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Moylan CA, Nason JA, Ma W, Javorka M, Stotzer RL, Kennedy AC. Drinking, Diversity, and Discrimination: Campus-Level Factors that Influence Students' Risk of Experiencing Sexual Assault. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:2857-2880. [PMID: 38243808 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231222455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
College students' individual-level risk factors for sexual assault victimization have been studied for decades, but fewer studies have looked at whether and how campus-level factors, such as campus-level rates of discrimination and campus diversity, might also influence student victimization risk. Identifying these broader factors can inform efforts to develop more effective campus-level sexual assault preventive interventions. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a large, multi-campus health and well-being survey (N = 309,171 students across 474 US campuses) to explore how campus-level factors shape students' risk of experiencing sexual assault after accounting for students' individual-level risk factors. Using mixed-effects logistic regression, we examined the influence of campus-level factors (e.g., campus sexual orientation demographics and gender diversity) on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, after accounting for individual risk factors (e.g., sexual and gender minority status). Although some campus characteristics, such as enrollment size, had small significant effects on students' odds of experiencing sexual assault, we found larger significant effects from aggregated campus-level rates of binge drinking, campus diversity (particularly regarding sexual orientation and gender), and discrimination. These findings suggest that comprehensive campus sexual violence prevention would benefit from strategies that promote safe and inclusive campuses, especially for students with marginalized sexual and gender identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Moylan
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Jacob A Nason
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - McKenzie Javorka
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Rebecca L Stotzer
- School of Social Work, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, USA
| | - Angie C Kennedy
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Hales ST, Rawers C, Gannon TA. Empirically Assessing the Effectiveness of the Pathways Programme: An Online Self-Help Intervention for Male Sexual Aggression at UK Universities. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2024; 53:1377-1394. [PMID: 38316702 PMCID: PMC10954925 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-024-02808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Though contemporary evidence suggests that upwards of one-in-nine UK male university students engage in sexually violent behaviors (Hales and Gannon in Sexual Abuse 34:744-770, 2022), few evidence-based primary prevention strategies have been developed to prevent their perpetration. To help contribute to this evidence gap, this study evaluated the short and longer-term effectiveness of a novel psychoeducation-based online self-help intervention for university male sexual aggression called The Pathways Programme. Designed around current empirical understanding of university-based sexual harm in the UK, the program contains six modules that correspond with known risk factors for perpetration. Data were collected as part of a randomized control trial from 254 self-identified heterosexual male students enrolled at a UK university who reported a proclivity towards sexual aggression. Results showed that participants who took part in the program displayed moderate reductions in their self-perceived likelihood of sexual aggression (our primary treatment target) across testing points, as well as reductions in their self-reported levels of hostility towards women, rape myth acceptance, and problematic sexual fantasies (our secondary treatment targets). Control participants also displayed reductions in some domains over time, albeit to a lesser degree. Additional analyses probed the factors associated with participant drop-out, clinical and reliable change, and user feedback. Overall, our study provides preliminary evidence for the efficacy of The Pathways Programme at reducing UK university males' risk of sexual aggression; however, we caution readers that more robust evaluation is necessary to support intervention rollout. We discuss our findings alongside the limitations of our study and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Hales
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NP, UK
| | | | - Theresa A Gannon
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NP, UK.
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3
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Cusano J, Wood L, Ast RS, McMahon S, Steiner JJ, Spector C. Help-seeking among college survivors of dating and sexual violence: a qualitative exploration of utilization of university-based victim services. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2024; 72:101-108. [PMID: 35113768 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.2024208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Study uses qualitative data to examine help-seeking decisions as well as the drivers and barriers to utilization of university-based victim services through the accounts of survivors. Participants: The current study involves the analysis of 33 semi-structured interviews that were conducted with dating and sexual violence (DSV) survivors at a large, Mid-Atlantic University who both did and did not utilize university-based victim services. Methods: Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Results: Analysis shows that while survivors of DSV undergo a process of help-seeking that is similar to those described in previous help-seeking models, there are additional factors that contribute to a reluctancy to seek services at a university-based victim services center in particular that must be accounted for in the literature. Conclusions: The findings from the current study underscore the importance of understanding the specific drivers and barriers to utilization of university-based victim services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cusano
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Leila Wood
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Roxanna S Ast
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sarah McMahon
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jordan J Steiner
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cassie Spector
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Philyaw-Kotov ML, Walton MA, Brenneman B, Gleckman-Krut M, Davis AK, Bonar EE. What undergraduates want in campus sexual assault prevention programming: Findings from a formative research study. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1879-1886. [PMID: 34292853 PMCID: PMC8788217 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1950161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Campus sexual assault (SA) prevention programs are widely implemented, despite few having strong empirical support. To inform the development and refinement of prevention programs, we collected pilot qualitative data to capture undergraduates' perspectives regarding desirable program characteristics. PARTICIPANTS Undergraduates completed an audio-taped interview (n = 19) or a focus group (n = 16) in June - November 2016. METHODS We double-coded transcripts for a priori and emerging themes using NVivo 11. A third coder resolved disagreements; we assessed intercoder reliability using Cohen's Kappa. RESULTS Participants preferred SA prevention programming to be delivered in-person to small, coed groups of unfamiliar students. Students preferred programming with peer-facilitated, candid conversation about SA outcomes and prevention strategies. Participants also preferred for the tone of these training sessions to match the serious subject matter. CONCLUSIONS Students' perceptions of desirable program characteristics differ somewhat from current evidence-based programs in several ways, highlighting important future directions for SA prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith L. Philyaw-Kotov
