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Williams JD, Pu F, Sawicki JW, Elsen NL. Ultra-high-throughput mass spectrometry in drug discovery: fundamentals and recent advances. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:291-301. [PMID: 38111363 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2293153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ultra-high-throughput mass spectrometry, uHT-MS, is a technology that utilizes ionization and sample delivery technologies optimized to enable sampling from well plates at > 1 sample per second. These technologies do not need a chromatographic separation step and can be utilized in a wide variety of assays to detect a broad range of analytes including small molecules, lipids, and proteins. AREAS COVERED This manuscript provides a brief historical review of high-throughput mass spectrometry and the recently developed technologies that have enabled uHT-MS. The report also provides examples and references on how uHT-MS has been used in biochemical and chemical assays, nuisance compound profiling, protein analysis and high throughput experimentation for chemical synthesis. EXPERT OPINION The fast analysis time provided by uHT-MS is transforming how biochemical and chemical assays are performed in drug discovery. The potential to associate phenotypic responses produced by 1000's of compound treatments with changes in endogenous metabolite and lipid signals is becoming feasible. With the augmentation of simple, fast, high-throughput sample preparation, the scope of uHT-MS usage will increase. However, it likely will not supplant LC-MS for analyses that require low detection limits from complex matrices or characterization of complex biotherapeutics such as antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Pu
- Abbvie Discovery Research, North Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Stein RR, Fouché M, Kearns JD, Roth HJ. A model-informed method to retrieve intrinsic from apparent cooperativity and project cellular target occupancy for ternary complex-forming compounds. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:512-523. [PMID: 37415863 PMCID: PMC10320841 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest to develop therapeutics that modulate challenging or undruggable target proteins via a mechanism that involves ternary complexes. In general, such compounds can be characterized by their direct affinities to a chaperone and a target protein and by their degree of cooperativity in the formation of the ternary complex. As a trend, smaller compounds have a greater dependency on intrinsic cooperativity to their thermodynamic stability relative to direct target (or chaperone) binding. This highlights the need to consider intrinsic cooperativity of ternary complex-forming compounds early in lead optimization, especially as they provide more control over target selectivity (especially for isoforms) and more insight into the relationship between target occupancy and target response via estimation of ternary complex concentrations. This motivates the need to quantify the natural constant of intrinsic cooperativity (α) which is generally defined as the gain (or loss) in affinity of a compound to its target in pre-bound vs. unbound state. Intrinsic cooperativities can be retrieved via a mathematical binding model from EC50 shifts of binary binding curves of the ternary complex-forming compound with either a target or chaperone relative to the same experiment but in the presence of the counter protein. In this manuscript, we present a mathematical modeling methodology that estimates the intrinsic cooperativity value from experimentally observed apparent cooperativities. This method requires only the two binary binding affinities and the protein concentrations of target and chaperone and is therefore suitable for use in early discovery therapeutic programs. This approach is then extended from biochemical assays to cellular assays (i.e., from a closed system to an open system) by accounting for differences in total ligand vs. free ligand concentrations in the calculations of ternary complex concentrations. Finally, this model is used to translate biochemical potency of ternary complex-forming compounds into expected cellular target occupancy, which could ultimately serve as a way for validation or de-validation of hypothesized biological mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Stein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Marianne Fouché
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Hans-Joerg Roth
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel Switzerland
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3
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Dueñas ME, Peltier‐Heap RE, Leveridge M, Annan RS, Büttner FH, Trost M. Advances in high-throughput mass spectrometry in drug discovery. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 15:e14850. [PMID: 36515561 PMCID: PMC9832828 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput (HT) screening drug discovery, during which thousands or millions of compounds are screened, remains the key methodology for identifying active chemical matter in early drug discovery pipelines. Recent technological developments in mass spectrometry (MS) and automation have revolutionized the application of MS for use in HT screens. These methods allow the targeting of unlabelled biomolecules in HT assays, thereby expanding the breadth of targets for which HT assays can be developed compared to traditional approaches. Moreover, these label-free MS assays are often cheaper, faster, and more physiologically relevant than competing assay technologies. In this review, we will describe current MS techniques used in drug discovery and explain their advantages and disadvantages. We will highlight the power of mass spectrometry in label-free in vitro assays, and its application for setting up multiplexed cellular phenotypic assays, providing an exciting new tool for screening compounds in cell lines, and even primary cells. Finally, we will give an outlook on how technological advances will increase the future use and the capabilities of mass spectrometry in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emilia Dueñas
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
| | - Rachel E Peltier‐Heap
- Discovery Analytical, Screening Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, GSK R&DStevenageUK
| | - Melanie Leveridge
- Discovery Analytical, Screening Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, GSK R&DStevenageUK
| | - Roland S Annan
- Discovery Analytical, Screening Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, GSK R&DStevenageUK
| | - Frank H Büttner
- Drug Discovery Sciences, High Throughput BiologyBoehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH&CoKGBiberachGermany
| | - Matthias Trost
- Laboratory for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle‐upon‐TyneUK
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Ghiboub M, Koster J, Craggs PD, Li Yim AYF, Shillings A, Hutchinson S, Bingham RP, Gatfield K, Hageman IL, Yao G, O’Keefe HP, Coffin A, Patel A, Sloan LA, Mitchell DJ, Hayhow TG, Lunven L, Watson RJ, Blunt CE, Harrison LA, Bruton G, Kumar U, Hamer N, Spaull JR, Zwijnenburg DA, Welting O, Hakvoort TBM, te Velde AA, van Limbergen J, Henneman P, Prinjha RK, de Winther MPJ, Harker NR, Tough DF, de Jonge WJ. Modulation of macrophage inflammatory function through selective inhibition of the epigenetic reader protein SP140. BMC Biol 2022; 20:182. [PMID: 35986286 PMCID: PMC9392322 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SP140 is a bromodomain-containing protein expressed predominantly in immune cells. Genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic modifications in the SP140 locus have been linked to Crohn’s disease (CD), suggesting a role in inflammation. Results We report the development of the first small molecule SP140 inhibitor (GSK761) and utilize this to elucidate SP140 function in macrophages. We show that SP140 is highly expressed in CD mucosal macrophages and in in vitro-generated inflammatory macrophages. SP140 inhibition through GSK761 reduced monocyte-to-inflammatory macrophage differentiation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory activation, while inducing the generation of CD206+ regulatory macrophages that were shown to associate with a therapeutic response to anti-TNF in CD patients. SP140 preferentially occupies transcriptional start sites in inflammatory macrophages, with enrichment at gene loci encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and inflammatory pathways. GSK761 specifically reduces SP140 chromatin binding and thereby expression of SP140-regulated genes. GSK761 inhibits the expression of cytokines, including TNF, by CD14+ macrophages isolated from CD intestinal mucosa. Conclusions This study identifies SP140 as a druggable epigenetic therapeutic target for CD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01380-6.
