The study design and characteristics of the Danish national health interview surveys

Long-term risk factors of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction and death in patients leaving hospital with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke or TIA

Objectives. The prevalence of patients with prior stroke is increasing globally. Accordingly, there is a need for up-to-date evidence of patient-related prognostic factors for stroke recurrence, post stroke myocardial infarction (MI) and death based on long-term follow-up of stroke survivors. For this purpose, the RIALTO study was established in 2004. Design. A prospective cohort study in which patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in three Copenhagen hospitals were included. Data were collected from medical records and by structured interview. Data on first stroke recurrence, first MI and all-cause death were extracted from the Danish National Patient Registry and the Danish Civil Registration System. Results. We included 1215 patients discharged after IS or TIA who were followed up by register data from April 2004 to end of 2018 giving a median follow-up of 3.5-6.9 years depending on the outcome. At the end of follow-up 406 (33%) patients had been admitted with a recurrent stroke, 100 (8%) had a MI and 822 (68%) had died. Long-term prognostic predictors included body mass index, diabetes, antihypertensive and lipid lowering treatment, smoking, a sedentary lifestyle as well as poor self-rated health and psychosocial problems. Conclusions. Long-term risk of recurrent stroke and MI remain high in patients discharged with IS or TIA despite substantial improvements in tertiary preventive care in recent decades. Continued attention to the patient risk profile among patients surviving the early phase of stroke, including comorbidities, lifestyle, and psychosocial challenges, is warranted.

Housing conditions and risk of incident COPD: a Danish cohort study, 2000-2018

BACKGROUND

More knowledge is needed on the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with housing conditions and indoor environment based on cohort studies with a long follow-up time.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between housing conditions and indoor environment and the risk of developing COPD.

METHODS

In this cohort study, we followed 11,590 individuals aged ≥ 30 years free of COPD at baseline. Information on incident COPD and housing conditions and indoor environment was obtained from the Danish national registers and the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey year 2000. Poisson regression of incidence rates (IRs) were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of COPD.

RESULTS

The overall IR of COPD was 8.6 per 1,000 person-years. Individuals living outside the biggest cities vs. living in the biggest cities (≥ 50,000) had a lower risk of COPD (200-4,999; IRR 0.77 (95% CI 0.65-0.90). Individuals living in semi-detached houses had a higher risk compared to individuals living in detached houses (IRR 1.29 (95% CI 1.07-1.55)). Likewise, individuals living in rented homes had a higher risk (IRR 1.47 (95% CI 1.27-1.70)) compared to individuals living in owned homes. The IR of COPD was 17% higher among individuals living in dwellings build > 1982 compared with individuals living in older dwellings (< 1962), not statistically significant though (IRR 0.83 (95% CI 0.68-1.03)). Likewise, the IR of COPD was 15% higher among individuals living in the densest households compared with individuals living in the least dense households, not statistically significant though (IRR 1.15 (95% CI 0.92-1.45)). This was primary seen among smokers. There was no difference in risk among individuals with different perceived indoor environments. Overall, similar patterns were seen when stratified by smoking status with exception of perceived indoor environment, where opposite patterns were seen for smokers and never smokers.

CONCLUSION

Individuals living in semi-detached houses or rented homes had a higher risk of developing COPD compared to individuals living in detached or owned homes. Individuals living in cities with < 50.000 residents had a lower risk of COPD compared to individuals living in cities with ≥ 50.000 residents.

Dietary Vitamin K1 Intake and Incident Aortic Valve Stenosis

BACKGROUND

Leaflet calcification contributes to the development and progression of aortic valve stenosis. Vitamin K activates inhibitors of vascular calcification and may modulate inflammation and skeletal bone loss. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether higher dietary intakes of vitamin K1 are associated with a lower incidence of aortic stenosis.

METHODS

In the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health study, participants aged 50 to 64 years completed a 192-item food frequency questionnaire at baseline, from which habitual intakes of vitamin K1 were estimated. Participants were prospectively followed using linkage to nationwide registers to determine incident aortic valve stenosis (primary outcome) and aortic stenosis with subsequent complications (aortic valve replacement, heart failure, or cardiovascular disease-related mortality; secondary outcome).

RESULTS

In 55 545 participants who were followed for a maximum of 21.5 years, 1085 were diagnosed with aortic stenosis and 615 were identified as having subsequent complications. Participants in the highest quintile of vitamin K1 intake had a 23% lower risk of aortic stenosis (hazard ratio, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.63-0.94]) and a 27% lower risk of aortic stenosis with subsequent complications (hazard ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56-0.95]), compared with participants in the lowest quintile after adjusting for demographics and cardiovascular risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a high intake of vitamin K1-rich foods was associated with a lower incidence of aortic stenosis and a lower risk of aortic stenosis with subsequent complications.

Trends in the use of complementary and alternative medicine between 1987 and 2021 in Denmark

BACKGROUND

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has been widely and increasingly used worldwide during the past decades. Nevertheless, studies in long-term trends of CAM use are limited. The aim of this study was to assess long-term trends in the prevalence of CAM use (both overall and for specific CAMs) between 1987 and 2021 in the adult Danish population and to examine certain sociodemographic characteristics of CAM users.

METHODS

Data derived from nationally representative health surveys in the general adult population (≥ 16 years) in Denmark (the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys) conducted in 1987, 1994, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2017, and 2021. The response proportion declined from 79.9% in 1987 to 45.4% in 2021. CAM use was assessed by questions on ever use of specific types of CAMs and overall use within the past 12 months. Differences in use of CAMs across educational levels were assessed using the Slope Index of Inequality (SII).

RESULTS

An overall increase in the prevalence of CAM use within the past 12 months was found between 1987 (10.0%) and 2021 (24.0%). However, a stagnation was observed between 2010 and 2017, after which the prevalence decreased in 2021. In all survey waves, the prevalence was higher among women than men. For both sexes, the prevalence tended to be highest among respondents aged 25-44 years and 45-64 years. The group with 13-14 years of education had the highest prevalence of CAM use compared to the other educational groups (< 10 years, 10-12 years, and ≥ 15 years). SII values for both men and women increased between 1987 and 2021, which indicates an increase in differences of CAM use across educational groups. In all survey waves the most frequently used CAMs included massage and other manipulative therapies, acupuncture, and reflexology.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of CAM has increased markedly within the last decades and recently stagnated at high levels, which underlines the importance of securing high quality information and education for the public, health professionals, and legislators to ensure and promote safe use of CAMs.

Risk factors, comorbidity and social impairment of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in Danish treatment-seeking military veterans

PURPOSE

While a number of studies have investigated risk factors and comorbidities of ICD-11 post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) in various trauma exposed samples, few studies have been conducted in military samples. Existing studies with military samples have included rather small samples. The aim of the present study was to identify risk factors and comorbidities of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD in a large sample of previously deployed, treatment-seeking soldiers and veterans.

METHODS

Previously deployed, treatment-seeking Danish soldiers and veterans (N = 599), recruited from the Military Psychology Department of the Danish Defense, completed the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ), as well as questionnaires of common mental health difficulties, trauma exposure, functioning and demographics. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis explored differences in self-reported exposure to adversity and health outcomes between those meeting ICD-11 criteria for probable PTSD, CPTSD and no trauma disorder.

RESULTS

A total of 13.0% met probable ICD-11 criteria for PTSD and 31.4% for CPTSD. Risk factors for CPTSD (compared to those with no trauma disorder) included exposure to warfare or combat, longer duration since the traumatic event and being single. Those with CPTSD were more likely than those with PTSD or no trauma disorder to endorse symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, use of psychotropic medication, and suicide attempts.

CONCLUSION

CPTSD is a more common and debilitating condition compared to PTSD in treatment-seeking soldiers and veterans. Further research should focus on testing existing and novel interventions for CPTSD in the military.

The Association between Perceived Annoyances in the Indoor Home Environment and Respiratory Infections: A Danish Cohort Study with up to 19 Years of Follow-Up

The increasing prevalence of reported annoyances in the indoor environment threatens public health. This study aimed to investigate the association between perceived annoyances from the home environment and respiratory infections among individuals with and without asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 16,688 individuals from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey initiated in 2000 were grouped according to their patterns of perceived annoyances. Information on respiratory infections (all causes, bacterial, viral, and those leading to hospital admissions) was obtained from Danish registers up to 19 years after the survey. Poisson regression of incidence rates (IRs) was applied to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Annoyances significantly increased the IR for respiratory infections of all causes and bacterial respiratory infections in individuals without asthma or COPD, adjusted IRR 1.16 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.34) and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.31), respectively. However, no difference was observed for viral respiratory infections nor hospital admissions. Individuals with asthma or COPD and a high level of annoyances had a non-significantly increased IR in all four analyses of respiratory infections. These findings provide support for perceived annoyances as an important risk factor for respiratory infections.

