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Ye B, Liu G, He Z, Xu J, Pan H, Zhu H. Biomechanical mechanisms of anterior cruciate ligament injury in the jerk dip phase of clean and jerk: A case study of an injury event captured on-site. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31390. [PMID: 38832262 PMCID: PMC11145241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Weightlifting exposes athletes to significant loads, potentially placing the knee joint in an abnormal mechanical environment and leading to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Once an ACL injury occurs, it can affect athletes' competitive ability to varying degrees and even prematurely end their career. Understanding the biomechanical mechanisms of ACL injuries in weightlifters helps in comprehensively understanding the stress patterns and degrees on ACL during human movement, and identifying potential injury-causing factors, thereby enabling the implementation of appropriate preventive measures to reduce the occurrence of injuries. This study aimed to explore the biomechanical mechanisms of ACL injuries during the jerk dip phase of clean and jerk in weightlifters, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention of ACL injuries in weightlifting sports. Methods This study utilized the German SIMI Motion 10.2 movement analysis system and the AnyBody simulation system to analyze the kinematic and dynamic parameters of a 109 kg + class weightlifter (height: 191 cm, age: 22 years, weight: 148 kg, athletic level: elite) performing a 205 kg clean and jerk (non-injured) and a 210 kg clean and jerk (ACL injury occurred). The differences in kinematic and dynamic indicators of lower limb joints under injured and non-injured jerk dip conditions were investigated. Results Knee joint torque during non-injured clean and jerk was consistently positive (i.e., external rotation) but turned from positive to negative (i.e., from external rotation to internal rotation) during injured clean and jerk and reached a maximum internal rotation torque of 21.34 Nm at the moment of injury. At every moment, the muscle activation and simulated muscle force of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius during the injured clean and jerk were higher than those during the non-injured clean and jerk. By contrast, the muscle activation and simulated muscle force of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, and soleus during non-injured clean and jerk were higher than those during injured clean and jerk. The knee joint internal rotation angle during injured clean and jerk first increased and then declined, reaching a peak at 46.93° at the moment of injury, whereas it gradually increased during non-injured clean and jerk. The proximal tibia on the left side during the injured clean and jerk moved forward faster by 0.76 m/s compared with that during the non-injured clean and jerk. Conclusions The small muscle activation and simulated muscle force of the hamstring and soleus could not resist timely and effectively the large muscle activation and simulated muscle force of the quadriceps (especially the medial quad) and gastrocnemius. As such, the force applied to the ACL could exceed its ultimate load-bearing capacity. Kinematic indicators in the athlete's injured lift demonstrated certain disparities from those in their non-injured lift. Knee internal rotation and tibial anterior translation during the jerk dip phase of weightlifting might be the kinematic characteristics of ACL injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyong Ye
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Gongju Liu
- Scientific Research Center & Laboratory of Aquatic Sports Science of General Administration of Sports China, Zhejiang College of Sports, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Zhanyang He
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Huiju Pan
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, China
| | - Houwei Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, China
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Ramachandran AK, Pedley JS, Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. Changes in Lower Limb Biomechanics Across Various Stages of Maturation and Implications for ACL Injury Risk in Female Athletes: a Systematic Review. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02022-3. [PMID: 38671176 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female athletes are four to six times more likely to sustain an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury than male athletes. Jump-landing biomechanics are influenced by maturation, with post-pubertal female athletes at a heightened risk of ACL injuries. OBJECTIVE The aim of our systematic review was to identify and summarise the current evidence regarding the changes in kinematic and kinetic risk factors associated with ACL injuries during jump-landing tasks in female athletes at various stages of maturity. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE and Scopus. Articles were included if they: (1) conducted the research on uninjured female athletes with no restriction on playing level/experience; (2) provided information regarding the stage of the maturity and the scale used for estimating the maturity status of the participants; and (3) reported a biomechanical risk factor associated with ACL injuries during jump-landing tasks across at least two different maturity groups (e.g. pre-pubertal vs post-pubertal). RESULTS Sixteen articles involving 2323 female athletes were included in our review. A total of 12 kinematic and 8 kinetic variables were identified across these studies. Of the 12 kinematic variables reported in our review, we found strong evidence for higher peak knee abduction angle in post-pubertal female individuals compared with pre-pubertal girls (p < 0.05). With regard to the 8 kinetic variables, we found strong evidence for lower relative peak vertical ground reaction force, higher external knee abduction moment and internal rotation moment in post-pubertal compared with pre-pubertal athletes. The strength of evidence for the remaining kinematic and kinetic variables ranged from conflicting to moderate and, in some instances, could not be determined. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides an overview of the changes in biomechanical risk factors in female athletes during jump-landing tasks at various stages of maturity. We found moderate-to-limited evidence for most kinematic and kinetic variables, highlighting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Ramachandran
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK.
| | - Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Sylvia Moeskops
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Emory Sports Performance and Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA
- Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Rhodri S Lloyd
- Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cyncoed Campus, Cyncoed Road, Cardiff, CF23 6XD, UK
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
- Centre for Sport Science and Human Performance, Waikato Institute of Technology, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Jaeggi JS, Achermann B, Lorenzetti SR. Female Lower Body Muscle Forces: A Musculoskeletal Modeling Comparison of Back Squats, Split Squats and Good Mornings. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:68. [PMID: 38651426 PMCID: PMC11036218 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze lower leg muscle forces during strength exercises such as back squats, good mornings and split squats, with a particular emphasis on females. By focusing on females, who are more vulnerable to anterior cruciate ligament injuries, we aimed to better understand muscle engagement and its role in injury prevention. Eight participants were monitored during exercises with a barbell load of 25% of body weight and, during the back squat, an additional 50% load. The analysis was conducted using personalized musculoskeletal models, electromyography (EMG) and Vicon motion capture systems to assess various muscle groups, including the m. gluteus maximus and m. gluteus medius, as well as the hamstring and quadriceps muscles. The back squat produced the highest forces for the quadriceps muscles, particularly the rectus femoris (>25 N/kg), as well as in the back leg during the split squat (>15 N/kg). The gluteal muscles were most active during good mornings and in the front leg of the split squat, especially the m. gluteus maximus medial part (>20 N/kg). The hamstrings generated the highest muscle forces in the front leg of the split squat, with the greatest forces observed in the m. semimembranosus. Our research highlights how musculoskeletal modeling helps us to understand the relationship among muscles, joint angles and anterior cruciate ligament injury risks, especially in strength training females. The results emphasize the need for personalized exercise guidance and customized models to make strength training safer and more effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S. Jaeggi
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland (B.A.)
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Basil Achermann
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland (B.A.)
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio R. Lorenzetti
- Section Performance Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen (SFISM), 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland (B.A.)
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Mainer-Pardos E, Villavicencio Álvarez VE, Moreno-Apellaniz N, Gutiérrez-Logroño A, Calero-Morales S. Effects of a neuromuscular training program on the performance and inter-limb asymmetries in highly trained junior male tennis players. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27081. [PMID: 38439841 PMCID: PMC10909755 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of neuromuscular training on the performance of highly trainer junior tennis players. Methods Twelve male tennis players (age: 13.4 ± 0.36 years; weight: 50.2 ± 6.29 kg; height: 163 ± 4.41 cm) participated and were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group (EG) performed neuromuscular training that included exercises for speed, strength, throws, agility, jumps and coordination twice a week for a duration of 10 weeks. Performance was evaluated using various variables, including bilateral and unilateral countermovement jump, 30 cm drop jump and horizontal jump, 505 change of direction test conducted with both the right and left legs, 20-m sprint, and overhead 3 kg medicine ball throw. Asymmetries were also evaluated during the unilateral tests. The impact of the training was assessed through the utilization of ANCOVA tests and effect size measurements. Results The results indicated a significant enhancement in the EG, specifically in bilateral vertical jump and horizontal jump, as well as explosive strength and speed. Conversely, the control group (CG) did not display similar advancements. Furthermore, there was no increase in asymmetries. Conclusion This suggests that the implementation of a neuromuscular training program could prove to be an effective approach in enhancing explosive power in the lower limbs among young competitive tennis players. Finally, this training program could contribute to the enhancement of their physical attributes in lower body of young tennis players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Mainer-Pardos
- University of San Jorge, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Santiago Calero-Morales
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas-ESPE, Quito, 171103, Ecuador