- University of Michigan Addiction Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Maureen A. Walton
- University of Michigan Addiction Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Brianne Brenneman
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Miriam Gleckman-Krut
- University of Michigan Department of Sociology, 3115 LSA Building, 500 S. State Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
| | - Alan K. Davis
- University of Michigan Addiction Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Erin E. Bonar
- University of Michigan Addiction Center and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 4250 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- University of Michigan Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 2800 Plymouth Road, NCRC10-G080, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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Hoxmeier JC, McMahon S, Cusano J. Bystander Intervention for the Prevention of Campus Sexual Violence: Opportunity, Frequency of Action, and Consequences for Confronting Those at Risk of Perpetration. Violence Against Women 2023:10778012231185546. [PMID: 37415538 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231185546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study examined students' (Campus 1, n = 1,153; Campus 2, n = 1,113) experiences with four situations of direct confrontation of those at risk for sexual assault perpetration. The most reported opportunity was to confront those making false statements about sexual assault; many students reported more than one opportunity to intervene in the past year. Bystanders intervened most of the time across the four situations examined in this study. The most reported consequence of intervening was that no further harm was caused. More nuanced measures can offer practitioners further information to tailor sexual violence prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Hoxmeier
- College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sarah McMahon
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Julia Cusano
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Porta CM, Elmquist S, Martin L, Sampson K, Stack K, Hill A, Lee A, Driessen MC. "It could bring down Greek life as a whole": Greek life members' perspectives on party culture, safety, responsibilities and consequences. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:1486-1496. [PMID: 34242554 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1942004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe Greek life students' perspectives of party culture, safety, and College Sexual Violence (CSV) prevention. PARTICIPANTS 27 US undergraduates: 5 fraternity underclassmen, 6 fraternity upperclassmen, 10 sorority underclassmen, 6 sorority upperclassmen. METHODS Students participated in one of four focus groups, separately by gender and academic year. Facilitation guide addressed partying, sexual violence, and safety. RESULTS Greek life members described partying preferences, perceived safety threats, and actions they took to party safely. University efforts to support safe partying were not universally viewed as helpful. CONCLUSIONS Although Greek life students strive to create safe partying environments, there remain missed opportunities to mitigate risks related to CSV. The responsibility to ensure safe partying falls too heavily on students, resulting in universities missing opportunities to provide measures that promote safety while mitigating risks and potentially serious harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Porta
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lauren Martin
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kira Sampson
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kasey Stack
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Annie Hill
- Department of Rhetoric & Writing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Angeline Lee
- School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Molly C Driessen
- School of Social Work, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Klein LB, Brewer NQ, Cloy C, Lovern H, Bangen M, McLean K, Voth Schrag R, Wood L. Campus interpersonal violence survivor advocacy services. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37167592 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2023.2209188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Although there has been increased attention to campus interpersonal violence, there is limited information on survivor advocacy services. Participants: We recruited participants from 155 U.S. institutions of higher education responsible for advocacy services on their campus. Methods: We used a community participatory action approach in partnership with the Campus Advocacy and Prevention Professionals Association to develop and disseminate a survey regarding campus advocacy services. Results: Participants shared critical insights about (a) advocacy staffing/caseload, (b) program structure, (c) advocacy practices, and (d) connection to services for people who had caused harm. We found that advocacy programs are often providing best practice services for survivors of violence but operating with few staff and unclear privacy protections. Conclusions: This study provided crucial preliminary information about how campuses provide advocacy services, but more researcher-practitioner engagement is needed to build on this study and establish clear practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Klein
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nathan Q Brewer
- Sexual Assault and Prevention Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cherita Cloy
- Independent Researcher, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly Lovern
- Violence Prevention and Advocacy Services, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Kiley McLean
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rachel Voth Schrag
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Leila Wood
- School of Nursing, University of Texas-Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Budd KM, Mancini C, Frye S. Alerting Faculty, Staff, and Students? Public Opinion on Sex Offender Notification on College Campuses. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:6650-6675. [PMID: 36444850 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221137707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Institutes of higher education have been called to action to address and prevent sexual violence perpetrated against college students. Based on legislation, one potential pathway is the extension of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) to the campus community. No research has assessed public perceptions of extending SORN, and in particular the perceived importance of notifying faculty, staff, and/or students about an enrolled student on campus that is registered. Via an online survey, this research assessed public perceptions of 1,269 U.S. adults in relation to campus notification. Using logistic regression, influencing factors that increased the odds respondents would find notification important for faculty/staff and students included their level of concern about registered persons attending college, number of children, and perceptions of social problems being worse now compared to 10 years ago. In regard to notifying students, African American respondents were more likely to think notifying students was important. Findings are discussed in relation to prior work on SORN as well as policy implications and considerations.