Asking youth and adults about child maltreatment: a review of government surveys

OBJECTIVES

In this review we: (1) identify and describe nationally representative surveys with child maltreatment (CM) questions conducted by governments in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries and (2) describe procedures implemented to address respondents' safety and minimise potential distress.

DESIGN

We conducted a systematic search across eight databases from 1 January 2000 to 5 July 2021 to identify original studies with information about relevant surveys. Additional information about surveys was obtained through survey methods studies, survey reports, survey websites or by identifying full questionnaires (when available).

RESULTS

Forty-six studies representing 139 surveys (98 youth and 41 adult) conducted by governments from 105 countries were identified. Surveys implemented a variety of procedures to maximise the safety and/or reduce distress for respondents including providing the option to withdraw from the survey and/or securing confidentiality and privacy for the respondent. In many surveys, further steps were taken such as providing information for support services, providing sensitivity training to survey administrators when interviews were conducted, among others. A minority of surveys took additional steps to empirically assess potential distress experienced by respondents.

CONCLUSIONS

Assessing risk and protective factors and developing effective interventions and policies are essential to reduce the burden of violence against children. While asking about experiences of CM requires careful consideration, procedures to maximise the safety and minimise potential distress to respondents have been successfully implemented globally, although practices differ across surveys. Further analysis is required to assist governments to implement the best possible safety protocols to protect respondents in future surveys.

Patterns of Perceived Indoor Environment in Danish Homes

The indoor environment is composed of several exposures existing simultaneously. Therefore, it might be useful to combine exposures into common combined measures when used to assess the association with health. The aim of our study was to identify patterns of the perceived indoor environment. Data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey in the year 2000 were used. The perceived indoor environment was assessed using a questionnaire (e.g., annoyances from noise, draught, and stuffy air; 13 items in total). Factor analysis was used to explore the structure of relationships between these 13 items. Furthermore, groups of individuals with similar perceived indoor environment were identified using latent class analysis. A total of 16,688 individuals ≥16 years participated. Their median age was 46 years. Four factors were extracted from the factor analysis. The factors were characterized by: (1) a mixture of items, (2) temperature, (3) traffic, and (4) neighbor noise. Moreover, three groups of individuals sharing the same perception of their indoor environment were identified. They were characterized by: a low (n = 14,829), moderate (n = 980), and large number of annoyances (n = 879). Observational studies need to take this correlation and clustering of perceived annoyances into account when studying associations between the indoor environment and health.

Affective disorders: eliminate WArning signs and REstore functioning-AWARE-a randomised controlled multimodule intervention study, presentation of design and intervention

INTRODUCTION

Affective disorders are associated with impaired overall functioning and quality of life (QoL). Despite different medical and psychological treatment options, the prognosis remains largely unchanged. Consequently, the field needs new intervention strategies especially targeting patient groups with impaired functioning. This study aims to improve functioning and QoL in patients with affective disorders using a comprehensive 360° intervention.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

Affective disorders: eliminate WArning signs And REstore (AWARE) functioning is a randomised, controlled, parallel-group design study. Participants will be 120 outpatients, men or women, aged 18-65 years, with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. Inclusion requires an objectively rated impaired functioning defined as a score ≥11 according to the Functioning Assessment Short Test. Participants will be randomised to 6-month AWARE intervention or treatment as usual (TAU). The AWARE intervention is a 360° multimodal intervention based on the International Classification of Functioning Brief Core Set for bipolar and unipolar disorder targeting functioning.The primary outcome is improvement of observation-based activities of daily living (ADL) ability using Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. Secondary outcomes are changes from baseline to endpoint in functioning, QoL, stress, cognition and physical health.Our hypothesis is that the AWARE treatment in comparison with TAU will improve observed ability to perform ADL, patients self-perceived level of functioning and QoL.Status: currently recruiting patients.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval has been obtained from The Regional Ethics Committee in the Capital Region of Denmark. All patients will be provided oral and written information about the trial before informed consent is obtained. The study results will be disseminated by peer-review publications. If the present AWARE intervention shows beneficial effects, the goal is to use it as a template for future interventions addressing disability in patients with affective disorders as well as for patients within other diagnostic categories.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT04701827; Clinicaltrials.gov.

Stroke survivors’ preferences regarding study participation in rehabilitation research

Background

To pursue high quality research, successful participant recruitment is essential, but recruitment rates are often low. This is specifically true in target populations with impairments, for instance, among stroke survivors. Previous studies focusing on recruitment have mainly relied on information from professionals, and there is therefore a need to contribute with new methodological insights to how potential rehabilitation research participants describe their interest and preferences to participate in research. The purpose of this study was to generate knowledge about stroke survivors’ interest in participating in rehabilitation research, reasons for being interested or not, and preferred forms and foci of rehabilitation interventions. An additional aim was to describe preferences regarding survey administration modes and processes for recruitment to studies.

Method

This cross-sectional study recruited Swedish residents who had sustained a stroke, initially by using advertisement on the National Stroke Association’s website, flyers posted at local occupational and physical therapy offices and at local stroke/senior organization meetings. Secondly, participants were recruited through a local stroke register. The survey, administered either in a paper form returned by postal mail; online or as a phone interview with 128 stroke survivors.

Results

Most of the participants were interested in participating in rehabilitation research, particularly younger persons (p = 0.001) and those closer to stroke onset (p = 0.047). Contribution to research, possibility to try new rehabilitation interventions and meeting others in the same situation were reasons that attracted an interest to participate. Other important aspects were related to motivation, individual needs, as well as how skilled the people who provided the intervention were. Participants preferred group-based programs, and programs focusing on regaining lost functions were highly requested. A majority wanted to be contacted through postal mail (70%) and most of them (90%) used the paper form to respond to the survey.

Conclusions

A range of personal and external aspects, including challenges related to digitized administration modes, should be considered to achieve high participation rates in rehabilitation research targeting stroke survivors. The importance of addressing individual needs and prerequisites in an individualized manner should not be underestimated and might be a useful strategy to recruitment success.

Bariatric Surgery and Risk of Unemployment and Sickness Absence

BACKGROUND

Obesity is associated with adverse labor market outcomes. We examine whether undergoing bariatric surgery is associated with better labor market outcomes such as lower risks of unemployment and sickness absence.

METHODS

This is a register-based cohort study of 9126 patients undergoing bariatric surgery from 2005 to 2013 and a reference group of 10,328 individuals with obesity. Age: 18-60 years, body mass index (BMI): 32-60 kg/m². Participants were either working, unemployed, or on sickness absence at baseline. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to account for baseline differences between the two groups. Relative risk ratios of labor market participation were estimated at 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years of follow-up.

RESULTS

Women who had undergone bariatric surgery had a higher risk of unemployment 1 year (RRR = 1.20 (95% CI: 1.02-1.41)) and 5 years (RRR = 1.23 (95% CI: 1.05-1.44)) after surgery; however, men with bariatric surgery had a lower risk of unemployment after 5 years (RRR = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.55-0.92)). The risk of sickness absence was higher at all follow-up time points for both men and women who had undergone bariatric surgery compared with non-operated references with obesity.

CONCLUSIONS

Men undergoing bariatric surgery had a lower risk of unemployment 5 years after surgery compared with non-operated men with obesity; however, women presented a higher risk of unemployment after 5 years. The risk of sickness absence was higher for both men and women up to 5 years after undergoing bariatric surgery.

Prevalence and Trends in Problem Gambling in Denmark with Special Focus on Country of Origin: Results from the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys

Belonging to an ethnic minority has been described as a possible risk factor for problem gambling, but the literature is inconclusive whether this association is true or just a proxy for other underlying risk factors. Hence, the aims were to investigate: (1) past year prevalence of problem gambling in the adult Danish population and trends since 2005, (2) past year prevalence of problem gambling in 2017 and trends since 2010 by country of origin, and (3) whether a marginalisation by country of origin or problem gambling, respectively, is seen in various health-related indicators. Data were derived from the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys in 2005, 2010, 2013, and 2017. The Lie/Bet Questionnaire was used to define problem gamblers. The overall prevalence of past year problem gambling has increased slightly from 2005 (1.0%) to 2017 (1.5%), but a more alarming increase was observed among men with non-western origin (3.1% in 2010 and 7.0% in 2017). A lower prevalence of good self-rated health and a higher prevalence of poor mental health was observed among individuals with a non-western origin compared to those with a Danish origin, although the differences became smaller between 2010 and 2017. The findings indicate a slightly increase in the prevalence of past year problem gambling and that particular attention should be paid to individuals with a non-western origin. The study also highlights the need for better differentiation of risk factors that may variously predispose different ethnic groups to develop gambling problems.

Increasing prevalence of chronic non-cancer pain in Denmark from 2000 to 2017: A population-based survey

BACKGROUND

This investigation comprised information from the Danish population to analyse the development of chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) prevalence according to sex, age, physical job demand and educational level.