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Donnelly CJ, Weir G, Jackson C, Alderson J, Rafeeuddin R, Sharir R, Vanrenterghem J, Robinson MA. The inter-laboratory equivalence for lower limb kinematics and kinetics during unplanned sidestepping. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:324-334. [PMID: 33886425 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1860254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Much inter-intra-tester kinematic and kinetic repeatability research exists, with a paucity investigating inter-laboratory equivalence. The objective of this research was to evaluate the inter-laboratory equivalence between time varying unplanned kinematics and moments of unplanned sidestepping (UnSS). Eight elite female athletes completed an established UnSS procedure motion capture laboratories in the UK and Australia. Three dimensional time varying unplanned sidestepping joint kinematics and moments were compared. Discrete variables were change of direction angles and velocity. Waveform data were compared using mean differences, 1D 95%CI and RMSE. Discrete variables were compared using 0D 95% CI. The mean differences and 95%CI for UnSS kinematics broadly supported equivalence between laboratories (RMSE≤5.1°). Excluding hip flexion/extension moments (RMSE = 1.04 Nm/kg), equivalence was also supported for time varying joint moments between laboratories (RMSE≤0.40 Nm/kg). Dependent variables typically used to characterise UnSS were also equivalent. When consistent experimental and modelling procedures are employed, consistent time varying UnSS lower limb joint kinematic and moment estimates between laboratories can be obtained. We therefore interpret these results as a support of equivalence, yet highlight the challenges of establishing between-laboratory experiments or data sharing, as well as establishing appropriate ranges of acceptable uncertainty. These findings are important for data sharing and multi-centre trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril J Donnelly
- The Rehabilitation Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- The School of Human Sciences (Sport and Exercise Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Gillian Weir
- The School of Human Sciences (Sport and Exercise Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Chris Jackson
- The School of Human Sciences (Sport and Exercise Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Alderson
- The School of Human Sciences (Sport and Exercise Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Radin Rafeeuddin
- Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Uitm), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Raihana Sharir
- Faculty of Sport Science and Recreation, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Uitm), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark A Robinson
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Sylvester R, Lehnert M, Hanzlíková I, Krejčí J. The effect of plyometric training and moderating variables on stretch-shortening cycle function and physical qualities in female post peak height velocity volleyball players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1346624. [PMID: 38390448 PMCID: PMC10882090 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1346624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Although several studies investigated the effect of plyometric training on physical performance, there is a lack of clarity regarding the effectiveness of plyometric training or its moderator variables in youth female volleyball players. The primary aim of this study was to explore the effect of horizontal plyometric training on explosive stretch-shortening cycle hops and jumps in the vertical and horizontal directions in female post peak height velocity (PHV) volleyball players. The secondary aim was to assess the influence of participant and training related moderators on horizontal plyometric training in post-PHV volleyball players. Methods: A total of 23 post-PHV volleyball players participated in this 8-week intervention with horizontal plyometric exercises, twice a week. Pre-testing and post-testing included bilateral and unilateral vertical sub-maximal hopping, horizontal jumping and hopping, and a drop jump test. The effectiveness of the intervention was assessed using a paired t-test. The influence of internal moderators such as age, maturity and body mass and external moderators such as training volume were assessed using regression and correlation analysis. Results: An 8-week plyometric training improved sub-maximal hopping at 2.5 Hz left by 4.4%, bilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.0 Hz by 9.5% and bilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.2 Hz by 6.8% in post-PHV female volleyball players. Horizontal jumping and hopping, reactive strength index and other sub-maximal hopping conditions did not improve significantly. Body mass had a large moderating effect on vertical unilateral sub-maximal hopping at 2.5 Hz right (p = 0.010, η 2 = 0.314), vertical unilateral hopping at 3.0 Hz right (p = 0.035, η 2 = 0.170), and vertical unilateral hopping at 3.0 Hz left (p = 0.043, η 2 = 0.203). Training volume together with generalized joint hypermobility moderated right leg triple broad hop performance, whereas maturity and age did not moderate any variables. Conclusion: This study determined that 8 weeks of horizontal plyometric training can improve unilateral absolute leg stiffness in post-PHV female volleyball players, and this training effect can be moderated by body mass. Furthermore, the training effect on triple hopping performance on the right leg can be moderated by combined training volume with generalized joint hypermobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sylvester
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michal Lehnert
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Ivana Hanzlíková
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jakub Krejčí
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinantropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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Sánchez-Morales S, Gutiérrez-Martín B, Ibáñez-Vera AJ, Rodríguez-Almagro D, Pecos-Martín D, Achalandabaso-Ochoa A. Effectiveness of a specific strength program of the gluteus maximus muscle to improve dynamic postural control in female basketball players. A randomized controlled trial. Gait Posture 2024; 108:90-96. [PMID: 38016398 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basketball is a team sport in which players perform multidirectional movements, jumps and landings, experiencing abrupt accelerations and decelerations and numerous changes of rhythm. In this sport, speed and intensity are two key factors that are associated with an increased risk of injury. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the effectiveness of a specific gluteus maximus strength programme as preventive work for young female basketball players, to improve dynamic postural stability and to observe its impact in the rate of lower limb injuries, vertical jump, dynamic knee valgus and pain. RESEARCH QUESTION Is effective a strength programme to improve dynamic postural stability, vertical jump and dynamic valgus in female basketball players? METHODS A hundred and thirteen female basketball players that play in professional clubs were recruited, reaching the final stage 92 (46 per group). One group (CG) received conventional injury prevention training while the experimental group (EG) added to the conventional team prevention program, a gluteus maximus strength programme of 5 months composed of 4 exercises/2 days per week/2 sets of 10 repetitions per leg. RESULTS The total injury incidence decreased from 0.33 to 0.16 cases (control group pre=0.43 to post=0.14 cases, EG pre=022 to post=0.19). The EG improved overall (p = 0.000), posterior (p = 0.001), posteromedial (p = 0.001) and posterolateral (p = 0.000) dynamic stability of the right leg; anterior (p = 0.024), medial (p = 0.07) and posteromedial (p = 0.01) of the left leg. Both groups improved vertical jump (GC: p = 0.045 and GE: p = 0.000). There was no significant improvement in pain or valgus. SIGNIFICANCE This strength programme is effective in improving dynamic stability especially of the dominant leg and jump height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sánchez-Morales
- Physiotherapy and Pain Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Gutiérrez-Martín
- Physiotherapy and Pain Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel Pecos-Martín
- Physiotherapy and Pain Group, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alcala, Madrid, Spain
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Yang QH, Zhang YH, Du SH, Wang YC, Xu HR, Chen JW, Mao Y, Wang XQ. Reliability and Validity of the Star Excursion Balance Test for Evaluating Dynamic Balance of Upper Extremities. Sports Health 2024:19417381231221716. [PMID: 38229219 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231221716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper extremity (UE) dynamic balance is a significant physical fitness ability, which includes high-level neuromuscular proprioception, joint mobility, force, and coordination. The evaluation methods of UE dynamic balance are insufficient and lack experimental support. The Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) is a reliable assessment of dynamic balance and injury risk of the lower extremity. HYPOTHESIS The UE-SEBT is a reliable and reproducible approach for evaluating dynamic balance of UEs. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS This cross-sectional study recruited 65 healthy adults. All participants were required to complete UE-SEBT, UE Y-balance test (UE-YBT), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of UE, closed kinetic chain UE stability test (CKCUEST), trunk flexor endurance test (TFET), trunk extensor endurance test (TEET), and lateral trunk endurance test (LTET). Intra- and inter-rater reliability and the correlation of UE-SEBT with other outcomes were measured. RESULTS Among the participants, the intra- and interoperator reliability of UE-SEBT in all directions and composite score achieved a moderate-to-excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC], 0.729-0.946) reliability. For validity, the UE-SEBT had a moderate to very strong correlation with UE-YBT (r = 0.315-0.755, P < 0.01) and a strong correlation with CKCUEST (r = 0.4-0.67, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the UE-SEBT performance showed weak-to-strong correlations with MVIC (r = 0.26-0.43, P < 0.05). UE-SEBT was also correlated with LTET, TEET, and TFET to varying degrees. CONCLUSION UE-SEBT has good reliability and validity to assess UE dynamic balance compared with other tests. CLINICAL RELEVANCE UE-SEBT can be used as a clinical assessment method to evaluate UE dynamic balance and injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Hao Yang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Hui Zhang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-Hao Du
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Chen Wang
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao-Ran Xu
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji-Wei Chen
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Mao
- Graduate School, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue-Qiang Wang
- Rehabilitation Medicine Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Zöger M, Nimmerichter A, Baca A, Wirth K. Reproducibility of peak moment for isometric and isokinetic knee extension exercise. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:171. [PMID: 38104113 PMCID: PMC10724990 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate measurements of muscular performance are important for diagnostics, for example during rehabilitation after traumatic injuries but also in competitive sports. For these purposes, dynamometric devices are widely used and considered the gold standard for muscle strength testing. However, few previous studies have tested the reproducibility of peak moment (PM) at velocities close to the maximum device capability, and in general, reproducibility results cannot be transferred to other devices or test protocols. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of PM for different isometric and isokinetic knee extension exercises using the IsoMed 2000. METHODS Thirty subjects volunteered in three repeated test sessions, including isometric knee extension (100° and 140° knee angle) and isokinetic knee extension (30°/s and 400°/s). Statistical analysis for comparison of sessions two and three included paired sample t-test, calculation of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Additionally, Bland Altman statistics and corresponding plots were created. RESULTS A significant difference between sessions in PM was found for isometric knee extension in one leg (140° left). Reproducibility was high for all conditions with ICC ranging from 0.964 to 0.988 and SEM in the range of 7.6 to 10.5 Nm. Bland Altman statistics revealed a bias between - 7.3 and 0.7 Nm. CONCLUSIONS Reproducibility of PM using the IsoMed 2000 was good after an initial familiarization trial with high values of relative reproducibility. Absolute reproducibility can be interpreted as appropriate for most common practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Zöger
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Johannes Gutenberg-Straße 3, 2700, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Wien, Austria.
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Wien, Austria.
