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Lee SC, Babchishin KM, Mularczyk KP, Hanson RK. Dynamic Risk Scales Degrade Over Time: Evidence for Reassessments. Assessment 2024; 31:698-714. [PMID: 37264628 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231177227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Risk tools containing dynamic (potentially changeable) factors are routinely used to evaluate the recidivism risk of justice-involved individuals. Although frequent reassessments are recommended, there is little research on how the predictive accuracy of dynamic risk assessments changes over time. This study examined the extent to which predictive accuracy decreases over time for the ACUTE-2007 and the STABLE-2007 sexual recidivism risk tools. We used two independent samples of men on community supervision (NStudy 1 = 795; NStudy 2 = 4,221). For all outcomes (sexual, violent, and any recidivism [including technical violations]), reassessments improved predictive accuracy, with the largest effects found for the most recent assessment (i.e., those closest in time prior to the recidivism event). Based on these results, we recommend that ACUTE-2007 assessments occur at least every 30 days and that the STABLE-2007 assessments occur every 6 months or after significant life changes (e.g., successful completion of treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung C Lee
- Public Safety Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kimberly P Mularczyk
- Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- BC Corrections, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Harada T, Nomura K, Shimada H, Kawakami N. Development of a risk assessment tool for Japanese sex offenders: The Japanese Static-99. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2023; 43:496-504. [PMID: 36915995 PMCID: PMC10739125 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In Japan, sexual offending, especially paraphilic sexual offending, has become a major problem, and approximately 3000 people are arrested for frotteuristic and voyeuristic behavior each year. Considering the repetitive nature of such behaviors, determining the recidivism risk is imperative. Globally, Static-99 is one of the most widely used actuarial risk assessment tools to predict recidivism among sex offenders. However, sexual offending is largely influenced by social and cultural backgrounds, and whether risk factors identified in the West are applicable to other countries is unknown. Therefore, we developed a Japanese version of the Static-99 and examined its reliability and validity with 167 Japanese paraphilic sex offenders. The results showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.88) and predictive accuracy (area under the curve = 0.76). The results indicate that the Japanese Static-99 can be used with Japanese sex offenders. Moreover, risk factors identified in the Western context are applicable to Japanese sex offenders despite the different nature and manifestations of their offending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Harada
- Faculty of Human SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTokyoJapan
- University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Kazutaka Nomura
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato UniversityKanagawaJapan
| | | | - Norito Kawakami
- Department or Digital Mental HealthGraduate School of Medicine, The University of TokyoTokyoJapan
- Junpukai FoundationOkayamaJapan
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3
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Ivarsson D, Delfin C, Enebrink P, Wallinius M. Pinpointing change in virtual reality assisted treatment for violent offenders: a pilot study of Virtual Reality Aggression Prevention Training (VRAPT). Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1239066. [PMID: 38034926 PMCID: PMC10687219 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1239066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preventing relapse into violence and its destructive consequences among persistent re-offenders is a primary concern in forensic settings. The Risk-Need-Responsivity framework models the best current practice for offender treatment, focused on building skills and changing pro-criminal cognitions. However, treatment effects are often modest, and the forensic context can obstruct the delivery of interventions. Developing treatments for offenders should focus on the best method of delivery to make "what works work." Virtual reality (VR)-assisted treatments such as Virtual Reality Aggression Prevention Training (VRAPT) are a new and innovative approach to offender treatment. This pilot study followed 14 male violent offenders who participated in VRAPT in a Swedish prison context and measured changes from pre-treatment to post-treatment and 3-month follow-up in targeted aggression, emotion regulation, and anger. It also investigated potential impact factors (pro-criminal cognitions, externalizing behaviors, psychosocial background, and childhood adverse experiences). In Bayesian linear mixed effects models, participants showed a high probability of change from pre-treatment to post-treatment and to follow-up on all outcome measures. All outcome measures demonstrated a low probability of change from post-treatment to follow-up. Analysis of reliable change showed that participants' results ranged from recovery to deterioration. We discuss the implications of the study for VRAPT's impact on the target group, those who might benefit from the approach, and suggested foci for future studies in the field of VR-assisted offender treatment. The study was preregistered at the International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number registry (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN14916410).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ivarsson
- Evidence-based Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Swedish Prison and Probation Service, Norrköping, Sweden
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl Delfin
- Evidence-based Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pia Enebrink
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Märta Wallinius
- Evidence-based Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Research Department, Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic, Växjö, Sweden
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Alward LM, Viglione J. Individual Characteristics and Organizational Attributes: An Assessment of Probation Officer Burnout and Turnover Intent. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023:306624X231159882. [PMID: 36896872 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x231159882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, Western and non-Western countries have experience increased reliance on probation services. However, prior research indicates that high job demands and ambiguous role responsibilities invoke feelings of stress and suggest the importance of understanding the relationship between stress and burnout and turnover. While past efforts largely focused on correctional officers (COs), less is known about how probation officers (POs) experience burnout and how organizational attributes may influence this relationship. Using survey data of federal POs (N = 80) across eight offices in a southern state, the current study examines the influence of individual characteristics and organizational attributes in predicting burnout and turnover intent. To answer our research questions, we perform a series of linear regression models. Findings suggest the importance of affective commitment for reducing POs' feelings of burnout and turnover intent. Implications of these findings and directions of future research are discussed.