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Vu V, Szewczyk MM, Nie DY, Arrowsmith CH, Barsyte-Lovejoy D. Validating Small Molecule Chemical Probes for Biological Discovery. Annu Rev Biochem 2022; 91:61-87. [PMID: 35363509 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-032620-105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Small molecule chemical probes are valuable tools for interrogating protein biological functions and relevance as a therapeutic target. Rigorous validation of chemical probe parameters such as cellular potency and selectivity is critical to unequivocally linking biological and phenotypic data resulting from treatment with a chemical probe to the function of a specific target protein. A variety of modern technologies are available to evaluate cellular potency and selectivity, target engagement, and functional response biomarkers of chemical probe compounds. Here, we review these technologies and the rationales behind using them for the characterization and validation of chemical probes. In addition, large-scale phenotypic characterization of chemical probes through chemical genetic screening is increasingly leading to a wealth of information on the cellular pharmacology and disease involvement of potential therapeutic targets. Extensive compound validation approaches and integration of phenotypic information will lay foundations for further use of chemical probes in biological discovery. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biochemistry, Volume 91 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Vu
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magdalena M Szewczyk
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - David Y Nie
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Lay CS, Thomas DA, Evans JP, Jones EJ, Gatfield KM, Craggs PD. A kinetic intra-cellular assay (KICA) to measure quantitative compound binding kinetics within living cells. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101078. [PMID: 35059653 PMCID: PMC8760444 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kinetic Intra-Cellular Assay (KICA) is a recombinant cell-based technique that utilizes NanoBRET technology. KICA enables the measurement of intracellular binding kinetics. This protocol describes steps for cellular transfection and expression, followed by addition of a target specific fluorophore conjugated probe and a range of concentrations of competitor compounds, followed by the measurement of BRET in a 384 well format. Fitting the BRET data allows measurement of forward and reverse binding rates and the determination of KD. For complete details on the use and execution of this profile, please refer to Lay et al. (2021). The step-by-step protocol for the Kinetic Intra-Cellular Assay (KICA) is outlined KICA is a recombinant cellular technique that utilizes NanoBRET technology Protocol enables the measurement of intra-cellular compound binding kinetics The KICA technique is quantitative, scalable, and reproducible
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S. Lay
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, UK
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Daniel A. Thomas
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
- Arctoris, Oxford OX14 4SA, UK
| | - John P. Evans
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Emma J. Jones
- Protein and Cellular Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kelly M. Gatfield
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter D. Craggs
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
- GSK-Francis Crick Institute Linklabs, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
- Corresponding author
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7
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Lay CS, Thomas DA, Evans JP, Campbell M, McCombe K, Phillipou AN, Gordon LJ, Jones EJ, Riching K, Mahmood M, Messenger C, Carver CE, Gatfield KM, Craggs PD. Development of an intracellular quantitative assay to measure compound binding kinetics. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:287-299.e8. [PMID: 34520747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary drug discovery typically quantifies the effect of a molecule on a biological target using the equilibrium-derived measurements of IC50, EC50, or KD. Kinetic descriptors of drug binding are frequently linked with the effectiveness of a molecule in modulating a disease phenotype; however, these parameters are yet to be fully adopted in early drug discovery. Nanoluciferase bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET) can be used to measure interactions between fluorophore-conjugated probes and luciferase fused target proteins. Here, we describe an intracellular NanoBRET competition assay that can be used to quantify cellular kinetic rates of compound binding to nanoluciferase-fused bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins. Comparative rates are generated using a cell-free NanoBRET assay and by utilizing orthogonal recombinant protein-based methodologies. A screen of known pan-BET inhibitors is used to demonstrate the value of this approach in the investigation of kinetic selectivity between closely related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Lay
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Daniel A Thomas
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; Arctoris, Oxford OX14 4SA, UK
| | - John P Evans
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kristopher McCombe
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Alexander N Phillipou
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Laurie J Gordon
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Emma J Jones
- Protein and Cellular Sciences, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Mahnoor Mahmood
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cassie Messenger
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Charlotte E Carver
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kelly M Gatfield
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter D Craggs
- Medicine Design, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK; GSK-Francis Crick Institute Linklabs, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
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8
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Dodds JN, Baker ES. Improving the Speed and Selectivity of Newborn Screening Using Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:17094-17102. [PMID: 34851605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detection and diagnosis of congenital disorders is the principal aim of newborn screening (NBS) programs worldwide. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become the preferred primary testing method for high-throughput NBS sampling because of its speed and selectivity. However, the ever-increasing list of NBS biomarkers included in expanding panels creates unique analytical challenges for multiplexed MS assays due to isobaric/isomeric overlap and chimeric fragmentation spectra. Since isobaric and isomeric systems limit the diagnostic power of current methods and require costly follow-up exams due to many false-positive results, here, we explore the utility of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to enhance the accuracy of MS assays for primary (tier 1) screening. Our results suggest that ∼400 IMS resolving power would be required to confidently assess most NBS biomarkers of interest in dried blood spots (DBSs) that currently require follow-up testing. While this level of selectivity is unobtainable with most commercially available platforms, the separations detailed here for a commercially available drift tube IMS (Agilent 6560 with high-resolution demultiplexing, HRdm) illustrate the unique capabilities of IMS to separate many diagnostic NBS biomarkers from interferences. Furthermore, to address the need for increased speed of NBS analyses, we utilized an automated solid-phase extraction (SPE) system for ∼10 s sampling of simulated NBS samples prior to IMS-MS. This proof-of-concept work demonstrates the unique capabilities of SPE-IMS-MS for high-throughput sample introduction and enhanced separation capacity conducive for increasing speed and accuracy for NBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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9
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Unger MS, Blank M, Enzlein T, Hopf C. Label-free cell assays to determine compound uptake or drug action using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5533-5558. [PMID: 34759382 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based assays for compound screening and profiling are fundamentally important in life sciences, chemical biology and pharmaceutical research. Most cell assays measure the amount of a single reporter molecule or cellular endpoint, and require the use of fluorescence or other labeled materials. Consequently, there is high demand for label-free technologies that enable multiple biomolecules or endpoints to be measured simultaneously. Here, we describe how to develop, optimize and validate MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) cell assays that can be used to measure cellular uptake of transporter substrates, to monitor cellular drug target engagement or to discover cellular drug-response markers. In uptake assays, intracellular accumulation of a transporter substrate and its inhibition by test compounds is measured. In drug response assays, changes to multiple cellular metabolites or to abundant posttranslational protein modifications are monitored as reporters of drug activity. We detail a ten-part optimization protocol with every part taking 1-2 d that leads to a final 2 d optimized procedure, which includes cell treatment, transfer, MALDI MS-specific sample preparation, quantification using stable-isotope-labeled standards, MALDI-TOF MS data acquisition, data processing and analysis. Key considerations for validation and automation of MALDI-TOF MS cell assays are outlined. Overall, label-free MS cell-based assays offer speed, sensitivity, accuracy and versatility in drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Unger
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martina Blank
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.,Structural Molecular Biology Laboratory (LABIME), Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Thomas Enzlein
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carsten Hopf
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Optical Spectroscopy (CeMOS), Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany.