| | - Alfred Nimmerichter
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Johannes Gutenberg-Straße 3, 2700, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Wien, Austria
| | - Arnold Baca
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Wien, Austria
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Training and Sports Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Johannes Gutenberg-Straße 3, 2700, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
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Klein CJ, Landry SC, Lattimer LJ. Sex-Based Differences in Lower Extremity Kinematics During Dynamic Jump Landing Tasks After Neuromuscular Fatigue of the Hip Extensors and Knee Flexors. Orthop J Sports Med 2023; 11:23259671231215848. [PMID: 38145221 PMCID: PMC10748927 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231215848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromuscular fatigue can increase the activation of antagonist muscles, thereby reducing the moment produced by the agonist. During the deceleration phase of landing, hip extensor and knee flexor muscles contract eccentrically to counteract the external hip flexion moment. Decreased hip flexion is associated with greater knee extensor moments and risk of injury. Purpose To investigate sex-based differences in kinematics and muscle activity after neuromuscular fatigue of the hip extensors and knee flexors during dynamic single-leg tasks. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods In this study, 9 female (age, 22.3 ± 3.4 years) and 7 male participants (age, 21.3 ± 2.6 years) completed the triple hop (THop) for distance and single-leg drop-jump (SJump) tasks before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of eccentric hip extension and knee flexion. Motion capture and electromyography were used to compare lower extremity kinematics and muscular activation between the sexes. Results During the THop, neuromuscular fatigue resulted in significantly decreased maximum hip flexion angles (P = .01), maximum knee flexion angles (P = .039), and an effect of sex on all hip flexion angles, where both sexes saw decreased hip flexion postfatigue (P = .033). A significant interaction of fatigue and sex on hip flexion angular velocity was observed during the SJump, indicating that men experienced an increase while women experienced a decrease in hip flexion angular velocities due to fatigue (P = .03). Gluteus maximus activation was increased, and erector spinae activation was decreased postfatigue in women during the THop (P = .053 and P = .023, respectively). Conclusion Results indicate that men and women compensated differently after fatigue of the hip extensors and knee flexors. Clinical Relevance Women more commonly assumed an erect landing posture associated with increased injury risk after fatigue of the hip extensors and knee flexors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy J.D. Klein
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Scott C. Landry
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Lauren J. Lattimer
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Stojanović E, Terrence Scanlan A, Radovanović D, Jakovljević V, Faude O. A multicomponent neuromuscular warm-up program reduces lower-extremity injuries in trained basketball players: a cluster randomized controlled trial. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:463-471. [PMID: 36208619 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2022.2133978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a novel multicomponent neuromuscular warm-up program on lower-extremity injury incidence in basketball players competing at the regional level. METHODS A cluster randomized controlled experimental design was adopted to compare injury incidence between players exposed to the injury prevention warm-up program and those exposed to a typical warm-up program across an entire basketball season. Four teams consisting of 57 players (male: n = 42; female: n = 15) were allocated to the intervention group (age: 21.6 ± 2.5 years; height: 186.2 ± 8.8 cm; body mass: 80.0 ± 10.4 kg) and four teams consisting of 55 players (male: n = 43; female: n = 12) were allocated to the control group (age: 21.6 ± 2.6 years; height: 186.9 ± 9.1 cm; body mass: 81.5 ± 10.9 kg). The novel warm-up combined running exercises with active stretching, plyometrics, balance, strength, and agility drills. Coaching and medical staff provided details on injury incidence each week. Data analyses included the use of poisson regression analyses and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS The intervention group experienced a significantly lower ankle sprain incidence rate (IRR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.98, p = 0.02) and a tendency toward a lower knee injury incidence rate (IRR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.03, 1.78, p = 0.07) compared to the control group. Considering only non-contact lower-extremity injuries of any type, the intervention group experienced a significantly lower incidence rate compared to the control group (IRR = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.98, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This multi-team study demonstrated a novel multicomponent warm-up program resulted in less lower-extremity injuries, particularly ankle sprains and knee injuries, compared to a typical warm-up program in regional-level male and female basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilija Stojanović
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aaron Terrence Scanlan
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | | | - Vladimir Jakovljević
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Physiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Human Pathology, Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oliver Faude
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Lee EL, Jang MH, Lee BJ, Han SH, Lee HM, Choi SU, Shin MJ. Home-Based Remote Rehabilitation Leads to Superior Outcomes for Older Women With Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2023; 24:1555-1561. [PMID: 37699531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of a home-based lower-extremity strengthening exercise program in community-dwelling older women with knee osteoarthritis. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Women aged ≥60 years with knee osteoarthritis and Kellgren-Lawrence grade 1 or 2 on anteroposterior/lateral radiographs of both knee joints. METHODS Patients (n = 36) were randomly divided into experimental (EG) and control (CG) groups. The EG performed home-based remote rehabilitation lower-extremity strengthening exercises for 8 weeks, whereas the CG received no intervention. Assessment was performed at baseline and week 8. The primary outcome was the five-times sit-to-stand test (FTSST) result. Secondary outcomes included timed up-and-go (TUG) test results, knee extensor and flexor strength, quadriceps (rectus femoris) muscle activity, skeletal muscle index, blood pressure (BP), visual analog scale (VAS) scores, C-reactive protein level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. RESULTS A statistically significant difference in the FTSST times was observed between the groups after 8 weeks of intervention (EG: 7.95 ± 1.08 seconds, CG: 10.01 ± 2.03 seconds, P < .001). In the EG, the TUG test score decreased by 0.75 ± 0.80 seconds (P = .002), right and left knee flexor strength increased by 4.69 ± 6.05 kg (P = .007) and 3.98 ± 6.98 kg (P = .038), respectively, and the right knee extensor root mean square (RMS) ratio increased by 1.24 ± 0.39 (P = .027). Additionally, systolic and diastolic BP decreased by 9.50 ± 10.75 mm Hg (P = .005) and 4.25 ± 4.91 mm Hg (P = .003), respectively. In the CG, the VAS scores decreased by 9.10 ± 13.68 mm (P = .022). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The home-based exercise program using a remote rehabilitation medical device was effective in improving lower extremity strength and function in community-dwelling older women with knee osteoarthritis. This finding suggests that the remote rehabilitation medical device may be used as an alternative to exercise interventions for patients with knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Lee Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hun Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Ju Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hun Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Myung Jun Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute of Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan, Republic of Korea.
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Forman DA, Alizadeh S, Button DC, Holmes MW. The Use of Elastic Resistance Bands to Reduce Dynamic Knee Valgus in Squat-Based Movements: A Narrative Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:1206-1217. [PMID: 37795322 PMCID: PMC10547095 DOI: 10.26603/001c.87764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An elastic band wrapped around the distal thighs has recently been proposed as a method for reducing dynamic knee valgus (medial movement of the knee joint in the frontal/coronal plane) while performing squats. The rationale behind this technique is that, by using an external force to pull the knees into further knee valgus, the band both exaggerates the pre-existing movement and provides additional local proprioceptive input, cueing individuals to adjust their knee alignment. If these mechanisms are true, then elastic bands might indeed reduce dynamic knee valgus, which could be promising for use in injury prevention as excessive knee valgus may be associated with a greater risk of sustaining an ACL rupture and/or other knee injuries. Due to this possibility, certain athletic populations have already adopted the use of elastic bands for training and/or rehab, despite a limited number of studies showing beneficial findings. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine current literature that has assessed lower limb muscle activity and/or lower limb kinematics performance on squat-based movements with or without an elastic band(s). Importantly, this paper will also discuss the key limitations that exist in this area, propose suggestions for future research directions, and provide recommendations for training implementations. Level of Evidence 5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation Memorial University of Newfoundland
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Sasaki E, Kamitani T, Kinouchi S, Kamiya N, Ikumi A, Tateishi T, Miyazaki S, Ishibashi Y, Nagahiro S. Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury patterns in Japanese judo players from a nationwide insurance database. Asia Pac J Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Technol 2023; 33:6-12. [PMID: 37663061 PMCID: PMC10470359 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmart.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to characterize the age- and sex-specific Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates and related injury patterns in judo players in Japan using the nationwide insurance database. Methods This was a descriptive epidemiological study. We examined a total of 2142 adolescents with anterior cruciate ligament injuries registered in the insurance system of the Japan Sports Council between January 2009 and December 2018. The age- and sex-specific incidences were estimated for the levels of 7th, 8th, and 9th grades of junior high school and 10th, 11th, and 12th grades of high school. The anterior cruciate ligament injury circumstances were classified into three patterns based on the impact to the involved knee: high-impact valgus force, low-impact trunk displacement, or no-impact knee twisting. Results The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury from the 7th to 12th grades were 0.5, 0.9, 0.9, 6.9, 8.6, and 6.1 per 1000 athlete-years in male players and 1.3, 3.8, 3.4, 16.8, 19.5, and 13.6 per 1000 athlete-years in female players. The most prevalent injury pattern was a low-impact contact injury (42.6%) with Osoto-gari, followed by a high-impact contact injury (29.8%). The concomitant medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury rate was 18.1%, which was correlated with a high-impact contact injury (p = 0.005) by multiple regression analysis. Conclusions The highest incidence of age- and sex-specific anterior cruciate ligament injury was 19.5 per 1000 athlete-years in female high school students in the 11th grade. The most frequent injury pattern was low-impact contact injury with trunk displacement, indicating that trunk stabilization training could help prevent anterior cruciate ligament injury in judo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Sasaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kamitani
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
- Tokai Gakuen University, The School of Sports and Health Science, Miyoshi, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kinouchi
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kurume University Medical Center, Kurume, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Budo and Sport Studies, Tenri University, Nara, Japan
| | - Akira Ikumi
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tateishi
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
- Athroscopy and Sports Center, Doai Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyazaki
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
- School of Physical Education, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishibashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinji Nagahiro
- All Japan Judo Federation Medical Committee, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yoshinogawa Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
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15
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Ahmadabadi S, Rjabi H, Gharakhanlou R, Talebian S, Basereh A. Effects of a 4-week plyometric training on activity patterns during different phases of one-leg drop jump with focus on jump height. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9192. [PMID: 37280245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletic women have shown a higher risk of ACL injury during jump landing compared to men. Plyometric training can be an alternative way to minimize the risk of knee injuries via the changed muscle activity patterns. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a 4-week plyometric training program on the muscle activity pattern in different phases of one-leg drop jump in active girls. Active girls were randomly allocated into 2 groups (Plyometric training = 10, Control group = 10) where the plyometric training group (PTG) performed 60 min exercises, 2 sessions/1 week for 4 weeks while the control group (CG) had their daily activity. In the pre to post test, the sEMG was recorded from the Rectus Femoris (RF), Biceps Femoris (BF), Medial Gastrocnemius (GaM), and Tibialis Anterior (TA) muscles of the dominant leg during the Preparatory phase (PP), Contact Phase (CP), Flight Phase (FP) of one-leg drop jump. Electromyography variables (Signal amplitude, Maximum activity, Time to peak (TTP), Onset and activity time and Order muscle activity) and Ergo jump variables (Time of preparatory phase (TPP), Time of contact phase (TCP), Time of flight (jump height) phase (TFP), and Explosive power were analyzed. The Univariate ANCOVA test showed a significant difference between the two groups in Activity Time, whilst adjusting for pre-test as a Covariate, only in TA muscle (F(1,17) = 5.09, p = 0.038, η2 = 0.230). In PTG. TA (- 15%), GaM (- 19%), and BF muscles (- 9%) started their activity earlier while there was no significant difference between the two groups at the Onset time. TTP of RF was significantly different between the 2 groups only in the PR phase (0.216 ± 0.07 vs 0.153 ± 0.09 s) (p = 0.049, 95% CI = 0.001, 0.127). Results of the present study suggest that a 4-week plyometric training can improve the stability of leg joints via earlier recruitment of muscles and change activity patterns in lower limb muscles. It also recommends that the preparatory phase before landing be considered an important stage in preventing sports injuries in a training program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ahmadabadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamid Rjabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Gharakhanlou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Talebian