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Wood L, Baumler E, Rinehart JK, Temple JR. Risk for dating violence and sexual assault over time: The role of college and prior experiences with violence. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:973-979. [PMID: 34010114 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1910273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Despite increased research on emerging adults and interpersonal violence, evidence on the role of college attendance in risk for dating violence and sexual assault is mixed. We examined the role of college attendance on victimization risk in emerging adulthood. Participants: Participants were a diverse longitudinal sample of 630 emerging adults. Methods: We conducted regression analyses to examine the association of college attendance by type (community and public/private four year) with subsequent victimization, controlling for prior victimization and other factors. Results: Participants who attended public and private four-year colleges had significantly less risk for physical dating violence (OR = 0.35, p < 0.001), but not prior sexual or psychological dating violence or other sexual assault. Prior victimization was the most significant predictor of victimization in emerging adulthood. Conclusions: The context of higher education and prior victimization experience should be considered for addressing dating violence and sexual assault in emerging adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Wood
- Center for Violence Prevention, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth Baumler
- Center for Violence Prevention, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jenny K Rinehart
- Center for Violence Prevention, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Director of Graduate Curriculum, Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jeff R Temple
- Center for Violence Prevention, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Hoxmeier JC, Connor RA, McMahon S. College Students' Engagement in Violence Prevention Discussions with Peers. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:5329-5353. [PMID: 36154314 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The bystander intervention (BI) model recognizes a range of prosocial helping behaviors individuals can perform to support sexual and dating violence (S/DV) prevention efforts. Individuals can demonstrate a commitment to ending violence through proactive BI, such as participating in prevention initiatives or talking with peers about ways to keep safe, which are different than reactive BI behaviors when violence is underway. Given the anchoring of the BI model in Diffusion of Innovation Theory, which articulates the uptake of new behaviors throughout a population or community and the role of change agent aids in that process, investigating demographic, and other individual-level correlates, of proactive behaviors may help identify those students who are particularly positioned to help diffuse and normalize anti-violence behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine (1) the occurrence of students' engagement in peer discussions about violence prevention in the past year and (2) the correlates of reporting to have those discussions among university students in a cross-sectional study implemented on two campuses in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Results showed that the most common discussion was talking to friends about being safe in dating relationships and the least common was talking with friends about participating in violence-prevention-related activities, with 66.2% and 22.5% having done so, respectively. Women, younger students, and those reporting to know a survivor of either DV or SV were more likely to report having discussions, compared to men, older students, and those not knowing a survivor. Additional relationships were detected between other individual characteristics, knowledge about violence/victimization, and climate-related variables but differed depending on whether participants participated in the DV or SV-related survey module. Findings suggest the need for BI training initiatives to emphasize proactive engagement and peer discussions, and that gender continues to be a robust indicator of violence-prevention actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Hoxmeier
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, USA
| | - Rachel A Connor
- Center for Research on Ending Violence, Rutgers University, USA
| | - Sarah McMahon
- Center for Research on Ending Violence, Rutgers University, USA
- School of Social Work, Rutgers University, USA
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Budd KM, Ward RM, Barrios VR. International and Domestic College Students: A Comparison of Campus Sexual Assault Victimization. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2023; 38:77-94. [PMID: 36717193 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2022-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Campus sexual assault (CSA) research predominately focuses on the victimization experiences of domestic college students. Therefore, there is little knowledge on, and understanding of, international student's CSA victimization experiences. The present study analyzed results from a campus climate survey conducted in 2018 at a midsized Midwestern university. Twenty-three percent of international women and 18% of international men reported being a CSA victim. A series of analyses then compared CSA victimizations in relation to international victims vs. international nonvictims and international victims vs. domestic victims. Results showed international victims vs. international nonvictims were more likely to be a sexual minority and be a member of a sorority or fraternity. Compared with domestic women, international women were more likely to report being non-victims. Compared with domestic men, international men were more likely to report being CSA victims. Results are discussed in relation to research on CSA and propose future directions of study.
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Corăbian G, Hogan NR, Olver ME. University Student Attitudes Toward Persons With a History of Adult Sexual Violence and Their Correlates With Policy, Treatment, and Management. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:3661-3687. [PMID: 35866474 PMCID: PMC9850388 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221109892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Empirical evidence suggests that postsecondary students are disproportionately impacted by sexual violence. Further evidence suggests that most persons convicted of crimes involving sexual violence return to the community, and that social factors, including public policy and community members' attitudes and perceptions, are key determinants of successful reintegration among these persons. Taken together, these observations suggest that students' perspectives should be considered in discourse related to reintegration. The current study aimed to assess the attitudes of a university undergraduate sample toward men convicted of adult sexual violence as well as their level of support for various community-based policies to manage this population upon release from custody. Participants (N = 333) completed a survey battery comprising measures of three dimensions of attitudes toward persons who have sexually offended, perceptions of recidivism and treatment response, and support for various incapacitation/control (IC) and rehabilitative/reintegration (RR)-based policies. Results varied depending on the dimension of attitudes measured, with the affective component appearing to be the most markedly negative. Participants endorsed a mixture of IC and RR policies, with attitudinal measures predicting policy endorsement controlling for relevant demographic variables. The results provide a framework for future research surveying a more representative sample of the Canadian public, while also providing useful information for policymakers relying on community support to reduce sexual offending.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil R. Hogan
- Integrated Threat and Risk Assessment
Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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13
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Baldwin-White A, Daigle L, Teasdale B. Risk Factors for Experiencing Gender Based Violence Across Racial Groups. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1117-NP1140. [PMID: 35466779 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221086652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College student interpersonal violence victimization is a major public health issue. Sexual assault and intimate partner violence have negative effects on mental and physical health, as well as an individual's ability to perform well academically and fully participate in the college experience. Because an individual's race impacts how they experience the world, it is important to consider racial differences in experiences of interpersonal violence. STUDY QUESTION This study sought to understand the particular characteristics of Black, White, and Hispanic students that increase their risk of experiencing interpersonal violence victimization. METHOD AND SUBJECTS Researchers performed a latent class analysis using the Spring 2013 data from the American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment II to determine whether the risk factors for victimization of college students vary based on race. Data was collected from 123,078 college students attending 153 institutions of higher learning. FINDINGS Results of this latent class analysis showed a 5 class solution where each class had unique risks that increased the potential for interpersonal violence victimization based on the race of the respondent. IMPLICATIONS Group based differences need to be considered when developing prevention strategies to reduce the risk of victimization on college campuses. Because different risks increase victimization for White, Black, and Hispanic students, it is important to consider how risk reduction strategies may differ for these groups; and ensure that all prevention strategies are culturally informed.