METHODS

Data derives from the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys based on random samples of adults living in Denmark. The analysed samples were composed by 10,457 in 2000 (response rate: 62.7%), 5686 in 2005 (52.1%), 15,165 in 2010 (60.1%), 14,265 in 2013 (57.1%) and 14,022 in 2017 (56.1%). CNCP was defined as pain lasting 6 months or more. Individuals with a self-reported history of cancer were excluded. Calibration weighting was applied to reduce the impact of potential non-response bias. The Relative and the Absolute Concentration Index were calculated to measure educational inequalities.

RESULTS

CNCP prevalence has increased 8.3 percentage points during 2000-2017 (19.5%-27.8%) and is highest among women (22.1% to 30.8%). Higher CNCP prevalence among men aged 45-64 years exceeded the men aged >65 years in 2017 (31.9% and 29.8%, respectively). There was a continuous increase in CNCP prevalence in individuals with sedentary work or low physical demand at job from 2000 to 2017; among those with moderate or high physical demand at job the prevalence increased sharply from 2000 to 2010 after which the prevalence remained stable. Higher CNCP prevalence persisted among individuals with lower level of education regardless of gender and the inequalities remained stable over time.

CONCLUSION

The Danish prevalence of chronic pain has increased in the last two decades and higher numbers are observed in some sociodemographic groups.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study provides an overview of the development of chronic non-cancer pain in a country and analyses the trends with socioeconomic inequalities. The continuous increasing prevalence may have huge social and economic implications. This study reveals an urgent need for measures to attenuate the increasing prevalence, which should be a priority for public health policy.

Association between vitamin K1 intake and mortality in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort

Reported associations between vitamin K₁ and both all-cause and cause-specific mortality are conflicting. The 56,048 participants from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health prospective cohort study, with a median [IQR] age of 56 [52–60] years at entry and of whom 47.6% male, were followed for 23 years, with 14,083 reported deaths. Of these, 5015 deaths were CVD-related, and 6342 deaths were cancer-related. Intake of vitamin K₁ (phylloquinone) was estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and its relationship with mortality outcomes was investigated using Cox proportional hazards models. A moderate to high (87–192 µg/d) intake of vitamin K₁ was associated with a lower risk of all-cause [HR (95%CI) for quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.76 (0.72, 0.79)], cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related [quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.72 (0.66, 0.79)], and cancer-related mortality [quintile 5 vs quintile 1: 0.80 (0.75, 0.86)], after adjusting for demographic and lifestyle confounders. The association between vitamin K₁ intake and cardiovascular disease-related mortality was present in all subpopulations (categorised according to sex, smoking status, diabetes status, and hypertension status), while the association with cancer-related mortality was only present in current/former smokers (p for interaction = 0.002). These findings suggest that promoting adequate intakes of foods rich in vitamin K₁ may help to reduce all-cause, CVD-related, and cancer-related mortality at the population level.

Vitamin K Intake and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the Danish Diet Cancer and Health Study

Background

Dietary vitamin K (K₁ and K₂) may reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk via several mechanisms. However, studies linking vitamin K intake with incident ASCVD are limited. We aimed to determine the relationship between dietary vitamin K intake and ASCVD hospitalizations.

Methods and Results

In this prospective cohort study, participants from the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, with no prior ASCVD, completed a food‐frequency questionnaire at baseline and were followed up for hospital admissions of ASCVD; ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, or peripheral artery disease. Intakes of vitamin K₁ and vitamin K₂ were estimated from the food‐frequency questionnaire, and their relationship with ASCVD hospitalizations was determined using Cox proportional hazards models. Among 53 372 Danish citizens with a median (interquartile range) age of 56 (52–60) years, 8726 individuals were hospitalized for any ASCVD during 21 (17–22) years of follow‐up. Compared with participants with the lowest vitamin K₁ intakes, participants with the highest intakes had a 21% lower risk of an ASCVD‐related hospitalization (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI: 0.74–0.84), after multivariable adjustments for relevant demographic covariates. Likewise for vitamin K₂, the risk of an ASCVD‐related hospitalization for participants with the highest intakes was 14% lower than participants with the lowest vitamin K₂ intake (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81–0.91).

Conclusions

Risk of ASCVD was inversely associated with diets high in vitamin K₁ or K₂. The similar inverse associations with both vitamin K₁ and K₂, despite very different dietary sources, highlight the potential importance of vitamin K for ASCVD prevention.

Trends in dentate status and preventive dental visits of the adult population in Denmark over 30 years (1987-2017)

This study analyzed the trend in self-reported dentate status over 30 years (1987-2017) among Danish adults, the self-reported frequencies of preventive dental visits undertaken annually during the period 1987-2013, and the self-reported use of the 2016 recall scheme for preventive dental check-ups. The impact of social determinants (education, employment, civil status, and ethnic background) on these dental outcome variables in 2017 was explored. Questionnaire data were obtained from the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys conducted from 1987-2017, and they were analyzed by tri-variate frequency distributions and multivariate analyses. The prevalence of complete tooth loss was 17.7% in 1987 but 3.4% in 2017. The frequency of adults having 20 or more teeth grew markedly from 1987 (65.9%) to 2017 (85.1%). Educational inequality in dentate status persisted over the period. The frequency of preventive dental visits at least annually increased from 1987 to 2013, although visits were less frequent for young people. In 2017, preventive dental check-ups were reported in intervals: less than 12 months (56.4%), 12-18 months (18.9%), 19-24 months (4.8%), and more than 24 months (5.2%). In 2017, dentate status and preventive dental check-ups varied profoundly by social determinants. In conclusion, social policies should be implemented to tackle the persistent inequities in dentate status and public health policies should target Universal Health Coverage.

Bariatric surgery and risk of alcohol use disorder: a register-based cohort study

BACKGROUND

Bariatric surgery has been associated with altered alcohol metabolism. We examined whether patients undergoing bariatric surgery have a higher risk of developing alcohol use disorder (AUD) compared with individuals with obesity who have not received bariatric surgery.

METHODS

In this prospective cohort study, we followed 13 430 patients undergoing bariatric surgery (95% gastric bypass) between 2005 and 2013 and a reference group of 21 021 individuals with obesity for a median of 6.9 years (5th-95th percentile: 4.0-9.8). Four different approaches were used to account for baseline differences between the two groups: (i) adjustment; (ii) inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW); (iii) 1:1 matching based on propensity scores; and (iv) before-and-after analysis comparing the bariatric surgery group with itself 5 years before and after surgery. Cox proportional hazard modelling was used to estimate hazard ratios of AUD defined from national registers.

RESULTS

When applying the IPTW approach, the hazard ratio (HR) of AUD for bariatric surgery patients was 7.29 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.06-9.48] compared with individuals without surgery. When employing different approaches (adjustment for baseline variables, matching on propensity scores, before-and-after analyses), results were of similar magnitude. Analysis stratified by time after surgery revealed a higher risk of AUD already within the first year following surgery [HR: 2.77 (95% CI: 1.39-5.53)].

CONCLUSIONS

Patients undergoing bariatric surgery have a higher risk of developing AUD compared with individuals without bariatric surgery. The higher risk observed in this group of patients cannot be explained by differences in baseline characteristics such as socioeconomic factors. Despite the higher risk of AUD, only few individuals developed AUD. Individuals with disabling obesity should therefore not rule out surgery based on these results but rather be aware of negative implications.

Changes in relationship status following bariatric surgery

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Bariatric surgery is a major event associated with psychological changes such as improvements in self-esteem, increased autonomy, and better self-value. Such changes could affect the patient's interpersonal relationships; however, little is known about the impact of bariatric surgery on changes in relationship status. In this paper, we aim to test the hypothesis that bariatric surgery is associated with changes in interpersonal relationships such as becoming single for those who were in a relationship or entering a relationship among those who were single before surgery.

METHODS

This register-based cohort study consisted of 12,493 patients undergoing bariatric surgery (95% gastric bypass) from 2005 to 2013 and a reference group of 15,101 individuals with obesity between the age of 18-63 with a body mass index between 32 and 60 kg/m². Transitions between married, divorced, widowed, never-married single, and living with a partner without being married were analyzed by Poisson regression. Additionally, the outcome was dichotomized, and transitions between being single and being in a relationship were also analyzed. All analyses were weighted using inverse probability of treatment weighting based on propensity scores.

RESULTS

The overall incidence rate ratio (IRR) of changing status from being single to in a relationship was 2.03 (95% CI: 1.18-2.28), and the overall IRR of changing status from being in a relationship to single was 1.66 (95% CI: 1.50-1.83).

CONCLUSION

Bariatric surgery is associated with a higher chance of finding a partner among single individuals, and a higher risk of separating from a partner among individuals in a relationship.