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Carr AE, Willis GM. Balancing Political and Criminogenic Needs: Evaluating the New Zealand Department of Corrections' Response to Men Assessed With a Below Average Risk for Sexual Recidivism. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2022; 34:456-482. [PMID: 34553666 DOI: 10.1177/10790632211042365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Current research provides little evidence for the effectiveness of treatment in reducing sexual offence recidivism amongst low-risk populations. However, in real-world correctional settings, program delivery rarely occurs in a vacuum, treatment may be politically mandated and unidimensional measures of program success may preclude recognition of broader benefits. The current study investigated the effectiveness of a low-intensity treatment program, both in terms of participants' recidivism outcomes and in terms of broader organizational/systems impacts. The results demonstrated low base rate recidivism across both program participants (n = 311) and a comparison group of men who were assessed as demonstrating similar static sexual offence recidivism risk (n = 391), and little evidence of reduced recidivism following treatment. However, program administration led to many potential participants being identified as demonstrating higher levels of dynamic risk and overridden to more intensive treatment options (n = 101). Given evidence that such options do effectively reduce recidivism in higher risk populations, these findings may suggest an overall positive net effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Carr
- School of Psychology, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gwenda M Willis
- School of Psychology, 1415University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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6
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Brady C, Burgess RA, Osrin D. Understanding diversion programmes as an intervention for women with mental health issues: A realist review. SSM - MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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7
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Prins SJ, Reich A. Criminogenic risk assessment: A meta-review and critical analysis. PUNISHMENT & SOCIETY 2021; 23:578-604. [PMID: 35992330 PMCID: PMC9385164 DOI: 10.1177/14624745211025751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A vast body of research underlies the ascendancy of criminogenic risk assessment, which was developed to predict recidivism. It is unclear, however, whether the empirical evidence supports its expansion across the criminal legal system. This meta-review thus attempts to answer the following questions: 1) How well does criminogenic risk assessment differentiate people who are at high risk of recidivism from those at low risk of recidivism? 2) How well do researchers' conclusions about (1) match the empirical evidence? 3) Does the empirical evidence support the theory, policy, and practice recommendations that researchers make based on their conclusions? A systematic literature search identified 39 meta-analyses and systematic reviews that met inclusion criteria. Findings from these meta-analyses and systematic reviews are summarized and synthesized, and their interpretations are critically assessed. We find that criminogenic risk assessment's predictive performance is based on inappropriate statistics, and that conclusions about the evidence are inconsistent and often overstated. Three thematic areas of inferential overreach are identified: contestable inferences from criminalization to criminality, from prediction to explanation, and from prediction to intervention. We conclude by exploring possible reasons for the mismatch between proponents' conclusions and the evidence, and discuss implications for policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Prins
- Columbia University, Departments of Epidemiology and Sociomedical Sciences
| | - Adam Reich
- Columbia University, Department of Sociology
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8
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Pappas LN, Dent AL. The 40-year debate: a meta-review on what works for juvenile offenders. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 19:1-30. [PMID: 34149334 PMCID: PMC8196268 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-021-09472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This meta-review integrates the findings of meta-analyses and systematic reviews to explore the effect of intervention programs on recidivism for juvenile offenders. METHODS The systematic literature search gathered 48 meta-analyses and systematic reviews from 53 research reports, contributing 56 independent effect sizes for analysis. These effect sizes were statistically integrated, and five moderators of theoretical and methodological importance were tested using meta-regression. RESULTS On average, intervention programs are associated with a significant reduction in recidivism (r Φ = -0.09, p < 0.001) for juvenile offenders who participate in a program compared to those who do not. However, reductions in recidivism significantly vary between the levels of criminal justice system, characteristics of juvenile offenders, types of program modalities, and methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that intervention programs can be an effective approach to reducing recidivism for juvenile offenders, especially when combined with a rehabilitative program modality. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11292-021-09472-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laceé N. Pappas
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 5300 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Amy L. Dent
- School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 5300 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA USA
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Viglione J, Labrecque RM. Core Correctional Practices in Community Supervision: An Evaluation of a Policy Mandate to Increase Probation Officer Use of Skills. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 65:858-881. [PMID: 33292016 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x20981045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Community supervision officer training programs aim to translate core correctional practices into routine practice. These training programs emphasize skill-building designed to shift supervision strategies from law enforcement/compliance-oriented to a focus on promoting and supporting behavior change. Despite evidence of their effectiveness, research finds trained officers use newly learned skills infrequently. The current study examined the impact of a policy, implemented post-training, designed to encourage trained officers to use skills emphasized by the Staff Training Aimed at Reducing Rearrest (STARR) training program more frequently. The current study examined the effectiveness of this policy on the frequency and type of skills used by officers in their interactions with individuals on their caseload. Analyses suggested the policy mandate was effective in increasing skill use, however officers still used trained skills in less than half of their interactions. Implications and considerations for increasing the use of skills are discussed.
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10
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Gomis-Pomares A, Villanueva L, García-Gomis A. Disentangling the Impact of Victim-Offender Mediation in Youth Recidivism. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2021a8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Nichols LM, Mannan IA, Matulis JM, Kjellstrand JM, Smith J. Exploring Problematic Substance Use during Reentry from Prison to the Community: A Thematic Analysis. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:2049-2058. [PMID: 34486475 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1967989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The reentry process from prison to the community is rife with obstacles. Substance use problems, in particular, can present significant barriers to successful reentry. However, little research has examined the various roles that substance use plays during reentry from the perspective of those reentering the community. The current study explores reentry experiences of people who have been recently released from prison with a specific focus on their experiences with substance use during the reentry process. Using thematic analysis, the present study explored substance use experiences from 26 semi-structured interviews. Seven main themes emerged: recovery and sobriety, substance use programs, relapse, substance use exposure, triggers and other challenges, impact of incarceration on substance use, and reflections about substance use. Within each of these broad themes, additional subthemes emerged. Findings suggest complex histories of substance use spanning ecological contexts, including family, neighborhood, and corrections facilities as well as provide support for the pervasive and persistent nature of substance use among previously incarcerated individuals. Implications for practice and policy are discussed as well as potential future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey M Nichols
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Irin A Mannan
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jordan M Matulis
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Jean M Kjellstrand
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Joanna Smith
- Department of Learning, Development and Professional Practice, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Miller J, Maloney C. Facilitators of Practitioner Adherence to a Risk/Need Assessment Tool: Hypothesis Testing on a Survey of Juvenile Probation Officers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2020; 64:1757-1778. [PMID: 32627627 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x20936188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We used a statewide survey to test hypotheses about the predictors of juvenile probation officers' adherence to the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) risk/need assessment (RNA) tool, focusing on (1) the consistency and quality with which officers completed the tool, and (2) the extent to which they used it in decisions. While some hypotheses had been tested in prior quantitative studies, others were based on insights from case studies. Results showed that leadership and climate variables were consistently important in predicting adherence, though these tended to operate indirectly through their effects on other facilitators. Probation officer attitudes, either toward the YLS/CMI or to evidence-based practices, were also important across adherence measures. Although inconsistent in their effects across dependent variables, quality assurance of officer decision-making, external office relationships, and county YLS/CMI policies also predicted adherence.