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14
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McMahon S. Engaging Campuses in Meaningful Change Efforts to Address Relationship Violence and Sexual Misconduct: Lessons Learned From the Michigan State University Experience. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:56-64. [PMID: 36256523 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221130103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although recent decades have been marked by tremendous strides in addressing relationship violence and sexual misconduct at institutions of higher education across the country, there still exists a range of degree and meaningfulness of these changes. A key question raised by Campbell et al. in the discussion of the model developed at Michigan State University (MSU) is how to align institutional commitment with actions, as well as engage in "meaningful" change. Three aspects of the MSU model that stand out as especially critical for other institutions to consider include working toward culture change, engaging the larger campus community, and conducting an ongoing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McMahon
- Center for Research on Ending Violence, School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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15
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Boots DP, Gulledge LM, Wareham J. Commentary on Campbell et al.'s "Creating a University Strategic Plan to Address Relationship Violence and Sexual Misconduct": Sustainability and Replicability Concerns. Violence Against Women 2023; 29:65-73. [PMID: 36185016 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221130102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Campbell et al. provided a candid summary of a long-term strategic plan to address relationship violence and sexual misconduct (RVSM) at Michigan State University (MSU). Coming in the aftermath of a national scandal and public outcry regarding MSU's lack of response to RVSM on its campus, the authors describe a coordinated university community response to understanding the prevalence of RVSM on campus, developing policy to respond to RVSM, and reestablishing community and survivor trust. In this commentary, we explore the innovations and sustainability of MSU's strategic plan and its potential replicability at other institutions of higher learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Paquette Boots
- Program in Public Policy and Political Economy, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Laura M Gulledge
- School of Criminal Justice, Forensic Science, and Security, 5104The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Jennifer Wareham
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2954Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Campbell R, Markowitz J, Fedewa T, Shareef S, Fenton D, Southard K. Improving Access to Postassault Healthcare for College Students: Creating a Campus-Based Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner Program. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2023; 19:50-59. [PMID: 35271527 DOI: 10.1097/jfn.0000000000000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
National prevalence data indicate that college students are at a high risk for sexual assault, but most institutions of higher education do not provide postassault medical forensic examinations as part of student-facing healthcare services. College sexual assault patients might have access to sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs) in local hospitals, if they are available where they are attending school, but unfortunately, many student victims do not have options for postassault health services. Creating campus-based SANE programs could address this gap in services and increase access to healthcare. In this article, we describe how we created a free-standing, campus-based SANE program at Michigan State University. We worked with a multidisciplinary community advisory board to identify core guiding principles to inform stakeholder engagement, program location decisions, program policies, training protocols, staffing plans, and collaborative partnerships with other disciplines (e.g., advocacy, law enforcement, prosecution, forensic sciences). We discuss how we navigated opening the program in the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic and share lessons learned for creating campus-based SANE programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Campbell
- Author Affiliations: Department of Psychology, Michigan State University
| | | | - Tana Fedewa
- Center for Survivors, Michigan State University
| | | | - Danielle Fenton
- Sexual Assault Healthcare Program, Michigan State University
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17
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McMahon S, Cusano J, Buttner C, Snyder S, Ast RS, Camerer K. Evaluating Efforts to Address Campus Sexual Violence: Developing a Data Ecosystem. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP23563-NP23586. [PMID: 35234528 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221078817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sexual violence is well documented as a major problem on college campuses, and the delivery of service and programs at institutions of higher education (IHE) has proliferated over recent years. However, the implementation of these efforts has often outpaced the field's work in developing evaluation models. Many institutions depend on campus climate surveys for data to inform their efforts, yet there are multiple data points that can be accessed to provide a more holistic picture of efforts to address sexual violence on campus. The data ecosystem framework provided by Driver-Linn & Svenson (2017) offers a comprehensive approach for assessing efforts to address campus sexual violence (CSV), but implementation models are needed that connect evaluation and practice, take local context into account, and lead to changes on campus. This paper presents a case study from a multisite university to describe the process of implementing a "data ecosystem" to assess the institutions' efforts to effectively address CSV, and how the data was used by practitioners and administrators. The collaborative, utilization-driven model has provided valuable data to inform the delivery of services and programs across the university yet has limitations and requires a wide range of resources to sustain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McMahon
- Center on Violence Against Women and Children, 242612Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Julia Cusano
- Center on Violence Against Women and Children, 242612Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Catherine Buttner
- Center on Violence Against Women and Children, 242612Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Simone Snyder
- Center on Violence Against Women and Children, 242612Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Roxanna S Ast
- Center on Violence Against Women and Children, 242612Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kerry Camerer
- Division of Student Affairs, Rutgers University-Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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18