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10
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Liu SY, Zhang QZ, Hu MQ, Li FX, Fu JM, Zhu ZD, Li QK, Yang Z, Quan JM. Targeting Extracellular Cyclophilin A via an Albumin-Binding Cyclosporine A Analogue. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3649-3652. [PMID: 34595834 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An albumin-binding CsA analogue 4MCsA was achieved by attachment of a thiol-reactive maleimide group at the side-chain of P4 position of CsA derivative. 4MCsA was semi-synthesized from CsA, and the cell-impermeability of albumin-4MCsA was detected by mass spectrometry and a competitive flow cytometry. 4MCsA exhibits inhibition of chemotaxis activity and inflammation by targeting extracellular CypA without immunosuppressive effect and cellular toxicity. These combined results suggested that 4MCsA can be restricted extracellularly through covalently binding to Cys34 of albumin with its maleimide group, and regulate the functions of cyclophilin A extracellularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | | | - Min-Qiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Feng-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jia-Miao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | | | - Qin-Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun-Min Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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11
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Pterostilbene Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Aging in Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101552. [PMID: 34679686 PMCID: PMC8533475 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is the main indicator of air pollutants, and it may increase the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in keratinocytes, leading to skin inflammation, aging, and decreased moisturizing ability. Pterostilbene (PTS) is a dimethylated analog of resveratrol that has antioxidant effects. However, the molecular mechanisms of PTS in preventing PM-induced keratinocyte inflammation and aging have not been investigated yet. Therefore, we used PM-induced human keratinocytes to investigate the protective mechanisms of PTS. The results showed that 20 μM PTS had no toxicity to HaCaT keratinocytes and significantly reduced PM-induced intracellular ROS production. In addition, nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) was inhibited by PTS, leading to reduced expression of its downstream CYP1A1. PTS further inhibited PM-induced MAPKs, inflammation (COX-2), and aging (MMP-9) protein cascades, and rescued moisturizing (AQP-3) protein expression. We analyzed the PTS content in cells at different time points and compared the concentration required for PTS to inhibit the target proteins. Finally, we used the skin penetration assay to show that the PTS essence mainly exists in the epidermal layer and did not enter the system circulation. In conclusion, PTS could protect HaCaT keratinocytes from PM-induced damage and has the potential to become a cosmetic ingredient.
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Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Blake RA, Sadowsky JD, Adaligil E, Adhikari P, Chen J, Corr N, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Del Rosario G, Fullerton A, Hartman SJ, Jiang F, Kaufman S, Kleinheinz T, Kozak KR, Liu L, Lu Y, Mulvihill MM, Murray JM, O'Donohue A, Rowntree RK, Sawyer WS, Staben LR, Wai J, Wang J, Wei B, Wei W, Xu Z, Yao H, Yu SF, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Zhou H, Zhu X. Antibody-Mediated Delivery of Chimeric BRD4 Degraders. Part 2: Improvement of In Vitro Antiproliferation Activity and In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2576-2607. [PMID: 33596073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heterobifunctional compounds that direct the ubiquitination of intracellular proteins in a targeted manner via co-opted ubiquitin ligases have enormous potential to transform the field of medicinal chemistry. These chimeric molecules, often termed proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) in the chemical literature, enable the controlled degradation of specific proteins via their direction to the cellular proteasome. In this report, we describe the second phase of our research focused on exploring antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), which incorporate BRD4-targeting chimeric degrader entities. We employ a new BRD4-binding fragment in the construction of the chimeric ADC payloads that is significantly more potent than the corresponding entity utilized in our initial studies. The resulting BRD4-degrader antibody conjugates exhibit potent and antigen-dependent BRD4 degradation and antiproliferation activities in cell-based experiments. Multiple ADCs bearing chimeric BRD4-degrader payloads also exhibit strong, antigen-dependent antitumor efficacy in mouse xenograft assessments that employ several different tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert A Blake
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emel Adaligil
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Nicholas Corr
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Aaron Fullerton
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven J Hartman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Fan Jiang
- Viva Biotech, Structural Biology, 334 Aidisheng Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liling Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ying Lu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Melinda M Mulvihill
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeremy M Murray
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee O'Donohue
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - William S Sawyer
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jian Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wentao Wei
- Viva Biotech, Structural Biology, 334 Aidisheng Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shenhua Zhang
- Viva Biotech, Structural Biology, 334 Aidisheng Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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13
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Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Blake RA, Sadowsky JD, Adaligil E, Adhikari P, Bhakta S, Blaquiere N, Chen J, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Gascoigne KE, Hartman SJ, He M, Kaufman S, Kleinheinz T, Kozak KR, Liu L, Liu L, Liu Q, Lu Y, Meng F, Mulvihill MM, O'Donohue A, Rowntree RK, Staben LR, Staben ST, Wai J, Wang J, Wei B, Wilson C, Xin J, Xu Z, Yao H, Zhang D, Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhu X. Antibody-Mediated Delivery of Chimeric BRD4 Degraders. Part 1: Exploration of Antibody Linker, Payload Loading, and Payload Molecular Properties. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2534-2575. [PMID: 33596065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The biological and medicinal impacts of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) and related chimeric molecules that effect intracellular degradation of target proteins via ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination continue to grow. However, these chimeric entities are relatively large compounds that often possess molecular characteristics, which may compromise oral bioavailability, solubility, and/or in vivo pharmacokinetic properties. We therefore explored the conjugation of such molecules to monoclonal antibodies using technologies originally developed for cytotoxic payloads so as to provide alternate delivery options for these novel agents. In this report, we describe the first phase of our systematic development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) derived from bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4)-targeting chimeric degrader entities. We demonstrate the antigen-dependent delivery of the degrader payloads to PC3-S1 prostate cancer cells along with related impacts on MYC transcription and intracellular BRD4 levels. These experiments culminate with the identification of one degrader conjugate, which exhibits antigen-dependent antiproliferation effects in LNCaP prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert A Blake