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13
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Van der Linde R, Bogaerts S, Garofalo C, Blaauw E, De Caluwé E, Billen E, Spreen M. Trajectories of Dynamic Risk Factors During Forensic Treatment: Growth Trajectory of Clinical Risk Factors in a Sample of Dutch Forensic Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2020; 64:1491-1513. [PMID: 32114842 PMCID: PMC7495711 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x20909219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, growth trajectories (from admission until unconditional release) of crime-related dynamic risk factors were investigated in a sample of Dutch forensic patients (N = 317), using latent growth curve modeling. After testing the unconditional model, three predictors were added: first-time offender versus recidivist, age, and treatment duration. Postanalyses were chi-square difference tests, t tests, and analyses of variance (ANOVAs) to assess differences in trajectories. Overall, on scale level, a decrease of risk factors over time was found. The predictors showed no significant slope differences although age and treatment duration differed significantly at some time points. The oldest age group performed worse, especially at later time points. Treatment duration effects were found at the second time point. Our results that forensic patients show a decrease in crime-related risk factors may indicate that treatment is effective. This study also found differences in growth rates, indicating the effect of individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Tilburg University, the Netherlands
- Fivoor Science and Treatment Innovation, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Blaauw
- Verslavingszorg Noord Nederland, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marinus Spreen
- Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
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Van der Sluys ME, Zijlmans J, Popma A, Van der Laan PH, Scherder EJA, Marhe R. Neurocognitive predictors of treatment completion and daytime activities at follow-up in multiproblem young adults. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:1103-1121. [PMID: 32820418 PMCID: PMC7497488 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown an association between cognitive control deficits and problematic behavior such as antisocial behavior and substance use, but little is known about the predictive value of cognitive control for treatment outcome. The current study tests whether selected markers of baseline cognitive control predict (1) treatment completion of a day treatment program involving a combination of approaches for multiproblem young adults and (2) daytime activities a year after the start of treatment, over and above psychological, social, and criminal characteristics. We assessed individual, neurobiological, and neurobehavioral measures, including functional brain activity during an inhibition task and two electroencephalographic measures of error processing in 127 male multiproblem young adults (age 18-27 years). We performed two hierarchical regression models to test the predictive power of cognitive control for treatment completion and daytime activities at follow-up. The overall models did not significantly predict treatment completion or daytime activities at follow-up. However, activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during response inhibition, years of regular alcohol use, internalizing problems, and ethnicity were all significant individual predictors of daytime activity at follow-up. In conclusion, cognitive control could not predict treatment completion or daytime activities a year after the start of treatment over and above individual characteristics. However, results indicate a direct association between brain activity during response inhibition and participation in daytime activities, such as work or school, after treatment. As adequate baseline inhibitory control is associated with a positive outcome at follow-up, this suggests interventions targeting cognitive control might result in better outcomes at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Van der Sluys
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J Zijlmans
- VU University Medical Center Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Popma
- VU University Medical Center Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Leiden University, Steenschuur 25, 2311 ES, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P H Van der Laan
- Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, De Boelelaan 1077, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E J A Scherder
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Marhe
- Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- VU University Medical Center Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Eligibility criteria for participation in mental health jail diversion programs often specify that, to be diverted, a candidate must not pose a level of threat to public safety that cannot be managed in the community. Risk assessment tools were developed to increase consistency and accuracy in estimates of threat to public safety. Consequently, risk assessment tools are being used in many jurisdictions to inform decisions regarding an individual's appropriateness and eligibility for mental health jail diversion and the strategies that may be successful in mitigating risk in this context. However, their use is not without controversy. Questions have been raised regarding the validity and equity of their estimates, as well as the impact of their use on criminal justice outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the science and practice of risk assessment to inform decisions and case planning in the context of mental health jail diversion programs. Our specific aims include: (1) to describe the process and components of risk assessment, including differentiating between different approaches to risk assessment, and (2) to consider the use of risk assessment tools in mental health jail diversion programs. We anchor this review in relevant theory and extant research, noting current controversies or debates and areas for future research. Overall, there is strong theoretical justification and empirical evidence from other criminal justice contexts; however, the body of research on the use of risk assessment tools in mental health jail diversion programs, although promising, is relatively nascent.
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16
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Grahn R, Padyab M, Lundgren L. Associations between a risky psychosocial childhood and recurrent addiction compulsory care as adult. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2020; 37:54-68. [PMID: 32934593 PMCID: PMC7434189 DOI: 10.1177/1455072519882785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treatment for substance use disorder (SUD), results, in general, in
improvements in terms of both drug use and social functioning. However,
there are clients who are in need of repeated treatment. The aim of this
retrospective study was to identify, for adults in compulsory care for
severe SUD, the association between reporting having experienced a risky
psychosocial childhood and repeated entries into the Swedish compulsory care
system for SUD. Method: Hierarchical logistic regression and mediation analysis methods were used to
analyse data from the Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (SiS)
database. The sample included 2719 adults assessed at their compulsory care
intake. The study examined the association between history of institutional
care, family with SUD or psychiatric problem and repeated compulsory care
entries as an adult controlling for main drug, age and gender. Results: In the regression model the factor with the strongest association with
repeated compulsory care intakes for SUD, was as a child having been in
mandated institutional care (OR = 2.0 (1.60–2.51)). The
proportion of the total effect that is mediated through LVU (law (1990:52)
the care of young persons (special provisions) act) was 33% for SUD problems
in family during childhood, 44% for psychiatric problems in family during
childhood, and 38% for having been in foster care. Conclusion: Having been in mandated institutional care as a youth was strongly associated
with repeated compulsory care for SUD as an adult. This is concerning since
receipt of services as a child is supposed to mediate against the
consequences of risky childhood conditions. These adults, as a group, are in
need of a well-coordinated and integrated system of extensive aftercare
services to reduce the likelihood of re-entry into compulsory care for an
SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lena Lundgren
- University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, USA
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17
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Abstract
The relationship between criminogenic risk and mental illness in justice involved persons with mental illness is complex and poorly understood by clinicians, researchers, administrators, and policy makers alike. Historically, when providing services to justice involved persons with mental illness, clinicians have emphasized mental health recovery (eg, psychiatric rehabilitation) at the exclusion of treatments targeted at criminogenic risk. More recently, however, researchers have demonstrated with great clarity that criminogenic risk not only contributes but is likely the leading factor in the criminal behavior committed by persons with mental illness. Yet, we still do not know the nature of this criminogenic-mental illness relationship, how this relationship impacts treatment needs, and of ultimate concern, what this relationship means in terms of individual and societal outcomes. In this paper we briefly define criminogenic risk and the research that demonstrates the role of criminogenic risk in criminal justice involvement of persons with mental illness. We also review prevalence rates of persons with mental illness justice involvement, and then discuss important factors to be considered when assessing risk to include both criminogenic and mental illness risk. We conclude this paper by reviewing treatment and management strategies for persons with mental illness that are criminal justice involved particularly reviewing and building off the recommendations put forth by Bartholomew & Morgan.