Vegetable nitrate intake, blood pressure and incident cardiovascular disease: Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study

Whether the vascular effects of inorganic nitrate, observed in clinical trials, translate to a reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) with habitual dietary nitrate intake in prospective studies warrants investigation. We aimed to determine if vegetable nitrate, the major dietary nitrate source, is associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and lower risk of incident CVD. Among 53,150 participants of the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study, without CVD at baseline, vegetable nitrate intake was assessed using a comprehensive vegetable nitrate database. Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using restricted cubic splines based on multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. During 23 years of follow-up, 14,088 cases of incident CVD were recorded. Participants in the highest vegetable nitrate intake quintile (median, 141 mg/day) had 2.58 mmHg lower baseline systolic BP (95%CI − 3.12, − 2.05) and 1.38 mmHg lower diastolic BP (95%CI − 1.66, − 1.10), compared with participants in the lowest quintile. Vegetable nitrate intake was inversely associated with CVD plateauing at moderate intakes (~ 60 mg/day); this appeared to be mediated by systolic BP (21.9%). Compared to participants in the lowest intake quintile (median, 23 mg/day), a moderate vegetable nitrate intake (median, 59 mg/day) was associated with 15% lower risk of CVD [HR (95% CI) 0.85 (0.82, 0.89)]. Moderate vegetable nitrate intake was associated with 12%, 15%, 17% and 26% lower risk of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, ischemic stroke and peripheral artery disease hospitalizations respectively. Consumption of at least ~ 60 mg/day of vegetable nitrate (~ 1 cup of green leafy vegetables) may mitigate risk of CVD.

Time trends in incidence and prevalence of chronic pancreatitis: A 25-year population-based nationwide study

BACKGROUND

Updated population-based estimates on incidence and prevalence of chronic pancreatitis are scarce.

METHODS

We used nationwide healthcare registries to identify all Danish patients diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis and computed crude and standardised incidence rates and prevalence estimates in 1994-2018. Incidence and prevalence were evaluated in relation to patients age and gender, aetiology (alcoholic vs. non-alcoholic) and smoking and alcohol consumption in the general Danish population.

RESULTS

The mean incidence rate of chronic pancreatitis during the study period was 12.6 per 100,000 person years for the total population, for women it was 8.6 per 100,000 person years and for men it was 16.7 per 100,000 person years. The standardised incidence rate was stable from 1994 to 2018, remaining at 12.5 per 100,000 person years in the last observation period (2014-2018). The point prevalence of chronic pancreatitis in 2016 was 153.9 per 100,000 persons. A gradual increase in standardised prevalence estimates was observed during the study period from 126.6 in 1996 to 153.9 in 2016. The mean age at chronic pancreatitis diagnosis increased from 52.1 to 60.0 years during the study period.

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of chronic pancreatitis is increasing in the Danish population despite a stable incidence level. Improved management strategies and changes in the underlying patient population may explain these observations.

Long-term outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest: 30-day survival and 1-year follow-up of mortality, anoxic brain damage, nursing home admission and in-home care

AIMS

Long-term functional outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) are scarcely studied. However, survivors are at risk of neurological impairment from anoxic brain damage which could affect quality of life and lead to need of care at home or in a nursing home.

METHODS

We linked data on ICHAs in Denmark with nationwide registries to report 30-day survival as well as factors associated with survival. Furthermore, among 30-day survivors we reported the one-year cumulative risk of anoxic brain damage or nursing home admission with mortality as the competing risk.

RESULTS

In total, 517 patients (27.3%) survived to day 30 out of 1892 eligible patients; 338 (65.9%) were men and median age was 68 (interquartile range 58-76). Lower age, witnessed arrest by health care personnel, monitored arrest and presumed cardiac cause of arrest were associated with 30-day survival. Among 454 30-day survivors without prior anoxic brain damage or nursing home admission, the risk of anoxic brain damage or nursing home admission within the first-year post-arrest was 4.6% (n = 21; 95% CI 2.7-6.6%) with a competing risk of death of 15.6% (n = 71; 95% CI 12.3-19.0%), leaving 79.7% (n = 362) alive without anoxic brain damage or nursing home admission. When adding the risk of need of in-home care among 343 30-day survivors without prior home care needs, 68.8% (n = 236) were alive without any of the composite events one-year post-arrest.

CONCLUSION

The majority of 30-day survivors of IHCA are alive at one-year follow-up without anoxic brain damage, nursing home admission or need of in-home care.

Trends in alcohol consumption among older adults in Denmark in the 21st century

Background:

Previous studies have indicated that the alcohol consumption among older Danish individuals has increased during the last three decades of the 20th century. However, the research is limited and, hence, the aim of the present article is to describe the trends and peculiarities in the development of the present situation in older people’s drinking patterns in Denmark.

Methods:

Data were obtained from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey (2005) and the Danish National Health Survey (2010, 2013, and 2017). Data used in this study were collected via self-administered questionnaires from random samples of the adult (≥ 16 years) Danish population. Response rates varied between 50.8% (2005) and 59.5% (2010). Drinking patterns are described using the following indicators: alcohol consumption during the past 12 months; alcohol consumption at least two days a week; mean number of standard drinks consumed in a typical week and heavy episodic drinking (at least monthly). Results are presented as percentages or means.

Results:

The prevalence of overall 12-month alcohol use in all individuals aged 60 years or older has slightly increased between 2010 (83.9%) and 2017 (85.2%). On the other hand, the prevalence of consuming alcohol at least twice a week has overall decreased slightly between 2010 (54.0%) and 2017 (52.0%) in the same age group. A decrease was also observed in the mean number of standard drinks consumed in a typical week, from 8.3 in 2010 to 7.0 in 2017. Additionally, the prevalence of consuming at least five standard drinks on one occasion at least monthly decreased markedly from 24.8% in 2005 to 14.8% in 2013 (the prevalence remained stable between 2013 and 2017). The trends in prevalence of various alcohol indicators varied by sex and age.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study suggest an overall decline in alcohol consumption among older Danes in the study period. The continuation of this trend will be the subject of future studies.

Association between male sex and outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) - a Danish nationwide, register-based study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Male sex has been associated with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) infection. We examined the association between male sex and severe Covid-19 infection and if an increased risk remains after adjustment for age and comorbidities.

METHODS

Nationwide register-based follow-up study of Covid-19 patients in Denmark until May 16, 2020. Average risk ratio comparing 30-day composite outcome of all-cause death, severe Covid-19 diagnosis or intensive care unit (ICU) admission for men versus women standardized to the age and comorbidity distribution of all patients were derived from multivariable Cox regression. Included covariates were age, hypertension, diagnoses including obesity, alcohol, sleep apnea, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, peripheral artery disease, cancer, liver-, rheumatic-, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

RESULTS

Of 4,842 Covid-19 patients, 2,281 (47.1%) were men. Median age was 57 [25%-75% 43-73] for men versus 52 [38-71] for women (P<0.001); however, octogenarians had equal sex distribution. Alcohol diagnosis, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, prior MI and IHD (all P<0.001) as well as AF, stroke and HF (all P=0.01) were more often seen in men, and so was CKD (P=0.03). Obesity diagnosis (P<0.001) were more often seen in women. Other comorbidity differences were insignificant (P>0.05). The fully adjusted average risk ratio was 1.63 [95% CI 1.44-1.84].

CONCLUSIONS

Men with Covid-19 infection have >50% higher risk of all-cause death, severe Covid-19 infection, or ICU admission than women. The excess risk was not explained by age and comorbidities.

Use of natural medicine and dietary supplements concomitant with conventional medicine among people with Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are widespread among people with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) and are often used concomitant with conventional treatment. Natural medicine and dietary supplements (NADS) are the most frequently used CAM modality and among other patient groups use of NADS concomitant with conventional medicine has been reported as a potential risk to patients' safety due to risk of drug interactions. The use of NADS concomitant with conventional medicine has, however, not been investigated among PwMS. This study's aim was to investigate the prevalence of NADS and conventional MS-related medicine use among PwMS, specific types of NADS and conventional MS-related medicine used, the prevalence of NADS used concomitant with conventional MS-related medicine, and to characterize PwMS who use NADS and PwMS who use NADS concomitant with conventional MS-related medicine in a Danish context.

METHODS

The study was a cross-sectional study conducted as an interviewer-administered survey via phone in April 2019. The questionnaire includes questions about the use of NADS and conventional MS medicine as well as sociodemographic and health-related factors. In total 384 PwMS answered the questionnaire. Both descriptive and logistic analyses were used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The results show that the majority of PwMS use conventional MS-related medicine. In total, 85 % (n=322) had used at least one NADS within the last 12 months including vitamin D. When excluding vitamin D, the use of NADS within the last 12 months was 78.4% (n=298). Beside vitamin D the most reported types of NADS used were fatty acids (37%), Multivitamins (37%), and Calcium (35%). A total of 75.8% (n=288) reported using NADS concomitant with conventional MS medicine, and the products most often combined with conventional MS medicine were Vitamin D, Multivitamin, Calcium, Magnesium, and fatty acids. The results suggest that PwMS using NADS concomitant with conventional MS-related medicine are characterized by a high prevalence of young and newly diagnosed patients with a high education level.