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emel Adaligil
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Pragya Adhikari
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sunil Bhakta
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Karen E Gascoigne
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven J Hartman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mingtao He
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Susan Kaufman
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liang Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Liling Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Qi Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ying Lu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Fanwei Meng
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Melinda M Mulvihill
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee O'Donohue
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna R Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jian Wang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Catherine Wilson
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianfeng Xin
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., 6 Tai He Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhu
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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14
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McLaren DG, Shah V, Wisniewski T, Ghislain L, Liu C, Zhang H, Saldanha SA. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry for Hit Identification: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2021; 26:168-191. [PMID: 33482074 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220980696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
For nearly two decades mass spectrometry has been used as a label-free, direct-detection method for both functional and affinity-based screening of a wide range of therapeutically relevant target classes. Here, we present an overview of several established and emerging mass spectrometry platforms and summarize the unique strengths and performance characteristics of each as they apply to high-throughput screening. Multiple examples from the recent literature are highlighted in order to illustrate the power of each individual technique, with special emphasis given to cases where the use of mass spectrometry was found to be differentiating when compared with other detection formats. Indeed, as many of these examples will demonstrate, the inherent strengths of mass spectrometry-sensitivity, specificity, wide dynamic range, and amenability to complex matrices-can be leveraged to enhance the discriminating power and physiological relevance of assays included in screening cascades. It is our hope that this review will serve as a useful guide to readers of all backgrounds and experience levels on the applicability and benefits of mass spectrometry in the search for hits, leads, and, ultimately, drugs.
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15
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Zane D, Feldman PL, Sawyer T, Sobol Z, Hawes J. Development and Regulatory Challenges for Peptide Therapeutics. Int J Toxicol 2020; 40:108-124. [PMID: 33327828 DOI: 10.1177/1091581820977846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increased interest in and activity for the use of peptide therapeutics to treat a variety of human diseases. The number of peptide drugs entering clinical development and the market has increased significantly over the past decade despite inherent challenges of peptide therapeutic discovery, development, and patient-friendly delivery. Disparities in interpretation and application of existing regulatory guidances to innovative synthetic and conjugated peptide assets have resulted in challenges for both regulators and sponsors. The Symposium on Development and Regulatory Challenges for Peptide Therapeutics at the 40th Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology held in November of 2019 focused on the following specific topics: (1) peptide therapeutic progress and future directions, and approaches to discover, optimize, assess, and deliver combination peptide therapeutics for treatment of diseases; (2) toxicological considerations to advance peptide drug-device combination products for efficient development and optimal patient benefit and adherence; (3) industry and regulatory perspectives on the regulation of synthetic and conjugated peptide products, including exploration of regulatory classifications, interpretations, and application of the existing guidances International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) M3(R2) and ICH S6(R1) in determining nonclinical study recommendations; and (4) presentation of the 2016 Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Genetic Toxicology Technical Committee working group assessment of genotoxicity testing requirements. Perspectives were shared from industry and regulatory scientists working in the peptide therapeutics field followed by an open forum panel discussion to discuss questions drafted for the peptide therapeutics scientific community, which will be discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Zane
- 435529Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Feldman
- 435529Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Zhanna Sobol
- Pfizer Inc., Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jessica Hawes
- 4137Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Silver Spring, MD, USA.,Hawes is now with Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), Jefferson, AR, USA
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16
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Hann MM. Lessons in Transcellular Membrane Transport Re-Learned. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:548-551. [PMID: 33144234 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A brief note on the studies we have conducted on total and free drug concentration of thousands of drug discovery compounds in HeLa cells as measured by an approach inspired by the work of Professor Per Arturrsson. We conclude that the familiar QSAR equations of Corwin Hansch which were modelled as a bell shape by using logP and -logP2 terms can be similarly seen in our results and this can be interpreted with the aid of chromatographic Immobilised Artificial Membrane measurements. We also point out the differences between our measurements and those widely used based on Artificial Membrane Permeability Assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Hann
- Medicinal Sciences and Technologies, GSK Medicine's Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK.
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17
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Klein VG, Townsend CE, Testa A, Zengerle M, Maniaci C, Hughes SJ, Chan KH, Ciulli A, Lokey RS. Understanding and Improving the Membrane Permeability of VH032-Based PROTACs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1732-1738. [PMID: 32939229 PMCID: PMC7488288 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
Proteolysis targeting
chimeras (PROTACs) are catalytic heterobifunctional
molecules that can selectively degrade a protein of interest by recruiting
a ubiquitin E3 ligase to the target, leading to its ubiquitylation
and degradation by the proteasome. Most degraders lie outside the
chemical space associated with most membrane-permeable drugs. Although
many PROTACs have been described with potent activity in cells, our
understanding of the relationship between structure and permeability
in these compounds remains limited. Here, we describe a label-free
method for assessing the permeability of several VH032-based PROTACs
and their components by combining a parallel artificial membrane permeability
assay (PAMPA) and a lipophilic permeability efficiency (LPE) metric.