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Basereh
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Seyedi M, Zarei M, Daneshjoo A, Rajabi R, Shirzad E, Mozafaripour E, Mohammadpour S. Effects of FIFA 11 + warm-up program on kinematics and proprioception in adolescent soccer players: a parallel‑group randomized control trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5527. [PMID: 37016130 PMCID: PMC10073194 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks 11 + warm-up injury prevention program on kinematics and proprioception in adolescent male and female soccer players. Forty adolescent soccer players (20 males, 20 females) aged between 14-16 years old were randomly assigned into four groups. The experimental group performed the 11 + program for 8 weeks and the control group did their warm-up program. The kinematic variable in a cutting maneuver was measured using VICON motion analysis and ankle and knees' proprioception by joint position sense (JPS) was measured using a digital inclinometer. For kinematic variables only significant differences in knee valgus among females 11 + compared with female and male control groups were found (P < 0.05). Moreover, there were significant improvements in joint position sense variables in 11 + groups compared to control groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 11 + program was proven to be a useful warm-up protocol in improving knee valgus and JPS among female and male adolescent soccer players. We suggest adding more training elements to the 11 + program that aimed to enhance the proper alignment of lower extremities which may consequently improve joint kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Seyedi
- Department of Sport Medicine, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- Sport Rehabilitation and Health Department, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhamid Daneshjoo
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Rajabi
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Shirzad
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mozafaripour
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadan Mohammadpour
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Chen L, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Yang Q, Gao C, Ji H, Sun J, Li D. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Limb Explosive Strength in Adolescent Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1849. [PMID: 36767213 PMCID: PMC9915200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training is an effective training method to improve explosive strength. However, the ability to perform plyometric training in the adolescent population is still controversial, with insufficient meta-analyses about plyometric training on lower limb explosive strength in adolescent athletes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of plyometric training on the explosive strength of lower limbs in adolescent athletes. METHODS We performed a search of six databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest databases, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wan-fang database) from the starting year of inclusion in each database to April 4, 2022. The quality of the included literature was assessed using the Cochrane risk assessment tool, and data were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.4 software. RESULT Plyometric training had significant effects on the performance of adolescent athletes in countermovement jump (MD = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.62, 3.85, p < 0.01), squat jump (MD = 4.37, 95% CI: 2.85, 5.90, p < 0.01), standing long jump (MD = 6.50, 95% CI: 4.62, 8.38, p < 0.01), 10-m sprint (MD = -0.04, 95% CI: -0.08, -0.00, p = 0.03), and 20-m sprint (MD = -0.12, 95% CI: -0.20, -0.04, p = 0.03); all had positive and statistically significant effects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Plyometric training can significantly enhance the explosive strength of lower limbs in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunxin Chen
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Zijing Huang
- Digitalized Performance Training Laboratory, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Qun Yang
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Chong Gao
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Hongshen Ji
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Duanying Li
- Sports Training Institute, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
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Cabrejas C, Solana-Tramunt M, Morales J, Nieto A, Bofill A, Carballeira E, Pierantozzi E. The Effects of an Eight-Week Integrated Functional Core and Plyometric Training Program on Young Rhythmic Gymnasts' Explosive Strength. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1041. [PMID: 36673798 PMCID: PMC9859241 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Explosive strength is essential for rhythmic gymnasts’ performance. It has been suggested that core stability (CS) and plyometric training can enhance athletes’ explosive strength. Nevertheless, there is some uncertainty about the effects of integrated core and plyometric training (CPT) programs on rhythmic gymnastics (RG) performances. Purpose: to evaluate the effects of an integrated functional CPT program on young rhythmic gymnasts’ explosive strength and jump/leap performance. Method: We recruited 44 young (age = 10.5 ± 1.8 years old; peak height velocity, PHV = 12.2 ± 0.6 years old) female rhythmic gymnasts and randomly allocated them into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). Pre and post-intervention, the explosive strength of both groups was assessed using countermovement jump (CMJ) and single-leg CMJ (SLCMJ) tests, conducted using a force platform, and expert RG judges evaluated their performance of RG-specific jumps. Before the post-test, the EG (n = 23) completed an 8 week functional CPT program based on RG technical requirements. Meanwhile, the participants in the CG (n = 21) received their regular training sessions. Linear mixed model analyses were applied to evaluate the effects of an intra-subject factor (TIME: pre-post) and an inter-subject factor (GROUP: control-experimental) on each dependent variable. When no significant interaction effect was found, Cohen’s d effect size was calculated. Results: After 8 weeks, the EG obtained significantly better results in all variables measured by the CMJ and SLCMJ (p < 0.01) tests. The judges’ scores indicated greater improvements in the EG after the CPT program in the stag and the split leap. Conclusions: An integrated functional CPT program improved explosive strength in a group of young rhythmic gymnasts and had a large impact on aspects of RG-specific performance. Coaches should consider using this CPT to improve RG performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cabrejas
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Solana-Tramunt
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
- Royal Spanish Swimming Federation, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Morales
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Nieto
- Department of Sports Sciences, Ramon Llull University, FPCEE Blanquerna, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Bofill
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Campus Bastiagueiro, University of A Coruña, 15179 Oleiros, Spain
| | - Emanuela Pierantozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 1700 Genoa, Italy
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Quadriceps Function and Athletic Performance in Highly Trained Female Athletes. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:63-69. [PMID: 35926849 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Quadriceps strength is considered a key contributor to performance in various athletic tasks. Yet, past research has reported conflicting results based on population, with little data available in highly trained female athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHOD To examine how athletic performance relates to quadriceps strength and neural function, we measured the quadriceps maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC) and rate of force development over 0 to 50 ms (rate of force development [RFD]0-50ms), and various performance measures in 34 highly trained female athletes. RESULTS Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the quadriceps variables explained 16 of 21 performance variables (R2 = .08-.36, P ≤ .10). Squat performance related to RFD0-50ms alone (R2 = .17-.20, P < .05; βRFD = 0.41 to 0.45, P < .05) but only MVIC explained the variance in sprinting and vertical jump performance (R2 = .08-.34, P ≤ .10; βMVIC = -0.51 to 0.58, P ≤ .10). The broad jump model included both parameters and their interaction (R2 = .20, P = .08; βRFD = 0.06, P = .76; βMVIC = -0.39, P = .03; βRFD×MVIC = -0.24, P = .10). CONCLUSION The contribution of the quadriceps MVIC or RFD0-50ms varies in size and nature depending on the task or leg dominance. While quadriceps are significant contributors to performance, because our models leave most of the variance in performance unexplained, rehabilitation and performance professionals should refrain from interpreting peak athletic performance as a reflection of knee-extensors function in highly trained female athletes.
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Deng N, Soh KG, Zaremohzzabieh Z, Abdullah B, Salleh KM, Huang D. Effects of Combined Upper and Lower Limb Plyometric Training Interventions on Physical Fitness in Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:482. [PMID: 36612806 PMCID: PMC9819760 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective: We aimed to meta-analyze the effects of combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) on physical fitness attributes in athletes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and SCOPUS, for up to 13 August 2022. Controlled studies with baseline and follow-up measures were included if they examined the effects of ULLPT on at least one measure of physical fitness indices in athletes. A random effects meta-analysis was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: Fifteen moderate-to-high-quality studies with 523 participants aged 12−22.4 years were included in the analyses. Small to large (ES = 0.42−1.66; p = 0.004 to <0.001) effects were noted for upper and lower body muscle power, linear sprint speed, upper and lower body muscle strength, agility, and flexibility, while no significant effects on static and dynamic balance were noted (ES = 0.44−0.10; all p > 0.05). Athletes’ sex, age, and training program variables had no modulator role on the effects of ULLPT in available data sets. Conclusions: ULLPT induces distinct neuro-muscular adaptations in the upper and lower body musculature and is an efficient method for enhancing athletes’ physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuannuan Deng
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh
- Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Borhannudin Abdullah
- Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Md Salleh
- School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Dandan Huang
- College of Physical Education, Chong Qing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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Abad CCC, Lopes MWR, Lara JPR, Oliveira AJS, da Silva RPC, Facin EA, Izar AJ, Teixeira FG. Long-Term Changes in Vertical Jump, H:Q Ratio and Interlimb Asymmetries in Young Female Volleyball Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16420. [PMID: 36554299 PMCID: PMC9778845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the changes that occurred in vertical jump and isokinetic dynamometer (ISK) performances at the beginning of a preparatory period (PRE) and at the start of the competitive period (POST). Sixteen U-17 elite female volleyball players, from a national level (15.34 ± 1.19 years; 66.35 ± 7.95 kg; 169.22 ± 24.79 cm), performed bilateral squat jump (SJ), bilateral and unilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) and unilateral ISK tests for knee flexors (Fl) and extensors (Ex) both at 60°/s and at 300°/s. Peak torque (PT) and the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio were assessed by concentric actions. Asymmetries were calculated by the percentage differences between dominant (DOM) and nondominant legs (NDOM). The paired Student's t-test was used for comparisons at a level of significance of 5%. The effect size was also calculated. A significant increase was found for both SJ (15%; p = 0.004; ES = 0.82) and CMJ (12%; p = 0.017; ES = 0.62). The PT of NDOM flexors at 60°/s was significantly lower than DOM both at PRE (4.6%; p = 0.048; ES = -0.22) and POST (6.3%; p = 0.037; ES = -0.33). The NDOM extensors at 60°/s had a significantly lower PT than DOM at POST (7.0%; p = 0.048; ES = -0.23). Both DOM and NDOM flexors at 60°/s had a PT enhancement at POST related to PRE (6.7%; p = 0.031; ES = 0.51 and 5.6%; p = 0.037; ES = 0.48, respectively). The PT of NDOM extensors at 300°/s increased at POST in comparison to PRE (7.9%; p = 0.038; ES = 0.27). The NDOM at 300°/s had a H:Q ratio higher than DOM both in PRE and POST (8.6%; p = 0.041; ES = 0.37 and 11.6%; p = 0.013; ES = 0.71, respectively), and the highest H:Q ratios were lower than the reference values (<80%). The asymmetry of the unilateral CMJ was higher at POST than at PRE (102%; p = 0.03; ES = 0.81). The PT for the flexors at 300°/s and the H:Q ratio at POST exceeded 10%. In conclusion, a training program of 15 weeks increased the neuromuscular performance of young volleyball athletes, but many H:Q ratios and asymmetries remained out of the normal recommendation. Volleyball professionals should carefully apply an adequate training program to enhance physical fitness performance without increasing the risk of lower limb injuries concurrently.
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Mason J, Kniewasser C, Hollander K, Zech A. Intrinsic Risk Factors for Ankle Sprain Differ Between Male and Female Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:139. [DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Ankle sprains remain prevalent across most team sports. However, despite divergent ankle sprain injury rates in male and female athletes, little is known about potential sex-specific risk factors for ankle sprain.
Objective
To systematically investigate the sex-specific risk factors for ankle sprain.
Methods
Combinations of the key terms were entered into PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, and prospective studies reporting ankle sprain risk factors in males or females were included for meta-analysis.