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Cary KM, Reid TA, PettyJohn ME, Maas MK, McCauley HL. "They are Assuming That We are Going to Accuse Them of Rape, and We are Assuming That They are Going to Rape us": A Developmental Perspective on Emerging Adults' Consent Conversations Post #MeToo. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP22759-NP22783. [PMID: 35143737 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211072181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prevalence of sexual assault remains high on American college campuses, and sexual consent education is lacking within school-based sexual health education programming. Much empirical research has aimed to reduce sexual violence through a deeper understanding of college students' perceptions of sexual consent. However, researchers have not yet examined the impact of broader social discourse, such as that initiated by the #MeToo movement, on emerging adults' conceptualizations of sexual consent. Gendered focus groups were conducted with 34 college students at a large midwestern university in spring of 2019. Qualitative analyses using a phenomenological framework revealed a developmental process of consent education shaped by socialized sexual scripts and public discourse of the #MeToo movement. Four distinct themes emerged: (1) Introductions to Consent in Childhood, (2) Lack of Sexual Consent Education in Adolescence, (3) The Nuanced College Context, and (4) Consent in the Era of #MeToo. Findings reveal that consent is introduced in childhood, outside the context of sexuality, but is generally not revisited within the context of sexual consent by parents or educators during adolescence, leaving media messaging and socialized sexual scripts to serve as guides for sexual consent. This lack of sexual consent education in adolescence then leaves emerging adults unprepared for nuanced sexual experiences in the college context and unable to critically engage with public discourse surrounding consent such as the #MeToo movement, which has caused both fearful and positive outcomes. Findings support the need for earlier and more comprehensive education about sexual consent in childhood and adolescence and the need for college sexual assault prevention programs to include further instruction on navigating ambiguous sexual consent experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla M Cary
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Taylor A Reid
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Morgan E PettyJohn
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Megan K Maas
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Heather L McCauley
- School of Social Work, 3078Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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19
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Irvine-Collins E, Moore E, Cao K, Curley M, Ablaza C, Heard E. Promoting Compassionate Responses to Disclosures of Sexual Violence in University Settings: Exploring the Impact of a Social Marketing Campaign. Violence Against Women 2022:10778012221134822. [DOI: 10.1177/10778012221134822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study explores a social marketing campaign aimed to promote compassionate responses to disclosures of sexual violence from peers and raise awareness of university-based formal support services. Findings from a survey ( n = 189) and follow-up focus groups ( n = 11) conducted with university students in Australia indicated that exposure to the campaign may support students’ self-perceived confidence in responding compassionately to disclosures of sexual violence and raise awareness of university-based formal support services. These findings suggest social marketing may be a useful tool to form part of universities’ sexual violence response and prevention strategies. These findings may help inform future university campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Moore
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kailun Cao
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa Curley
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Emma Heard
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Bloom BE, Park E, Swendeman D, Oaks L, Sumstine S, Amabile C, Carey S, Wagman JA. Opening the "Black Box": Student-Generated Solutions to Improve Sexual Violence Response and Prevention Efforts for Undergraduates on College Campuses. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3554-3587. [PMID: 35040708 DOI: 10.1177/10778012211068063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Campus-based sexual violence and sexual harassment (SVSH) are prevalent issues that impact students detrimentally. Guided by community-based participatory research, this qualitative study assessed undergraduate students' perceptions of available campus SVSH resources, gaps in services, and recommendations for solutions for SVSH at three universities in California via interviews and focus groups. Approximately half of participants were unaware of available SVSH services, while others had varying knowledge of service availability and experiences with services. Students want better-funded, trauma-informed, and survivor-centered services and providers who share their identities and lived experiences. We provide multi-level student-centered solutions to improve current campus-based SVSH prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittnie E Bloom
- Center on Gender Equity and Health, School of Medicine, 8784University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA.,Graduate School of Public Health, 229133San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.,University of California San Diego, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Eunhee Park
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dallas Swendeman
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laury Oaks
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA.,Department of Feminist Studies, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Sumstine
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Claire Amabile
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stoddy Carey
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Wagman
- University of California Global Health Institute Women's Health, Gender, and Empowerment Center of Expertise, CA, USA.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Klein LB, Moschella-Smith EA, Lopez E. Introduction to the Special Issue on Common Goals, Different Needs: Improving Communication and Collaboration Between Researchers and Practitioners to End Interpersonal Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP14907-NP14913. [PMID: 36073622 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221106192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rates of interpersonal violence have largely remained stagnant over the past three decades, despite the magnitude of prevention and response efforts to address this issue. Although interpersonal violence researchers have stressed the importance of partnerships between researchers and campus and community-based practitioners, there is still a disconnect between the work done by researchers and those engaged in direct practice in the field. This special issue brings together researchers and practitioners to explore a variety of challenges and successes in identifying common goals, building relationships, and improving strategies for addressing interpersonal violence using researcher-practitioner models.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Klein
- Sandra Rosenbaum School of Social Work, 5228University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, 3067University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | | | - Elise Lopez
- Prevention Innovations Research Center, 3067University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
- College of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 48710University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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22