Our results show that the combination of these two cell-free membrane
permeability assays provides new insight into PROTAC structure–permeability
relationships and offers a conceptual framework for predicting the
physicochemical properties of PROTACs in order to better inform the
design of more permeable and more effective degraders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G. Klein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Chad E. Townsend
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Andrea Testa
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Michael Zengerle
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Chiara Maniaci
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Scott J. Hughes
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Kwok-Ho Chan
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, U.K
| | - R. Scott Lokey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
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18
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Clegg MA, Bamborough P, Chung CW, Craggs PD, Gordon L, Grandi P, Leveridge M, Lindon M, Liwicki GM, Michon AM, Molnar J, Rioja I, Soden PE, Theodoulou NH, Werner T, Tomkinson NCO, Prinjha RK, Humphreys PG. Application of Atypical Acetyl-lysine Methyl Mimetics in the Development of Selective Inhibitors of the Bromodomain-Containing Protein 7 (BRD7)/Bromodomain-Containing Protein 9 (BRD9) Bromodomains. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5816-5840. [PMID: 32410449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-BET bromodomain-containing proteins have become attractive targets for the development of novel therapeutics targeting epigenetic pathways. To help facilitate the target validation of this class of proteins, structurally diverse small-molecule ligands and methodologies to produce selective inhibitors in a predictable fashion are in high demand. Herein, we report the development and application of atypical acetyl-lysine (KAc) methyl mimetics to take advantage of the differential stability of conserved water molecules in the bromodomain binding site. Discovery of the n-butyl group as an atypical KAc methyl mimetic allowed generation of 31 (GSK6776) as a soluble, permeable, and selective BRD7/9 inhibitor from a pyridazinone template. The n-butyl group was then used to enhance the bromodomain selectivity of an existing BRD9 inhibitor and to transform pan-bromodomain inhibitors into BRD7/9 selective compounds. Finally, a solvent-exposed vector was defined from the pyridazinone template to enable bifunctional molecule synthesis, and affinity enrichment chemoproteomic experiments were used to confirm several of the endogenous protein partners of BRD7 and BRD9, which form part of the chromatin remodeling PBAF and BAF complexes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Clegg
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bamborough
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-Wa Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Craggs
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laurie Gordon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Grandi
- Cellzome GmbH, R&D MST GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Leveridge
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Lindon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M Liwicki
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Marie Michon
- Cellzome GmbH, R&D MST GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judit Molnar
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Inmaculada Rioja
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E Soden
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie H Theodoulou
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Werner
- Cellzome GmbH, R&D MST GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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19
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Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. How can we better realize the potential of immobilized artificial membrane chromatography in drug discovery and development? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:273-276. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1718101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tsantili-Kakoulidou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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20
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Valko KL, Zhang T. Biomimetic properties and estimated in vivo distribution of chloroquine and hydroxy-chloroquine enantiomers. ADMET AND DMPK 2020; 9:151-165. [PMID: 35299770 PMCID: PMC8920107 DOI: 10.5599/admet.929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine and hydroxy-chloroquine already established as anti-malarial and lupus drugs have recently gained renewed attention in the fight against the Covid-19 pandemic. Bio-mimetic HPLC methods have been used to measure the protein and phospholipid binding of the racemic mixtures of the drugs. The tissue binding and volume of distribution of the enantiomers have been estimated. The enantiomers can be separated using Chiralpak AGP HPLC columns. From the α-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) binding, the lung tissue binding can be estimated for the enantiomers. The drugs have a large volume of distribution, showed strong and stereoselective glycoprotein binding, medium-strong phospholipid-binding indicating only moderate phospholipidotic potential, hERG inhibition and promiscuous binding. The drug efficiency of the compounds was estimated to be greater than 2 % which indicates a high level of free biophase concentration relative to dose. The biomimetic properties of the compounds support the well-known tolerability of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara L Valko
- Bio-Mimetic Chromatography Ltd, Business & Technology Centre, Bessemer Drive, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2DX UK
| | - Tong Zhang
- Chiral Technologies Europe, Parc d'Innovation 160, Bd Gonthier d'Andernach CS 80140 67404 ILLKIRCH CEDEX France
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21
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Foley CA, Potjewyd F, Lamb KN, James LI, Frye SV. Assessing the Cell Permeability of Bivalent Chemical Degraders Using the Chloroalkane Penetration Assay. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:290-295. [PMID: 31846298 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bivalent chemical degraders provide a catalytic route to selectively degrade disease-associated proteins. By linking target-specific ligands with E3 ubiquitin ligase recruiting ligands, these compounds facilitate targeted protein ubiquitination and degradation by the proteasome. Due to the complexity of this multistep mechanism, the development of effective degrader molecules remains a difficult, lengthy, and unpredictable process. Since degraders are large heterobifunctional molecules, the efficacy of these compounds may be limited by poor cell permeability, and an efficient and reliable method to quantify the cell permeability of these compounds is lacking. Herein, we demonstrate that by the addition of a chloroalkane tag on the BRD4 specific degrader, MZ1, cell permeability can be quantified via the chloroalkane penetration assay. By extending this analysis to individual components of the degrader molecule, we have obtained structure-permeability relationships that will be informative for future degrader development, particularly as degraders move into the clinic as potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Foley
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Frances Potjewyd
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kelsey N. Lamb
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Lindsey I. James
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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22
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Chen D, Li L, Diaz K, Iyamu ID, Yadav R, Noinaj N, Huang R. Novel Propargyl-Linked Bisubstrate Analogues as Tight-Binding Inhibitors for Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10783-10797. [PMID: 31724854 PMCID: PMC7296983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the methyl transfer from the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine to nicotinamide and other pyridine-containing compounds. NNMT is an important regulator for nicotinamide metabolism and methylation potential. Aberrant expression levels of NNMT have been implicated in cancer, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases, which makes NNMT a potential therapeutic target. Therefore, potent and selective NNMT inhibitors can serve as valuable tools to investigate the roles of NNMT in its mediated diseases. Here, we applied a rational strategy to design and synthesize the tight-binding bisubstrate inhibitor LL320 through a novel propargyl linker. LL320 demonstrates a Ki value of 1.6 ± 0.3 nM, which is the most potent inhibitor to date. The cocrystal structure of LL320 confirms its interaction with both the substrate and cofactor binding sites on NNMT. Importantly, this is the first example of using the propargyl linker to construct potent methyltransferase inhibitors, which will expand our understanding of the transition state of methyl transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxing Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Linjie Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Krystal Diaz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Iredia D. Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of
Biological Sciences and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and
Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Markey Center for Structural Biology, Department of
Biological Sciences and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and
Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United
States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular
Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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23
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Application of biomimetic HPLC to estimate in vivo behavior of early drug discovery compounds. FUTURE DRUG DISCOVERY 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fdd-2019-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the properties of large numbers of compounds and estimating their potential absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination properties are important early stages in the process of drug discovery and help to reduce later stage attrition. The chromatographic separation principles using stationary phases that contain proteins and phospholipids are more suitable for compound characterization and estimation of the pharmacokinetic properties than the traditional octanol/water partition coefficient. This technology, when standardized, enables the prediction of in vivo behavior and the selection of compounds with the best potential, thus reducing the number of animal experiments. Chromatography may be involved more widely in the future to measure kinetic aspects of compounds’ binding to proteins and receptors which would enable designing compounds that require a lower frequency of doses and have more predictable pharmacokinetic profiles.