Results
Sixteen studies were eligible for inclusion, for a total of 3636 athletes (735 female) and 576 ankle sprains (117 female). Out of 21 prognostic factors, previous ankle sprain injury (odds ratio = 2.74, P < .001), higher body mass index (SMD = 0.50, P < 0.001), higher weight (SMD = 0.24, P = 0.02), lower isometric hip abduction strength (SMD = − 0.52, P < 0.0001) and lower dynamic balance performance (SMD = − 0.48 to − 0.22, P < 0.001–0.04) were identified as risk factors in male athletes. In female athletes, out of 18 factors eligible for meta-analysis, only lower concentric dorsiflexion strength was identified as a risk factor (SMD = − 0.48, P = 0.005).
Conclusion
This meta-analysis provides novel evidence for different risk factor profiles for ankle sprain injuries between female and male athletes. Further studies, particularly in female athletes, are needed to strengthen the evidence.
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Sex difference in effect of ankle landing biomechanics in sagittal plane on knee valgus moment during single-leg landing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18821. [PMID: 36335259 PMCID: PMC9637084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankle landing strategies affects the biomechanical characteristics of the knee joint, especially knee frontal plane loading. However, no studies have investigated whether the association between ankle landing biomechanics in sagittal plane and the knee frontal plane loading differs between sexes. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there is a sex difference in the effect of ankle plantar flexion at the contact angle, ankle range of motion (ROM), and ankle plantar flexion moment on knee valgus loading during single-leg landing. Twenty-five females and twenty-four males performed a single-leg landing. Joint kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremities were measured. The relationship between ankle biomechanics in the sagittal plane (ankle plantar flexion angle at contact, ROM, and peak ankle plantar flexion moment) and peak knee valgus moment were analyzed. In males, the larger ankle plantarflexion angle at contact and ROM were significantly associated with lower peak knee valgus moment. In addition, in males only, a greater peak ankle plantar flexion moment was significantly associated with a lower peak knee valgus moment and greater peak ankle inversion moment. Altering ankle landing strategies in the sagittal plane during single-leg landing may reduce the knee valgus moment, which is one of risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury, in males only.
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Positive influence of neuromuscular training on knee injury risk factors during cutting and landing tasks in elite youth female handball players. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00851-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are frequent in the age group of 15–19 years, particularly for female athletes. Although injury-prevention programs effectively reduce severe knee injuries, little is known about the underlying mechanisms and changes of biomechanical risk factors. Thus, this study analyzes the effects of a neuromuscular injury-prevention program on biomechanical parameters associated with ACL injuries in elite youth female handball players. In a nonrandomized, controlled intervention study, 19 players allocated to control (n = 12) and intervention (n = 7) group were investigated for single- and double-leg landings as well as unanticipated side-cutting maneuvers before and after a 12-week study period. The lower-extremity motion of the athletes was captured using a three-dimensional motion capture system consisting of 12 infrared cameras. A lower-body marker set of 40 markers together with a rigid body model, including a forefoot, rearfoot, shank, thigh, and pelvis segment in combination with two force plates was used to determine knee joint angles, resultant external joint moments, and vertical ground reaction forces. The two groups did not differ significantly during pretesting. Only the intervention group showed significant improvements in the initial knee abduction angle during single leg landing (p = 0.038: d = 0.518), knee flexion moment during double-leg landings (p = 0.011; d = −1.086), knee abduction moment during single (p = 0.036; d = 0.585) and double-leg landing (p = 0.006; d = 0.944) and side-cutting (p = 0.015;d = 0.561) as well as vertical ground reaction force during double-leg landing (p = 0.004; d = 1.482). Control group demonstrated no significant changes in kinematics and kinetics. However, at postintervention both groups were not significantly different in any of the biomechanical outcomes except for the normalized knee flexion moment of the dominant leg during single-leg landing. This study provides first indications that the implementation of a training intervention with specific neuromuscular exercises has positive impacts on biomechanical risk factors associated with ACL injury risk and, therefore, may help prevent severe knee injuries in elite youth female handball players.
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Ho I, Wong T, Yong J, Fang H. Plyometric stress index: A novel method for quantifying plyometric training. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Butler LS, Janosky JJ, Sugimoto D. Pediatric and Adolescent Knee Injuries. Clin Sports Med 2022; 41:799-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Edison BR, Pandya N, Patel NM, Carter CW. Sex and Gender Differences in Pediatric Knee Injuries. Clin Sports Med 2022; 41:769-787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sharma KN, Quddus N, Hameed UA, Khan SA, Kumari A, Alghadir AH, Khan M. Mode-specific effects of concentric and eccentric isokinetic training of the hamstring muscle at slow angular velocity on the functional hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio-a randomized trial. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13842. [PMID: 36196400 PMCID: PMC9527019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have examined the mode specificity of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training, but have reported conflicting results. Few studies have reported that eccentric and concentric isokinetic training are mode-specific, i.e., they will increase only the eccentric or concentric strength, respectively. Other studies have reported that mode specificity does not exist. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the mode-specific effects of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring muscle at slow angular velocity on eccentric peak torque of the hamstring (PTecc), concentric peak torque of the quadriceps (PTcon), acceleration time of the hamstring (AThams) and quadriceps (ATquad), deceleration time of the hamstring (DThams) and quadriceps (DTquad), time to peak torque of the hamstring (TPThams) and quadriceps (TPTquad), and functional Hamstring-to-Quadriceps ratio (PTecc/PTcon). Subjects A total of 30 participants were randomly divided into eccentric and concentric groups. Methods Two groups pre-test-post-test experimental design was used. In the eccentric and concentric groups, eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of hamstring muscle was performed respectively, at an angular velocity of 60°/s for 6 weeks duration. PTecc, PTcon, AThams, ATquad, DThams, DTquad, TPThams, TPTquad, and PTecc/PTcon were measured before and after the completion of training. Results In the eccentric group, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in PTecc (increased by 21.55%), AThams (decreased by 42.33%), ATquad (decreased by 28.74%), and PTecc/PTcon (increased by 17.59%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in PTcon, TPThams, TPTquad, DThams, and DTquad. In the concentric group, a significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in PTecc (increased by 12.95%), AThams (decreased by 27.38%) ATquad (decreased by 22.08%), DTquad (decreased by 26.86%), and PTecc/PTcon (increased by 8.35%). No significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in PTquad, TPThams, TPTquad, and DThams. Between-group analysis revealed a significant difference (p < 0.05) only in TPTquad; otherwise, in the rest of the parameters, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed. Conclusions Both eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring for 6 weeks increased PTecc, PTecc/PTcon, and decreased AThams and ATquad. The effects of eccentric and concentric isokinetic training of the hamstring on PTecc, PTecc/PTcon, AThams, and ATquad were not mode specific.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishat Quddus
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Sohrab Ahmad Khan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Dr. Pradeep Sharma’s Pain Management Clinic, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ahmad H. Alghadir
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masood Khan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Mohammadi Nia Samakosh H, Brito JP, Shojaedin SS, Hadadnezhad M, Oliveira R. What Does Provide Better Effects on Balance, Strength, and Lower Extremity Muscle Function in Professional Male Soccer Players with Chronic Ankle Instability? Hopping or a Balance Plus Strength Intervention? A Randomized Control Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10101822. [PMID: 36292269 PMCID: PMC9602092 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) has a higher frequency in soccer due to the rapid changes in body movement. Thus, this study compared the effects of eight weeks of a hopping protocol and a combined protocol of balance plus strength in a within-between group analysis. Thirty-six male professional soccer players participated in this study and were randomly allocated in three groups: control group (CG, n = 12), hopping group (HG, n = 12), and balance plus strength group (BSG, n = 12). Strength, static and dynamic balance, and function were assessed at baseline and eight weeks post intervention. First, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and FAAM sport scales were applied. Then, a dynamometer was used to measure strength of the muscles around the hip, knee, and ankle joints. The Bass stick measured static balance and the Y balance test measured dynamic balance. Additionally, functional tests were carried out by Triple Hop, the Figure 8 hop, and vertical jump. A repeated measures ANOVA [(3 groups) × 2 moments] was used to compare the within and between group differences. In general, all tests improved after eight weeks of training with both protocols. Specifically, the BSG improved with large ES for all tests, while the HG improved all test with small to large effect sizes (ES). Furthermore, HG showed higher values for vertical jump (p < 0.01, ES = 1.88) and FAAMSPORT (p < 0.05, ES = 0.15) than BSG. BSG showed higher values for hip abduction (p < 0.05, ES = 2.77), hip adduction (p < 0.05, ES = 0.87), and ankle inversion (p < 0.001, ES = 1.50) strength tests, while HG showed higher values for knee flexion [ES = 0.86, (0.02, 1.69)] and ankle plantarflexion [ES = 0.52, (−0.29, 1.33)]. Balance plus strength protocol showed more positive effects than the hopping protocol alone for soccer players with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mohammadi Nia Samakosh
- Department of Biomechanics and Corrective Exercises and Sports Injuries, University of Kharazmi, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
- Correspondence:
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Seyed Sadredin Shojaedin
- Department of Biomechanics and Corrective Exercises and Sports Injuries, University of Kharazmi, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
| | - Malihe Hadadnezhad
- Department of Biomechanics and Corrective Exercises and Sports Injuries, University of Kharazmi, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Duggan JD, Collins K, Keane K. Factors influencing performance and injury risk in elite female Gaelic team sport players and future research directions: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:164. [PMID: 36056384 PMCID: PMC9438325 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Sports science research in elite female Gaelic team sports has increased in recent years, but still a large disparity exists between the volume of studies involving male and female players. As a consequence of this, it is difficult for practitioners to develop an evidence-based approach when working with female players.