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18
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May T, Pratt TC. Treating Offenders with Substance Abuse Problems: Implicit Beliefs about Addiction and Failed Drug Tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23774657.2020.1728203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa May
- Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections Department, Houston, USA
| | - Travis C. Pratt
- Harris County Community Supervision and Corrections Department, University of Cincinnati Corrections Institute, Cincinnati, USA
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19
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Legalbewährung nach einer Entlassung aus dem Maßregelvollzug (§ 63 StGB) in der Metropolregion Hamburg. FORENSISCHE PSYCHIATRIE PSYCHOLOGIE KRIMINOLOGIE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-019-00566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Morales H, da Agra C, Matsuno M. Antisocial Behavior in Juvenile Offenders: A Development Bioecological Approach. J Prev Interv Community 2019; 49:354-365. [PMID: 31608814 DOI: 10.1080/10852352.2019.1664712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review analyzes the bioecological model of human development as a comprehensive framework of adolescent antisocial behavior. Variables such as family and peers with antisocial backgrounds, antisocial peer attitudes, alcohol consumption, offensive behavior, education level, perception of safety in the community, and attention deficit hyperactive disorder, are discussed. This review supports the bioecological model as a plausible framework for understanding antisocial behavior during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Morales
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, San Miguel, Peru
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21
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Prins SJ. Criminogenic or criminalized? Testing an assumption for expanding criminogenic risk assessment. LAW AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2019; 43:477-490. [PMID: 31436461 PMCID: PMC6746587 DOI: 10.1037/lhb0000347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proponents of criminogenic risk assessment have called for its widespread expansion throughout the criminal justice system. Its success in predicting recidivism is taken as evidence that criminogenic risks tap into the causes of criminal behavior, and that targeting these factors can reduce correctional supervision rates and even prevent crime. This study challenges these assertions, by testing the implicit assumption that populations in which recidivism risk factors were identified are interchangeable with populations experiencing the onset/duration of exposure to the criminal justice system. HYPOTHESES Exposure to the criminal justice system increases some of the risk factors used to predict recidivism; therefore, risk factors for recidivism and onset/duration of exposure to the criminal justice system are not interchangeable. METHOD Secondary analysis of data from 503 boys followed prior to first arrest through early adulthood. Inverse-probability-of-exposure-weighted marginal structural models and fixed effects models were employed to test whether arrests and convictions increase antisocial attitudes, behaviors, and peers. RESULTS Being arrested or convicted resulted in subsequently higher levels of antisocial attitudes, behaviors, and peers. Risks for recidivism, which include the effect of exposure to the criminal justice system, are not identical to the risks of exposure to the criminal justice system. CONCLUSIONS Results caution against the uncritical expansion of criminogenic risk assessment from community corrections to policing, pretrial, and sentencing. Researchers and policymakers should engage with the social conditions that put people at risk of criminogenic risks and more cautiously communicate the scope of reform that criminogenic risk assessment can deliver. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Cheng J, O'Connell ME, Wormith JS. Bridging Neuropsychology and Forensic Psychology: Executive Function Overlaps With the Central Eight Risk and Need Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2019; 63:558-573. [PMID: 30270707 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18803818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent research expanded theoretical frameworks of criminality to include biosocial perspectives. This article advances the biosocial integration into traditional criminological theories by focusing on the potential contribution of executive function (EF) to Andrews and Bonta's risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model. EF encompasses a collection of abilities critical to adaptive human functioning, many of which seem to underlie criminogenic risk and need factors. Although the assessment of EF can be elusive, research suggests that offenders with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) experience EF deficits. Theoretical analysis on neuropsychological and forensic concepts suggests that unitary and discrete EF domains underlie the "Central Eight" criminogenic factors that are related to criminal behavior and, by extension, the RNR model of forensic assessment and treatment. Research and conceptual limitations of the current neuropsychological and forensic literature are discussed along with the limits of our theoretical analysis. A call for more theoretical and applied forensic neuropsychological research is presented.
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Hitti SA, Sullivan TN, McDonald SE, Farrell AD. Longitudinal relations between beliefs supporting aggression and externalizing outcomes: Indirect effects of anger dysregulation and callous-unemotional traits. Aggress Behav 2019; 45:93-102. [PMID: 30362121 DOI: 10.1002/ab.21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aggression is prevalent in early- to mid-adolescence and is associated with physical health and psychosocial adjustment difficulties. This underscores the need to identify risk processes that lead to externalizing outcomes. This study examined the extent to which the effects of three dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression on physical aggression and externalizing behavior are mediated by anger dysregulation and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Three waves of data were collected from a primarily African American (77%) sample of 265 middle school students between the ages of 11 and 15 (52% were female). We found evidence supporting mediation such that the effects of beliefs supporting instrumental aggression and beliefs that fighting is sometimes necessary at Wave 1 on student-reported physical aggression at Wave 3 were mediated by CU traits at Wave 2, and relations between beliefs supporting reactive aggression at Wave 1 and teacher-report of student frequencies of physical aggression and externalizing behavior at Wave 3 were mediated by anger dysregulation at Wave 2. Our findings demonstrated the importance of distinguishing between dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression, as differential paths emerged between specific beliefs, CU traits and anger dysregulation, and externalizing outcomes. These findings have important clinical implications, as they suggest that specific dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression could be targeted based on whether an individual is at risk for behavior patterns characterizing CU traits or anger dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Hitti
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Terri N. Sullivan
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Shelby E. McDonald
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
| | - Albert D. Farrell
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginia
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Sachs NM, Miller J. Beyond Responsivity: Client Service Engagement in a Reentry Demonstration Program. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:4295-4313. [PMID: 29552911 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18763762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The specific responsivity principle advises us to provide offenders with treatment that takes into account their responsiveness to treatment, tied for example to their learning style, motivation, and gender. We examine challenges to service engagement and attendance in a community-based program in a reentry setting, and consider how far they correspond with these factors. Drawing on qualitative accounts of parolee engagement in services provided by parolees, service providers, case managers, and parole officers, we identify a number of difficulties faced by clients. These include logistical factors that affect clients' physical ability to enroll in or attend programming (such as documentation, employment needs, and transportation problems) as well as elements of program and service delivery (such as client-provider matching, therapeutic style, and curriculum factors). We conclude that we should look beyond responsivity and consider logistical factors alongside the better-recognized psychological and dispositional factors, to understand client engagement in the context of reentry.
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Schaefer L, Williamson H. Probation and Parole Officers' Compliance With Case Management Tools: Professional Discretion and Override. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:4565-4584. [PMID: 29962252 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x18764851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Actuarial assessment has become an integral component of offender management, helping to structure the decision-making of correctional staff about offenders' case plans. Despite research validating instruments and documenting best practices in offender assessment, fewer studies explore how practitioners use these diagnostic and case management tools. Using survey data from a sample of probation and parole staff, the current study examines the influence of professional characteristics, job burnout and stress, and supervision strategy preferences on noncompliance with assessment data entry and deviations from the tools' risk and needs recommendations. Results indicate various forms of noncompliance with case management tools are fairly common. Staff with greater tenure and heightened depersonalization and emotional exhaustion exhibit greater odds of assessment noncompliance. Case managers who adopt surveillance and rehabilitation supervisory tactics are less likely to deviate from the tools' processes and results, while staff who prefer opportunity-reduction strategies have increased odds of assessment noncompliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Schaefer
- 1 Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Morash M, Kashy DA, Smith SW, Cobbina JE. Is the Nature of Communication Relevant to the Supportiveness of Women's Relationships With Probation and Parole Agents? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:1629-1647. [PMID: 29237309 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x16689832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on a study of the connection of probation and parole agents' communication with relationship supportiveness as perceived by both women offenders and agents. For a sample of offenders and their agents, multilevel modeling was used to control for nonindependence of data for women assigned to the same agent. Consistent with communication theory, a conversational approach was positively related to measures of a supportive relationship, and an authoritarian/ conformity pattern of communication was negatively related to a supportive relationship. For low-risk offenders, attention to client-identified problems was positively related to more supportive relationships. For women with high risk for reoffending, the agents viewed themselves as less supportive if they addressed a high proportion of offender-identified needs. Findings suggest the efficacy of training to promote agents' conversational communication and attention to offender-identified problems. Findings also suggest the need to more fully explore agents' experience in working with very high-risk offenders.
