1
|
Tavakolian S, Tabaeian SP, Namazi A, Faghihloo E, Akbari A. Role of the VEGF in virus-associated cancers. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2493. [PMID: 38078693 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The role of numerous risk factors, including consumption of alcohol, smoking, having diet high in fat and sugar and many other items, on caner progression cannot be denied. Viral diseases are one these factors, and they can initiate some signalling pathways causing cancer. For example, they can be effective on providing oxygen and nutrients by inducing VEGF expression. In this review article, we summarised the mechanisms of angiogenesis and VEGF expression in cancerous tissues which are infected with oncoviruses (Epstein-Barr virus, Human papillomavirus infection, Human T-lymphotropic virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaian Tavakolian
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Namazi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Faghihloo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Occupational Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao ZY, Gu NJ, Wu MZ, Wang SY, Xu HT, Li QC, Wu GP. Human papillomavirus16 E6 but not E7 upregulates GLUT1 expression in lung cancer cells by upregulating thioredoxin expression. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211067111. [PMID: 34939468 PMCID: PMC8721363 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211067111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: E6 and E7 proteins in human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 are major oncogenes in several types of tumors, including lung cancer. Previous studies have demonstrated that both E6 and E7 oncoproteins can upregulate GLUT1 protein and mRNA expression levels in lung cancer cells. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the main differences in the molecular mechanisms of GLUT1 expression regulated by E6 and E7. Methods: The double directional genetic manipulation and immunofluorescence were performed to explore the molecular mechanism of E6 or E7 upregulating the expression of GLUT1 in H1299 and A549 cell lines. Results: The overexpression of E6 in well-established lung cancer cell lines upregulated thioredoxin (Trx) protein expression. Notably, plasmid transfection or small interfering RNA transfection with E7 had no regulatory effect on Trx expression. As an important disulfide reductase of the intracellular antioxidant system, Trx plays important role in maintaining oxidative stress balance and protecting cells from oxidative damage. The overexpression of Trx increased the activation of NF-κB by upregulating p65 expression and promoting p65 nuclear translocation, and further upregulated GLUT1 protein and mRNA expression levels. The results of the present study demonstrated that E6, but not E7, upregulated GLUT1 expression in lung cancer cells by activating NF-κB due to the participation of Trx. Conclusion: These results suggest that Trx plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HPV-associated lung cancer, and propose a novel therapeutic target for HPV-associated lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yu Gao
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,The College of Basic Medical Sciences of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Na-Jin Gu
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Wu
- The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Yu Wang
- 24460White River Health System, Batesville, AR, USA
| | - Hong-Tao Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Chang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Ping Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zou DJ, Zhao YB, Yang JH, Xu HT, Li QC, Wu GP. Expression and Significance of HPV16 E6/E7 mRNAs in the Bronchial Brush and TBNA Cells of Patients With Small Cell Lung Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211019505. [PMID: 34032147 PMCID: PMC8155753 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211019505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is characterized by rapid growth, strong invasion, and early metastasis. However, the cause of its occurrence remains unclear. High-risk HPV infection is closely related to the occurrence of non-small cell lung cancer and cervical small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. METHODS The expression levels of E6 mRNA and E7 mRNA in HPV16 were detected by qRT-PCR in the bronchial brushing and transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) of 310 patients with lung cancer and with benign lung diseases. To make the design of this experiment scientific and reasonable, the expression levels in lung squamous cell carcinoma were taken as positive controls, while those in benign cells were taken as negative controls. RESULTS The expression levels of E6 mRNA and E7 mRNA in SCLC group were significantly higher than those in benign cell group and slight higher than those in squamous cell carcinoma group. The expression levels of E6 mRNA and E7 mRNA in the central type of SCLC were significantly higher than those in the peripheral type of SCLC. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that the occurrence of some small cell carcinoma is the same as that of some squamous cell carcinoma, which is closely related to HPV16 infection. The overexpression of E6 mRNA and E7 mRNA is in some benign lesion cells, which may be related to HPV transient infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di-Jia Zou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ya-Bin Zhao