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Tredinnick L. Sexual Assault Prevention With Student-Athletes: Exploring Perceptions of the Campus Climate and Awareness of Sexual Assault Policies and Resources. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6855-NP6880. [PMID: 33092460 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520967144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of school sexual assault policies and resources is a central component of sexual assault prevention. Research suggests that the state of the campus climate impacts an individual's level of awareness, particularly for at-risk groups like student-athletes. The purpose of this study was to examine how macro factors such as participation in sexual assault prevention, perceptions of the institutional response to addressing sexual assault, and perceptions of campus staff (i.e., campus police, athletic staff, and administration) are associated with awareness of sexual assault policies and resources. Student-athletes at five National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools participated in a web-based survey to assess their perceptions of the campus climate and awareness of sexual assault policies and resources. The results from an ordinary least squares multiple regression model revealed that past participation in sexual assault prevention, more positive perceptions of the institutional response, and more positive perceptions of campus police and administration were associated with a greater awareness of sexual assault policies and resources while controlling for race, ethnicity, and gender. Perceptions of athletic staff was not significantly related to awareness of policies and resources. These findings demonstrate that delivering consistent messaging and engaging campus staff in sexual assault prevention provides a foundation for building a positive campus climate which, in turn, may reduce campus sexual assault.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Tredinnick
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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23
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Self-Defense as an Effective and Neglected Form of Sexual Assault Prevention: A Commentary and Overdue Correction to the Literature. SEX ROLES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-022-01284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Wong YJ, McDermott RC, Zounlome NOO, Klann EM, Peterson ZD. Self-Persuasion: An Experimental Evaluation of a Sexual Aggression Preventive Intervention for U.S. College Men. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:2037-2061. [PMID: 32627646 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520936369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grounded in the self-persuasion paradigm (an indirect persuasion approach, which places people in situations that motivate them to change their behavior), this study evaluated a brief, online intervention to reduce sexual aggression perpetration and increase prosocial bystander behaviors among heterosexual male college students (N = 241) in the United States. Students were randomly assigned to three conditions: (a) a self-persuasion intervention, (b) a social norms control condition, and (c) a control condition focusing on sense of belongingness. The self-persuasion intervention integrated three social psychological theoretical perspectives on attitudinal and behavioral change-cognitive dissonance (e.g., creating a personalized video message for incoming male college freshmen to explain the importance of consent in sexual contact), self-affirmation (e.g., reflecting on one's core values and how they are congruent with sexual consent), and personal relevance (e.g., writing about personally relevant reasons to always seek consent when having sexual contact). Participants in the self-persuasion condition reported greater prosocial bystander behaviors (e.g., intervening in situations to prevent sexual aggression) 6 months after the intervention as compared with those in the other two conditions; however, there were no significant difference in the rate of self-reported sexual aggression perpetration across conditions. The positive effect of the self-persuasion intervention on prosocial bystander behaviors was mediated by reduced self-perceived likelihood to commit sexual aggression and moderated by in-group solidarity with other college students. That is, the intervention had the most positive effect on prosocial bystander behaviors among participants with a lower sense of in-group solidarity. These findings are discussed in light of the promise of self-persuasion for future sexual aggression prevention work.
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25
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Schuster I, Tomaszewska P, Krahé B. Changing Cognitive Risk Factors for Sexual Aggression: Risky Sexual Scripts, Low Sexual Self-Esteem, Perception of Pornography, and Acceptance of Sexual Coercion. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP1377-NP1400. [PMID: 32506992 PMCID: PMC8793298 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Schuster
- University of Potsdam, Germany
- Free University of Berlin, Germany
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26
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Bonar EE, DeGue S, Abbey A, Coker AL, Lindquist CH, McCauley HL, Miller E, Senn CY, Thompson MP, Ngo QM, Cunningham RM, Walton MA. Prevention of sexual violence among college students: Current challenges and future directions. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:575-588. [PMID: 32407244 PMCID: PMC7666108 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1757681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Preventing sexual violence among college students is a public health priority. This paper was catalyzed by a summit convened in 2018 to review the state of the science on campus sexual violence prevention. We summarize key risk and vulnerability factors and campus-based interventions, and provide directions for future research pertaining to campus sexual violence. Results and Conclusions: Although studies have identified risk factors for campus sexual violence, longitudinal research is needed to examine time-varying risk factors across social ecological levels (individual, relationship, campus context/broader community and culture) and data are particularly needed to identify protective factors. In terms of prevention, promising individual and relational level interventions exist, including active bystander, resistance, and gender transformative approaches; however, further evidence-based interventions are needed, particularly at the community-level, with attention to vulnerability factors and inclusion for marginalized students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bonar
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah DeGue
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Antonia Abbey
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ann L Coker
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christine H Lindquist
- Division for Applied Justice Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather L McCauley
- School of Social Work, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh & Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charlene Y Senn
- Department of Psychology and Women's & Gender Studies Program, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martie P Thompson
- Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Quyen M Ngo
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebecca M Cunningham
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Maureen A Walton
- Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Injury Prevention Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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27
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McMahon S, Steiner JJ, Snyder S, Banyard VL. Comprehensive Prevention of Campus Sexual Violence: Expanding Who Is Invited to the Table. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:843-855. [PMID: 31690226 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019883275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There are calls for sexual violence prevention to be more comprehensive and align with a socio-ecological approach. However, there is lack of models with specificity on how to engage additional stakeholders. Whole School Approach (WSA) frameworks have been used to address health promotion and bullying prevention and can be a useful model for guiding campus sexual violence prevention work. WSA models situate violence as a community issue and one where all community members have a role to play in prevention. Rather than focusing on addressing individual behavior, WSA frameworks address the role of the larger school environment in serving as a protective factor against violence, abuse, and harassment. A review of the literature on WSA frameworks in other disciplines reveals a number of potential ways to translate key elements of WSA models to the field of campus sexual violence prevention. In particular, mechanisms can be applied to expand the role of students, faculty, staff, parents/significant adults, institutional leadership, and the larger community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McMahon