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van der Veeken FCA, Lucieer J, Bogaerts S. Forensic psychiatric treatment evaluation: The clinical evaluation of treatment progress with repeated forensic routine outcome monitoring measures. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2018; 57:9-16. [PMID: 29548509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The likelihood of recidivism is considered to be the most important outcome measure in forensic psychiatry. Therefore, forensic psychiatric treatment focuses on the reduction of the risk of recidivism by treating dynamic risk and protective factors, aiming to reduce risk factors while enhancing protective factors during treatment. The goal of this study is to assess treatment progress with the Instrument for Forensic Treatment Evaluation (IFTE) in a Dutch forensic psychiatric centre (n=240). Latent Class Analysis was conducted to reconfirm previously found patient profiles. Patient profiles were based on risk factors, psychopathology, and offence type. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to assess treatment progress for the whole patient group, for high and low risk patients, and for patients who had been in treatment for a period longer and shorter than one year. Latent Class Analysis has not reconfirmed the previously found profiles, therefore a repeated measures ANOVA was not conducted on profile level. On group-level, no significant progress was found. Though, patients with low protective behaviour, low resocialization scores, and high problem behaviour scores displayed significant treatment progress. Patients with low problematic behaviour showed a significant increase of problematic behaviour and patients with high protective behaviour a decrease of protective behaviour. Results indicated an interaction effect between time of admission and the factor resocialization skills, however this effect was not found for the other two factors. Results imply that higher risk patients can show more treatment progress than lower risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida C A van der Veeken
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; Fivoor, FPC de Kijvelanden, Kijvelandsekade 1, 0105031212, 3172 AB Poortugaal, The Netherlands; FPC 2landen, Gansstraat 164, 3582 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacques Lucieer
- Fivoor, FPC de Kijvelanden, Kijvelandsekade 1, 0105031212, 3172 AB Poortugaal, The Netherlands; FPC 2landen, Gansstraat 164, 3582 EP Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Bogaerts
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Warandelaan 2, 5037AB Tilburg, The Netherlands; Fivoor, FPC de Kijvelanden, Kijvelandsekade 1, 0105031212, 3172 AB Poortugaal, The Netherlands
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Blonigen DM, Rodriguez AL, Manfredi L, Britt J, Nevedal A, Finlay AK, Rosenthal J, Smelson D, Timko C. The Availability and Utility of Services to Address Risk Factors for Recidivism among Justice-Involved Veterans. CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY REVIEW 2017; 28:790-813. [PMID: 26924887 PMCID: PMC4765911 DOI: 10.1177/0887403416628601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The availability and utility of services to address recidivism risk factors among justice-involved veterans is unknown. We explored these issues through qualitative interviews with 63 Specialists from the Department of Veterans Affairs' (VA) Veterans Justice Programs. To guide the interviews, we utilized the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation. Specialists reported that justice-involved veterans generally have access to services to address most RNR-based risk factors (substance abuse; lack of positive school/work involvement; family/marital dysfunction; lack of prosocial activities/interests), but have less access to services targeting risk factors of antisocial tendencies and associates and empirically-based treatments for recidivism in VA. Peer-based services, motivational interviewing/cognitive-behavioral therapy, and Veterans Treatment Courts were perceived as useful to address multiple risk factors. These findings highlight potential gaps in provision of evidence-based care to address recidivism among justice-involved veterans, as well as promising policy-based solutions that may have widespread impact on reducing recidivism in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Blonigen
- HSR&D Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
- Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA
| | | | - Luisa Manfredi
- HSR&D Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | | | - Andrea Nevedal
- HSR&D Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | - Andrea K. Finlay
- HSR&D Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Veterans Justice Programs, Veterans Health Administration
| | - David Smelson
- HSR&D Center for Health Care Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford VA Medical Center
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Christine Timko
- HSR&D Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
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Leidenfrost CM, Schoelerman RM, Maher M, Antonius D. The development and efficacy of a group intervention program for individuals with serious mental illness in jail. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2017; 54:98-106. [PMID: 28655427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Providing cost-effective means to treat the influx of individuals with serious mental illness entering the correctional system is a major challenge. Failure to provide appropriate mental health treatment may lead to poor outcomes, including recidivism and suicide. Group intervention is an effective and cost efficient way to provide mental health treatment. However, it has been understudied in jail settings. To meet the needs of jail-inmates with serious mental illness, an eight-week group-based module curriculum was developed and studied through analyses of perceived usefulness, retention of key material, and associations with cognitive ability, improvement in psychiatric symptoms, and level of motivation. One week after the completion of a group session, the participants remembered the group topic and at least one key point from the group the majority of the time. Better recall of group material was associated with better overall cognitive ability and motivation at discharge. Participants found the groups to be somewhat to extremely useful 88.4% of the time. Higher levels of usefulness were associated with reduced psychopathology and psychiatric improvement, as well as higher motivation at discharge. The findings provide support for the group intervention and implementation in a jail setting. Further implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey M Leidenfrost
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Erie County Forensic Mental Health Services, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | | | - Michael Maher
- Erie County Forensic Mental Health Services, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Antonius
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Erie County Forensic Mental Health Services, Buffalo, NY, USA; New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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A Jury of Their Peers: A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Teen Court on Criminal Recidivism. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1472-1487. [PMID: 28365901 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0667-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile delinquency has been on the decline for a number of years, yet, juvenile courts continue to assess more than 1 million cases per year. Involvement with the juvenile justice system has been linked to a number of risk factors and consequences that may impact positive youth development; however, evidence-based correctional programs that divert juvenile offenders away from formal processing are limited. Teen Court is a specialized diversion intervention that offers an alternative to traditional court processing for juvenile offenders. Despite the rapid expansion of Teen Courts, there is little comprehensive and systematic evidence available to justify this expansion. This meta-analytic study examines the effects of Teen Court on the recidivism of juvenile offenders. The literature search resulted in the selection of 14 studies, which contributed 18 unique effect sizes with a total sample of 2125 treatment group and 979 comparison group youth. The findings suggest that Teen Court is no more effective at reducing recidivism than (a) formal processing or (b) other diversion programs. Implications of formal and informal court processing for low-risk, first-time young offenders are discussed. The authors draw on the Risk-Need-Responsivity model to provide recommendations for policies and practices.