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24
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Polak S, Tylutki Z, Holbrook M, Wiśniowska B. Better prediction of the local concentration-effect relationship: the role of physiologically based pharmacokinetics and quantitative systems pharmacology and toxicology in the evolution of model-informed drug discovery and development. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1344-1354. [PMID: 31132414 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3) is an umbrella term under which sit several computational approaches: quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP), quantitative systems toxicology (QST) and physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK). QSP models are built using mechanistic knowledge of the pharmacological pathway focusing on the putative mechanism of drug efficacy; whereas QST models focus on safety and toxicity issues and the molecular pathways and networks that drive these adverse effects. These can be mediated through exaggerated on-target or off-target pharmacology, immunogenicity or the physiochemical nature of the compound. PBPK models provide a mechanistic description of individual organs and tissues to allow the prediction of the intra- and extra-cellular concentration of the parent drug and metabolites under different conditions. Information on biophase concentration enables the prediction of a drug effect in different organs and assessment of the potential for drug-drug interactions. Together, these modelling approaches can inform the exposure-response relationship and hence support hypothesis generation and testing, compound selection, hazard identification and risk assessment through to clinical proof of concept (POC) and beyond to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Polak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Certara-Simcyp, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK.
| | - Zofia Tylutki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Certara-Simcyp, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Mark Holbrook
- Certara-Simcyp, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Barbara Wiśniowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9 Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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25
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Spangler B, Yang S, Baxter Rath CM, Reck F, Feng BY. A Unified Framework for the Incorporation of Bioorthogonal Compound Exposure Probes within Biological Compartments. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:725-734. [PMID: 30908011 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compartmentalization is a crucial facet of many biological systems, and key aspects of cellular processes rely on spatial segregation within the cell. While many drug targets reside in specific intracellular compartments, the tools available for assessing compound exposure are generally limited to whole-cell measurements. To address this gap, we recently developed a bioorthogonal chemistry-based method to assess compartment-specific compound exposure and demonstrated its use in Gram-negative bacteria. To expand the applicability of this approach, we report here novel bioorthogonal probe modalities which enable diverse probe incorporation strategies. The probes we developed utilize a cleavable thiocarbamate linker to connect localizing elements such as metabolic substrates to a cyclooctyne moiety which enables the detection of azide-containing molecules. Adducts between the probe and azide-bearing compounds can be recovered and affinity purified after exposure experiments, thus facilitating the mass-spectrometry based analysis used to assess compound exposure. The bioorthogonal system reported here thus provides a valuable new tool for interrogating compartment-specific compound exposure in a variety of biological contexts while retaining a simple and unified sample preparation and analysis workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spangler
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emerville, California 94608, United States
| | - Shengtian Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emerville, California 94608, United States
| | | | - Folkert Reck
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emerville, California 94608, United States
| | - Brian Y. Feng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emerville, California 94608, United States
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26
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Abstract
Ligand efficiency is a widely used design parameter in drug discovery. It is calculated by scaling affinity by molecular size and has a nontrivial dependency on the concentration unit used to express affinity that stems from the inability of the logarithm function to take dimensioned arguments. Consequently, perception of efficiency varies with the choice of concentration unit and it is argued that the ligand efficiency metric is not physically meaningful nor should it be considered to be a metric. The dependence of ligand efficiency on the concentration unit can be eliminated by defining efficiency in terms of sensitivity of affinity to molecular size and this is illustrated with reference to fragment-to-lead optimizations. Group efficiency and fit quality are also examined in detail from a physicochemical perspective. The importance of examining relationships between affinity and molecular size directly is stressed throughout this study and an alternative to ligand efficiency for normalization of affinity with respect to molecular size is presented.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Kenny
- Berwick-on-Sea, North Coast Road, Blanchisseuse, Saint George, Trinidad and Tobago.
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27
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Kempa EE, Hollywood KA, Smith CA, Barran PE. High throughput screening of complex biological samples with mass spectrometry – from bulk measurements to single cell analysis. Analyst 2019; 144:872-891. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We review the state of the art in HTS using mass spectrometry with minimal sample preparation from complex biological matrices. We focus on industrial and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E. Kempa
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
| | - Katherine A. Hollywood
- Manchester Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Speciality Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM)
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester M1 7DN
- UK
| | - Clive A. Smith
- Sphere Fluidics Limited
- The Jonas-Webb Building
- Babraham Research Campus
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Michael Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology
- The University of Manchester
- Manchester
- UK
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28
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Guo Y, Chu X, Parrott NJ, Brouwer KLR, Hsu V, Nagar S, Matsson P, Sharma P, Snoeys J, Sugiyama Y, Tatosian D, Unadkat JD, Huang SM, Galetin A. Advancing Predictions of Tissue and Intracellular Drug Concentrations Using In Vitro, Imaging and Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approaches. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:865-889. [PMID: 30059145 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This white paper examines recent progress, applications, and challenges in predicting unbound and total tissue and intra/subcellular drug concentrations using in vitro and preclinical models, imaging techniques, and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Published examples, regulatory submissions, and case studies illustrate the application of different types of data in drug development to support modeling and decision making for compounds with transporter-mediated disposition, and likely disconnects between tissue and systemic drug exposure. The goals of this article are to illustrate current best practices and outline practical strategies for selecting appropriate in vitro and in vivo experimental methods to estimate or predict tissue and plasma concentrations, and to use these data in the application of PBPK modeling for human pharmacokinetic (PK), efficacy, and safety assessment in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Investigational Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana,, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey,, USA
| | - Neil J Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina,, USA
| | - Vicky Hsu
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland,, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,, USA
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Janssen R&D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN Research Cluster for Innovation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daniel Tatosian
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey,, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,, USA
| | - Shiew-Mei Huang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland,, USA
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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29