- Center on Violence Against Women & Children, School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jordan J Steiner
- Center on Violence Against Women & Children, School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Simone Snyder
- Center on Violence Against Women & Children, School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Victoria L Banyard
- Center on Violence Against Women & Children, School of Social Work, 242612Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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28
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Guggisberg M, Haldane HJ, Lowik V, Taylor A, Mackay B, Signal T. Silencing by design: Lessons learned about child sexual abuse from a university sexual assault survey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 17:17455065211017062. [PMID: 34105431 PMCID: PMC8193663 DOI: 10.1177/17455065211017062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: University students have been recognized as particularly being vulnerable to sexual victimization. Purpose: With little research to date, and acknowledgement for the need of a better understanding of sexual violence, our study analysed the CQUniversity Sexual Assault Survey’s qualitative responses. An open-ended qualitative question allowed students to provide information anonymously. Methods: A total of 109 participants contributed responses with 17 respondents commenting on the fact that the survey omitted to ask about child sexual abuse prior to the cut-off age of 12 years. Results: University students revealed unexpected disclosures of prepubescent child sexual abuse victimization and ongoing sexual victimization into adulthood. Furthermore, students’ comments indicated negative impacts including distress, mental health and substance use problems, distrust, and interpersonal difficulties. Strong feelings about ‘silencing’ prepubescent child sexual abuse in university surveys were expressed with a request that questions about child sexual abuse prior to the age of 12 years be included. Conclusion: Our study found that child sexual abuse victimization is important to students. Recommendations indicate the need for future research about sexual violence among university students without age restrictions to gain a better understanding about the impact of trauma including revictimization experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Guggisberg
- CQUniversity Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Domestic and Family Violence Research, Mackay, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Vicki Lowik
- CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Annabel Taylor
- Queensland Centre for Domestic and Family Violence Research, Mackay, QLD, Australia.,CQUniversity Australia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Tania Signal
- Department of Psychology, Medical & Applied Sciences, CQUniversity Australia, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia
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29
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Seibold-Simpson SM, McKinnon AM, Mattson RE, Ortiz E, Merriwether AM, Massey SG, Chiu I. Person- and Incident-Level Predictors of Blame, Disclosure, and Reporting to Authorities in Rape Scenarios. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP4788-NP4814. [PMID: 30139298 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518795171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapes perpetrated during college are both common and underreported. Research highlights that several person- and incident-level factors relating to gender and sexuality may diminish reporting, by themselves and as they pertain to attributions of blame for the assault. In this study, male and female college students (N = 916) read vignettes describing a rape perpetrated by a man against a woman, a man against a man, or a woman against a man. Participants rated the blameworthiness of both perpetrator and victim and rated the likelihood that they would disclose the rape to social ties or health services or report it to authorities if they were in the victim's position. We found that male gender and heterosexual orientation predicted higher victim blame, lower perpetrator blame, and lower likelihood of disclosure, although relative endorsement of masculine gender ideology seemed to be driving these associations, as well as predicted lower likelihood of reporting to authorities. Controlling for other factors, vignettes portraying a woman raping a man led to a lower likelihood of disclosing or reporting the assault, compared with a male-on-female rape. We also found that the effects of female-on-male rape and traditional masculine ideologies tied to rape disclosure partially by decreasing blame to the perpetrator, which itself carried a unique influence on decisions to report. Our findings overall indicate that factors related to gender, sexuality, and blame have myriad influences and may contribute to low rates of disclosing rape to important outlets.
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30
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Lockard AJ, Scofield BE, Janis R, Pérez-Rojas AE, Stauffer A, Bartholomew TT, Gundel B, Locke BD. Initial Distress, Changes in Distress, and Reasons for Ending Therapy in Clients Affected by Sexual Trauma. JOURNAL OF COLLEGE STUDENT PSYCHOTHERAPY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87568225.2021.1907640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett E Scofield
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Janis
- The Center for Collegiate Mental Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrés E Pérez-Rojas
- Counseling and Educational Psychology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ashley Stauffer
- The Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Benjamin D. Locke
- Center for Counseling and Psychological Services, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Linhares Y, Fontana J, Laurenti C. Protocolos de prevenção e enfrentamento da violência sexual no contexto universitário: uma análise do cenário latino-americano. SAUDE E SOCIEDADE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-12902021200180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A violência sexual é um problema de saúde pública presente em diversos contextos, inclusive nas universidades. O objetivo desta pesquisa documental foi sistematizar informações de 34 protocolos de prevenção e enfrentamento da violência sexual de universidades da América Latina. Foram analisados: ano de publicação; termos empregados para designar objetivos e diretrizes, bem como as referências utilizadas para conceituá-los; inclusão de marcadores sociais; âmbito de aplicação; e rede de apoio disponibilizada pela universidade. Do total, 75% dos protocolos foram criados entre 2015 e 2018, o que indica seu caráter recente. Quanto à terminologia, a noção de violência sexual permite uma descrição mais extensiva e objetiva de diferentes formas de violência, mostrando-se profícua na identificação do fenômeno. Quanto à abrangência da aplicação dos protocolos, é importante pautar a caracterização do contexto universitário pelos vínculos institucionais, e não apenas pelos limites espaciais dos campi, considerando tanto as relações presenciais quanto as virtuais. A rede de apoio disponibilizada pela universidade é um fator decisivo para o acolhimento e o encaminhamento mais efetivo dos casos. Conclui-se que, mesmo que a elaboração de protocolos seja uma política necessária para sancionar a responsabilidade da universidade, é preciso que ela seja integrada a ações suplementares, incluindo o desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas na área.