Main body In this review, we discuss the current research available in elite female Gaelic team sports with focus on seven specific areas including physical and physiological demands, anthropometric and performance characteristics, injury risk, nutritional considerations, and female physiology. There appears to be unique physical demands data in match play across positions in Camogie, however, there is currently no comparative data available in ladies Gaelic football. Similarly, there is no research available on the physiological demands of both elite female Gaelic team sports. According to existing literature, performance characteristics such as speed and power are lower in this population compared to other elite female team sports. Although data is limited, the anthropometric characteristics of elite female Gaelic team sport players appear homogenous with some positional differences observed at a sub-elite level. Previous research has demonstrated a high prevalence of lower limb injuries in female elite Gaelic team sports and the provision of quality, evidence-based strength & conditioning could help mitigate these injury risks. Female Gaelic team sport players have been shown to have poor nutrition knowledge and inadequate intakes of micronutrients. Finally, although menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives have been shown to influence performance in other female intermittent sports, to date there has not been any research carried out in elite female Gaelic team sport players. Conclusions It is evident that limited research has been carried out on elite female Gaelic sport players. More up-to-date, high-quality investigations are needed to address the research gaps, which in turn should enable practitioners in the field to apply sound, evidence-based practice/theory when working with this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Duggan
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin-Tallaght Campus, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Keane
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland
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Westin M, Norlén A, Harringe ML, Werner S. A screening instrument for side dominance in competitive adolescent alpine skiers. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:949635. [PMID: 35935066 PMCID: PMC9354537 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.949635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that high school ski students injure their left anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) more often than their right ACL, and that a prevention program focusing on equal load to the right and left ski turns prevents ACL injuries. Whether the injuries were in the dominant or non-dominant side of ski students was not determined but may be important knowledge to ski coaches for future design of ski-specific training programs. There is no gold standard on how to investigate the dominant side of alpine skiers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a screening instrument consisting of five questions for identifying side dominance and to evaluate side dominance in competitive adolescent alpine skiers. First, 121 competitive adolescent alpine skiers answered the questions on side dominance using a test-retest design. The questions were: which hand/arm (left/right) or foot/leg (left/right) one uses as the first choice when writing, throwing, kicking a ball, jumping over a fence and stair-climbing. A question about safer/better ski turn to the left or to the right was also added. Second, 274 skiers answered the questions at one occasion. A very good agreement was shown in writing and throwing and kicking a ball, and a fair agreement was shown in jumping over a fence and stair climbing. A total of 243 skiers reported right-sided dominance, and seven skiers reported left-sided dominance. One hundred and nineteen of the 121 skiers who took part in the test-retest design answered the question safer/better ski turn, and of those 70 (59%) reported that they had a safer/better ski turn to one side than to the other side. However, the side was not consistent between the two test occasions, and the question did not correlate with side dominance. A combination of the three questions “What hand/arm do you use as first choice when writing?” “What hand/arm do you use as first choice when throwing?” and “What foot/leg do you use as first choice when kicking a ball?”, may be used to decide side dominance in adolescent alpine skiers. Most adolescent alpine skiers reported right-sided dominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Westin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Aleris Sports Medicine and Ortopedi, Sabbatsbergs Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Maria Westin
| | - Annelie Norlén
- The Swedish School of Sports and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marita L. Harringe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Aleris Sports Medicine and Ortopedi, Sabbatsbergs Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suzanne Werner
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm Sports Trauma Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Effects of six weeks of plyometric training on the ground vs on a mini-trampoline on strength, jump performance, and balance in male basketball players—randomized clinical trial. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effects of 6 Weeks aquatic plyometric training program on vertical jump 10-14 years
Amateur children Taekwondow pleyers
Author:Amir Mohammadamini
Available online at http://www.ijabbr.com International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research Volume 1, Issue 10, 2013: 1165-1169. TURKISH JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.31459/turkjkin.1108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plyometric training (PT) is a very popular form of physical conditioning for healthy individuals that have been extensively studied over the last decades. The study aimed to determine the effect of PT on improving vertical jump (VJ) in female footballers (14-17 years old). The study adopted a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. The study population was the female football players of the National Women's Football League in Algeria (LNFF). Twenty-two players were drawn from the study population (age=15.10±0.47 years, height=152.01±5.80 cm, weight=49.51±6.09 kg). The sample was divided into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG). Eleven players per group. The training program was made for the participants and the exercise training was supervised by the researchers. The PT exercises for the EG in which each exercise session involved 15±3 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise for the first four weeks and gradually increased to high-intensity exercises for the last six weeks. The PT was carried out for 10 weeks. Subjects were trained three times a week. A squat jump (SJ) and a counter-movement jump (CMJ) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, the paired t-test was used to compare pre-test and post-test data. The results marked improvements in VJ after the 10-week PT as significant gains were noticed in the post-test for EG on SJ t= 8.35, p< 0.05, CMJ t=5.70, p
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Aizawa J, Hirohata K, Ohji S, Ohmi T, Mitomo S, Koga H, Yagishita K. Cross-sectional study on relationships between physical function and psychological readiness to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:97. [PMID: 35650622 PMCID: PMC9161472 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about specific factors of physical function that contribute to psychological readiness is needed to plan rehabilitation for a return to sports. The purpose of this study was to identify specific physical functions related to the psychological readiness of patients aiming to return to sports 6 months after reconstruction. We hypothesized that the knee strength is a factor related to the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Return to Sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI) cutoff score for a return to sports. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. Fifty-four patients who had undergone primary reconstruction using hamstring tendon participated in this study. Psychological readiness was measured using the ACL-RSI in patients at 6 months after reconstruction. To identify specific physical functions related to the ACL-RSI score, participants were divided into groups with ACL-RSI scores of ≥ 60 or < 60. Non-paired t-tests or the Mann-Whitney test were performed to analyze group differences in objective variables in physical function: (1) knee strength in both legs; (2) leg anterior reach distance on both sides; and (3) single-leg hop (SLH) distances in three directions for both legs. RESULTS Significant differences between groups were identified in knee flexion strength (60°/s) for the uninvolved limb, hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio (60°/s) for the uninvolved limb, knee flexion strength (180°/s) for the involved limb, limb symmetry index (LSI) of leg anterior reach distance, the ratio of the distance to the height of the patient and LSI of SLH distances in lateral and medial directions. CONCLUSION This study revealed that at 6 months after reconstruction, increased knee flexion strength (ratio of peak torque measured to body mass of the patient), hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio, leg anterior reach distance LSI, and lateral and medial SLH appear important to exceed the ACL-RSI cutoff for a return to sports. The present results may be useful for planning post-operative rehabilitation for long-term return to sports after reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Aizawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, 3-2-12 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kenji Hirohata
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohji
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ohmi
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Mitomo
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yagishita
- Clinical Center for Sports Medicine and Sports Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Plyometrics Did Not Improve Jump-Landing Biomechanics in Individuals With a History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2020-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury has similar biomechanical risk factors as primary injury. Standard of care rehabilitation does not adequately mitigate these biomechanical risks. This study examined the effectiveness of a 4-week plyometric intervention on biomechanical risk factors of second ACL injury versus no intervention in patients with a history of ACL reconstruction. Thirty adults post-ACL reconstruction received 12 sessions of plyometric (age: 19.9 ± 1.62 years; body mass index: 23.9 ± 2.6 kg/m2; months postoperative: 35.7 ± 24.2) or no (age: 21.3 ± 3.5 years; body mass index: 27.7 ± 4.8 kg/m2; months postoperative: 45.3 ± 25.4) exercise intervention. Hip and knee biomechanics were quantified during a jump-landing task before and after the intervention. Individual response to the intervention was evaluated via minimal detectable change. Hip flexion angle had the greatest response to plyometric training. Overall, focused plyometric intervention did not adequately mitigate biomechanical risk factors of second ACL injury; thus, development of interventions capable of modifying biomechanics known to contribute to ACL injury risk remains necessary.
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Read PJ, Pedley JS, Eirug I, Sideris V, Oliver JL. Impaired Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function Persists Despite Improvements in Reactive Strength After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1238-1244. [PMID: 35482544 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Read, PJ, Pedley, JS, Eirug, I, Sideris, V, and Oliver, JL. Impaired stretch-shortening cycle function persists despite improvements in reactive strength followingafter anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1238-1244, 2022-Reactive strength index (RSI) during a single-leg drop jump (SLDJ) has been indicated to determine return-to-sport readiness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, but only cross-sectional studies are available. Ground reaction force data and characterization of stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) function also remain sparse. Single-leg drop jump performance, ground reaction force, and SSC function were examined in soccer players with ACL reconstruction (n = 26) and matched controls (n = 25). Injured players were tested at 2 time points (32 and 42 weeks postsurgery). Stretch-shortening cycle function was classified as good (no impact peak and spring like), moderate (impact peak but still spring like or no impact peak and not spring like), or poor (impact peak and not spring like). The involved limb displayed lower-jump height, poorer RSI, less spring-like behavior, earlier peak landing force, and a greater ratio of landing peak to take-off peak force compared with the uninvolved limb and controls at the initial assessment (p < 0.001). Proportionally, more involved limbs were categorized as poor or moderate at the initial assessment (69.2%) and follow-up (50%) in comparison with the control limbs (14%). The reactive strength index was the only variable to change significantly between the initial assessment and follow-up on the involved limb (p < 0.05). No changes in the proportion of ACL reconstructed individuals categorized as poor or moderate SSC function at the follow-up assessment were observed. Residual deficits are present in SLDJ performance, SSC function, and ground reaction force characteristics after ACL reconstruction. The reactive strength index should not be the sole metric, as observed increases did not correspond with changes in SSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Read
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S Pedley
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom ; and
| | - Ifan Eirug
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom ; and
| | | | - Jon L Oliver
- Youth Physical Development Center, Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom ; and
- Sport Performance Research Institute, New Zealand (SPRINZ), AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ashcraft KR, Grabowski AM. Characterizing the Mechanical Stiffness of Passive-Dynamic Ankle-Foot Orthosis Struts. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:820285. [PMID: 36188980 PMCID: PMC9397723 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.820285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
