenotype and it has been hypothesized that they originate from either myoepithelial cells or mammary progenitor cells. They are heterogeneous in morphology, clinical presentation, outcome and response to therapy. Canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) have epidemiological and biological similarities to HBCs, are frequently biphasic and are composed of two distinct neoplastic populations (epithelial and myoepithelial). The present study evaluates the potential of CMCs as a natural model for basal-like HBCs. Single and double immunohistochemistry was performed on serial sections of 10 normal canine mammary glands and 65 CMCs to evaluate expression of cytokeratin (CK) 8/18, CK5, CK14, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), calponin (CALP), p63 and vimentin (VIM). The tumours were also evaluated for Ki67 and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 expression. A hierarchical model of cell differentiation was established, similar to that for the human breast. We hypothesized that progenitor cells (CK5(+), CK14(+), p63(+) and VIM(+)) differentiate into terminally-differentiated luminal glandular (CK8/18(+)) and myoepithelial (CALP(+), SMA(+) and VIM(+)) cells via intermediary luminal glandular cells (CK5(+), CK14(+) and CK8/CK18(+)) and intermediary myoepithelial cells (CK5(+), CK14(+), p63(+), SMA(+), CALP(+) and VIM(+)). Neoplastic myoepithelial cells in canine complex carcinomas had labelling similar to that of terminally-differentiated myoepithelial cells, while those of carcinomas-and-malignant myoepitheliomas with a more aggressive biological behaviour (i.e. higher frequency of vascular/lymph node invasion and visceral metastases and higher risk of tumour-related death) were comparable with intermediary myoepithelial cells and had significantly higher Ki67 expression. The majority of CMCs examined were negative for expression of HER-2. The biphasic appearance of CMCs with involvement of the myoepithelial component in different stages of cell differentiation may help to define the role of myoepithelial cells in the mammary carcinogenetic process and the heterogeneous nature of basal-like HBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rasotto
- Pathology Department, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK.
| | - M H Goldschmidt
- Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - P Carnier
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - D Caliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - V Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Zappulli V, Rasotto R, Caliari D, Mainenti M, Peña L, Goldschmidt MH, Kiupel M. Prognostic evaluation of feline mammary carcinomas: a review of the literature. Vet Pathol 2014; 52:46-60. [PMID: 24741029 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814528221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A large number of studies have investigated feline mammary tumors in an attempt to identify prognostic markers and generate comparative analyses with human breast cancer. Nevertheless, a retrospective base of assessments and the lack of standardization in methodology and study design have caused weakness in study results, making comparison difficult. We examined feline mammary tumor publications and evaluated postulated prognostic parameters according to the recently published "Recommended Guidelines for the Conduct and Evaluation of Prognostic Studies in Veterinary Oncology." Using these criteria, we determined with statistically significant reliability that prognostic parameters for feline mammary tumors are tumor grading and lymph node/lymphovascular invasion. Furthermore, tumor subtype, size, and staging are worthy of further standardized investigation. We present statistical significance for each studied parameter as well as its relevance to disease progression and survival. Our evaluation suggests that marker expression (ie, Ki67, HER2, ER) may provide relevant information applicable for therapeutic predictions; however, consensus efforts and protocol standardization are needed. We identify and discuss major points of concern--such as sample preservation and selection, standardization of immunohistochemical protocols, and evaluation of results--to provide support for subsequent reliable analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | | | - D Caliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - M Mainenti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Italy
| | - L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery, and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M H Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - M Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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37
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Santos M, Correia-Gomes C, Santos A, de Matos A, Rocha E, Lopes C, Pereira PD. Nuclear pleomorphism: role in grading and prognosis of canine mammary carcinomas. Vet J 2014; 200:426-33. [PMID: 24745769 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours are highly heterogeneous in morphology and behaviour and successful clinical management requires robust prognostic factors. Histological grade, determined by the Nottingham nuclear pleomorphism scoring method, has been considered one of these factors. Despite the adoption of this method, it is unknown whether inter-observer agreement exists regarding the assessment of its parameters in canine mammary carcinomas (CMC). In this study, the agreement between two observers in scoring nuclear pleomorphism using the Nottingham method was evaluated in 89 cases of CMC. Histological evidence of vascular invasion and/or lymph node metastases (both early signs of tumour aggressiveness) was recorded. For 48 animals, two years of follow-up data were available. Nuclear pleomorphism was quantitatively assessed using a stereological method that allowed for an unbiased estimation of nuclear size and its variability by determining the volume-weighted mean nuclear volume (v¯v). Differences between the v¯v estimations and nuclear pleomorphism scores were evaluated. Additionally, the prognostic significance of clinicopathological features including nuclear score and v¯v was evaluated. A poor agreement between the two observers was obtained (κ value 0.46). Tumours scored as 1 and 2 presented similar v¯v values and only tumours that scored 3 presented significantly higher estimates. The v¯v value was not associated with vascular invasion and/or lymph node metastases, but was higher in tumours that progressed during follow-up. In multivariable analysis, only tumour size was an independent factor regarding evidence of aggressiveness and an optimal cut-off of 2.9 cm was defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Santos