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31
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Duwe G, Clark V. The Rehabilitative Ideal versus the Criminogenic Reality: The Consequences of Warehousing Prisoners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23774657.2016.1240596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Blonigen DM, Bui L, Elbogen EB, Blodgett JC, Maisel NC, Midboe AM, Asch SM, McGuire JF, Timko C. Risk of Recidivism Among Justice-Involved Veterans. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0887403414562602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Empirical research on recidivism risk among justice-involved veterans (JIVs) is limited. Using the risk-need-responsivity model, we conducted a systematic review of research on risk factors for recidivism among JIVs to identify the gaps in this literature and provide recommendations for future research. Substance abuse and indicators of antisociality were consistently linked to justice involvement in veterans; however, the evidence for negative family/marital circumstances and lack of positive school/work involvement was mixed. Several known risk factors for reoffending among civilian offenders (i.e., antisocial cognitions and associates; lack of prosocial activities) were marked by little to no empirical studies among veterans. Posttraumatic stress and traumatic brain injury, particularly when combined with anger and irritability issues, may be veteran-specific risk factors for violent offending. The implications of these findings for policy and practice and challenges to implementing risk assessments with JIVs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leena Bui
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Eric B. Elbogen
- Durham VA Medical Center, NC, USA
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven M. Asch
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | | | - Christine Timko
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Lai V, Zeng G, Chu CM. Violent and Nonviolent Youth Offenders: Preliminary Evidence on Group Subtypes. YOUTH VIOLENCE AND JUVENILE JUSTICE 2016; 14:313-329. [PMID: 27274714 PMCID: PMC4874061 DOI: 10.1177/1541204015615193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Youth violence is a costly social problem. This study compared the risk and needs of nonviolent youth offenders, with those who had committed violent offenses only (violent only) and those who had committed violent and nonviolent offenses (violent plus) to determine whether violent youth were a different "type" from nonviolent youth. The case files of 3,744 youth offenders (3,327 males and 417 females, between 12 and 18 years old) were retrospectively coded, before official recidivism records were obtained. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), χ2, and Cox regressions were conducted. Violent-plus youth were younger; higher in their total risk and all criminogenic needs; more likely to have several noncriminogenic needs; and at higher risk of any reoffending, violent reoffending, and nonviolent reoffending than nonviolent youth. Violent-only youth had the same total risk and risk of general and violent recidivism as nonviolent offenders but presented different criminogenic and noncriminogenic needs and risk of nonviolent recidivism. Compared to violent-only youth, violent-plus youth were younger, had higher total risk and criminogenic needs on five domains, were more likely to have several noncriminogenic needs, and were at higher risk of all types of reoffending (except sexual reoffending), suggesting subtypes of violent youth offenders. The implication is that nonviolent and violent youth offenders require different dosage and types of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet Lai
- Research for Evidence-based Practice, Social Service Institute, Singapore
| | - Gerald Zeng
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore
- Gerald Zeng, Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, 512 Thomson Road, #12-00, MSF Building, Singapore 298136.
| | - Chi Meng Chu
- Centre for Research on Rehabilitation and Protection, Ministry of Social and Family Development, Singapore
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DeSorcy DR, Olver ME, Wormith JS. Working Alliance and Its Relationship With Treatment Outcome in a Sample of Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Sexual Offenders. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 28:291-313. [PMID: 25381308 DOI: 10.1177/1079063214556360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The relationship that develops between a client and therapist is arguably one of the most important factors toward achieving positive outcomes from therapy. The present study examined the therapeutic alliance, as measured by Horvath and Greenberg's Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), as a function of Aboriginal ancestry and the relationship of alliance to important program outcomes, in a Canadian correctional sample of 423 treated sexual offenders. The men rated their primary therapists on the WAI 3 months into treatment. Higher self-report ratings on the WAI and its Task, Bond, and Goal subscales were associated with lower rates of treatment non-completion and longer stay in treatment. Aboriginal men scored significantly lower on the WAI's Bond subscale (i.e., the emotional connection between client and therapist) than non-Aboriginal men, although by and large, the offender sample as a whole otherwise registered fairly high mean scores on the tool. Aboriginal men scoring below the median on WAI total score had the highest rates of treatment non-completion. WAI total score and scores on the three subscales were unrelated to post-program recidivism in the community. Cultural implications for correctional client engagement and service delivery within the context of the risk-needs-responsivity model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark E Olver
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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35
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Reich WA, Picard-Fritsche S, Rempel M, Farley EJ. Treatment Modality, Failure, and Re-Arrest. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042616638490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Demographic, criminal history, instant case, treatment modality, program failure, and re-arrest data were collected from 400 New York City drug court participants. Actuarial risk scores were created for program failure and re-arrest by performing stepwise logistic regressions based on criminal history, present case, and demographic predictors of these outcomes. Placement in a residential (vs. outpatient) setting increased the likelihood of program failure and re-arrest after controlling for actuarial risk scores. Residential placement was particularly counter-productive with low-risk program participants, whose re-arrest rate was more than double that of low-risk participants placed in an outpatient setting. Conversely, placement of low-risk participants in the least restrictive treatment modality—a non-intensive outpatient setting—lowered the likelihood of re-arrest relative to placement either in a residential setting or an intensive outpatient program. Results are discussed in terms of the Risk-need-responsivity model of offender intervention, which recommends avoiding overly restrictive treatment of low-risk offenders.
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Gowensmith WN, Peters AJ, Lex IA, Heng AKS, Robinson KP, Huston BA. New Frontiers for Conditional Release: Applying Lessons Learned from Other Offenders with Mental Illness. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2016; 34:407-422. [PMID: 26989858 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is relatively little research in the literature on insanity acquittees as compared with the large number of studies focused on the supervision and treatment of probationers and parolees with mental illness. Ideally, the latter literature could be successfully applied to insanity acquittees discharged from an inpatient hospital on "conditional release." This article describes the challenges faced by persons on conditional release as well as the gaps in extant conditional release literature. Then, five evidence-based models for the supervision and/or treatment of probationers and parolees with mental illness are applied to a theoretical conditionally released population (mental health courts, forensic assertive community treatment teams, the risk-need-responsivity model, informed supervision practices, and HOPE probation). Benefits and limitations are noted, and recommendations for such crossover are given. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Blair L, Coen Sullivan C, Lux J, Thielo AJ, Gormsen L. Measuring Drug Court Adherence to the What Works Literature: The Creation of the Evidence-Based Correctional Program Checklist-Drug Court. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2016; 60:165-188. [PMID: 25192736 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14549950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quality correctional programming is important, particularly for drug courts. In this article, we chronicle the development of a tool designed to evaluate juvenile and adult drug courts, the Evidence-Based Correctional Program Checklist-Drug Court (CPC-DC). The history of the CPC-DC is traced by exploring research that indicates why program evaluation is important. This article also discusses the development of two predecessor assessment tools designed to measure how closely correctional programs adhere to evidence-based practice, the Correctional Program Assessment Inventory (CPAI) and the Evidence-Based Correctional Program Checklist (CPC). Results are briefly presented on the outcomes of the CPC-DC assessments completed to date by the University of Cincinnati (UC). Finally, recommendations are offered for operating an evidence-based drug court.