People with lower limb impairment can participate in activities such as running with the use of a passive-dynamic ankle-foot orthosis (PD-AFO). Specifically, the Intrepid Dynamic Exoskeletal Orthosis (IDEO) is a PD-AFO design that includes a carbon-fiber strut, which attaches posteriorly to a custom-fabricated tibial cuff and foot plate and acts in parallel with the impaired biological ankle joint to control sagittal and mediolateral motion, while allowing elastic energy storage and return during the stance phase of running. The strut stiffness affects the extent to which the orthosis keeps the impaired biological ankle in a neutral position by controling sagittal and mediolateral motion. The struts are currently manufactured to a thickness that corresponds with one of five stiffness categories (1 = least stiff, 5 = most stiff) and are prescribed to patients based on their body mass and activity level. However, the stiffness values of IDEO carbon-fiber struts have not been systematically determined, and these values can inform dynamic function and biomimetic PD-AFO prescription and design. The PD-AFO strut primarily deflects in the anterior direction (ankle dorsiflexion), and resists deflection in the posterior direction (ankle plantarflexion) during the stance phase of running. Thus, we constructed a custom apparatus and measured strut stiffness for 0.18 radians (10°) of anterior deflection and 0.09 radians (5°) of posterior deflection. We measured the applied moment and strut deflection to compute angular stiffness, the quotient of moment and angle. The strut moment-angle curves for anterior and posterior deflection were well characterized by a linear relationship. The strut stiffness values for categories 1–5 at 0.18 radians (10°) of anterior deflection were 0.73–1.74 kN·m/rad and at 0.09 radians (5°) of posterior deflection were 0.86–2.73 kN·m/rad. Since a PD-AFO strut acts in parallel with the impaired biological ankle, the strut and impaired biological ankle angular stiffness sum to equal total stiffness. Thus, strut stiffness directly affects total ankle joint stiffness, which in turn affects ankle motion and energy storage and return during running. Future research is planned to better understand how use of a running-specific PD-AFO with different strut stiffness affects the biomechanics and metabolic costs of running in people with lower limb impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R. Ashcraft
- Applied Biomechanics Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: Kara R. Ashcraft
| | - Alena M. Grabowski
- Applied Biomechanics Lab, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
- Applied Biomechanics Lab, Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO, United States
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Ramírez-delaCruz M, Bravo-Sánchez A, Esteban-García P, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Body Muscle Architecture, Tendon Structure, Stiffness and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:40. [PMID: 35312884 PMCID: PMC8938535 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training (PT) has been widely studied in sport science. However, there is no review that determines the impact of PT on the structural variables and mechanical properties of the lower limbs and physical performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of PT on lower body muscle architecture, tendon structure, stiffness and physical performance. METHODS Five electronic databases were analysed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Availability in English; (2) Experimental studies that included a PT of at least eight sessions; and (3) Healthy adults subjects. Four meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software: (1) muscle architecture; (2) tendon structure; (3) muscle and tendon stiffness; (4) physical performance. RESULTS From 1008 search records, 32 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Muscle architecture meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on muscle thickness (Standard Mean Difference (SMD): 0.59; [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.47, 0.71]) and fascicle length (SMD: 0.51; [95% CI 0.26, 0.76]), and a small effect of PT on pennation angle (SMD: 0.29; [95% CI 0.02, 0.57]). The meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on tendon stiffness (SMD: 0.55; [95% CI 0.28, 0.82]). The lower body physical performance meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on jumping (SMD: 0.61; [95% CI 0.47, 0.74]) and strength (SMD: 0.57; [95% CI 0.42, 0.73]). CONCLUSION PT increased the thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length of the evaluated muscles. In addition, plyometrics is an effective tool for increasing tendon stiffness and improving jump and strength performance of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramírez-delaCruz
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Paula Esteban-García
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Identification of Sex Differences within Lunge Decelerations via Lower Extremity Support Movements; Implications for ACL Injury Disparity, Prevention, and Rehabilitation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Loading characteristics and lower extremity injury mechanisms, such as the non-contact mechanism of cruciate ligament injury, differ between sexes. The Limb Support Moment (LSM) quantifies hip, knee, and ankle moment contribution to the net moment required to prevent limb collapse during deceleration tasks. In total, 10 males and 10 females performed single limb deceleration landings within three knee flexion ranges: 0–25°, 25–50°, and 50–75°. Lower extremity joint moments and LSMs were calculated for all planes at initial contact (IC) through 50 ms. A two-way multivariate ANOVA compared LSMs and joint moments between sexes for all planes. Female LSMs were significantly greater at IC in the sagittal and transverse planes due to the generation of hip and ankle extensor moments and larger hip, knee, and ankle internal rotation moments. Males demonstrated significantly greater LSMs in the frontal plane due to the generation of hip abductor moments. Results suggest that females have a more rigid lower limb than males at landing, with less shock absorption capacity and greater potential for frontal plane collapse due to an unsupportive hip adductor moment. Quantifying the contribution of joint moments to limb support via LSMs suggests that there are landing characteristic sex differences, which may provide insight into injury disparity while guiding injury prevention/rehabilitation methodology.
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Mehls K, Grubbs B, Jin Y, Coons J. Electromyography Comparison of Sex Differences During the Back Squat. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:310-313. [PMID: 32032232 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mehls, K, Grubbs, B, Jin, Y, and Coons, J. Electromyography comparison of sex differences during the back squat. J Strength Cond Res 36(2): 310-313, 2022-Currently, there is limited information regarding the muscle activity differences between men and women during the traditional back squat. The back squat is a widely used exercise which stimulates lower-body musculature; thus, information regarding the muscle activity patterns during this exercise is pertinent when prescribing resistance training. This study evaluated muscle activity differences (using surface electromyography) in men and women during the traditional back squat with a load prescribed to elicit strength gains. Resistance-trained men (n = 14) and women (n = 14) performed 3 sets of 4 repetitions in the traditional back squat using 85% of their pretest 1 repetition maximum. Muscle activity data were collected for 6 muscles including the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris (BF). Independent sample t tests revealed a significantly higher normalized muscle activity in men in the BF muscle during the descending phase of the back squat. No other muscle activity differences were present between men and women. These results indicate that men activate the BF muscle during the traditional back squat to a greater extent than women. For women, it may be necessary to consider other exercises to optimally stimulate and strengthen the BF muscle during resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelton Mehls
- Department of Exercise Science, Walsh University, North Canton, Ohio; and
| | | | - Ying Jin
- Psychology, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee
| | - John Coons
- Departments of Health and Human Performance; and
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Váczi M, Fazekas G, Pilissy T, Cselkó A, Trzaskoma L, Sebesi B, Tihanyi J. The effects of eccentric hamstring exercise training in young female handball players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:955-964. [PMID: 35064811 PMCID: PMC8926956 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04888-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The multidimensional role of hamstring muscle group strength in athletic performance and injury prevention is well documented, and nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a popular method for the development of hamstring strength. Our aim was to examine the EMG characteristics of the eccentric NHE as well as the effects of long-term eccentric NHE training on muscle strength and vertical jump performance in 10- to 11-year-old female handball players. Methods Players from the same handball team were randomly assigned to an eccentric NHE training (13 players) or a control group (10 players). Both groups continued their regular handball training routine, but the NHE group performed additional eccentric NHE exercises once or twice a week, with progressively increasing volume, over 20 weeks. To test training effects, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, eccentric hamstring impulse, peak torque, and angle of peak torque were evaluated before, during and after the training period. In the pre-exercise test, EMG activity of the medial and lateral hamstring muscle was also assessed during NHE. Results Hamstring activities ranged between 98 and 129%. Lateral hamstring activity was greater than medial only in the right leg during NHE. Eccentric hamstring impulse improved in both legs at 10 weeks in both groups. Then, at 20 weeks, it remained unchanged in the NHE but decreased in controls. A similar adaptation was seen in eccentric hamstring torque, without change in the optimum knee angle. CMJ height improved only in the NHE. Conclusion It is concluded that NHE activates the hamstring musculature effectively, and a favourable mechanical adaptation to long-term NHE exercise in girls can be triggered as early as 11 years of age.
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Ruan M, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Hu J, Wu X. Differences in strength and landing biomechanics between female jumpers and swimmers. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-210149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It remains unclear if plyometric training as a single component could improve landing mechanics that are potentially associated with lower risk of ACL injury in the long term OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of experience undertaking plyometrics on landing biomechanics in female athletes. METHODS: Non-jumpers with little experience in plyometric training (12 female college swimmers) and jumpers with five years of experience in plyometric training (12 female college long jumpers and high jumpers) were recruited to participate in two testing sessions: an isokinetic muscle force test for the dominant leg at 120∘/s and a 40-cm drop landing test. An independent t test was applied to detect any significant effects between cohorts for selected muscle force, kinematic, kinetic, and electromyography variables. RESULTS: While female jumpers exhibited greater quadriceps eccentric strength (P= 0.013) and hamstring concentric strength (P= 0.023) during isokinetic testing than female swimmers, no significant differences were observed in kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activities during both drop landing and drop jumping. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the female jumpers did not present any training-induced modification in landing mechanics regarding reducing injury risks compared with the swimmers. The current study revealed that plyometric training as a single component may not guarantee the development of low-risk landing mechanics for young female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mianfang Ruan
- School of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Physical Education and Health, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xie Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Neuromuscular Impairment of Knee Stabilizer Muscles in a COVID-19 Cluster of Female Volleyball Players: Which Role for Rehabilitation in the Post-COVID-19 Return-to-Play? APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 athletes reported persistent and residual symptoms many weeks after initial infection, including cough, fatigue, and neuromuscular disorders. Poor neuromuscular control may cause inefficient movement strategies increasing anterior cruciate ligament load. This is particularly relevant in female athletes, who show a 3-time higher risk than male counterparts. Aim is to evaluate the impairment in thigh muscles activation, body composition, and physical performance after COVID-19 in volleyball athletes. We recruited a cohort of female professional players from the same team. We assessed the pre-activation time of Rectus Femoris (RF), Vastus Medialis (VM), Medial Hamstring (MH), and Lateral Hamstring (LH) before (T0) and after (T1) COVID-19 infection, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and jump tests. We included 12 athletes with COVID-19 infection diagnosis in January 2021. At T1 we found a significant (p < 0.05) delay (ms) of the activation time of RF (426 ± 188 vs. 152 ± 106); VM (363 ± 192 vs. 140 ± 96); BF (229 ± 60 vs. 150 ± 63); MH (231 ± 88 vs. 203 ± 89), and a significant reduction of body composition at BIA. The neuromotor imbalance of the knee stabilizer muscle in female athletes after COVID-19 infection determines a deficit of knee stabilization. Physicians should consider neuromuscular and metabolic sequelae to identify athletes at higher risk of injury and set up specific neuromuscular rehabilitation protocols.
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Effect of Supplementary Physical Training on Vertical Jump Height in Professional Ballet Dancers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1257-1263. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dancers require many specific dance skills of a ballistic nature. The design of supplementary training to improve the strength of the lower limbs and jump height is a relevant area of research. The purpose of this study was (1) to compare the effect of plyometric training versus combined training on countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), and sauté in first position (sauté) height and (2) to observe whether changes in CMJ and SJ were associated with changes in sauté in female and male dancers. Eighty-one classical professional ballet dancers (41 women and 40 men, age = 22.9 [3.7] y, body mass = 59.7 [8.6] kg, height = 167.4 [7.3] cm) were divided into a control group and 2 experimental groups: plyometric training and combined training. All groups followed their common routine of training regarding classes and rehearsal practice, whereas the experimental groups added 2 sessions (1 h per session) for 9 weeks of supplementary training. Significant increases (medium to large effect size) in CMJ, SJ, and sauté height were found in the pretest versus posttest comparisons for both experimental groups. Significant, very large correlations were found between the magnitude of improvement in sauté and the magnitude of improvement in CMJ and SJ. Plyometric and combined training programs are effective ways to improve jumping ability in professional dancers. The improvement in CMJ and SJ has a good transference on sauté `performance. These findings support the use of traditional training methods to improve jump height in specific and nonspecific ballet jumping ability.