CONCLUSION

The study contributes to a better understanding of NADS used among PwMS. The study shows that the majority of PwMS use NADS and that they use it concomitant with conventional MS-medicine. Furthermore, the detailed mapping of the specific types of NADS used gives a nuanced insight into the specific products of NADS used among PwMS, including different kinds of vitamins, minerals, and herbal remedies.

Characteristics of finasteride users in comparison with nonusers: A Nordic nationwide study based on individual-level data from Denmark, Finland, and Sweden

PURPOSE

Published epidemiological studies on the association between finasteride use and the risk of male breast cancer have been inconclusive due to methodological limitations including a few male breast cancer cases included. Determinants of male breast cancer have been studied, but it remains unexplored whether these are also related to finasteride use and thereby constitute potential confounders. This study aimed to assess whether there are differences between finasteride users and nonusers with regard to numerous potential confounders.

METHODS

In total, 246 508 finasteride users (≥35 years) were identified in the prescription registries of Denmark (1995-2014), Finland (1997-2013), and Sweden (2005-2014). An equal number of nonusers were sampled. The directed acyclic graph (DAG) methodology was used to identify potential confounders for the association between finasteride and male breast cancer. A logistic regression model compared finasteride users and nonusers with regard to potential confounders that were measurable in registries and population surveys.

RESULTS

Finasteride users had higher odds of testicular abnormalities (odds ratio [OR] 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36-1.44), obesity (1.31; 1.23-1.39), exogenous testosterone (1.61; 1.48-1.74), radiation exposure (1.22; 1.18-1.27), and diabetes (1.07; 1.04-1.10) and lower odds of occupational exposure in perfume industry or in high temperature environments (0.93; 0.87-0.99), living alone (0.89; 0.88-0.91), living in urban/suburban areas (0.97; 0.95-0.99), and physical inactivity (0.70; 0.50-0.99) compared to nonusers.

CONCLUSIONS

Systematic differences between finasteride users and nonusers were found emphasizing the importance of confounder adjustment of associations between finasteride and male breast cancer.

Die Basiserhebung der NAKO Gesundheitsstudie: Teilnahme an den Untersuchungsmodulen, Qualitätssicherung und Nutzung von Sekundärdaten

Hintergrund

Die NAKO Gesundheitsstudie ist ein bundesweites interdisziplinäres Forschungsvorhaben mit dem Ziel, die Ursachen für chronische Krankheiten und deren vorklinische Stadien zu untersuchen. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über das Studiendesign, die Methoden, die Teilnahme an den Untersuchungen und ihre Qualitätssicherung zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung.

Methoden

Für die Basiserhebung wurden mehr als 200.000 Frauen und Männer im Alter von 20–69 Jahren aus Zufallsstichproben der Allgemeinbevölkerung in 18 Studienzentren rekrutiert (2014–2019). Die Basiserhebung beinhaltet Untersuchungen, Befragungen und Biomaterialien für alle Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer (Level 1), ein erweitertes Programm für mindestens 20 % (Level 2) und eine Magnetresonanztomografie (MRT) für 30.000 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer. Sekundär- und Registerdaten werden über Krankheitsregister, Kranken- und Rentenversicherungen erhoben. Die Auswertung bezieht die Datenbasis zur Halbzeit der Basiserhebung mit 101.839 Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern ein, davon 11.371 mit einer MRT-Untersuchung.

Ergebnisse

Die mittlere Responsequote zur Halbzeit betrug insgesamt 18 %. Die Teilnahme an den Untersuchungen lag überwiegend bei mehr als 95 %. Bei 96 % der MRT-Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer konnten alle 12 MRT-Sequenzen vollständig durchgeführt werden. Der Erschließung und wissenschaftlichen Nutzung ergänzender Sekundär- und Registerdaten stimmten mehr als 90 % der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer zu.

Diskussion

Die Bereitschaft, möglichst alle Untersuchungsmodule durchzuführen, war trotz des zeitlichen Aufwandes außerordentlich hoch. Dadurch wird die NAKO zu einer zentralen Ressource für die epidemiologische Forschung in Deutschland. Sie wird es ermöglichen, neue Strategien zur Früherkennung, Vorhersage und Primärprävention chronischer Krankheiten zu entwickeln.

Multiple physical symptoms and individual characteristics - A cross-sectional study of the general population

OBJECTIVE

Multiple physical symptoms not attributable to known organic disease are common in all medical fields and associated with major personal and social consequences. This study investigated multiple physical symptoms according to the construct of bodily distress syndrome (BDS) and associated individual characteristics in the general adult population.

METHODS

A nationwide, population-based study of 100,000 randomly selected individuals aged 20 years and older, conducted in 2012. A web-based questionnaire formed the basis of the study and was combined with Danish national registry data on socioeconomic factors and medication and healthcare use.

RESULTS

49,706 individuals completed the questionnaire. After exclusion of women indicating pregnancy, respondents reporting chronic disease and respondents over 65 years of age, 23,331 remained for analysis. Of these 23,331 individuals, 15.5% fulfilled the criteria for BDS. BDS positives were more often younger (20-40 years) and female. Self-rated health and self-reported functional capacity were impaired among these individuals. Fulfilling the BDS criteria was significantly associated with current or former smoking, overweight and obesity, low educational level and income, and unemployment. Moreover, individuals with BDS were more often from ethnic minorities and had higher use of healthcare and medication.

CONCLUSION

Multiple physical symptoms, as captured by the concept of BDS, are common in the general adult population, especially among younger women. Fulfilling the BDS criteria is associated with substantial negative impact on self-perceived health and socioeconomic parameters. Fulfilling BDS criteria is positively associated with health risk behaviors (smoking, overweight and obesity) and higher use of healthcare and medication.

Mixing mixed-mode designs in a national health interview survey: a pilot study to assess the impact on the self-administered questionnaire non-response

BACKGROUND

Many population health surveys consist of a mixed-mode design that includes a face-to-face (F2F) interview followed by a paper-and-pencil (P&P) self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) for the sensitive topics. In order to alleviate the burden of a supplementary P&P questioning after the interview, a mixed-mode SAQ design including a web and P&P option was tested for the Belgian health interview survey.

METHODS

A pilot study (n = 266, age 15+) was organized using a mixed-mode SAQ design following the F2F interview. Respondents were invited to complete a web SAQ either immediately after the interview or at a later time. The P&P option was offered in case respondents refused or had previously declared having no computer access, no internet connection or no recent usage of computers. The unit response rate for the web SAQ and the overall unit response rate for the SAQ independent of the mode were evaluated. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the association of socio-demographic characteristics and interviewer effects with the completed SAQ mode. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis assessed the differential user-friendliness of the SAQ modes. Finally, a logistic multilevel model was used to evaluate the item non-response in the two SAQ modes while controlling for respondents' characteristics.

RESULTS

Of the eligible F2F respondents in this study, 76% (107/140) agreed to complete the web SAQ. Yet among those, only 78.5% (84/107) actually did. At the end, the overall (web and P&P) SAQ unit response rate reached 73.5%. In this study older people were less likely to complete the web SAQ. Indications for an interviewer effect were observed as regard the number of web respondents, P&P respondents and respondents who refused to complete the SAQ. The web SAQ scored better in terms of user-friendliness and presented higher item response than the P&P SAQ.

CONCLUSIONS

The web SAQ performed better regarding user-friendliness and item response than the P&P SAQ but the overall SAQ unit response rate was low. Therefore, future research is recommended to further assess which type of SAQ design implemented after a F2F interview is the most beneficial to obtain high unit and item response rates.

Exercise training is associated with reduced pains from the musculoskeletal system in patients with type 2 diabetes

AIMS

To investigate the effect of exercise training on musculoskeletal pain in patients with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

The intervention was exercise twice weekly for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was musculoskeletal pain assessed using a 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) in 11 body sites. Secondary outcomes were use of analgesics, glycaemic control and body weight.

RESULTS

The participants (n = 69) were 66 ± 10 years old, 38 were men and 50 completed the intervention. Pain in the limbs was more frequently reported by the participants compared to a matched general population (80.9% vs 65.3%, p = 0.007). The participants who had any pain at baseline (NRS > 0) and severe pain (NRS > 3) reported significantly decreased pain in the feet, calf muscles, knees, thighs, hips, lower back and arms after the training period. Use of analgesics was unchanged, HbA1c (mmol/mol) decreased from 60 ± 15 to 54 ± 11, p < 0.001 and body weight (kg) decreased from 100.5 ± 19.1 to 98.6 ± 17.7, p = 0.005.

CONCLUSIONS

The participants with type 2 diabetes reported more frequent pain than a matched general population. The training intervention was associated with reduced musculoskeletal pain. Reduced pain may together with a positive impact on glycaemic control be an important motivational factor in patients with type 2 diabetes to perform exercise training.