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Radatz DL, Wright EM. Integrating the Principles of Effective Intervention into Batterer Intervention Programming: The Case for Moving Toward More Evidence-Based Programming. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2016; 17:72-87. [PMID: 25573844 DOI: 10.1177/1524838014566695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The majority of batterer intervention program (BIP) evaluations have indicated they are marginally effective in reducing domestic violence recidivism. Meanwhile, correctional programs used to treat a variety of offenders (e.g., substance users, violent offenders, and so forth) that adhere to the "principles of effective intervention" (PEI) have reported significant reductions in recidivism. This article introduces the PEI-the principles on which evidence-based practices in correctional rehabilitation are based-and identifies the degree to which they are currently integrated into BIPs. The case is made that batterer programs could be more effective if they incorporate the PEI. Recommendations for further integration of the principles into BIPs are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Radatz
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Emily M Wright
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Nebraska, Omaha, NE, USA
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Elkington KS, Belmonte K, Latack JA, Mellins CA, Wasserman GA, Donenberg GR, Hirsch JS. An Exploration of Family and Juvenile Justice Systems to Reduce Youth HIV/STI Risk. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2015; 25:700-716. [PMID: 26539022 PMCID: PMC4628815 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Using in-depth interviews with 20 probation youth (60% female; 35% white; 30% Hispanic; mean age 15years, range=13-17), their caregivers (100% female; mean age 44years, range=34-71) and 12 female probation officers (100% white; mean age 46years, range=34-57), we explored how family and probation systems exacerbate or mitigate sexual risk. We conducted thematic analyses of interviews, comparing narratives of families of sexually risky (n=9) versus non-sexually risky (n=11) youth. Family functioning differed by youth sexual risk behavior around quality of relationships, communication, and limit-setting and monitoring. The involvement of families of sexually risky youth in probation positively influenced family functioning. Data suggest these families are amenable to intervention and may benefit from family-based HIV/STI interventions delivered in tandem with probation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Elkington
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, #15, New York, NY 10032. Tel: 212-568-4208. Fax: 212-568-6003
| | - K. Belmonte
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY
| | - J. A. Latack
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY
| | - C. A. Mellins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and NYSPI, New York, NY
| | - G. A. Wasserman
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and NYSPI, NY
| | - G. R. Donenberg
- College of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - J. S. Hirsch
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Walker K, Bowen E, Brown S, Sleath E. Desistance From Intimate Partner Violence: A Conceptual Model and Framework for Practitioners for Managing the Process of Change. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2015; 30:2726-2750. [PMID: 25315483 PMCID: PMC4535319 DOI: 10.1177/0886260514553634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an international issue that social and criminal justice workers will encounter regularly. It has been identified that men can, and do stop using, or desist from, IPV although it is unclear how this process of change develops. This article introduces a conceptual model to outline how the process of desistance evolves and what it encompasses. Using thematic analysis of interview data from partner-violent men, survivors, and treatment facilitators, the resulting model demonstrates that the process of change is a dynamic one where men's use of, and cessation from, violence needs to be understood within the context of each individual's life. Three global themes were developed: (a) lifestyle behaviors (violent): what is happening in the men's lives when they use violence; (b) catalysts for change: the triggers and transitions required to initiate the process of change; and (c) lifestyle behaviors (non-violent): what is different in the men's lives when they have desisted from IPV. The purpose of this model is to offer a framework for service providers to assist them to manage the process of change in partner-violent men.
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Gammelgård M, Koivisto AM, Eronen M, Kaltiala-Heino R. Predictive validity of the structured assessment of violence risk in youth: A 4-year follow-up. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2015; 25:192-206. [PMID: 25042997 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structured violence risk assessment is an essential part of treatment planning for violent young people. The Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) has been shown to have good reliability and validity in a range of settings but has hardly been studied in adolescent mental health services. AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the long-term predictive validity of the SAVRY in adolescent psychiatry settings. METHODS In a prospective study, 200 SAVRY assessments of adolescents were acquired from psychiatric, forensic and correctional settings. Re-offending records from the Finnish National Crime Register were collected. Receiver operating curve statistics were applied. RESULTS High SAVRY total and individual subscale scores and low values on the protective factor subscale were significantly associated with subsequent adverse outcomes, but the predictive value of the total score was weak. At the risk item level, those indicating antisocial lifestyle, absence of social support and pro-social involvement were strong indicators of subsequent criminal convictions, with or without violence. The SAVRY summary risk rating was the best indicator of likelihood of being convicted of a violent crime. After allowing for sex, age, psychiatric diagnosis and treatment setting, for example, conviction for a violent crime was over nine times more likely among those young people given high SAVRY summary risk ratings. CONCLUSIONS The SAVRY is a valid and useful method for assessing both short-term and long-term risks of violent and non-violent crime by young people in psychiatric as well as criminal justice settings, adding to a traditional risk-centred assessment approach by also indicating where future preventive treatment efforts should be targeted. The next steps should be to evaluate its role in everyday clinical practice when using the knowledge generated to inform and monitor management and treatment strategies.
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Prognostische Validität des Level of Service Inventory-Revised. FORENSISCHE PSYCHIATRIE PSYCHOLOGIE KRIMINOLOGIE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11757-014-0256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Calcaterra SL, Beaty B, Mueller SR, Min SJ, Binswanger IA. The association between social stressors and drug use/hazardous drinking among former prison inmates. J Subst Abuse Treat 2014; 47:41-9. [PMID: 24642070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Social stressors are associated with relapse to substance use among people receiving addiction treatment and people with substance use risk behaviors. The relationship between social stressors and drug use/hazardous drinking in former prisoners has not been studied. We interviewed former prisoners at baseline, 1 to 3 weeks post prison release, and follow up, between 2 and 9 months following the baseline interview. Social stressors were characterized by unemployment, homelessness, unstable housing, problems with family, friends, and/or significant others, being single, or major symptoms of depression. Associations between baseline social stressors and follow-up drug use and hazardous drinking were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Problems with family, friends, and/or significant others were associated with reported drug use (AOR 3.01, 95% CI 1.18-7.67) and hazardous drinking (AOR 2.69, 95% CI 1.05-6.87) post release. Further research may determine whether interventions and policies targeting social stressors can reduce relapse among former inmates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Calcaterra
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO.
| | - Brenda Beaty
- Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Children's Outcomes Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shane R Mueller
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Sung-Joon Min
- Division of Health Care Policy and Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ingrid A Binswanger
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO; Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO; Children's Outcomes Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; Division of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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Usher AM, Stewart LA. Effectiveness of correctional programs with ethnically diverse offenders: a meta-analytic study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2014; 58:209-230. [PMID: 23264351 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x12469507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have examined the effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) on criminal recidivism, and several meta-analyses have confirmed the overall effectiveness of this approach. Few studies, however, have examined the efficacy of these programs specifically with adult offenders from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The present research uses meta-analytic techniques to examine the outcomes for Canadian federal offenders participating in correctional programs according to self-identified ethnic group (Caucasian, Aboriginal, Black, and Other). Correctional programs within the Correctional Service of Canada adhere to the Risk, Need, Responsivity principles outlined in the effective correctional literature. Within-group analyses compared offenders from the same ethnic background who participated in correctional programs with a nontreatment comparison group. Odds ratios ranged from 1.36 to 1.76, indicating significant reductions in recidivism for offenders participating in correctional programs, regardless of ethnic status. Furthermore, the difference in effect size magnitude between ethnic groups was nonsignificant suggesting offenders from a wide variety of ethnic backgrounds can benefit from correctional programs rigorously developed and implemented using a CBT framework.