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Intra- and Interrater Reliability of the Directional Balance and Reach Tests With and Without Rotation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2021-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether the directional balance and reach with and without rotation is a reliable screening tool to measure dynamic balance and ability to control motion in three planes. Twenty healthy, collegiate athletes participated. The directional balance and reach exhibited good to excellent levels of intra- and interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .77–.99). The directional balance and reach provides clinicians with a reliable method that requires minimum financial, spatial, and temporal costs to administer in small and large screening, training, and evaluation programs to recognize asymmetries and deficits in assessing dynamic balance in all three planes of motion.
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Arundale AJH, Silvers-Granelli HJ, Myklebust G. ACL injury prevention: Where have we come from and where are we going? J Orthop Res 2022; 40:43-54. [PMID: 33913532 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are one of the most common and severe knee injuries across sports. As such, ACL injury prevention has been a focus of research and sports medicine practice for the past three-plus decades. Examining the current research and identifying both clinical strategies and research gaps, the aim of this review is to empower clinicians and researchers with knowledge of where the ACL injury prevention literature is currently and where it is going in the future. This paper examines the mechanism of ACL injury prevention, screening, implementation, compliance, adherence, coronavirus, and areas of future research. Clinical significance: The time lag between research and practical implementation in general healthcare settings can be as long as 17 years; however, athletes playing sports today are unable to wait that long. With effective programs already established, implementation and adherence to these programs is essential. Strategies such as coaching education, increasing awareness of free programs, identifying barriers, and overcoming implementation obstacles through creative collaboration are just a few ways that could help improve both ACL injury prevention implementation and adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia J H Arundale
- Department of Rehabilitation, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, New York, USA.,Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Red Bull GmBH, Thalgua, Austria
| | - Holly J Silvers-Granelli
- Velocity Physical Therapy, Santa Monica, California, USA.,Major League Soccer, Medical Research Committee, New York, New York, USA
| | - Grethe Myklebust
- Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Nagelli CV, Di Stasi S, Wordeman SC, Chen A, Tatarski R, Hoffman J, Hewett TE. Knee Biomechanical Deficits During a Single-Leg Landing Task Are Addressed With Neuromuscular Training in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:e347-e353. [PMID: 31842056 PMCID: PMC7247920 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Faulty neuromuscular and biomechanical deficits of the knee are nearly ubiquitous in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (ACLR). Knee biomechanical deficits are directly associated with an increased risk of second ACL injury, which typically occurs during a sports-related movement on a single limb. To date, the biomechanical effects of a neuromuscular training (NMT) program on knee biomechanics during a single-leg landing task have not been investigated. DESIGN Prospective Cohort Study. SETTING Controlled laboratory setting. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen ACLR and 10 control athletes. INTERVENTIONS Neuromuscular training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Knee kinematics and kinetics. RESULTS There were no significant interactions of session and limb (P > 0.05) for the athletes with ACLR after training. However, there were several significant main effects of session (P < 0.05) for knee kinematics and kinetics during the single-leg landing task. After training, the athletes with ACLR landed with greater knee flexion angles, decreased knee abduction angles, increased knee flexion range of motion, and decreased knee excursion. Also, the ACLR athletes landed with lower knee flexion moments, greater knee adduction moments, and lower peak vertical ground reaction force. Post-training comparison of the ACLR and control cohorts found no significant interactions of group and limb (P > 0.05) and only a significant main effect of group (P < 0.05) for frontal plane knee angle at initial contact. The athletes with ACLR landed with greater knee adduction angles than the control group. CONCLUSIONS Deficits in knee biomechanics that are associated with an increased risk of ACL injury are attenuated after completion of this NMT program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Di Stasi
- Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State, Columbus, OH
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Samuel C. Wordeman
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Albert Chen
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Rachel Tatarski
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Joshua Hoffman
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Timothy E. Hewett
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Shams F, Hadadnezhad M, Letafatkar A, Hogg J. Valgus Control Feedback and Taping Improves the Effects of Plyometric Exercises in Women With Dynamic Knee Valgus. Sports Health 2021; 14:747-757. [PMID: 34651505 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211049805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female athletes are more predisposed to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in comparison with their male counterparts. Research on ACL injury prevention strategies has demonstrated beneficial effects of plyometric exercises and feedback (FB) during the exercises. FB has resulted in reductions in vertical ground-reaction force and kinematic risk factors associated with ACL injury. Furthermore, taping (TP) may draw attention to the restriction created by the tape and serve as real-time biofeedback. The additional influence of FB and TP on plyometric exercises has not been determined. HYPOTHESIS FB and TP interventions delivered during plyometric exercises would result in positive changes in biomechanics and muscle onset in female athletes displaying dynamic knee valgus. DESIGN Controlled trial. SETTING University research laboratory. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS Forty-eight active female athletes were divided into 3 groups: control (n = 16), plyometric training with FB (n = 16), and plyometric training with TP (n = 16). The 2 experimental groups performed a 6-week exercise program with either FB or TP. The control group continued its regular team schedule. Knee joint position sense, landing error scoring system (LESS), and the onset of muscle activation (the point at which muscle activation exceeds 3 standard deviations over baseline and continued above this threshold for at least 25 ms) before landing for the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, gluteus medius, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris during pre- and posttests were measured. RESULTS The vastus lateralis onset later in the TP group compared with the FB group (d [95% CI] = 0.64 [0.35-0.82], P = 0.01). Joint position sense accuracy improved only in the TP group (d = -0.63, P = 0.001). Both the FB (d = -0.85, P = 0.001), and TP (d = -0.82, P = 0.001) groups improved in LESS scores. CONCLUSION The results of the present study showed that plyometric exercises with FB or TP affect LESS and the onset of the vastus lateralis in active uninjured women with dynamic knee valgus, while TP improves joint position sense. Therefore, when more accurate joint position sense is desired, practitioners may use plyometric with TP. If an improved LESS score is desired, plyometrics with either TP or FB are acceptable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our findings indicate that female athletes may benefit more when completing a plyometric training program with a TP versus an FB. Trainers, coaches, and clinicians should consider utilizing instructions that promote an external focus when implementing plyometric training programs with male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Shams
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hadadnezhad
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Letafatkar
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jennifer Hogg
- Graduate Athletic Training Program, Health & Human Performance Department, University of Tennessee Chattanooga, Chattanooga, Tennessee
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Nagai T, Bates N, McPherson A, Hale R, Hewett T, Schilaty ND. Effects of Sex and Age on Quadriceps and Hamstring Strength and Flexibility in High School Basketball Athletes. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1302-1312. [PMID: 34631251 PMCID: PMC8486399 DOI: 10.26603/001c.27986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric hamstring strength and hamstring/quadriceps strength ratios have been identified as modifiable risk factors of hamstring strains. Additionally, those strength and flexibility characteristics are commonly used as clinical tests to monitor progress of athletes with acute or chronic hamstring strains. Although hamstring strains are common among basketball athletes, normative values of knee strength and flexibility characteristics are scarce. Normative values for these athletes would be important in prevention and management of hamstring strains. PURPOSE To establish quadriceps and hamstring isokinetic strength and flexibility values among high school basketball athletes and examine the effects of sex and age. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional research. METHODS Isokinetic knee muscular strength (concentric quadriceps [QuadC], concentric hamstring [HamC], eccentric hamstring [HamE], and strength ratios ([HamC/QuadC and HamE/Quad]), flexibility of hip flexors and quadriceps during a Modified Thomas test, and flexibility of hip extensors and hamstring during passive straight leg raise (SLR) and passive knee extension (PKE) tests were measured. Effects of sex and age were analyzed using t-tests and analysis of variance, respectively with Bonferroni corrected post hoc tests (p≤0.01). RESULTS A total of 172 high school basketball athletes (64 males/108 females; mean age (range): 15.7 (14-18) years old) participated in the study. Male athletes were significantly stronger than female athletes (QuadC: p<0.001; HamC: p<0.001) while no differences were observed in strength ratio (HamC/QuadC: p=0.759-0.816; HamE/QuadC: p=0.022-0.061). Among male athletes, a significant effect of age on quadriceps and hamstring strength was observed: older male athletes were stronger than younger male athletes. Contrarily, there were no effects of age on strength among female athletes. There were significant sex differences in quadriceps flexibility, SLR, and PKE (female athletes were more flexible; p=0.001-0.005) while no sex differences were found in hip flexor flexibility (p=0.105-0.164). There were no effects of age for any flexibility variables within male and female athletes (p=0.151-0.984). CONCLUSION The current results provide normative values for hamstring strength and flexibility in high school basketball athletes. These normative values may further assist sports medicine specialists to develop screening tests, interventions, and return-to-sport criteria in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nagai
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine; Mayo Clinic
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Sex differences in muscle activation patterns associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury during landing and cutting tasks: A systematic review. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 60:102583. [PMID: 34392010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular control is critical for maintaining dynamic joint stability and mitigating the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Given the increased risk of ACL injury in females, sex-based differential muscle activation strategies are often associated with this risk. For example, the quadriceps-dominant muscle activation strategy sometimes observed in females has been discussed as a cause of their increased risk of ACL injury. However, there has been no synthesised knowledge on sex differences in muscle activation patterns associated with ACL injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to synthesise sex differences in muscle activation patterns in movements associated with ACL injuries in both adult and adolescent populations. A systematic electronic database search was conducted. Thirty studies were included in the review. Females demonstrated higher pre- and post-landing activation of the quadriceps and lower activation of the hamstrings in 15 studies. Females also had higher quadriceps-to-hamstring co-contraction ratios during pre- and post-landing phases compared to their male counterparts in 4 of 9 studies that considered co-contraction. While some studies supported the quadriceps-dominant activation strategies in females, no consensus can be drawn due to methodological inconsistencies and limitations. Also, despite the importance of ACL injury prevention in children and adolescents, the evidence on sex difference in muscle activation patterns in this population is insufficient to draw meaningful conclusions.
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