The Danish health and morbidity surveys: study design and participant characteristics

BACKGROUND

Reliable data from health surveys are essential to describe the status and trends in health indicators by means of information not available from official registers. In Denmark, nationally representative health surveys (the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys) have been carried out among adults during the past three decades by the Danish National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark. The aim of the present study is to describe the study design of the three most recent surveys in 2010, 2013, and 2017, including the survey mode and response rates.

METHODS

In 2010, 2013, and 2017, the samples (n = 25,000 each) were based on random sampling of individuals aged 16 years or older with a permanent residence in Denmark. A subsample of previously invited respondents was also re-invited in subsequent survey waves. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires, yet with a concurrent mixed-mode approach, allowing for the invited individuals to complete either a web questionnaire or an identical paper questionnaire. In 2010 and 2013, survey invitations were sent by regular postal mail, whereas a secure electronical mail service, Digital Post, was used to invite the majority (90.1%) of the sample in 2017.

RESULTS

The overall response rate decreased from 60.7% in 2010 to 57.1% in 2013 and 56.1% in 2017. Between 2010 and 2017 the response mode distribution for the web questionnaire increased markedly from 31.7 to 73.8%. The largest increase in the proportion which completed the web questionnaire was found in the oldest age group.

CONCLUSIONS

Data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys reveal an increasing proportion of the respondents to complete web questionnaires instead of paper questionnaires. Even though the response rate remained relatively stable in 2017, declining response rates is a major concern in health surveys. As the generalizability to the Danish population may be compromised by a low response rate, efforts to increase the response rate or keep it stable are crucial in future surveys. Thus, efforts should be made to ensure convenience and feasibility in relation to access to and the completion of survey (web) questionnaires.

Increased Gastrointestinal Surgical Hospital Burden After Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass for Obesity: A Nationwide 5-years Follow-up Study

OBJECTIVE

To study long-term gastrointestinal surgical hospital burden (hospital readmissions and gastrointestinal surgical procedures) after laparoscopic gastric bypass.

BACKGROUND

Little is known about gastrointestinal surgical hospital burden after laparoscopic gastric bypass.

METHODS

Danish patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass (BMI >35-50) from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2013 were included (100% follow-up). The nonsurgical reference group were individuals with BMI of ≥ 30 drawn from The Danish National Health Surveys from 2005 to 2013. The primary outcome was gastrointestinal surgical hospital burden. Secondary outcome was mortality. Age, body mass index (BMI), gender, and calendar time (time of surgery and nonsurgical survey), diabetes status was adjusted for in a multivariate Poisson regression model.

RESULTS

13,582 bariatric surgical patients and 45,948 reference individuals were included with a mean follow-up time of 4.7 years (SD 2.4). The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for hospital re-re-admission was 2.17 higher in the intervention group (95% CI 2.04-2.31). Sensitivity analysis showed that patients operated before 2010 had a higher incidence for re-re-admission than after. IRR for surgical gastrointestinal procedures was 6.56 (CI 6.15-6.99) and 3.04 (CI 3.51-4.17) after 1 and 5 years for the intervention group compared with the reference group. Surgery for internal hernia was the most common abdominal procedure. The mortality odds ratio was 0.84 (CI 0.65-0.96).

CONCLUSIONS

Gastrointestinal surgical hospital burden was significantly higher in the first 5 years after gastric bypass compared with a matched nonsurgical reference group of obese citizens.

Mental health is a risk factor for poor outcomes in cardiac patients: Findings from the national DenHeart survey

OBJECTIVE

To explore (i) the prevalence of cardiac risk factors (obesity, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption and medication non-adherence) among cardiac patients with depression and anxiety, (ii) associations between depression and anxiety scores and cardiac risk factors and (iii) the association of depression and anxiety and cardiac risk factors with mortality, and their population attributable risk.

METHODS

A national cross-sectional study using patient-reported outcomes at discharge and national register data. For one year (April 15th 2013 to April 15th 2014) all patients discharged or transferred from the five Danish Heart Centres were included in the study. A total of 14,239 patients answered the HADS questionnaire, response rate 51%.

RESULTS

Mean age was 64.8 years and 69% were male. Patients with depression or anxiety (HADS-D or HADS-A score ≥ 8) had 30% and 45%, respectively, higher odds of being current smokers; 19% and 37% higher odds of being obese and 31% and 24% higher odds of excessive alcohol consumption. Depressive patients had 34% higher odds of being non-adherent to their medication. At one-year follow-up, patients with depression (HADS-D score ≥ 11) had the highest attributable risk associated with mortality followed by: smoking, ischemic heart disease, anxiety, diabetes, hypertension chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and excessive alcohol consumption.

CONCLUSION

Depression and anxiety in patients with cardiac disease is associated with cardiac risk behaviour such as smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol consumption and medication non-adherence. Depression and anxiety have an attributable risk associated with mortality that is comparable to other well-known risk factors such as smoking.

Job-exposure matrices addressing lifestyle to be applied in register-based occupational health studies

Objectives

Information about lifestyle factors in register-based occupational health studies is often not available. The objective of this study was therefore to develop gender, age and calendar-time specific job-exposure matrices (JEMs) addressing five selected lifestyle characteristics across job groups as a tool for lifestyle adjustment in register-based studies.

Methods

We combined and harmonised questionnaire and interview data on lifestyle from several Danish surveys in the time period 1981–2013 for 264 054 employees registered with a DISCO-88 code (the Danish version of International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)-88) in a nationwide register-based Danish Occupational Cohort. We modelled the probability of specified lifestyles in mixed models for each level of the four-digit DISCO code with age and sex as fixed effects and assessed variation in terms of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and exposure-level percentile ratios across jobs for six different time periods from 1981 through 2013.

Results

The ICCs were overall low (0.26%–7.05%) as the within-job group variation was large relative to the between job group variation, but across jobs the calendar period-specific ratios between highest and lowest predicted levels were ranging from 1.2 to 6.9, and for the 95%/1% and the 75%/5% percentile ratios ranges were 1.1–2.8 and 1.1–1.6, respectively, thus indicating substantial contrast for some lifestyle exposures and some occupations.

Conclusions

The lifestyle JEMs may prove a useful tool for control of lifestyle-related confounding in register-based occupational health studies where lacking information on individual lifestyle factors may compromise internal validity.

The quality of care questionnaire: development of a valid measure for persons with inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Quality of care is important in lifelong illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Valid, reliable and short questionnaires to measure quality of care among persons with IBD are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a patient-derived questionnaire measuring quality of care in persons with IBD.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The development of the questionnaire The Quality of Care -Questionnaire (QoC-Q) was based on a literature review of studies measuring quality of care, and the results of two qualitative studies aiming to identify the knowledge need and perception of health care among persons with IBD. Further development and evaluation was done by focus groups, individual testing and cognitive interviews with persons with IBD, as well as evaluation by a group of professionals. After the development, the questionnaire was tested for validity and test-retest reliability in 294 persons with IBD.

CONCLUSIONS

The QoC-Q is showing promising validity and reliability for measuring the subjective perception of quality of care. Further testing in clinical practice is suggested to assess if the QoC-Q can be used to evaluate care and areas of improvement in health care for persons living with IBD.

Patient-reported outcomes are independent predictors of one-year mortality and cardiac events across cardiac diagnoses: Findings from the national DenHeart survey

Aims

Patient-reported quality of life and anxiety/depression scores provide important prognostic information independently of traditional clinical data. The aims of this study were to describe: (a) mortality and cardiac events one year after hospital discharge across cardiac diagnoses; (b) patient-reported outcomes at hospital discharge as a predictor of mortality and cardiac events.

Design

A cross-sectional survey with register follow-up.

Methods

Participants: All patients discharged from April 2013 to April 2014 from five national heart centres in Denmark.

Main outcomes

Patient-reported outcomes: anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale); perceived health (Short Form-12); quality of life (HeartQoL and EQ-5D); symptom burden (Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale). Register data: mortality and cardiac events within one year following discharge.

Results

There were 471 deaths among the 16,689 respondents in the first year after discharge. Across diagnostic groups, patients reporting symptoms of anxiety had a two-fold greater mortality risk when adjusted for age, sex, marital status, educational level, comorbidity, smoking, body mass index and alcohol intake (hazard ratio (HR) 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.52–2.42). Similar increased mortality risks were found for patients reporting symptoms of depression (HR 2.29, 95% CI 1.81–2.90), poor quality of life (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.39–0.54) and severe symptom distress (HR 2.47, 95% CI 1.92–3.19). Cardiac events were predicted by poor quality of life (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.65–0.77) and severe symptom distress (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.35–1.85).

Conclusions

Patient-reported mental and physical health outcomes are independent predictors of one-year mortality and cardiac events across cardiac diagnoses.

How well do general practitioners know their elderly patients' social relations and feelings of loneliness?