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Lila M, Oliver A, Lorenzo MV, Catalá A. Valoración del riesgo de reincidencia en violencia contra la mujer en las relaciones de pareja: importancia del apoyo social. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1174/021347413806196681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Yang Y, Knight K, Joe GW, Rowan-Szal GA, Lehman WEK, Flynn PM. The Influence of Client Risks and Treatment Engagement on Recidivism. JOURNAL OF OFFENDER REHABILITATION 2013; 52:544-564. [PMID: 29353986 PMCID: PMC5773110 DOI: 10.1080/10509674.2013.840353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The current study modeled 12 month post-release re-arrest (recidivism) in terms of pretreatment risk factors (i.e., criminal history, criminal thinking,) and during-treatment engagement in a sample of 653 subjects admitted to four prison-based substance treatment programs. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test during-treatment engagement as a mediator variable in explaining the relationship between the pretreatment risk factors and recidivism. Results indicated that (1) a long history of criminal conduct correlated with criminal thinking, which in turn had a significantly negative relationship with engagement in treatment; (2) the level of criminal involvement had a significant relationship with re-arrest, whereas the level of criminal thinking did not influence being re-arrested directly; (3) the relationship between criminal history and re-arrest was partially mediated by criminal thinking and treatment engagement, whereas the relationship between criminal thinking and re-arrest was fully mediated by treatment engagement. The findings suggest that it is important to design interventions targeting criminal thinking and monitor treatment engagement as an indicator of treatment performance. Clinical implications also include the importance of facilitating treatment engagement and the utility of conducting prognostic assessment to inform treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin Knight
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - George W Joe
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Grace A Rowan-Szal
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Wayne E K Lehman
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick M Flynn
- Institute of Behavioral Research, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Prendergast ML, Pearson FS, Podus D, Hamilton ZK, Greenwell L. The Andrews' Principles of Risk, Need, and Responsivity as Applied in Drug Abuse Treatment Programs: Meta-Analysis of Crime and Drug Use Outcomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY 2013; 9:275-300. [PMID: 24058325 PMCID: PMC3775377 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-013-9178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present meta-analysis was to answer the question: Can the Andrews principles of risk, needs, and responsivity, originally developed for programs that treat offenders, be extended to programs that treat drug abusers? METHODS Drawing from a dataset that included 243 independent comparisons, we conducted random-effects meta-regression and ANOVA-analog meta-analyses to test the Andrews principles by averaging crime and drug use outcomes over a diverse set of programs for drug abuse problems. RESULTS For crime outcomes, in the meta-regressions the point estimates for each of the principles were substantial, consistent with previous studies of the Andrews principles. There was also a substantial point estimate for programs exhibiting a greater number of the principles. However, almost all of the 95% confidence intervals included the zero point. For drug use outcomes, in the meta-regressions the point estimates for each of the principles was approximately zero; however, the point estimate for programs exhibiting a greater number of the principles was somewhat positive. All of the estimates for the drug use principles had confidence intervals that included the zero point. CONCLUSIONS This study supports previous findings from primary research studies targeting the Andrews principles that those principles are effective in reducing crime outcomes, here in meta-analytic research focused on drug treatment programs. By contrast, programs that follow the principles appear to have very little effect on drug use outcomes. Primary research studies that experimentally test the Andrews principles in drug treatment programs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Prendergast
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Deborah Podus
- UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Lisa Greenwell
- Office of Planning and Data Analytics, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA (participated in research while at the UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs)
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Harkins L, Beech AR, Thornton D. The influence of risk and psychopathy on the therapeutic climate in sex offender treatment. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 25:103-122. [PMID: 22565197 DOI: 10.1177/1079063212443384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study examines the relationship between therapeutic climate of sexual offender treatment groups, risk level, psychopathy and phase (i.e., early/later) of treatment. The participants were 137 sexual offenders detained indefinitely under Wisconsin's Sexually Violent Person's Law who attended a treatment group based on their level of psychopathy: higher levels of psychopathy (i.e., PCL-R scores of 25 or above) or lower levels of psychopathy (i.e., PCL-R scores of less than 25). Using MANOVA with aspects of the therapeutic climate as the dependent variables, the therapeutic climate did not differ as a function of the risk level of the participants. However, the overall therapeutic climate of the two treatment tracks (Lower vs. Higher PCL-R) differed significantly. The mean therapeutic climate scores for both treatment tracks were in the medium to high range (with exception of group cohesion, which was low in the Higher PCL-R track), indicating a fairly positive therapeutic climate in both treatment tracks overall. The therapeutic climate also differed as a function of phase of treatment for each of the treatment tracks, with some aspects being rated more positively early in treatment and others in more positively in later phases. In particular, group cohesion was viewed more positively for the Higher PCL-R group in later phases of treatment.
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Abstract
Vocational interventions for criminal justice populations have existed for years in various forms, but have traditionally not used an interdisciplinary approach and have shown significant limitations in effectiveness. This article informs scholars and practitioners of interdisciplinary research on vocational interventions and how knowledge from criminal justice literature and career theory can be combined so that relevant and effective theory-based vocational interventions for offenders and ex-offenders can be developed. Such an integrative approach would address the limitations of existing approaches and would foster the development of vocational interventions that go beyond what is offered currently. A model summarizing this integrative approach is provided. This article concludes by presenting understudied areas in offender career development, such as offenders’ willingness to work, illegal employment as a form of work, and the implications of a criminal record on career development. Continued research in these areas can promote effective rehabilitative efforts that meet the vocational needs of this marginalized population.
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Breiner MJ, Tuomisto L, Bouyea E, Gussak DE, Aufderheide D. Creating an art therapy anger management protocol for male inmates through a collaborative relationship. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2012; 56:1124-1143. [PMID: 21862527 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x11417362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A training partnership was established with the Florida Department of Corrections in 2003, and over the ensuing years, art therapy graduate student interns from Florida State University's Graduate Art Therapy Program have been placed in local prisons at different times. Recently, the art therapy interns worked closely with the supervising psychologist in one prison to alleviate and redirect aggression by integrating cognitive-behavioral techniques with art therapy directives. The art therapy interns and the psychologist developed a curriculum using a combination of workbook exercises and art tasks to develop and increase the participants' anger management skills, the Art Therapy Anger Management Protocol. This article provides an overview of art therapy in prison, the cognitive-behavioral approach to anger management with prison inmates, and how art therapy was used to support this approach. Examples of completed art tasks designed to correspond with the workbook curriculum are presented. Overall, this article presents the successful collaboration between the psychologist and art therapists and demonstrates how they facilitated improvement in the participants' anger management skills through this program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J Breiner
- Wakulla Correctional Institution, Crawfordville, FL, USA
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