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Hua Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Tao Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Chang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu PJ, Balfe P, McKeating JA, Schilling M. Oxygen Sensing and Viral Replication: Implications for Tropism and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2020; 12:E1213. [PMID: 33113858 PMCID: PMC7693908 DOI: 10.3390/v12111213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and respond to varying oxygen tension is an essential prerequisite to life. Several mechanisms regulate the cellular response to oxygen including the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)/factor inhibiting HIF (FIH)-hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) dioxygenase (ADO) system, and the lysine-specific demethylases (KDM) 5A and KDM6A. Using a systems-based approach we discuss the literature on oxygen sensing pathways in the context of virus replication in different tissues that experience variable oxygen tension. Current information supports a model where the PHD-HIF pathway enhances the replication of viruses infecting tissues under low oxygen, however, the reverse is true for viruses with a selective tropism for higher oxygen environments. Differences in oxygen tension and associated HIF signaling may play an important role in viral tropism and pathogenesis. Thus, pharmaceutical agents that modulate HIF activity could provide novel treatment options for viral infections and associated pathological conditions.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu Y, Ren S, He Y, Wang L, Chen C, Tang J, Liu W, Yu F. Possible Oncogenic Viruses Associated with Lung Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10651-10666. [PMID: 33116642 PMCID: PMC7585805 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s263976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide. Tobacco smoking is the most predominant etiology for lung cancer. However, only a small percentage of heavy smokers develop lung cancer, which suggests that other cofactors are required for lung carcinogenesis. Viruses have been central to modern cancer research and provide profound insights into cancer causes. Nevertheless, the role of virus in lung cancer is still unclear. In this article, we reviewed the possible oncogenic viruses associated with lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Siying Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Research Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenliang Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglei Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Thoracic Surgery Research Room, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang HM, Lu YJ, He L, Gu NJ, Wang SY, Qiu XS, Wang EH, Wu GP. HPV16 E6/E7 promote the translocation and glucose uptake of GLUT1 by PI3K/AKT pathway via relieving miR-451 inhibitory effect on CAB39 in lung cancer cells. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320957143. [PMID: 32994913 PMCID: PMC7502796 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320957143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HPV16 E6/E7 proteins are the main oncogenes and only long-term persistent infection causes lung cancer. Our previous studies have shown that HPV16 E6/E7 protein up-regulates the expression of GLUT1 in lung cancer cells. However, whether E6 and E7 protein can promote the glucose uptake of GLUT1 and its molecular mechanism are unclear. Methods The regulatory relationships of E6 or E7, miR-451, CAB39, PI3K/AKT, and GLUT1 were detected by double directional genetic manipulations in lung cancer cell lines. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of CAB39 on promoting the translocation to the plasma membrane of GLUT1. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy were performed to detect the glucose uptake levels of GLUT1. Results The overexpression both E6 and E7 proteins significantly down-regulated the expression level of miR-451, and the loss of miR-451 further up-regulated the expression of its target gene CAB39 at both protein and mRNA levels. Subsequently, CAB39 up-regulated the expression of GLUT1 at both protein and mRNA levels. Our results demonstrated that HPV16 E6/E7 up-regulated the expression and activation of GLUT1 through the HPV-miR-451-CAB39-GLUT1 axis. More interestingly, we found that CAB39 prompted GLUT1 translocation to the plasma membrane and glucose uptake, and this promotion depended on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Conclusion Our findings provide new evidence to support the critical roles of miR-451 and CAB39 in the pathogenesis of HPV-related lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Miao Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying-Jie Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na-Jin Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shi-Yu Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, White River Health System, Batesville, AR, USA