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Peraro L, Kritzer JA. Emerging Methods and Design Principles for Cell-Penetrant Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11868-11881. [PMID: 29740917 PMCID: PMC7184558 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecules such as antibodies, proteins, and peptides are important tools for chemical biology and leads for drug development. They have been used to inhibit a variety of extracellular proteins, but accessing intracellular proteins has been much more challenging. In this review, we discuss diverse chemical approaches that have yielded cell-penetrant peptides and identify three distinct strategies: masking backbone amides, guanidinium group patterning, and amphipathic patterning. We summarize a growing number of large data sets, which are starting to reveal more specific design guidelines for each strategy. We also discuss advantages and disadvantages of current methods for quantifying cell penetration. Finally, we provide an overview of best-odds approaches for applying these new methods and design principles to optimize cytosolic penetration for a given bioactive peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, 02155, USA
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30
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Tanner L, Denti P, Wiesner L, Warner DF. Drug permeation and metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Prioritising local exposure as essential criterion in new TB drug development. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:926-937. [PMID: 29934964 PMCID: PMC6129860 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs possess diverse abilities to penetrate the different host tissues and cell types in which infecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli are located during active disease. This is important since there is increasing evidence that the respective "lesion-penetrating" properties of the front-line TB drugs appear to correlate well with their specific activity in standard combination therapy. In turn, these observations suggest that rational efforts to discover novel treatment-shortening drugs and drug combinations should incorporate knowledge about the comparative abilities of both existing and experimental anti-TB agents to access bacilli in defined physiological states at different sites of infection, as well as avoid elimination by efflux or inactivation by host or bacterial metabolism. However, while there is a fundamental requirement to understand the mode of action and pharmacological properties of any current or experimental anti-TB agent within the context of the obligate human host, this is complex and, until recently, has been severely limited by the available methodologies and models. Here, we discuss advances in analytical models and technologies which have enabled investigations of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) for new TB drug development. In particular, we consider the potential to shift the focus of traditional pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses away from plasma to a more specific "site of action" drug exposure as an essential criterion for drug development and the design of dosing strategies. Moreover, in summarising approaches to determine DMPK data for the "unit of infection" comprising host macrophage and intracellular bacillus, we evaluate the potential benefits of including these analyses at an early stage in the preclinical drug development algorithm. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(9):926-937, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Digby F. Warner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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31
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Peraro L, Kritzer JA. Neue Methoden und Designprinzipien für zellgängige Peptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Peraro
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry Tufts University Medford Massachusetts 02155 USA
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32
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Sawyer TK, Partridge AW, Kaan HYK, Juang YC, Lim S, Johannes C, Yuen TY, Verma C, Kannan S, Aronica P, Tan YS, Sherborne B, Ha S, Hochman J, Chen S, Surdi L, Peier A, Sauvagnat B, Dandliker PJ, Brown CJ, Ng S, Ferrer F, Lane DP. Macrocyclic α helical peptide therapeutic modality: A perspective of learnings and challenges. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2807-2815. [PMID: 29598901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrocyclic α-helical peptides have emerged as a compelling new therapeutic modality to tackle targets confined to the intracellular compartment. Within the scope of hydrocarbon-stapling there has been significant progress to date, including the first stapled α-helical peptide to enter into clinical trials. The principal design concept of stapled α-helical peptides is to mimic a cognate (protein) ligand relative to binding its target via an α-helical interface. However, it was the proclivity of such stapled α-helical peptides to exhibit cell permeability and proteolytic stability that underscored their promise as unique macrocyclic peptide drugs for intracellular targets. This perspective highlights key learnings as well as challenges in basic research with respect to structure-based design, innovative chemistry, cell permeability and proteolytic stability that are essential to fulfill the promise of stapled α-helical peptide drug development.
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33
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Newman CF, Havelund R, Passarelli MK, Marshall PS, Francis I, West A, Alexander MR, Gilmore IS, Dollery CT. Intracellular Drug Uptake-A Comparison of Single Cell Measurements Using ToF-SIMS Imaging and Quantification from Cell Populations with LC/MS/MS. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11944-11953. [PMID: 29039651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ToF-SIMS is a label-free imaging method that has been shown to enable imaging of amiodarone in single rat macrophage (NR8383) cells. In this study, we show that the method extends to three other cell lines relevant to drug discovery: human embryonic kidney (HEK293), cervical cancer (HeLa), and liver cancer (HepG2). There is significant interest in the variation of drug uptake at the single cell level, and we use ToF-SIMS to show that there is great diversity between individual cells and when comparing each of the cell types. These single cell measurements are compared to quantitative measurements of cell-associated amiodarone for the population using LC/MS/MS and cell counting with flow cytometry. NR8383 and HepG2 cells uptake the greatest amount of amiodarone with an average of 2.38 and 2.60 pg per cell, respectively, and HeLa and Hek 293 have a significantly lower amount of amiodarone at 0.43 and 0.36 pg per cell, respectively. The amount of cell-associated drug for the ensemble population measurement (LC/MS/MS) is compared with the ToF-SIMS single cell data: a similar amount of drug was detected per cell for the NR8383, and HepG2 cells at a greater level than that for the HEK293 cells. However, the two techniques did not agree for the HeLa cells, and we postulate potential reasons for this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla F Newman
- GlaxoSmithKline , Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.,Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory (NPL) , Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa K Passarelli
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory (NPL) , Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian Francis
- GlaxoSmithKline , Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andy West
- GlaxoSmithKline , Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R Alexander
- Division of Advanced Materials and Healthcare Technologies, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Centre of Excellence in Mass Spectrometry Imaging (NiCE-MSI), National Physical Laboratory (NPL) , Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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34
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Davis AM, Plowright AT, Valeur E. Directing evolution: the next revolution in drug discovery? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2017; 16:681-698. [PMID: 28935911 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The strong biological rationale to pursue challenging drug targets such as protein-protein interactions has stimulated the development of novel screening strategies, such as DNA-encoded libraries, to allow broader areas of chemical space to be searched. There has also been renewed interest in screening natural products, which are the result of evolutionary selection for a function, such as interference with a key signalling pathway of a competing organism. However, recent advances in several areas, such as understanding of the biosynthetic pathways for natural products, synthetic biology and the development of biosensors to detect target molecules, are now providing new opportunities to directly harness evolutionary pressure to identify and optimize compounds with desired bioactivities. Here, we describe innovations in the key components of such strategies and highlight pioneering examples that indicate the potential of the directed-evolution concept. We also discuss the scientific gaps and challenges that remain to be addressed to realize this potential more broadly in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Davis
- AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43150, Sweden
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Industriepark Höchst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eric Valeur
- AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 43150, Sweden
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35