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Palmer JE, Winter SC, McMahon S. Matching anonymous participants in longitudinal research on sensitive topics: Challenges and recommendations. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2020; 80:101794. [PMID: 32109784 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2020.101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the final analytic sample of a longitudinal randomized control trial (RCT) evaluation of a sexual violence prevention program at a university after facing challenges with the implementation of a self-generated identification code. The matched and unmatched samples (e.g., all unique surveys across all time periods) included 10,135 surveys. Eighty-eight percent of these surveys were matched into the final longitudinal dataset. Findings suggest that students with certain characteristics were more likely to be matched over time (i.e., students who participated in student government, Latino/a students, and Asian students). In addition, students who did not comply with RCT protocol were less likely to be matched. Student history of victimization or perpetration of sexual violence was not associated with being matched over time. This study provides recommendations for preventing matching problems in longitudinal studies, a process for rectifying matching issues and a critique of studies that do not address issues of matching-related sample bias in their final analytic sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Palmer
- American University, School of Public Affairs, Department of Justice, Law & Criminology, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Kerwin Hall, Washington, DC, 20016, United States.
| | - Samantha C Winter
- Columbia University, School of Social Work, 1255 Amsterdam Ave, Rm 801, New York, NY, 10027, United States.
| | - Sarah McMahon
- Rutgers University, School of Social Work, Center on Violence Against Women & Children, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, United States.
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Palmer JE, McMahon S, Fissel E. Correlates of Incoming Male College Students' Proclivity to Perpetrate Sexual Assault. Violence Against Women 2020; 27:507-528. [PMID: 32089128 DOI: 10.1177/1077801220905663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined incoming male college students' proclivity to perpetrate sexual assault at a large public university in the Northeast (n = 1,619). Overall, self-reported proclivity to perpetrate was low (between 20-26%). Students' perception that a peer would intervene as a bystander was negatively associated with proclivity, while acceptance of certain rape myths was positively associated with proclivity. Students who intended to join a fraternity and White students had increased proclivity to perpetrate using force or incapacitation. Based on these findings, recommendations for sexual assault prevention efforts are included.
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Munro-Kramer ML, Rominski SD, Seidu AA, Darteh EKM, Huhman A, Stephenson R. Adapting a Sexual Violence Primary Prevention Program to Ghana Utilizing the ADAPT-ITT Framework. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:66-88. [PMID: 30791833 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219828533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of sexual violence among young people has become a priority area in Ghana, although few initiatives have focused on this topic. The ADAPT-ITT (Assessment, Decisions, Administration, Production, Topical experts, Integration, Training staff, and Testing) framework was used to systematically adapt an evidence-based sexual violence prevention program developed in the United States to a university in Ghana. Results from cognitive interviews, focus groups, beta testing, and topical experts indicate the adapted primary prevention program is promising for use in Ghanaian universities. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has used the ADAPT-ITT framework for a sexual violence program.
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McMahon S, Seabrook RC. Impact of Exposure to Sexual Violence Prevention Messages on Students' Bystander Behavior. Health Promot Pract 2018; 20:711-720. [PMID: 30442017 DOI: 10.1177/1524839918811151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bystander intervention is a prevention strategy commonly used to address campus sexual violence. Increasingly, there are calls for prevention efforts to be multilevel and ongoing. The current study investigated the impact of receiving varied prevention messages throughout adolescence and into early adulthood to determine whether it influences college students' awareness of sexual violence, willingness to intervene as a helpful bystander, and actual prosocial bystander behavior. These questions were tested through administration of an online survey to a racially and ethnically diverse sample of 1,047 undergraduate students at a large, urban university in the mid-Atlantic. Results found that most students received information about sexual violence prior to coming to campus from a variety of sources, and that the sources varied significantly by gender and race. Regression analysis found that greater exposure to prevention messages prior to coming to college was significantly associated with greater bystander intentions and behavior even after accounting for gender and race and exposure since coming to college. The findings provide initial support to expand the scope of prevention efforts and to begin them prior to college.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McMahon
- 1 Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Rita C Seabrook
- 1 Rutgers University School of Social Work, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Klein LB, Graham LM, Treves-Kagan S, Deck PG, DeLong SM, Martin SL. Leveraging Data to Strengthen Campus Sexual Assault Policies. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2018; 33:3298-3314. [PMID: 30182791 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518798351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Education recently announced that existing legislation and guidance on campus sexual assault (CSA) policies had created a "failed system" in institutions of higher education. This announcement raises the question of how CSA legislation and guidance should be evaluated and applied in practice. We believe researchers are well situated to not only leverage data and empirically evaluate the success (or failure) of CSA federal and university policies but also to facilitate development of improved, more effective CSA policy. This commentary first chronicles the pivotal role of federal policy and guidance in driving the collection of CSA data and increasing research efforts in this domain. Second, we present recommendations for increased collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policy makers aimed at measuring the effectiveness of current CSA policies and promoting data-driven policy. These recommendations focus on (a) establishing a CSA data repository, (b) analyzing existing CSA data to gain knowledge and identify opportunities for improved data collection, and
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Klein
- 1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Premela G Deck
- 1 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Pugh B, Becker P. Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its Relationship to Consent to Unwanted Sex: Implications for Affirmative Consent Standards on College Campuses. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:E69. [PMID: 30072605 PMCID: PMC6115968 DOI: 10.3390/bs8080069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campus sexual assault is a pervasive issue impacting the well-being, quality of life, and education of all students. There have been many recent efforts to prevent and address campus sexual assault, most notably the adoption of affirmative consent standards. (1) Efforts to address sexual assault on college campuses through an affirmative consent standard could be undermined by traditional gender norms, sexual scripts, and the power dynamics inherent in heterosexual relations, which lead to situations in which many women provide consent to unwanted sex. (2) Studies indicate that college women are likely to experience verbal sexual coercion, yet research has failed to come to a consensus on how to define, operationalize, and study verbal sexual coercion. (3) Research on sexual consent is also lacking, in particular as it relates to consent to unwanted sex as a result of the presence of verbal sexual coercion. (4) This article discusses how multiple forms of unwanted sex can be conceptually examined. (5) Policy implications and areas for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandie Pugh
- Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Patricia Becker
- Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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