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Correia-Gomes
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Future Farming Systems, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), UK
| | - Andreia Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine - Lusófona University of Humanities and Technologies (FMV-ULHT), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Augusto de Matos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, ICBAS - UPorto, Portugal; Animal Science and Study Central (CECA), Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (ICETA), UPorto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR/CIMAR LA, Laboratory of Cellular, Molecular and Analytical studies, Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, UPorto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lopes
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, ICBAS - UPorto, Portugal
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38
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Lymphangiogenesis in Canine Mammary Tumours: A Morphometric and Prognostic Study. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:184-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Peña L, Gama A, Goldschmidt MH, Abadie J, Benazzi C, Castagnaro M, Díez L, Gärtner F, Hellmén E, Kiupel M, Millán Y, Miller MA, Nguyen F, Poli A, Sarli G, Zappulli V, de las Mulas JM. Canine mammary tumors: a review and consensus of standard guidelines on epithelial and myoepithelial phenotype markers, HER2, and hormone receptor assessment using immunohistochemistry. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:127-45. [PMID: 24227007 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813509388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although there have been several studies on the use of immunohistochemical biomarkers of canine mammary tumors (CMTs), the results are difficult to compare. This article provides guidelines on the most useful immunohistochemical markers to standardize their use and understand how outcomes are measured, thus ensuring reproducibility of results. We have reviewed the biomarkers of canine mammary epithelial and myoepithelial cells and identified those biomarkers that are most useful and those biomarkers for invasion and lymph node micrometastatic disease. A 10% threshold for positive reaction for most of these markers is recommended. Guidelines on immunolabeling for HER2, estrogen receptors (ERs), and progesterone receptors (PRs) are provided along with the specific recommendations for interpretation of the results for each of these biomarkers in CMTs. Only 3+ HER2-positive tumors should be considered positive, as found in human breast cancer. The lack of any known response to adjuvant endocrine therapy of ER- and PR-positive CMTs prevents the use of the biological positive/negative threshold used in human breast cancer. Immunohistochemistry results of ER and PR in CMTs should be reported as the sum of the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of immunolabeling (Allred score). Incorporation of these recommendations in future studies, either prospective or retrospective, will provide a mechanism for the direct comparison of studies and will help to determine whether these biomarkers have prognostic significance. Finally, these biomarkers may ascertain the most appropriate treatment(s) for canine malignant mammary neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Carretera de la Coruña s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Angiogenesis in canine mammary tumours: a morphometric and prognostic study. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:175-83. [PMID: 24231306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis in canine mammary tumours (CMTs) has been described previously; however, only the intratumoural (IT) region has been studied and information on peritumoural (PT) angiogenesis is lacking. In this study, the blood vessel density (BVD), blood vessel perimeter (BVP) and blood vessel area (BVA) in IT and PT regions of 56 benign CMTs, 55 malignant CMTs and 13 samples of normal mammary gland tissue were analyzed. In addition, the blood endothelial cell proliferation (BECP) as an indicator of ongoing angiogenesis was investigated. The prognostic value of each parameter was also examined. Blood vessels and proliferating blood endothelial cells were present in IT and PT regions of both benign and malignant tumours. The vessels in the PT region had a significantly higher area and perimeter compared with those in the IT region. Malignant tumours showed significantly more vessels with a smaller total BVA and a higher BECP compared with benign tumours and control tissue. In the PT regions there was a significantly higher BVD, BVA and BVP compared with the vessels in control tissue. Only the IT and PT BVD and PT BECP in benign tumours allowed prediction of survival. The morphology of blood vessels in CMTs shows similarities with those in human breast cancer, which strengthens the case for the use of dogs with CMTs in comparative oncology trials.