| | - Xue-Shan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - En-Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu Y, Wu MZ, Gu NJ, Xu HT, Li QC, Wu GP. Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) E6 but not E7 inhibits the antitumor activity of LKB1 in lung cancer cells by downregulating the expression of KIF7. Thorac Cancer 2020; 11:3175-3180. [PMID: 32945133 PMCID: PMC7606012 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The E6 and E7 proteins in human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) are the main oncogenes in the occurrence of lung cancer. In recent studies, we found that E6 and E7 downregulated the expression of LKB1 in lung cancer cells. However, it is still unclear how E6 and E7 regulate LKB1 in lung cancer cells. METHODS Double directional genetic manipulation and nuclear plasma separation technology were performed to explore the molecular mechanism of E6 and E7 inhibiting the antitumor activity of LKB1 in well-established lung cancer cell lines. RESULTS E6 but not E7 significantly downregulated the expression of tumor suppressor KIF7 at protein level, and the inhibition of KIF7 further reduced the expression of LKB1 both in the nuclei and in the cytoplasm, whereas reduced the expression of p-LKB1 in the cytoplasm only. This suggested that HPV 16 E6 but not E7 downregulates the antitumor activity of LKB1 by downregulating the expression of p-LKB1 in the cytoplasm only. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrated for the first time that E6 but not E7 inhibits the antitumor activity of LKB1 in lung cancer cells by downregulating the expression of KIF7. Our findings provide new evidence to support the important role of KIF7 in the pathogenesis of lung cancer and suggests new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Wu
- Departments of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na-Jin Gu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong-Tao Xu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Chang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang JH, Wu MZ, Wang XB, Wang S, Qiu XS, Wang EH, Wu GP. HPV16 E6/E7 upregulate hTERC mRNA and gene amplification levels by relieving the effect of LKB1 on Sp1 phosphorylation in lung cancer cells. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920917562. [PMID: 32499837 PMCID: PMC7243384 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920917562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is an immediate need for research on the mechanism underlying
telomerase activation and overexpression. Materials & Methods: A total of 174 patients with lung cancer (n = 106) and
benign lung disease (n = 68) were recruited for the current
study. The mRNA expression levels of E6, E7, LKB1, Sp1, and hTERC in
brushing cells were detected by quantitative reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and hTERC amplification was also
detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). To investigate the
potential mechanism, bidirectional genetic manipulation was performed in
well-established lung cancer cell lines. Results: Our results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of E6, E7, Sp1, and
hTERC and the amplification level of hTERC were significantly increased in
the malignant group compared with those of the benign group
(p < 0.01). Conversely, the mRNA expression level of
LKB1 was significantly decreased in the malignant group
(p < 0.01). The correlation between E6, E7, Sp1, and
hTERC expression was positive but was negative with LKB1
(p < 0.01). Our results also showed that HPV16 E6/E7
downregulated the expression of LKB1 at both the protein and mRNA levels.
The loss of LKB1 upregulated Sp1 expression, and also promoted Sp1 activity.
Sp1 further upregulated hTERC at the mRNA and gene amplification levels.
Thus, we proposed a HPV–LKB1–Sp1–hTERC axis of E6/E7 upregulation of hTERC
expression. Conclusion: We demonstrated for the first time that E6 and E7 promoted hTERC mRNA
expression and the amplification of hTERC by relieving the effect of LKB1 on
the phosphorylation of Sp1. Sp1 further activated hTERC by directly binding
to the promoter regions of hTERC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Hua Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu-Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou City Hospital of TCM, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, PA, USA
| | - Xue-Shan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - En-Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang 110001, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cui J, Li M, Liu W, Zhang B, Sun B, Niu W, Wang Y. Liver kinase B1 overexpression controls mycobacterial infection in macrophages via FOXO1/Wnt5a signaling. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:224-231. [PMID: 30206971 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Cui
- First Department of Tuberculosis The Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Mingying Li
- Forth Department of Tuberculosis The Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- First Department of Tuberculosis The Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Bianfang Zhang
- First Department of Tuberculosis The Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Bing Sun
- Second Department of Tuberculosis The Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Wenyi Niu
- Forth Department of Tuberculosis The Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| | - Yongliang Wang
- First Department of Tuberculosis The Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Weihui China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martano M, Power K, Restucci B, Pagano I, Altamura G, Borzacchiello G, Maiolino P. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in equine sarcoid. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:266. [PMID: 30176852 PMCID: PMC6122557 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcoids are the mostcommon skin tumors in horses, characterized by rare regression, invasiveness and high recurrence following surgical intervention and Delta Papillomaviruses are widely recognized as the causative agents of the disease. In order to gain new insights into equine sarcoid development, we have evaluated, in 25 equine sarcoids, by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis, the expression levels of VEGF, Ki67 and bcl-2. Moreover, we have measured microvessel density and specific vessel parameters. RESULTS All sarcoid samples showed a strong and finely granular cytoplasmatic staining for VEGF in the majority (90%) of keratinocytes, sarcoid fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Numerous small blood vessels, immunostained with Von Willebrand factor, often appeared irregular in shape and without a distinct lumen, with mean values of microvessel area and perimeter lower than normal. Moreover, in all sarcoid samples, Ki67 immunoreactivity was moderately positive in 5-10% of dermal sarcoid fibroblasts, while Bcl2 immunoreactivity was detected in 52% of the sarcoid samples, with a weak staining in 20-50% of dermal sarcoid fibroblasts. Biochemical analysis was consistent with immunohistochemical results. CONCLUSIONS This study has provided evidence that in equine sarcoid: VEGF was strongly expressed; the increased number of vessels was not associated with their complete maturation, probably leading to a hypoxic condition, which could increase VEGF synthesis; the levels of sarcoid fibroblasts proliferation were very low. Concluding, VEGF may have a role in equine sarcoid development, not only through the increase of angiogenesis, but also through the control of sarcoid fibroblast activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Martano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Karen Power
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pagano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Altamura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borzacchiello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Maiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Naples University “Federico II”, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu MZ, Li WN, Cha N, Tian LX, Zhang YI, Wu X, Guo KJ, Wu GP. Diagnostic Utility of HPV16 E6 mRNA or E7 mRNA Quantitative Expression for Cervical Cells of Patients with Dysplasia and Carcinoma. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1401-1406. [PMID: 30056761 PMCID: PMC6168995 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718788521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Current human papillomavirus (HPV)16 DNA testing has high sensitivity but low specificity, while mRNA testing (qualitative) improves the specificity. However, both techniques are not able to discriminate between transient and persistent infections. To overcome the disadvantages, we quantitatively detected E6 and E7 mRNAs by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in cervical brushing cells from 87 HPV16+ and 31 HPV16− patients. Our results showed that the expression levels of E6 mRNA or E7 mRNA were significantly increased in HPV16-positive cases than that in the negative cases. Furthermore, in HPV16+ cases, the expression levels of E6 mRNA were significantly increased in invasive cancer compared with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; p < 0.01), and HSIL compared with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; p < 0.01). There were no significant changes between LSIL and benign lesions. The expression levels of E7 mRNA presented no significant difference among the above-mentioned four groups. To test whether qRT-PCR can discriminate between transient and persistent infections, 57 HPV16+ patients were followed up for 1 year, and our results demonstrated that the expression levels of both E6 mRNA and E7 mRNA in the persistent infection group were significantly increased relative to the transient infection group (p < 0.01 or 0.05). Thus, a quantitative detection of the expression levels of E6 mRNA in cervical brushing cells may not only be used as an ancillary tool to cytological diagnosis of cervical neoplasia, but may also help to determine the severity of the lesions and the triage of transient infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhe Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei-Nan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Cha
- Department of Pathology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Xiang Tian
- Department of Pathology, Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - YI Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke-Jun Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guang-Ping Wu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Guang-Ping Wu, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Medical University, No.155 Nanjing Bei Street Heping District Shenyang, PC 110001, China. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Murugesan T, Rajajeyabalachandran G, Kumar S, Nagaraju S, Jegatheesan SK. Targeting HIF-2α as therapy for advanced cancers. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1444-1451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Tong WW, Tong GH, Liu Y. Cancer stem cells and hypoxia-inducible factors (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 53:469-476. [PMID: 29845228 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, are a subpopulation of tumor cells that exhibit properties similar to those of normal stem cells. Oxygen is an important regulator of cellular metabolism; hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) mediate metabolic switches in cells in hypoxic environments. Hypoxia clearly has the potential to exert a significant effect on the maintenance and evolution of CSCs. Both HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α may contribute to the regulation of cellular adaptation to hypoxia and resistance to cancer therapies. This review provides an overview of the roles of HIFs in CSCs. HIF‑1α and HIF‑2α have significant prognostic and predictive value in the clinic and the concept of personalized medicine should be applied in designing clinical trials for HIF inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|