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Valeur E, Guéret SM, Adihou H, Gopalakrishnan R, Lemurell M, Waldmann H, Grossmann TN, Plowright AT. New Modalities for Challenging Targets in Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10294-10323. [PMID: 28186380 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our ever-increasing understanding of biological systems is providing a range of exciting novel biological targets, whose modulation may enable novel therapeutic options for many diseases. These targets include protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid interactions, which are, however, often refractory to classical small-molecule approaches. Other types of molecules, or modalities, are therefore required to address these targets, which has led several academic research groups and pharmaceutical companies to increasingly use the concept of so-called "new modalities". This Review defines for the first time the scope of this term, which includes novel peptidic scaffolds, oligonucleotides, hybrids, molecular conjugates, as well as new uses of classical small molecules. We provide the most representative examples of these modalities to target large binding surface areas such as those found in protein-protein interactions and for biological processes at the center of cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Valeur
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie M Guéret
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.,AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hélène Adihou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.,AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden.,AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit, Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Malin Lemurell
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Dortmund, Germany.,Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tom N Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alleyn T Plowright
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal, 431 83, Sweden
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36
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Valeur E, Guéret SM, Adihou H, Gopalakrishnan R, Lemurell M, Waldmann H, Grossmann TN, Plowright AT. Neue Modalitäten für schwierige Zielstrukturen in der Wirkstoffentwicklung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Valeur
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
| | - Stéphanie M. Guéret
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
- AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Hélène Adihou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
- AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Ranganath Gopalakrishnan
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
- AstraZeneca MPI Satellite Unit; Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Malin Lemurell
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Dortmund Deutschland
- Fakultät für Chemie and Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Deutschland
| | - Tom N. Grossmann
- Chemical Genomics Centre der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Dortmund Deutschland
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences; VU University Amsterdam; Niederlande
| | - Alleyn T. Plowright
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 431 83 Schweden
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37
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Prediction of intracellular exposure bridges the gap between target- and cell-based drug discovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6231-E6239. [PMID: 28701380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701848114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inadequate target exposure is a major cause of high attrition in drug discovery. Here, we show that a label-free method for quantifying the intracellular bioavailability (Fic) of drug molecules predicts drug access to intracellular targets and hence, pharmacological effect. We determined Fic in multiple cellular assays and cell types representing different targets from a number of therapeutic areas, including cancer, inflammation, and dementia. Both cytosolic targets and targets localized in subcellular compartments were investigated. Fic gives insights on membrane-permeable compounds in terms of cellular potency and intracellular target engagement, compared with biochemical potency measurements alone. Knowledge of the amount of drug that is locally available to bind intracellular targets provides a powerful tool for compound selection in early drug discovery.
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Mateus A, Treyer A, Wegler C, Karlgren M, Matsson P, Artursson P. Intracellular drug bioavailability: a new predictor of system dependent drug disposition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43047. [PMID: 28225057 PMCID: PMC5320532 DOI: 10.1038/srep43047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular drug exposure is influenced by cell- and tissue-dependent expression of drug-transporting proteins and metabolizing enzymes. Here, we introduce the concept of intracellular bioavailability (Fic) as the fraction of extracellular drug available to bind intracellular targets, and we assess how Fic is affected by cellular drug disposition processes. We first investigated the impact of two essential drug transporters separately, one influx transporter (OATP1B1; SLCO1B1) and one efflux transporter (P-gp; ABCB1), in cells overexpressing these proteins. We showed that OATP1B1 increased Fic of its substrates, while P-gp decreased Fic. We then investigated the impact of the concerted action of multiple transporters and metabolizing enzymes in freshly-isolated human hepatocytes in culture configurations with different levels of expression and activity of these proteins. We observed that Fic was up to 35-fold lower in the configuration with high expression of drug-eliminating transporters and enzymes. We conclude that Fic provides a measurement of the net impact of all cellular drug disposition processes on intracellular bioavailable drug levels. Importantly, no prior knowledge of the involved drug distribution pathways is required, allowing for high-throughput determination of drug access to intracellular targets in highly defined cell systems (e.g., single-transporter transfectants) or in complex ones (including primary human cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- André Mateus
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Andrea Treyer
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Christine Wegler
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Innovative Medicines, DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory Drug Discovery and Development platform (SciLifelab DDD-P), Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-751 23, Sweden
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Burtoloso ACB, de Albuquerque S, Furber M, Gomes JC, Gonçalez C, Kenny PW, Leitão A, Montanari CA, Quilles JC, Ribeiro JFR, Rocha JR. Anti-trypanosomal activity of non-peptidic nitrile-based cysteine protease inhibitors. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005343. [PMID: 28222138 PMCID: PMC5344518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease cruzipain is considered to be a validated target for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of Chagas disease. Anti-trypanosomal activity against the CL Brener strain of T. cruzi was observed in the 0.1 μM to 1 μM range for three nitrile-based cysteine protease inhibitors based on two scaffolds known to be associated with cathepsin K inhibition. The two compounds showing the greatest potency against the trypanosome were characterized by EC50 values (0.12 μM and 0.25 μM) that were an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding Ki values measured against cruzain, a recombinant form of cruzipain, in an enzyme inhibition assay. This implies that the anti-trypanosomal activity of these two compounds may not be explained only by the inhibition of the cruzain enzyme, thereby triggering a putative polypharmacological profile towards cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C. B. Burtoloso
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Sérgio de Albuquerque
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana C. Gomes
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cristiana Gonçalez
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter W. Kenny
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Medicinal – NEQUIMED, Instituto de Química de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrei Leitão
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Medicinal – NEQUIMED, Instituto de Química de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. Montanari
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Medicinal – NEQUIMED, Instituto de Química de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Quilles
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Medicinal – NEQUIMED, Instituto de Química de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean F. R. Ribeiro
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Medicinal – NEQUIMED, Instituto de Química de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josmar R. Rocha
- Grupo de Estudos em Química Medicinal – NEQUIMED, Instituto de Química de São Carlos – Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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High-throughput strategies for the discovery and engineering of enzymes for biocatalysis. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:161-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1690-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Wingfield J, Wilson ID. Advances in Mass Spectrometry Within Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:109-10. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115623454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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