BACKGROUND

Social relationships are important to people and affect their quality of life, morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between elderly patients' descriptions of their social relations and feelings of loneliness, and their general practitioners' assessments of these.

METHODS

Cross-sectional study in 12 general practices in the Capital Region of Denmark. During a three-week period each practice asked their patients aged 65 and older to fill out a questionnaire regarding health, social relations and loneliness; the general practitioner (GP) filled out a matching questionnaire regarding their perception of the patient's social relations and loneliness. Data were collected from February to September 2014.

RESULTS

Of the 767 eligible patients 476 were included in the study. For 447 patients both GP and patient had answered at least one question on loneliness or social participation. The correlations between patients' and GPs' answers regarding social participation and loneliness were low (0.04-0.26). While GPs were less able to identify lonely patients and patients with low social participation, they were better at identifying not-lonely patients or those with high social participation. It was especially difficult for GPs to identify lonely patients when they were not living alone or if the GP believed the patient had high social participation.

CONCLUSION

GPs have difficulty identifying patients who are lonely or have low social participation and this ability is further diminished when the patients do not live alone or if the GP believes them to have high social participation. Given the consequences of loneliness and limited social participation on patients' health and well-being, and GPs' limited ability to identify these patients, GPs' obligations and resources in this area need to be clarified.

Long-term sickness absence from work due to physical inactivity: A registry-based study

AIMS

The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between leisure-time physical inactivity and long-term sickness absence in a representative sample of individuals aged 16-54 years, within the labour market and in good health. It was hypothesised that physically inactive individuals have a higher risk of long-term sickness absence and longer duration of sickness absence.

METHODS

The study population was identified from the National Health and Morbidity Survey, 2010. Weekly data on long-term sickness absence were obtained from the National Register on Social Transfer Payments (the DREAM registry). The association of incidence and duration of long-term sickness absence with physical inactivity was explored using logistic and Poisson regression. Data were fitted to models with levels of physical activity, demographic, social and lifestyle characteristics as independent variables. A combined hurdle model was used to estimate the difference in mean number of absence weeks.

RESULTS

Logistic regression showed that physically inactive individuals had a 27% higher incidence of long-term sickness absence compared with physically active individuals. The Poisson regression showed that long-term sickness absence was only slightly shorter (1 week less) for moderately active individuals compared with inactive individuals. The hurdle model estimated longer absence periods for inactive individuals (additional 2.5 weeks) in comparison with moderately and highly active individuals.

CONCLUSIONS

The study showed that physically inactive individuals have a higher incidence of long-term absence and that physically inactive individuals have longer periods with sickness absence than moderately and highly active individuals. When adjustments for social and health behaviour were included, the estimated associations became statistically insignificant.

A nationwide Danish survey on the use of green spaces by people with mobility disabilities

Background: There is increasing awareness of the importance and health benefits of living near green spaces. Research usually focuses on the general population’s use of green spaces and there has been little focus on the use of green spaces by specific groups, such as people with mobility disabilities. This represents a significant knowledge gap with regard to facilitating access to healthy green environments by all population groups. This study aims to provide knowledge of the use of green spaces by people with mobility disabilities. Methods: The study was based on data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey in 2005. The study participants consisted of 11,238 adult Danes, 383 of whom reported mobility disabilities, meaning that they were dependent on assistive devices for walking or moving around. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between mobility disability and use of green spaces. Results: The results show that respondents who reported mobility disabilities visited green spaces less often than respondents without mobility disabilities. The severity of the mobility disability was associated with the frequency of visits. Frequency of visits was also related to the respondents’ health-related quality of life status. Conclusions: These results highlight the need for further research into the constraints faced by people with mobility disabilities with regard to visiting green spaces.

Alcohol consumption and risk of unemployment, sickness absence and disability pension in Denmark: a prospective cohort study

AIMS

We investigated the association between weekly alcohol consumption and binge drinking and the risk of unemployment, sickness absence and disability pension.

DESIGN

Prospective register-based cohort study.

SETTING

Denmark.

PARTICIPANTS

A sample of 17 690 men and women, aged 18-60 years from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey in 2000, 2005 and 2010 participated in the study. Participants worked the entire year prior to baseline.

MEASUREMENTS

Administrative registers were used to obtain information on unemployment, sickness absence and disability pension during a 5-year follow-up period. Data were analysed by multivariate Cox regression model with random effect (frailty) adjusted for cohabitation status, educational level, Charlson comorbidity index, smoking habits, calendar year and geographic region.

FINDINGS

Among males, adjusted hazards ratios (HR) of unemployment were 1.24 (95% CI 1.05-1.46, P = 0.01), 1.28 (95% CI 1.04-1.59, P =0.02) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.21-1.81, P = 0.00) respectively, for abstainers and those with alcohol consumption of 21-27 and ≥ 28 drinks per week when compared with individuals who had 1-13 drinks per week. Corresponding HRs for sickness absence were 1.16 (95% CI 1.02-1.33, P = 0.03), 1.02 (95% CI 0.85-1.23, P = 0.84), and 1.23 (95 % CI 1.04-1.46, P = 0.02). Male abstainers had increased HR for subsequently receiving disability pension. Female abstainers had increased HR of unemployment, sickness absence and disability pension compared to women with moderate alcohol consumption. Binge drinking was associated with higher HR of unemployment compared to non-binge drinking in women: HR of 1.21 (95 % CI 1.03-1.41, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS

In Danish men aged 18-60, alcohol abstinence and heavy consumption is associated with increased subsequent risk of unemployment and sickness absence compared with low consumption. In Danish women abstainers have increased risk of unemployment, sickness absence and disability pension, while binge drinkers are more likely to become unemployed subsequently.

Health profile for Danish adults with activity limitation: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Studies have indicated that people with disabilities die earlier and may experience a poorer health than the general population. This study investigated 31 factors related to health and well-being, health behaviour and social relations among Danish adults with activity limitation (AL).

METHODS

This study was based on data from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey (DHMS) 2013 where 25,000 men and women aged 16 years or older were selected randomly from the adult Danish population. A total of 14,265 individuals answered the self-administered questionnaire including 100 questions on health-related quality of life, health behaviour, morbidity, consequences of illness and social relations. Based on an international standard question on AL, 888 individuals (6%) were defined as having profound AL and 4180 (29%) as having some AL. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the associations between activity limitation and 31 indicators of health. The results were presented as relative risks 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Twenty-eight of 31 indicators showed consistently poorer health and well-being, health behaviour and social relations among individuals with AL as compared to individuals without AL. The increased relative risks were in a range of 7-661% the risk among individuals without AL. An example is obesity where RR (95% CI) was 2.07 (1.82-2.37). Only contact with internet friends was significantly higher among individuals with AL as compared to individuals with no AL. There was no association between alcohol and AL and no association between fast food and some AL.

CONCLUSION

Danish adults with AL experience a poorer health and well-being, and have an unhealthier lifestyle and poorer social relations than adults without AL. People with activity limitation should be prioritized in public health and efforts done to secure availability and flexibility of health care services and primary prevention programs. Policies should address accessibility, availability and affordability of health care and health behaviour among people with activity limitation.

External adjustment of unmeasured confounders in a case-control study of benzodiazepine use and cancer risk

AIMS

Previous studies have reported diverging results on the association between benzodiazepine use and cancer risk.

METHODS

We investigated this association in a matched case-control study including incident cancer cases during 2002-2009 in the Danish Cancer Registry (n = 94 923) and age- and sex-matched (1:8) population controls (n = 759 334). Long-term benzodiazepine use was defined as ≥500 defined daily doses 1-5 years prior to the index date. We implemented propensity score (PS) calibration using external information on confounders available from a survey of the Danish population. Two PSs were used: The error-prone PS using register-based confounders and the calibrated PS based on both register- and survey-based confounders, retrieved from the Health Interview Survey.

RESULTS

Register-based data showed that cancer cases had more diagnoses, higher comorbidity score and more co-medication then population controls. Survey-based data showed lower self-rated health, more self-reported diseases, and more smokers as well as subjects with sedentary lifestyle among benzodiazepine users. By PS calibration, the odds ratio for cancer overall associated with benzodiazepine use decreased from 1.16 to 1.09 (95% confidence interval 1.00-1.19) and for smoking-related cancers from 1.20 to 1.10 (95% confidence interval 1.00-1.21).

CONCLUSION

We conclude that the increased risk observed in the solely register-based study could partly be attributed to unmeasured confounding.

Self-rated health and functional capacity in individuals reporting overlapping symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome - a population based study

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common functional gastrointestinal conditions with a significant impact on daily life. The objectives were to analyse general self-rated health and self-reported functional capacity in adults meeting the criteria for GERD, FD and IBS, respectively, and in individuals who meet the criteria for more than one of the conditions.

