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Kasemsuk N, Ngaotepprutaram P, Kanjanawasee D, Suwanwech T, Durham SR, Canonica GW, Tantilipikorn P. Local nasal immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2022; 12:1503-1516. [PMID: 35543418 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT), an alternative noninjection immunotherapy method, is theoretically an efficient method for inducing immunotolerance directly in the affected organ. LNIT is more convenient and less invasive than injection immunotherapy, with fewer systemic reactions. The development of adjuvants to overcome LNIT's limitations raises the possibility of it being an alternative allergen immunotherapy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical and immunological efficacy and safety of LNIT for patients with allergic rhinitis. METHODS A systematic search for randomized controlled trials comparing LNIT and placebo was performed using OVID Medline and Embase. Outcomes were total nasal symptom score (TNSS), symptom-medication score (SMS), medication score, immunological assessment, and nasal provocation threshold. Data were pooled for meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 20 studies with 698 participants were included. The LNIT group had greater posttreatment improvement in TNSS, SMS, and medication score than control (TNSS: standardized mean difference [SMD], -1.37 [95% confidence interval [CI], -2.04 to -0.69]; SMS: SMD, -1.55 [95% CI, -2.83 to -0.28]; and medication score: SMD, -1.09 [95% CI, -1.35 to -0.83]). Immunological assessments showed no significant differences in serum-specific IgE (mean difference [MD], 6.35; 95% CI, -4.62 to 17.31), nasal IgE (MD, -0.59; 95% CI, -1.99 to 0.81), or nasal eosinophil cationic protein (MD, 7.63; 95% CI, -18.65 to 33.91). Only serum IgG significantly increased with LNIT (MD, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.20, 0.70). Posttreatment, nasal provocation threshold was higher with LNIT (MD, 27.30; 95% CI, 10.13-44.46). No significant adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS LNIT is a safe alternative allergen immunotherapy route without significant adverse events. It improves clinical symptoms, reduces medication usage, and increases the nasal provocation threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navarat Kasemsuk
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Division of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Premyot Ngaotepprutaram
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Division of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dichapong Kanjanawasee
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Biodesign Innovation Center, Department of Parasitology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Triphoom Suwanwech
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Division of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giorgio Walter Canonica
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy.,Asthma & Allergy Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pongsakorn Tantilipikorn
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Division of Rhinology and Allergy, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Allergy and Immunology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract
The mucosal surfaces represent the major site of entry of many pathogens, and major challenges in vaccine development include safety and stability in a suitable dosage form. Micro- and nanocarrier-based delivery systems as nasal vaccines induce humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity. The nasal route of vaccination could also offer immunity at several distant mucosal sites (oral, rectal, vaginal, and pulmonary), which is considered a simplified and cost-effective mode of vaccination with enhanced patient compliance. Most of the nasal vaccine delivery systems in the form of microparticulates, nanoparticulates, and liposomes are currently under development and prove to offer immunity in animal models. The importance and potential of the nasal route of administration for vaccines is unexplored, and this chapter outlines the opportunities, challenges, and potential delivery solutions to facilitate the development of improved nasal vaccines for infectious diseases.
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Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) transmission through genital and rectal mucosa has led to intensive study of mucosal immune responses to HIV and to the development of a vaccine administered locally. However, HIV transmission through the oral mucosa is a rare event. The oral mucosa represents a physical barrier and contains immunological elements to prevent the invasion of pathogenic organisms. This particular defense differs between micro-compartments represented by the salivary glands, oral mucosa, and palatine tonsils. Secretory immunity of the salivary glands, unique features of cellular structure in the oral mucosa and palatine tonsils, the high rate of oral blood flow, and innate factors in saliva may all contribute to the resistance to HIV/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) oral mucosal infection. In the early stage of HIV infection, humoral and cellular immunity and innate immune functions in oral mucosa are maintained. However, these particular immune responses may all be impaired as a result of chronic HIV infection. A better understanding of oral mucosal immune mechanisms should lead to improved prevention of viral and bacterial infections, particularly in immunocompromised persons with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and to the development of a novel strategy for a mucosal AIDS vaccine, as well as vaccines to combat other oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F X Lü
- California National Primate Research Center and Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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In vitro anticariogenic effects of Drymocallis rupestris extracts and their quality evaluation by HPLC-DAD-MS³ analysis. Molecules 2013; 18:9117-31. [PMID: 23903184 PMCID: PMC6270373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, we investigated in vitro inhibitory effects of Drymocallis rupestris extracts and their subfractions obtained with solvents of different polarity (aqueous, 50% ethanolic, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and n-butanolic) against bacterial viability and caries virulence factors of Streptococcus spp. strains. The diethyl ether subfraction (PRU2) showed bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against mutans streptococci, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in the range of 0.75–1.5 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) in the range of 1.5–3 mg/mL. Furthermore, PRU2 inhibited biofilm formation by Streptococci in a dose-dependent manner. It was also found that all five D. rupestris preparations exhibited diverse inhibitory effects on de novo synthesis of water-insoluble and water-soluble α-d-glucans by glucosyltransferases of the mutans group streptococci. The phytochemical profile of investigated samples was determined by spectrophotometric and chromatographic (HPLC-DAD-MS3) methods. The high polyphenol (total phenol, phenolic acids, tannins, proantocyanidins, and flavonoids) contents were found which correlated with anticariogenic activity of the analyzed samples. The results demonstrate that D. rupestris extracts and their subfractions could become useful supplements for pharmaceutical products as a new anticariogenic agent in a wide range of oral care products. Further studies are necessary to clarify which phytoconstituents of D. rupestris are responsible for anticaries properties.