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Im KS, Kim NH, Lim HY, Kim HW, Shin JI, Sur JH. Analysis of a New Histological and Molecular-Based Classification of Canine Mammary Neoplasia. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:549-59. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813498780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are morphologically and biologically heterogeneous, prompting several attempts to classify such tumors on the basis of their histopathological characteristics. Recently, molecular-based analysis methods borrowed from human breast cancer research have also been applied to the classification of CMTs. In this study, canine mammary neoplasms ( n = 648) occurring in Korea from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed according to the histological classification and grading system proposed by Goldschmidt et al. Furthermore, randomly selected mammary carcinomas ( n = 159) were classified according to the molecular subtype using immunohistochemical characteristics. Canine mammary neoplasia accounted for 52.6% (648/1250) of the tumors in female dogs, and 51.7% (340/648) of these were malignant. All of the carcinoma-anaplastic subtypes were grade III tumors (5/5, 100%), while most of the carcinoma-tubular subtypes (15/18, 83.3%) and carcinoma arising in a complex adenoma/mixed-tumor subtype (115/135, 85.2%) were grade I tumors. Tumor cell invasion into lymphatic vessels was most common in the comedocarcinoma, carcinoma-anaplastic, and inflammatory carcinoma subtypes. The most frequently occurring molecular subtype (70/159, 44%) was luminal A. However, the basal-like subtype was the most malignant and was frequently associated with grade III tumors and lymphatic invasion. The carcinoma-solid subtypes were also often of the basal-like subtype. Reclassification of CMTs using the newly proposed histopathological classification system and molecular subtyping could aid in determining the prognosis and the most suitable anticancer treatment for each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Im
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - N. H. Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H. Y. Lim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H. W. Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J. I. Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - J. H. Sur
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Small Animal Tumor Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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42
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Salgado BS, Monteiro LN, Colodel MM, Figueiroa FC, Soares LM, Nonogaki S, Rocha RM, Rocha NS. Clinical, cytologic, and histologic features of a mammary micropapillary carcinoma in a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2013; 42:382-5. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Breno S. Salgado
- Departamento de Patologia; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Botucatu; Brazil
| | - Lidianne N. Monteiro
- Departamento de Patologia; Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu; Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Botucatu; Brazil
| | - Márcia M. Colodel
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinária; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Botucatu; Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Figueiroa
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinária; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Botucatu; Brazil
| | - Luisa M. Soares
- Departamento de Clínica Veterinária; Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia; Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP; Botucatu; Brazil
| | - Suely Nonogaki
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica; Hospital A.C. Camargo; Fundação Antônio Prudente; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Rafael M. Rocha
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica; Hospital A.C. Camargo; Fundação Antônio Prudente; São Paulo; Brazil
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Zappulli V, Caliari D, Rasotto R, Ferro S, Castagnaro M, Goldschmidt M. Proposed Classification of the Feline “Complex” Mammary Tumors as Ductal and Intraductal Papillary Mammary Tumors. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:1070-7. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813488894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - D. Caliari
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - R. Rasotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - S. Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M. Castagnaro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M. Goldschmidt
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Goldschmidt M, Pena L, Rasotto R, Zappuli V. Letter to the Editor. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:349. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812474877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Peña L, Andrés PJD, Clemente M, Cuesta P, Pérez-Alenza MD. Prognostic Value of Histological Grading in Noninflammatory Canine Mammary Carcinomas in a Prospective Study With Two-Year Follow-Up. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:94-105. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985812447830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this prospective study, a canine-adapted histological grading method was compared with histopathological and clinical characteristics and was evaluated as a prognostic indicator in canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs). Recruited dogs with at least 1 malignant mammary tumor ( n = 65) were clinically evaluated, surgically treated, and followed up (minimum follow-up 28 months, maximum 38 months). Histopathological diagnoses were performed according to Goldschmidt et al (2011). Tumors were graded as grade I (29/65), grade II (19/65), and grade III (17/65). The tumor size, clinical stage, histological diagnosis, presence/absence of myoepithelial proliferation, and regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis were significantly associated with histological grade. The histological grade, age, clinical stage, tumor subtype group, and lymph node metastases at time of diagnosis were significantly associated with the development of recurrences and/or metastases, cancer-associated death, and survival times (disease-free survival and overall survival) in univariate analyses. A subdivision of clinical stage I (T1N0M0) into stages IA and IB was proposed in terms of prognosis. The clinical stage, histological grade, and spay status were selected as independent prognostic variables (multivariate analyses) with disease-free survival as the dependent variable. When overall survival was evaluated as a dependent variable, clinical stage and histological grade were selected as the independent covariates. This grading system is a useful prognostic tool, facilitates histological interpretation, and offers uniform criteria for veterinary pathologists. Comparative studies on CMCs performed in different countries should take into account possible changes in the prognoses due to different proportions of spayed females among the selected dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Service, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - P. J. De Andrés
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Service, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Clemente
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - P. Cuesta
- Computer Service Support for Teaching and Research, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M. D. Pérez-Alenza
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
- Oncology Service, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
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