METHODS

A nationwide study of 100,000 individuals aged 20 years and above, randomly selected in the general Danish population. A web-based questionnaire survey formed the basis of this study. Questions regarding FD and IBS were extracted from the ROME III adult questionnaire. Questions regarding GERD were developed based on the Montreal definition. Self-rated health and functional capacity was measured by single global questions.

RESULTS

Respondents meeting the criteria for either GERD, FD or IBS have significantly higher odds of reporting poor self-rated health and impaired functional capacity compared to individuals not experiencing these functional gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, respondents with overlapping gastrointestinal (GI) symptom complexes have significantly higher odds of reporting poor self-rated health and impaired functional capacity compared to respondents with symptoms compatible with only one of the symptom complexes.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that individuals experiencing symptoms of GERD, FD or IBS report poor self-rated health as well as impaired functional capacity. The impact on self-rated health and functional capacity is highest among individuals experiencing overlapping symptoms of GERD, FD and IBS.

Self-rated health and functional capacity in individuals reporting overlapping symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome - a population based study

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are common functional gastrointestinal conditions with a significant impact on daily life. The objectives were to analyse general self-rated health and self-reported functional capacity in adults meeting the criteria for GERD, FD and IBS, respectively, and in individuals who meet the criteria for more than one of the conditions.

METHODS

A nationwide study of 100,000 individuals aged 20 years and above, randomly selected in the general Danish population. A web-based questionnaire survey formed the basis of this study. Questions regarding FD and IBS were extracted from the ROME III adult questionnaire. Questions regarding GERD were developed based on the Montreal definition. Self-rated health and functional capacity was measured by single global questions.

RESULTS

Respondents meeting the criteria for either GERD, FD or IBS have significantly higher odds of reporting poor self-rated health and impaired functional capacity compared to individuals not experiencing these functional gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, respondents with overlapping gastrointestinal (GI) symptom complexes have significantly higher odds of reporting poor self-rated health and impaired functional capacity compared to respondents with symptoms compatible with only one of the symptom complexes.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates that individuals experiencing symptoms of GERD, FD or IBS report poor self-rated health as well as impaired functional capacity. The impact on self-rated health and functional capacity is highest among individuals experiencing overlapping symptoms of GERD, FD and IBS.

DenHeart: Differences in physical and mental health across cardiac diagnoses at hospital discharge

OBJECTIVE

To describe: (i) differences in patient reported physical and mental health outcomes at hospital discharge between a) cardiac diagnostic groups and b) cardiac patients and a national representative reference population and to describe (ii) in-hospital predicting factors for patient reported outcomes.

METHODS

A national cross-sectional survey combined with national register data. From April 2013 to April 2014 all patients (n=34,564) discharged or transferred from one of five Danish Heart Centres were invited to participate. 16,712 patients (51%) responded; 67% male and mean age 64years. All diagnostic groups were represented similar to real life proportions. Patient reported outcome measures included: SF-12, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, EQ-5D, Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, HeartQoL and Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale.

RESULTS

Statistically significant differences were found in all patient reported outcomes across diagnostic groups. Listed from worst to best outcomes were heart failure, heart valve disease, ischemic heart disease, infectious heart disease, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease and heart transplant. Also "observation for cardiac disease" scored poorly on some aspects such as anxiety and treatment control. Compared to the reference population, cardiac patients had lower physical and mental health scores. Predicting factors for worse outcomes across diagnoses were female sex, older age, being unmarried, planned admission, longer hospital stay, and higher co-morbidity score.

CONCLUSIONS

This large nationwide study finds significant differences in patient reported outcomes across cardiac diagnostic groups, however the differences were small and did not reach minimal important difference. The total population of cardiac patients had significant and clinically relevant poorer scores on mental and physical health than the reference population. Predicting factors for poor outcomes were identified. It is the first study comparing all diagnostic groups within cardiology and it provides important benchmarks between diagnostic groups and future comparisons. This knowledge may help clinicians make better decisions about post-hospital care and prevention.

Associations between daily musicking and health: Results from a nationwide survey in Denmark

Aims: To examine the associations between singing/playing musical instruments daily and various outcomes such as health-related quality of life and health behaviour. Methods: Data originates from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey 2013. The survey was based on a random sample of 25,000 adult Danes (response rate: 57%). Besides standard health-related questions the survey included eight specific music questions, based on a review of the sparse literature on music and health. On the same basis, ‘daily musicking’ was defined as normally singing/playing musical instruments at least 1 h/day. Results: Both musically active men and women were more likely to report good self-rated health than individuals that were not active musically. However, the results also indicated that musically active women were less likely to report poor physical and mental health than women who were not active musically, while this pattern was not found among men. Conclusions: Gender seems to play an important role in the association between musicking and health, but more research is needed to understand these differences and the underlying mechanisms. In addition, longitudinal studies are warranted to examine the causal effects of musicking.

Quality-of-Life Impairments Persist Six Months After Treatment of Graves' Hyperthyroidism and Toxic Nodular Goiter: A Prospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

The treatment of hyperthyroidism is aimed at improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reducing morbidity and mortality. However, few studies have used validated questionnaires to assess HRQoL prospectively in such patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of hyperthyroidism and its treatment on HRQoL using validated disease-specific and generic questionnaires.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study enrolled 88 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and 68 with toxic nodular goiter from endocrine outpatient clinics at two Danish university hospitals. The patients were treated with antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, or surgery. Disease-specific and generic HRQoL were assessed using the thyroid-related patient-reported outcome (ThyPRO) and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short Form (SF-36), respectively, evaluated at baseline and six-month follow-up. The scores were compared with those from two general population samples who completed ThyPRO (n = 739) and SF-36 (n = 6638).

RESULTS

Baseline scores for patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism and toxic nodular goiter were significantly worse than those for the general population scores on all comparable ThyPRO scales and all SF-36 scales and component summaries. ThyPRO scores improved significantly with treatment on all scales in Graves' hyperthyroidism and four scales in toxic nodular goiter, while SF-36 scores improved on five scales and both component summaries in Graves' hyperthyroidism and only one scale in toxic nodular goiter. In Graves' hyperthyroidism, large treatment effects were observed on three ThyPRO scales (Hyperthyroid Symptoms, Tiredness, Overall HRQoL) and moderate effects on three scales (Anxiety, Emotional Susceptibility, Impaired Daily Life), while moderate effects were seen in two ThyPRO scales in toxic nodular goiter (Anxiety, Overall HRQoL). However, significant disease-specific and generic HRQoL deficits persisted on multiple domains across both patient groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Graves' hyperthyroidism and toxic nodular goiter cause severe disease-specific and generic HRQoL impairments, and HRQoL deficits persist in both patient groups six months after treatment. These data have the potential to improve communication between physicians and patients by offering realistic estimates of expected HRQoL impairments and treatment effects. Future studies should identify risk factors for persistent HRQoL deficits, compare HRQoL effects of the various therapies, and thereby aid in determining the optimal treatment strategies.

Time trends in leisure time physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index in Danish adults with and without COPD

Background

Promotion of a healthy lifestyle and non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has received great attention in recent decades. The aim of this study was to investigate trends in leisure time physical activity (PA), smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI) from 2000 to 2010 in Danish individuals with and without COPD.

Methods

Analyses were based on data provided by The Danish Health and Morbidity’s three cross-sectional surveys from 2000, 2005 and 2010. Data compromised level of leisure time PA, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI and sociodemographic characteristics. Participants aged 25 years or older with and without COPD were included in the analyses.

Results

In multiple logistic regression analyses, odds ratio (OR) of being physically active in the leisure time in 2010 compared to 2000 was 1.70 (95 % CI: 1.28-2.26), p < 0.001, and 1.32 (1.22-1.43), p < 0.001, in participants with and without COPD, respectively. Being a non-smoker in 2010 compared to 2000 was associated with an OR of 1.41 (1.07-1.85), p = 0.015, and 1.73 (1.63-1.85), p < 0.001, in participants with and without COPD. The OR of not exceeding national recommended alcohol limits was 0.64 (0.45-0.93), p = 0.020, and 1.19 (1.09-1.29), p < 0.001, in participants with and without COPD. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the time frame from 2000 to 2010 was associated with an increased BMI of 1.18 kg · m⁻² (0.52-1.84), p < 0.001, and 0.74 kg · m⁻² (0.63-0.86), p < 0.001, in participants with and without COPD. The COPD participants with higher levels of education and/or living in a marriage or a relationship were more likely to be physically active, non-smoking and not exceeding the recommended alcohol limits.

Conclusion

From the 2000 to 2010, Danish individuals aged 25 years with and without COPD, increased their leisure time PA level and reduced smoking. Lower socioeconomic status was associated with a reduced level of PA, smoking and an increased alcohol intake. Future national health campaigns and treatment strategies need to target this socioeconomic impact. The reported increased PA level and reduced smoking may have important implications in relation to a reduced morbidity and mortality risk in Danish patients with COPD.