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Stoel M, Evenhuis WNH, Kroese FGM, Bos NA. Rat salivary gland reveals a more restricted IgA repertoire than ileum. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:719-27. [PMID: 17692918 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Secretory IgA is the most abundantly produced Ig in different mucosal tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract and the salivary glands. These mucosal tissues are considered to be part of the common mucosal immune system. The specificity and immunoglobulin (Ig) VH gene repertoire of the IgA producing cells of both tissues is still largely unknown. To investigate the diversity of the antibody repertoire of IgA producing cells at different mucosal effector sites, we analysed used Ig VH genes by H-CDR3 spectrotyping and VH gene sequencing of both ileum and salivary gland IgA producing cells of PVG rats. Both types of tissues showed a limited diversity for the two major VH gene families, J558 and PC7183. The salivary gland showed even less diversity than the ileum of the same rat. Cloning and sequencing of used IgA VH genes confirmed the very restricted usage of VH genes since multiple sets of clonally related sequences in both types of tissues were found. More clones were found in salivary gland than in ileum and both tissues did not have shared VDJ joining regions. IgA derived from salivary gland used germline or near germline VH genes, whereas the ileal VH genes contained more mutations. Furthermore, clonal evolution patterns from all analyzed VH gene sequences of the salivary gland IgA producing cells show mainly randomly acquired somatic mutations, in contrast to the clonal evolution patterns often observed as a consequence of affinity maturation in germinal center reactions in peripheral lymphoid organs and Peyer's patches. Our results imply that IgA producing cells in the salivary gland are neither induced at the same place nor selected in the same way as the IgA producing cells in the ileum. The function of the IgA secreted by salivary gland is very likely a first line of defense with (near) germline encoded IgA, whereas in the intestine the majority of utilized IgA VH genes show evidence of somatic hypermutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Stoel
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Xiang SD, Scholzen A, Minigo G, David C, Apostolopoulos V, Mottram PL, Plebanski M. Pathogen recognition and development of particulate vaccines: does size matter? Methods 2007; 40:1-9. [PMID: 16997708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of particulate carriers holds great promise for the development of effective and affordable recombinant vaccines. Rational development requires a detailed understanding of particle up-take and processing mechanisms to target cellular pathways capable of stimulating the required immune responses safely. These mechanisms are in turn based on how the host has evolved to recognize and process pathogens. Pathogens, as well as particulate vaccines, come in a wide range of sizes and biochemical compositions. Some of these also provide 'danger signals' so that antigen 'senting cells (APC), usually dendritic cells (DC), acquire specific stimulatory activity. Herein, we provide an overview of the types of particles currently under investigation for the formulation of vaccines, discuss cellular uptake mechanisms (endocytosis, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, clathrin-dependent and/or caveloae-mediated) for pathogens and particles of different sizes, as well as antigen possessing and presentation by APC in general, and DC in particular. Since particle size and composition can influence the immune response, inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity, activating CD8 T cells and/or CD4 T cells of T helper 1 and/or T helper 2 type, particle characteristics have a major impact on vaccine efficacy. Recently developed methods for the formulation of particulate vaccines are presented in this issue of Methods, showcasing a range of "cutting edge" particulate vaccines that employ particles ranging from nano to micro-sized. This special issue of Methods further addresses practical issues of production, affordability, reproducibility and stability of formulation, and also includes a discussion of the economic and regulatory challenges encountered in developing vaccines for veterinary use and for common Third World infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue D Xiang
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Burnet Institute at Austin, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia
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Jia R, Guo JH, Fan MW, Bian Z, Chen Z, Peng B, Fan B. Mucosal immunization against dental caries with plasmid DNA encoding pac gene of Streptococcus mutans in rats. Vaccine 2004; 22:2511-6. [PMID: 15193375 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2003] [Accepted: 01/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) antibodies act as the first line of defense against dental caries by blocking of adherence of Streptococcus mutans to tooth surfaces. This study focused on finding proper mucosal immunization route and delivery system to induce higher level of specific anti-S. mutans saliva S-IgA and inhibit dental caries in animal model. By immunizing rats with an anti-caries DNA vaccine, pCIA-P, via different mucosal routes, we found that intranasal (i.n.) immunization with pCIA-P/bupivacaine DNA complexes elicited the highest specific anti-S. mutans saliva S-IgA mucosal antibody responses compared with naked DNA and other routes. Correspondingly, rats immunized with pCIA-P/bupivacaine DNA complex via i.n. displayed the least carious lesions. Our findings suggested that DNA vaccination via intranasal immunization with bupivacaine delivery system be a promising approach against dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jia
- Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
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